Journal articles: 'Traffic lights - Mathematical models'

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Suleimen, A. А., G. B. Kashaganova, G. B. Issayeva, B. R. Absatarova, and M. C. Ibraev. "OPTIMIZATION OF MANAGEMENT OF URBAN LIGHTS WITH THE USE OF NEURAL NETWORKS." BULLETIN 389, no. 1 (February 10, 2021): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2021.2518-1467.2.

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One of the most pressing problems of large cities is the problem of traffic management of vehicles. The reason for this problem is an imperfect way to manage traffic flows. Traffic light regulation is of particular importance in traffic management. Most modern traffic light control systems operate at set time intervals and are not able to cope with the constantly changing situation on the road. A promising direction for solving this problem is to optimize the system using artificial neural networks. The advantage of neural networks is self-learning, which allows the system to adapt to the changing situation on the road. Despite numerous attempts, it has not yet been possible to obtain a high-quality mathematical model of urban traffic management. This model should determine the functional dependence of transport flow parameters on control parameters. Nowadays, traffic flows are regulated everywhere by means of traffic lights. If we can get a fairly accurate mathematical model of traffic flows, we can determine the optimal duration of the traffic signal phases to achieve the maximum capacity of the road network node. A fairly accurate mathematical model of traffic management that works in predictive mode will display an estimate of the optimal control parameters, as well as make correct decisions in emergency situations. Well-known mathematical models of road traffic take into account only the average values of traffic flows, and not the exact number of cars on each road section at a particular time.

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HUANG, DING-WEI, and WEI-NENG HUANG. "OPTIMIZATION OF TRAFFIC LIGHTS AT CROSSROADS." International Journal of Modern Physics C 14, no. 05 (June 2003): 539–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183103004784.

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We study the influence of traffic lights on the traffic flow in cities. The urban traffic is simulated in the cellular automata framework. Both the deterministic and probabilistic models are discussed. The effects of speed limit and stochastic noise are analyzed. The operation of a traffic light is characterized by two parameters: signal period and phase allocation. With two traffic lights on road, one more parameter is prescribed: synchronization shift. The results of tuning these parameters are presented in the fundamental diagram. We examine the traffic flow and discuss the choice of optimized setting in different density regions.

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Ferrer, Javier, José García-Nieto, Enrique Alba, and Francisco Chicano. "Intelligent Testing of Traffic Light Programs: Validation in Smart Mobility Scenarios." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3871046.

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In smart cities, the use of intelligent automatic techniques to find efficient cycle programs of traffic lights is becoming an innovative front for traffic flow management. However, this automatic programming of traffic lights requires a validation process of the generated solutions, since they can affect the mobility (and security) of millions of citizens. In this paper, we propose a validation strategy based on genetic algorithms and feature models for the automatic generation of different traffic scenarios checking the robustness of traffic light cycle programs. We have concentrated on an extensive urban area in the city of Malaga (in Spain), in which we validate a set of candidate cycle programs generated by means of four optimization algorithms: Particle Swarm Optimization for Traffic Lights, Differential Evolution for Traffic Lights, random search, and Sumo Cycle Program Generator. We can test the cycles of traffic lights considering the different states of the city, weather, congestion, driver expertise, vehicle’s features, and so forth, but prioritizing the most relevant scenarios among a large and varied set of them. The improvement achieved in solution quality is remarkable, especially forCO2emissions, in which we have obtained a reduction of 126.99% compared with the experts’ solutions.

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Perkins Coppola, Matthew. "Talking and Writing to Learn: The Physics of Traffic Intersection Safety, Part One." Hoosier Science Teacher 41, no. 1 (February 15, 2018): 6–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/thst.v41i123677.

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Physics students learn to engage in argument-based inquiry through mathematical modeling and analysis of real-world data collected from a traffic intersection in their own neighborhood. In this first part of the lesson, students focus on a single traffic intersection. Groups of students used equations of motion to construct simple mathematical models to describe how a driver approaches a yellow light at a traffic intersection. Students tested these mathematical models with a fictitious data set, then as a group collected and analyzed data from an actual traffic intersection of their choosing. Students determined the safety of the traffic intersection and presented their findings to their peers and invited members of the community. This practical research project set the stage for students (in Part Two) to tackle the larger question of whether cameras should be used to enforce traffic laws.

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Bazaras, Jonas, Janina Jablonskytė, and Eglė Jotautienė. "INTERDEPENDENCE OF NOISE AND TRAFFIC FLOW." TRANSPORT 23, no. 1 (March 31, 2008): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648-4142.2008.23.67-72.

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Traffic flows in cities, especially in city centres, are intensive and uneven, moreover, registered noise levels exceed allowable limits. Noise levels have been measured at K. Mindaugo ave. and Birštono street crossing in Kaunas and data of automated traffic flow registration equipment have been used. A constant reduction of noise level from the beginning till the end of the green light has been identified ‐ “hot starts” generated noise dominates. To make estimates of noise and traffic flow interdependency, mathematical statistical models have been applied. Parameter distribution patterns have been analysed, prediction models have been composed.

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Petrovici, Alina, Jose Luis Cueto, Valentin Nedeff, Enrique Nava, Florin Nedeff, Ricardo Hernandez, Carmen Bujoreanu, Stefan Andrei Irimiciuc, and Maricel Agop. "Dynamic Evaluation of Traffic Noise through Standard and Multifractal Models." Symmetry 12, no. 11 (November 11, 2020): 1857. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12111857.

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Traffic microsimulation models use the movement of individual driver-vehicle-units (DVUs) and their interactions, which allows a detailed estimation of the traffic noise using Common Noise Assessment Methods (CNOSSOS). The Dynamic Traffic Noise Assessment (DTNA) methodology is applied to real traffic situations, then compared to on-field noise levels from measurement campaigns. This makes it possible to determine the influence of certain local traffic factors on the evaluation of noise. The pattern of distribution of vehicles along the avenue is related to the logic of traffic light control. The analysis of the inter-cycles noise variability during the simulation and measurement time shows no influence from local factors on the prediction of the dynamic traffic noise assessment tool based on CNOSSOS. A multifractal approach of acoustic waves propagation and the source behaviors in the traffic area are implemented. The novelty of the approach also comes from the multifractal model’s freedom which allows the simulation, through the fractality degree, of various behaviors of the acoustic waves. The mathematical backbone of the model is developed on Cayley–Klein-type absolute geometries, implying harmonic mappings between the usual space and the Lobacevsky plane in a Poincaré metric. The isomorphism of two groups of SL(2R) type showcases joint invariant functions that allow associations of pulsations–velocities manifolds type.

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Boyarshinov, M. G., A. S. Vavilin, and A. G. Shumkov. "USING THE COMPLEX OF PHOTO AND VIDEO RECORDING OF TRAFFIC VIOLATIONS TO IDENTIFY DETERMINISTIC AND STOCHASTIC COMPONENTS OF THE TRAFFIC FLOW INTENSITY." Intelligence. Innovations. Investment, no. 3 (2021): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.25198/2077-7175-2021-3-61.

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The relevance of the manuscript is due to the need to process and analyze the information accumulated by the complexes of photo-video recording of traffic violations, which will further develop mathematical, computational and simulation models of road transport, solve problems of optimization and management of traffic flows, make management decisions to reduce the number of congestion and reduce the anthropogenic load on the environment. The object of the study is a part of a three-lane road with heavy one-way traffic, equipped with a software and technical complex that allows measuring the main characteristics of the traffic flow (vehicle speeds, including the average values on the controlled road part, driving time, etc.). The subject of the study is the traffic flow intensity during a 7-day time (from Monday to Sunday). The analysis of the obtained dependences allowed us to formulate a hypothesis about the presence of determin- istic and stochastic components in the traffic flow intensity, which is a random function of time, and the verification of which is the purpose of this study. Statistical processing of the obtained data is used as a theoretical and methodological approach, as well as the assumption that the traffic flow intensity can be represented by the sum of deterministic and stochastic components. The developed approach using the smoothing procedure allowed us to select both components, and this is a scientific novelty of the analysis performed. As a result of the study, it is shown that the deterministic component of the traffic flow intensity for working days is qualitatively different from the deterministic component for weekends. Statistical indicators of probabilistic distributions of traffic flow intensities and random components selected from them are determined. Estimates of the correspondence of the selected curves to the normal law of probability distribution are obtained using the Kolmogorov and Pearson criteria, which contradict each other. Practical significance consists in the use of a deterministic component for predicting traffic flows, controlling the operation of traffic lights, monitoring the operation of equipment, as well as in the reconstruction, design and construction of roads and road objects. The direction of further research is to obtain, statistically process and generalize data on the traffic flows intensity in other parts of the road network.

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LI, XINGLI, ZHIPENG LI, XIANGLIN HAN, and SHIQIANG DAI. "JAMMING TRANSITION IN EXTENDED COOPERATIVE DRIVING LATTICE HYDRODYNAMIC MODELS INCLUDING BACKWARD-LOOKING EFFECT ON TRAFFIC FLOW." International Journal of Modern Physics C 19, no. 07 (July 2008): 1113–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183108012698.

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Two extended cooperative driving lattice hydrodynamic models are proposed by incorporating the intelligent transportation system and the backward-looking effect in traffic flow under certain conditions. They are the lattice versions of the hydrodynamic model of traffic: one (model A) is described by the differential-difference equation where time is a continuous variable and space is a discrete variable, and the other (model B) is the difference-difference equation in which both time and space variables are discrete. In light of the real traffic situations, the appropriate forward and backward optimal velocity functions are selected, respectively. Then the stability conditions for the two models are investigated with the linear stability theory and it is found that the new consideration leads to the improvement of the stability of traffic flow. The modified Korteweg-de Vries equations (the mKdV equation, for short) near the critical point are derived by using the nonlinear perturbation method to show that the traffic jam could be described by the kink-antikink soliton solutions for the mKdV equations. Moreover, the anisotropy of traffic flow is further discussed through examining the negative propagation velocity as the effect of following vehicle is involved.

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Aliev, Ravshan M. "Mathematical Model of a Tonal Rail Chain without Insulating Joints with Current Receiver in Shunt Mode." Transport and Telecommunication Journal 22, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 312–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ttj-2021-0024.

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Abstract One of the drawbacks of the currently used tonal rail chains without insulating joints is that when the train approaches the controlled section, the train begins to shunt this section at some distance before entry on him. In connection with the traffic light moves on this distance. But being that this distance depends on many variables, it constantly changes these variables. For eliminate this drawback, instead of the traditional potential receiver it is proposed to use electric current track receiver, which has a clear boundary fixation entry of train on the controlled section. By now developed and used methods for determining the main analytical expressions for analysis and synthesis tonal rail circuits with potential receivers in various operating modes, and the theoretical issues of tonal rail chains with current receivers were practically not considered, in this connection, the article considers the development of mathematical models for determining the absolute shunt sensitivity of tonal rail chains without isolating joints with current receivers and methods for calculating determination of the critical location of the minimum shunt sensitivity. The obtained expressions differ significantly from the known equations of absolute shunt sensitivity and the critical location of the minimum value of the shunt sensitivity and will allow to spend analyzing, synthesis and design of tonal rail chains without isolating joints with current receivers, that will allow to increase the safety of train traffic.

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Rodriguez, MS, Jose M., Julius Codjoe, Osama Osman, Sherif Ishak, PhD, and Brian Wolshon, PhD. "Experimental modeling of the effect of hurricane wind forces on driving behavior and vehicle performance." Journal of Emergency Management 13, no. 2 (March 1, 2015): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.2015.0228.

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While traffic planning is important for developing a hurricane evacuation plan, vehicle performance on the roads during extreme weather conditions is critical to the success of the planning process. This novel study investigates the effect of gusty hurricane wind forces on the driving behavior and vehicle performance. The study explores how the parameters of a driving simulator could be modified to reproduce wind loadings experienced by three vehicle types (passenger car, ambulance, and bus) during gusty hurricane winds, through manipulation of appropriate software. Thirty participants were then tested on the modified driving simulator under five wind conditions (ranging from normal to hurricane category 4). The driving performance measures used were heading error and lateral displacement. The results showed that higher wind forces resulted in more varied and greater heading error and lateral displacement. The ambulance had the greatest heading errors and lateral displacements, which were attributed to its large lateral surface area and light weight. Two mathematical models were developed to estimate the heading error and lateral displacements for each of the vehicle types for a given change in lateral wind force. Through a questionnaire, participants felt the different characteristics while driving each vehicle type. The findings of this study demonstrate the valuable use of a driving simulator to model the behavior of different vehicle types and to develop mathematical models to estimate and quantify driving behavior and vehicle performance under hurricane wind conditions.

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Chiang, G. D. C. "Test, Evaluation and Failure Analysis of Automotive Scissors Jacks." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 109, no. 2 (April 1, 1987): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3269416.

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Automotive scissors jacks have rapidly grown in popularity in past years because of their light weight, low cost and ease of use and storage. However, they may be a potential safety hazard if the scissors jack is not adequately designed, properly assembled or correctly used. This paper summarizes results from a test and evaluation program performed by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration involving 120 automotive scissors jacks selected from 24 models and made by 14 different manufacturers. In conjunction with the test results, a mathematical model was introduced to describe the load supporting characteristics of a variety of scissors jacks. The analytical results agree fairly well with the test results. A failure mode and effects analysis was performed to analyze four observed major failure modes of the scissors jacks; i.e., collapsing, toppling over, unable to raise or lower the vehicle and penetration of the vehicle frame.

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Gençer, Hüseyin, and M. Hulusi Demir. "An Overview of Empty Container Repositioning Studies and Research Opportunities." Business and Management Horizons 7, no. 1 (April 16, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/bmh.v7i1.14670.

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The imbalances in world trade also affect container traffic and lead to large differences in import and export rates of many locations. As a consequence of this, the surplus containers are repositioned to locations where they are required, which causes high costs. Many studies in the literature have addressed this issue from different aspects. This study examines the studies and trends in empty container repositioning (ECR) practices and reveals the missing research areas in the literature. It discusses the mathematical models developed in the literature and addresses real-life applications of the liner carriers. The study also emphasizes how the opportunities in technological development can be used in ECR practices and provides suggestions for research topics that can be studied in the light of current trends in container shipping. It exhibits the actors involved in ECR operations and discusses the strategies applied in liner shipping. The main purpose of the study is to put forward research and real-life application opportunities in the field of ECR.

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Lur’e, M. V. "Mathematical simulation of street traffic in the presence of traffic lights." Mathematical Models and Computer Simulations 2, no. 3 (May 28, 2010): 388–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s2070048210030129.

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Lu, Xingyu, Li Fei, Huibing Zhu, Wangjun Cheng, and Zijie Wang. "Modeling traffic flow in work zone sections considering the effect of traffic lights." International Journal of Modern Physics C 32, no. 09 (May 7, 2021): 2150113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183121501138.

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Based on the two-lane highway traffic model with a work zone presented previously, a new traffic model with a work zone under the control of traffic lights is proposed. The length of the waiting area for vehicles before traffic lights is recommended cautiously after numerical simulation. The relationship between the vehicles’ queuing time and the cycle of traffic lights is studied, and the cycle time of traffic lights is obtained also considering people’s endurance to the red light. It is found that the traffic lights are effective to ease the traffic congestion in the work zone when the density is medium, and help to eliminate the inducement of traffic accidents. On the other hand, the simulation results show that traffic lights are not needed in the work zone when the traffic density is small. It indicates that the traffic flow in the work zone area can be optimized by using appropriate traffic management when the traffic density varies.

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Malim, Muhammad Rozi, Faridah Abdul Halim, and Sherey Sufreney Abd Rahman. "OPTIMISING TRAFFIC FLOW AT A SIGNALISED INTERSECTION USING SIMULATION." MALAYSIAN JOURNAL OF COMPUTING 4, no. 2 (October 10, 2019): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/mjoc.v4i2.6104.

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Traffic signal lights system is a signalling device located an intersection or pedestrian crossing to control the movement of traffic. The timing of traffic signal lights has attracted many researchers to study the problems involving traffic light management and looking for an inexpensive and effective solution that requires inexpensive changes in the infrastructures. A simple traffic lights system uses a pre-timed control setting based on the latest traffic data, and the setting could be manually changed. It is a common type of signal control and sometimes the setting was not correctly configured with the traffic data, thus leading to congestion at an intersection. Many mathematical strategies were applied to get an optimal setting. This study aims to model the traffic flow at Persiaran Kayangan and Persiaran Permai Intersection, Section 7, Shah Alam, as the case study, by using AnyLogic simulation software. The model was used to determine the best timings of traffic green lights that minimise the average time at the intersection and reduce traffic congestion. The findings showed that the best timings of traffic green lights for four directions at the intersection are 120 seconds, 75 seconds, 130 seconds and 100 seconds, respectively. These timings of green lights produced the lowest average time at the intersection (55.65 seconds).

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Wei, Wei, Hai Jian Su, Zhong Qin Hu, Yu Jing Zhou, Jiang Yin, and Dong Hai Liu. "Design of Vehicle Monitoring Software Based on Video." Applied Mechanics and Materials 462-463 (November 2013): 274–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.462-463.274.

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With the rapid development of multimedia technology and internet, video surveillance technology has been widely applied to various fields of people's daily life, and it is important to study the application of video surveillance in intelligent traffic . Object: The design is for traffic video monitoring, and the traffic lights can be controlled through the video processing technology. Studying the relevant information obtained from the traffic video, the traffic lights can be controlled. Step: First, use the improved frame difference method, which is called as finite difference method, to pick up moving vehicle. Then, remove the noise using dilation and corrosion algorithm, which belong to mathematical morphology operation. Finally, count the vehicle data using the virtual loop method, and return the traffic flow information which acts as reference information of traffic lights controlling.

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Balado, J., M. Soilán, L. Díaz-Vilariño, and P. van Oosterom. "SEGMENTATION OF TRAFFIC SIGNS FROM POLES WITH MATHEMATICAL MORPHOLOGY APPLIED TO POINT CLOUDS." ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences V-2-2021 (June 17, 2021): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-v-2-2021-145-2021.

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Abstract. Traffic signs are one of the most relevant road assets for driving, as the safety of drivers depends to a great extent on their correct location. In this paper two methods are compared for the segmentation of the sign and the pole supporting it. Both methods are based on the morphological opening to identify the sign points, the first one directly employs the mathematical morphology directly applied to point clouds and the second one through point cloud rasterization into images. The comparison was conducted on twenty real traffic signs acquired with Mobile Laser Scanning obtaining point clouds from environments with signposts, traffic lights and lampposts. The results showed a correct segmentation of the signs, obtaining a F-score of 0.81 by the point-based method and a 0.75 by 2D image method. In particular, the point-based mathematical morphology proved to be more accurate in the segmentation of traffic sings installed on traffic lights and lampposts, avoiding over detection shown by the 2D image method.

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Zou, Guangyu, and Levent Yilmaz. "Self-organization models of urban traffic lights based on digital infochemicals." SIMULATION 95, no. 3 (June 8, 2018): 271–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0037549718777615.

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This paper presents a self-organizing model to design effective traffic signaling strategies in order to reduce traffic congestion in urban areas. The proposed traffic signaling system is based on a pattern model of self-organization, i.e., digital infochemicals (DIs), which are analogous to chemical substances that convey information between interactive elements mediated via the environment. In the context of traffic systems, the DIs refer to information generated by vehicles and dissipated by the urban transportation infrastructure. Based on the exploratory analysis with one single intersection, we demonstrate that the DI-based strategy performs significantly better than both the fixed and trigger-based scheduling strategies in terms of queue length and waiting time under both fixed and dynamic traffic demands.

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Di Febbraro, Angela, and Nicola Sacco. "On Evaluating Traffic Lights Performance Sensitivity via Hybrid Systems Models." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 111 (February 2014): 272–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.060.

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McCartney, M. "Comparing mathematical models of traffic flow." Teaching Mathematics and its Applications 19, no. 4 (December 1, 2000): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/teamat/19.4.183.

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Qi, Wei Min, and Jie Xiao. "A Real-Time Traffic Simulator with Adaptive Fuzzy Mechanism." Applied Mechanics and Materials 543-547 (March 2014): 1254–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.543-547.1254.

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Traffic lights are installed at intersections mostly for traffic management. Intelligent traffic management systems emerge as a need to handle the dynamicity of traffic. These systems are first implemented on simulators in order to mimic the real life situations before realization. The paper has implemented a real time traffic simulator with an adaptive fuzzy inference algorithm that arranges the foreseen light signal duration. It changes the time duration of lights depending on waiting vehicles behind green and red lights at crossroad. The simulation has also been supported with real time graphical visualization. According to inferences from adaptive environment, TSK and Mamdani models have also been implemented to give baselines for verification. Several experiments have been conducted and compared against classical techniques to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

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Binoua, H., H. Ez-Zahraouy, A. Khallouk, and N. Lakouari. "Carbon dioxide emission in a single-lane cellular automaton model with a series of traffic lights." International Journal of Modern Physics C 31, no. 11 (September 30, 2020): 2050154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183120501545.

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In this paper, we propose a cellular automaton model to simulate traffic flow controlled by a series of traffic lights. The synchronized traffic light and the green wave light strategies were investigated. The spatiotemporal diagrams, energy dissipation, and CO2 emission of the system were presented. Our simulations are conducted to clarify the difference between both strategies and their effects on the traffic flow and the CO2 emission. We found that the traffic flow depends mainly on the strategy used for managing the traffic lights as well as on the parameters of the traffic lights, namely the cycle length, the number of traffic lights and the length of the system. The fundamental diagram has barely the same characteristics for both methods and it depends on the combination of the parameters of the system. We find that the green wave is more convenient for the management of a series of traffic lights than the synchronized control strategy in terms of throughput, especially for large-sized systems. Unlike in terms of CO2 emission and energy dissipation, both control strategies outperform each other depending on the density regions and the parameters of the system. Finally, we investigate the effect of both cycles (i.e. red and green) for the synchronized control method on the CO2 emission. It is found that the green cycle generates often a series of acceleration events that increase CO2 emission.

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Chen, Chacha, Hua Wei, Nan Xu, Guanjie Zheng, Ming Yang, Yuanhao Xiong, Kai Xu, and Zhenhui Li. "Toward A Thousand Lights: Decentralized Deep Reinforcement Learning for Large-Scale Traffic Signal Control." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 04 (April 3, 2020): 3414–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i04.5744.

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Traffic congestion plagues cities around the world. Recent years have witnessed an unprecedented trend in applying reinforcement learning for traffic signal control. However, the primary challenge is to control and coordinate traffic lights in large-scale urban networks. No one has ever tested RL models on a network of more than a thousand traffic lights. In this paper, we tackle the problem of multi-intersection traffic signal control, especially for large-scale networks, based on RL techniques and transportation theories. This problem is quite difficult because there are challenges such as scalability, signal coordination, data feasibility, etc. To address these challenges, we (1) design our RL agents utilizing ‘pressure’ concept to achieve signal coordination in region-level; (2) show that implicit coordination could be achieved by individual control agents with well-crafted reward design thus reducing the dimensionality; and (3) conduct extensive experiments on multiple scenarios, including a real-world scenario with 2510 traffic lights in Manhattan, New York City 1 2.

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Takači, Arpad. "Mathematical and simulation models of traffic flow." PAMM 5, no. 1 (December 2005): 633–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pamm.200510293.

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Alps, Ivars, Andrey Potapov, Mikhail Gorobetz, and Anatoly Levchenkov. "Algorithm for Public Electric Transport Schedule Control for Intelligent Embedded Devices." Scientific Journal of Riga Technical University. Power and Electrical Engineering 27, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 156–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10144-010-0040-0.

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Algorithm for Public Electric Transport Schedule Control for Intelligent Embedded DevicesIn this paper authors present heuristics algorithm for precise schedule fulfilment in city traffic conditions taking in account traffic lights. The algorithm is proposed for programmable controller. PLC is proposed to be installed in electric vehicle to control its motion speed and signals of traffic lights. Algorithm is tested using real controller connected to virtual devices and real functional models of real tram devices. Results of experiments show high precision of public transport schedule fulfilment using proposed algorithm.

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Chudzikiewicz, Andrzej, Juraj Gerlici, Magdalena Sowińska, Anna Stelmach, and Wojciech Wawrzyński. "Modeling and simulation of a control system of wheels of wheelset." Archives of Transport 55, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.4234.

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Modern light rail vehicles, such as a tram or rail bus, due to the need to provide mobility for the elderly or disabled people and the requirements of operators operating passenger rail transport or transport in urban areas must have a 100% low floor. Structurally, this is associated with the use of wheelset with independently rotating wheels (IRW) in such vehicles. It is also possible to use a bogie structure without the use of a wheelset axle by mounting the wheels directly in the side parts of the bogie frame. This construction is more complex and will not be discussed in this article. Bearing in mind the dynamic behavior of such vehicles during operation (lateral stability, profile wear) in various driving conditions (curve traffic, crossovers) and taking into account operating costs, it becomes necessary to install wheel rotation control systems to maintain center movement mass of the wheelset around the centerline of the track. The subject of the article will be considerations on modeling and simulation of rail vehicle bogie motion with IRW sets including the wheel control system. Nominal and mathematical models of the analyzed vehicle will be presented, as well as a controlled strategy based on the comparison of the angular velocities of the wheels of the wheelset A review of works on solutions of such systems will be presented, and a control concept will be proposed. The summary contains conclusions regarding the possibility of practical use of the proposed method of steering wheels of a wheelset in the c ase of independently rotating wheels.

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Hernandez-Oregon, Gerardo, Mario E. Rivero-Angeles, Juan C. Chimal-Eguía, Arturo Campos-Fentanes, Jorge G. Jimenez-Gallardo, Ulises O. Estevez-Alva, Omar Juarez-Gonzalez, Pedro O. Rosas-Calderon, Sergio Sandoval-Reyes, and Rolando Menchaca-Mendez. "Performance Analysis of V2V and V2I LiFi Communication Systems in Traffic Lights." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2019 (August 26, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4279683.

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Vehicular networks is a key technology for efficiently communicating both user’s devices and cars for timely information regarding safe driving conditions and entertaining applications like social media, video streaming, and gaming services, among others. In view of this, mobile communications making use of cellular resources may not be an efficient and cost-effective alternative. In this context, the implementation of light-fidelity (LiFi) in vehicular communications could be a low-cost, high-data-rate, and efficient-bandwidth usage solution. In this work, we propose a mathematical analysis to study the average throughput in a road intersection equipped with a traffic light that operates as a server, which is assumed to have LiFi communication links with the front lights of the vehicles waiting for the green light. We further assume that the front vehicle (the car next to the traffic light) is able to communicate to the car immediately behind it by using its own tail lights and the front lights of such vehicle, and so on and so forth. The behavior of the road junction is modeled by a Markov chain, applying the Queueing theory with an M/M/1 system in order to obtain the average queue length. Then, Little’s theorem is applied to calculate the average waiting delay when the red light is present in the traffic light. Finally, the mathematical expression of the data throughput is derived.

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Topolska, Katarzyna, and Mariusz Topolski. "Optimization and reliability of intelligent traffic lights control systems/Optymalizacja i niezawodność inteligentnych systemów sterowania ruchem drogowym." Journal of KONBiN 20, no. 1 (December 1, 2011): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10040-012-0042-4.

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Abstract The article presents problems of optimization and reliability to control the movement of vehicles within the intersections using classical methods and genetic algorithms with fuzzy evaluation of the chromosome. The authors doing research indicated that the genetic operators allow controlling traffic lights about 40% more efficient than by the classical method. Classical methods are defined as models based only on motion sensors and on the basis of FIFO. The proposed model of reliability of intelligent traffic lights control system is based on the time of operation, traffic density and average speed of vehicles traveling on a given stretch.

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YANG, XIAOLI, ZHENPENG ZHAO, and YOUN K. KIM. "A REAL TIME TRAFFIC LIGHT RECOGNITION SYSTEM." International Journal of Information Acquisition 05, no. 02 (June 2008): 149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219878908001569.

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Driving is a challenging task, especially for those with color vision deficiencies. Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) can provide useful information and make driving safe and convenient. A real time traffic light recognition system is presented in this paper for improving public safety and facilitating color deficient drivers. It may also be included as a part of ITS. The presented system consists of a digital video camera to record traffic lights and a portable PC to process images in real time. It uses various techniques of color detection, feature matching with normalized cross-correlation (NCC), and mathematical shape analysis for the traffic light recognition. For color detection, we obtained an initial solution by using RGB component adjustment, thresholding algorithm, and median filter. In dealing with illumination changes with weather and time, a simple adaptation method was developed. Feature matching with NCC was used after color detection to further detect and recognize the traffic lights. To improve the system's tolerance and robustness, a mathematical shape analysis was undertaken to obtain the final results. Numerous experiments were conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness and practicability of the system with images under different weather conditions. The average recognition ratio is higher than 95% from the testing results. The average processing time is 30 ms per frame, making the system suitable in real time conditions. Audio alert is added to the current system as an integral part of a portable system to be developed.

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Roman Popescu, Maria Alexandra. "Using Probe Vehicle Data for Automatic Extraction of Road Traffic Parameters." Mathematical Modelling in Civil Engineering 12, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mmce-2016-0016.

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Abstract Through this paper the author aims to study and find solutions for automatic detection of traffic light position and for automatic calculation of the waiting time at traffic light. The first objective serves mainly the road transportation field, mainly because it removes the need for collaboration with local authorities to establish a national network of traffic lights. The second objective is important not only for companies which are providing navigation solutions, but especially for authorities, institutions, companies operating in road traffic management systems. Real-time dynamic determination of traffic queue length and of waiting time at traffic lights allow the creation of dynamic systems, intelligent and flexible, adapted to actual traffic conditions, and not to generic, theoretical models. Thus, cities can approach the Smart City concept by boosting, efficienting and greening the road transport, promoted in Europe through the Horizon 2020, Smart Cities, Urban Mobility initiative.

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Marzoug, R., N. Lakouari, O. Oubram, H. Ez-Zahraouy, A. Khallouk, M. Limón-Mendoza, and J. G. Vera-Dimas. "Impact of traffic lights on car accidents at intersections." International Journal of Modern Physics C 29, no. 12 (December 2018): 1850121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183118501218.

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Using the cellular automata Nagel–Schreckenberg (NaSch) model, we numerically study the impact of traffic lights on the probability of car accidents ([Formula: see text]) at the intersection of two roads. It is found that, the probability [Formula: see text] is more stable with variation of the green light ([Formula: see text]) when the symmetric lights are adopted. Moreover, simulation results show the existence of a critical time [Formula: see text], below which ([Formula: see text]) [Formula: see text] increases as the injection rate ([Formula: see text]) increases, however, above which ([Formula: see text]) the growing of [Formula: see text] has for effect the decrease of [Formula: see text]. Furthermore, the decrease of [Formula: see text] is almost always accompanied by a loss of the flux, especially with asymmetrical lights. To overcome this problem, we proposed a strategy that can greatly increase the flux and keep the probability [Formula: see text] as small as possible, especially for the low and high injection rates.

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Junevičius, Raimundas, and Marijonas Bogdevičius. "MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF NETWORK TRAFFIC FLOW." TRANSPORT 24, no. 4 (December 31, 2009): 333–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648-4142.2009.24.333-338.

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The article describes mathematical models of traffic flows to initiate different traffic flow processes. Separate elements of traffic flow models are made in a way to be connected together to get a single complex model. A model of straight road with different boundary conditions is presented as a separate part of the network traffic flow model. First testing is conducted in case the final point of the whole modelled traffic line is closed and no output from that point is possible. The second test is performed when a constant value of traffic flow speed and traffic flow rate is entered. Mathematical simulation is carried out and the obtained results are listed.

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ÁVALOS, EDGAR, D. W. HUANG, and W. N. HUANG. "A STUDY OF CITY TRAFFIC IN AFTERNOON RUSH HOURS." International Journal of Modern Physics C 24, no. 06 (May 2013): 1350040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s012918311350040x.

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The traffic of vehicles from downtown to suburban areas is investigated numerically. We propose a cellular automaton to simulate the traffic of vehicles within a city regulated by traffic lights. Both traffic flow and travel time are presented and we discuss some strategies to optimize these quantities.

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Kozin, Yuriy. "Road Traffic Light in New Configuration." Journal of Road Safety 32, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 52–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33492/jrs-d-20-00253.

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The three-color system containing signals of the same circular shape has been in existence for over a hundred years. Each traffic signal has been justifiably selected to have a special color light to correspond to human psychoemotional reaction (red – stop, yellow – caution, green – go) to a given color signal (British Standards, 2015) and to comply with the laws of physics (The Motivated Engineer, 2015) – Rayleigh’s scattering law (Banc SpaceTek, 2017). The main downsides of the traditional road traffic light include the following: • The uniform circular shape of light signals results in uncertainty and difficulties for road users with color blindness and visual impairments, resulting in the need for restrictions or bans on driving license issuance in some countries. This uncertainty becomes particularly acute in conditions of low visibility. • According to the concept of harmony of form and color (Itten, 1961), a green light alone corresponds to the circular (spherical-like) shape of the signal. Red and amber lights harmoniously combine with other geometrical shapes. • The uniform shape of light signals prevents the implementation of the original compact combined model of traffic lights. For example, during the day, colorblind people can tell which signal is which because there is a standard position assigned: top – bottom or right – left (Oliveira, Souza, Junior, Sales & Ferraz, 2015). This becomes problematic if the compact combined models of traffic lights are used. Engineers and inventors have been trying to solve these problems by introducing random changes in the light signal shape and complicating the traffic light design. For a long time there have been different proposals about how to eliminate the demerits of the existing traffic lights: from arbitrary changes in the signal shape (Patterson, 1988) to transformation of traffic lights into a single-section display panel (Kulichenko, 2011) which replaces among others stationary road signs. However, technical solutions like these deprive the traffic light of its signal uniformity and conciseness (simplicity, clarity and precision of its controlling effect), features which help safe traffic regulation in a busy and dynamic mode. Technical modernization of individual signal components has been going hand in hand with technological developments as light sources, diffusers, lenses, controllers, materials, control systems, timers, etc. are improved. However, adequate design and aesthetic proposals are considerably behind. The aim of this paper is to propose a concept of creating control signals of traffic light that harmonize color and form, and, as a result, to create a new model of traffic light that will be convenient for all road users.

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Chechina, Antonina, Natalia Churbanova, and Marina Trapeznikova. "Multilane Traffic Flow Modeling Using Cellular Automata Theory." EPJ Web of Conferences 173 (2018): 06003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817306003.

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The paper deals with the mathematical modeling of traffic flows on urban road networks using microscopic approach. The model is based on the cellular automata theory and presents a generalization of the Nagel-Schreckenberg model to a multilane case. The created program package allows to simulate traffic on various types of road fragments (T or X type intersection, strait road elements, etc.) and on road networks that consist of these elements. Besides that, it allows to predict the consequences of various decisions regarding road infrastructure changes, such as: number of lanes increasing/decreasing, putting new traffic lights into operation, building new roads, entrances/exits, road junctions.

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Levine, E., G. Ziv, L. Gray, and D. Mukamel. "Phase Transitions in Traffic Models." Journal of Statistical Physics 117, no. 5-6 (December 2004): 819–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10955-004-5706-6.

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Gama, Oscar, Alexandre Santos, Antonio Costa, Maria João Nicolau, Bruno Dias, Joaquim Macedo, Bruno Ribeiro, Fabio Goncalves, and Joao Simoes. "Evaluation of Push and Pull Communication Models on a VANET with Virtual Traffic Lights." Information 11, no. 11 (October 30, 2020): 510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info11110510.

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It is expected in a near future that safety applications based on vehicle-to-everything communications will be a common reality in the traffic roads. This technology will contribute to improve the safety of vulnerable road users, for example, with the use of virtual traffic light systems (VTLS) in the intersections. This work implements and evaluates a VTLS conceived to help the pedestrians pass safely the intersections without real traffic lights. The simulated VTLS scenario used two distinct communication paradigms—the pull and push communication models. The pull model was implemented in named data networking (NDN), because NDN uses natively a pull-based communication model, where consumers send requests to pull the contents from the provider. A distinct approach is followed by the push-based model, where consumers subscribe previously the information, and then the producers distribute the available information to those consumers. Comparing the performance of the push and pull models on a VANET with VTLS, it is observed that the push mode presents lower packet loss and generates fewer packets, and consequently occupies less bandwidth, than the pull mode. In fact, for the considered metrics, the VTLS implemented with the pull mode presents no advantage when compared with the push mode.

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Tyagi, V., S. Darbha, and K. R. Rajagopal. "A review of the mathematical models for traffic flow." International Journal of Advances in Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics 1, no. 1 (July 2009): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12572-009-0005-8.

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Fürstenau, Norbert, and Monika Mittendorf. "Bernoulli-Langevin Wind Speed Model for Simulation of Storm Events." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 71, no. 12 (December 1, 2016): 1167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2016-0238.

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AbstractWe present a simple nonlinear dynamics Langevin model for predicting the instationary wind speed profile during storm events typically accompanying extreme low-pressure situations. It is based on a second-degree Bernoulli equation with δ-correlated Gaussian noise and may complement stationary stochastic wind models. Transition between increasing and decreasing wind speed and (quasi) stationary normal wind and storm states are induced by the sign change of the controlling time-dependent rate parameter k(t). This approach corresponds to the simplified nonlinear laser dynamics for the incoherent to coherent transition of light emission that can be understood by a phase transition analogy within equilibrium thermodynamics [H. Haken, Synergetics, 3rd ed., Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1983/2004.]. Evidence for the nonlinear dynamics two-state approach is generated by fitting of two historical wind speed profiles (low-pressure situations “Xaver” and “Christian”, 2013) taken from Meteorological Terminal Air Report weather data, with a logistic approximation (i.e. constant rate coefficients k) to the solution of our dynamical model using a sum of sigmoid functions. The analytical solution of our dynamical two-state Bernoulli equation as obtained with a sinusoidal rate ansatz k(t) of period T (=storm duration) exhibits reasonable agreement with the logistic fit to the empirical data. Noise parameter estimates of speed fluctuations are derived from empirical fit residuals and by means of a stationary solution of the corresponding Fokker-Planck equation. Numerical simulations with the Bernoulli-Langevin equation demonstrate the potential for stochastic wind speed profile modeling and predictive filtering under extreme storm events that is suggested for applications in anticipative air traffic management.

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Csahok, Z., and T. Vicsek. "Traffic models with disorder." Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General 27, no. 16 (August 21, 1994): L591—L596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0305-4470/27/16/005.

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Faraj, Mohammed Abdulmaged, and Najmadin Wahid Boskany. "Intelligent Traffic Congestion Control System using Machine Learning and Wireless Network." UHD Journal of Science and Technology 4, no. 2 (December 10, 2020): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdjst.v4n2y2020.pp123-131.

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Traffic congestion has become a big problem for most people because it increases noise, air pollution, and wasting time. Current normal traffic light system is not enough to manage the traffic problematic congestions because they operate on a fixed-time length plan. In recent years, internet of things led to introducing new models of intelligent traffic light systems; by utilizing different techniques such as predictive-based model, radiofrequency identification, and ultrasonic-based model. The most essential one of these techniques is depends of image processing and microcontroller communications. In this paper, we propose an intelligent, low cost, and efficient microcontroller circuit-based system for controlling cars in traffic light. This system can manage car traffics smarter than traditional approaches, it is capable to dynamically adjust timings of traffic signal. It can rapidly respond to traffic conditions to reduce traffic congestion. For implementing this system, a server, microcontroller board, cameras, as hardware and wireless network between traffic lights as infrastructure for communication are used. The system uses machine learning technique (i.e.,Yolov3 model and OpenCV) for decision depending on existence of emergency cars and number of cars. The experiment results show higher accuracy in managing traffic lights and recognizing the emergency cars.

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Runyoro, Angela-Aida K., Irina Zlotnikova, and Jesuk Ko. "Towards automated road information framework a case study of Tanzania." Transport and Telecommunication Journal 15, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ttj-2014-0002.

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Abstract Traffic congestion problem has been noticed to have a serious impact on the economy of the country in terms of time wastage, energy consumption costs, human loss and environmental effects. Different strategies have been used so far all over the world as shown in the literature review. Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is a multi-technology approach that can help to handle the issues and create a complete congestion reduction framework. This paper presents a case study for implementing automated road management system using networks in Tanzania, where three cities highly affected by traffic congestion have been studied. Study results show that these cities have not yet implemented new technologies in road traffic management; instead the traffic is controlled using traffic police officers and traffic lights only. The traffic lights use an old technology that cannot manage traffic in relation to the real-time situations. This study proposes components for a framework, which will assist automation in road traffic management. From the review of various existing ITS of which Advanced Traffic Management System (ATMS) and Advanced Travel Information System (ATIS) are subsystems, we have identified the possibility to integrate the two sub-systems within the framework. Three-phase traffic theory has been referred, FOTO and ASDA models are applied to the automatic recognition and tracking of congested spatiotemporal traffic patterns on roads.

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Yang, Xiao Long, Ping Li, Tao Lv, and Xue Hua Liao. "Traffic Accident Reconstruction Technology Research." Advanced Materials Research 756-759 (September 2013): 946–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.756-759.946.

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Based on the virtual simulation theory, we used three-dimensional modeling software to build modeling road facilities (vehicles, trees, street lights, etc.) for simulating the accident environment, and by using OpenGL technology, achieved reading, displaying and controlling the three-dimensional models. This dynamically realized the three-dimensional animated simulation of vehicle movement. Simultaneously we have calculated in progress the simulation of vehicle crash with the basic theory of automobile collision, vehicle collision model and the law of conservation of energy and momentum. Finally, we constructed a flexible platform for the simulation experiment. The platform is enabling to add and update road, trees, street lamps and house on the simulation environment dynamically, and has ability to analysis the traffic accident. This could give an assistant to the handling traffic accidents.

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Junevičius, Raimundas, Marijonas Bogdevičius, and Ádám Török. "MODELLING OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES’ EMISSION THROUGH THE USE OF TRAFFIC FLOW MATHEMATICAL MODELS." TRANSPORT 26, no. 3 (October 5, 2011): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2011.621978.

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Road traffic flows on a straight road segment are modelled in this article. The mathematical model of traffic flows has been constructed by using the method of lumped parameters. CO2, CO, CH, NOx, PM regression equations of internal combustion engines’ (ICE) emission has been developed. The accuracy of regression equations is 0.98÷0.99. The article presents assumptions for constructing the mathematical model, description of the mathematical model and gives simulation results. Traffic flow parameters, such as traffic flow concentration and traffic flow speed are presented as modelling results. ICE emission depending on the concentration and traffic flow speed are presented as well.

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Liao, Tso Hsien, and Yi Sheng Huang. "A Logic of Traffic Light Controller Modelled and Analyzed by Statecharts." Key Engineering Materials 467-469 (February 2011): 1736–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.467-469.1736.

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Statechart has been utilized as a visual formalism for the modeling of complex systems. It illuminates the features on describing properties of causality, concurrency and synchronization. In this paper, we try to describe the behavioral of the traffic lights by using Statecharts. We use Boolean function to make the traffic light controller behavior in a certain way. This paper used Boolean function to analyze the models which are modeled by using Statecharts. Their formalism provides a clear means for presenting control logic. Finally, an example of traffic light controller system is examined successfully.

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Twarock, Reidun. "Quadratic algebras in traffic flow models." Reports on Mathematical Physics 51, no. 2-3 (April 2003): 381–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0034-4877(03)80030-7.

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De Angelis, E. "Nonlinear hydrodynamic models of traffic flow modelling and mathematical problems." Mathematical and Computer Modelling 29, no. 7 (April 1999): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0895-7177(99)00064-3.

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Mitici, Mihaela, and Henk A. P. Blom. "Mathematical Models for Air Traffic Conflict and Collision Probability Estimation." IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 20, no. 3 (March 2019): 1052–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tits.2018.2839344.

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Chernigovskiy, A. V., M. V. Krivov, and A. L. Istomin. "Investigating Network Traffic and Selecting a Matching Mathematical Model." Herald of the Bauman Moscow State Technical University. Series Instrument Engineering, no. 3 (132) (September 2020): 84–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/0236-3933-2020-3-84-99.

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The investigation aimed to study various network traffic types so as to derive a mathematical description not only for a specific type of traffic, but also for the aggregated network traffic. We characterized the main types of data transmitted during network operation and compared the results with the most common mathematical models, that is, Poisson, Pareto, Weibull, exponential and lognormal distributions. We established that regardless of traffic type the volume distribution of data packets transmitted has a "long tail" and is well described by the lognormal distribution model. We evaluated the autocorrelation function, which showed that a long-range dependence characterises virtually all data, which indicates their self-similarity. We also confirmed this conclusion by calculating the Hurst exponent. At the same time, we determined that the degree of self-similarity depends not only on the type of data transmitted, but also on the data ratio in the aggregated network traffic. We selected the following models so as to compare the mathematical descriptions of traffic: classical and fractal Brownian motion, and the AR, MA, ARMA and ARIMA models. The results showed that the fractal Brownian motion model provides the most accurate mathematical description of network traffic

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Chernigovskiy, Aleksandr, and Maksim Krivov. "SELECTION OF THE MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF NETWORK TRAFFIC." Modern Technologies and Scientific and Technological Progress 2018, no. 1 (March 23, 2020): 90–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.36629/2686-9896-2020-2018-1-90-91.

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Network traffic was analyzed. Obtained results were compared with the existing mathematical models. It was found that the best mathematical description of network traffic was obtained using the Pareto model.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Traffic lights - Mathematical models'

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