Relevant bibliographies by topics / Traffic accidents Victoria Costs

Academic literature on the topic 'Traffic accidents Victoria Costs'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Traffic accidents Victoria Costs"

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Antić, Boris, Milan Vujanić, Krsto Lipovac, and Dalibor Pešić. "ESTIMATION OF THE TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS COSTS IN SERBIA BY USING DOMINANT COSTS MODEL." TRANSPORT 26, no. 4 (January 9, 2012): 433–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2011.635425.

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This paper presents estimation of the traffic accident costs in Serbia, based on original dominant costs model. Dominant costs model uses human capital approach and this model is developed for simple and quick calculation of the traffic accidents costs, because other simple methods as 1 million rules, are not suitable for estimation of the traffic accident costs in the countries with a low GDP per capita. Knowing the costs of traffic accidents is of crucial importance for establishing traffic safety to the level defined by the size of costs made as a consequence of unsafely. So, politicians, decision makers and stakeholders in the field of traffic safety often need quick estimation of the traffic accident costs and economic effects of the particular measures which are applied for decreasing the number and severity of traffic accidents. The estimation of the level of the traffic accidents costs in Serbia, based on the official data (from the Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Serbia) about traffic accidents in Serbia for 2008 is shown in this paper and the comparison between predicted and calculated value of the traffic accident costs for 2009 is also presented.
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Tubić, Vladan, Boris Antić, and Dušan Graovac. "Traffic accidents costs on state roads of the first order." Put i saobraćaj 65, no. 4 (December 23, 2019): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31075/pis.65.04.06.

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The cost of accidents is one of the basic segments of economic evaluation. In addition, the cost of accidents represents a significant financial burden for each budget. By knowing the cost of traffic accidents for each road, it is possible to determine which roads have the highest cost of traffic accidents, ie on which roads would give the best results in terms of improving the level of traffic safety and reducing the cost of traffic accidents. The paper presents the calculation of traffic accident costs for all roads of the first order in the Republic of Serbia, and separately identifies the costs per kilometer of road.
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Al-Masaeid, Hashem R., Adel A. Al-Mashakbeh, and Abdalla M. Qudah. "Economic costs of traffic accidents in Jordan." Accident Analysis & Prevention 31, no. 4 (July 1999): 347–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-4575(98)00068-2.

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Štefko, Róbert, Matúš Kubák, and Radovan Bačík. "Determinants of the Road Traffic Accident Rate in Slovak Republic." Applied Mechanics and Materials 708 (December 2014): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.708.130.

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Traffic safety is an important topic because of serious economic burden which is linked to the problem (damage costs, health care costs, administration costs and costs resulting from loss of future output). In this paper, we model damage to property and accidents involving deaths and injuries in the Slovak Republic. Using secondary data, it was found out that accidents involving deaths and injuries, accidents caused by animals and accidents caused by speeding have a strong impact on damage to property. Interesting finding is, that number of registered drivers have a negative impact on damage to property. On the other hand, accidents caused by animals and accidents caused by speeding have a negative impact on accidents involving deaths and injuries. Moreover, expressways seriously diminish number of accidents involving deaths and injuries.
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Pikūnas, Alvydas, and Vidmantas Pumputis. "ROAD SAFETY AUDIT ‐ POSSIBILITY TO AVOID A DANGEROUS ROAD SECTION." TRANSPORT 20, no. 5 (October 20, 2005): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2005.9638018.

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The number of road traffic casualties is still very high, even though the number of fatalities in European countries is falling. In road traffic accidents involving personal injury, economic resources are destroyed and the productivity of economy is correspondingly impaired. Costs resulting from traffic accidents represent the largest single part of the overall cost of traffic in economus. Knowledge about the harm it does to economy is essential if measures to reduce road traffic accidents are identified and introduced. Economic evaluation of road safety measures using cost‐benefit analysis is based on the costs incurred as a result of road accidents. The avoidance of such costs represents the economic benefit of road safety measures. Road safety audit is a formal procedure for independent assessment of the accident potential and likely safety performance of a specific design for a road or traffic scheme - either new construction or alteration of an existing road.
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Bastida, Julio López, Pedro Serrano Aguilar, and Beatriz Duque González. "The Economic Costs of Traffic Accidents in Spain." Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 56, no. 4 (April 2004): 883–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ta.0000069207.43004.a5.

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Dyr, Tadeusz, Karolina Ziółkowska, Agata Jaździk-Osmólska, and Małgorzata Kozłowska. "Economic safety aspects of the road traffic in Poland." Central European Review of Economics & Finance 21, no. 5 (October 31, 2017): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/ceref.2017.019.

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Road accidents are generating economic and public high costs. They include: losses resulting from the long-lasting or temporary impossibility of creating GDP, expenses on the treatment and rehabilitation of people injured in the accidents, costs of emergency services involvment, payment of compensations and benefits, financial losses or emotional suffering of the accidents' victims and perpetrators' relatives, leading to reduce their economic activity. Statistical data presented in the point out to the high risk of road accidents. Also causes of unsatisfactory level of the road safety improvement in Poland were presented.
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Chaudhry, Komal, and Muhammad Jawed Iqbal. "Economic Cost of Road Traffic Accidents in Twin Cities, Pakistan." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 25 (September 30, 2018): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n25p142.

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Road Traffic Accidents in developing countries are a serious concern in terms of safety and economy. RTAs share a considerable amount of overall life, resource, and productivity losses. It has become essential to monetize RTAs to aid the policymakers, economists, and the state government to efficiently select the cost-effective countermeasure for the safety of road users. The costs can be utilized in framing cost-effective safety measures and policies. This paper focuses on estimating the overall costs of Road Traffic Accidents in the city of Rawalpindi/Islamabad, Pakistan, by using the Human Capital Approach to estimate the monetary amount that the Road Traffic Accidents have cost to the cities in the year 2016. The research has categorized the costs into 5 main components, namely: medical costs, property damage costs, loss output, human loss, and administrative costs. A total of 10187 incidents have been recorded in the cities involving 12573 victims and 18136 vehicles. Results suggested that a total of pkr 2.183 billion has been incurred by the State of Pakistan with a loss of about 0.0074% to the GDP. The breakdown of the costs was as follows: Medical costs (pkr 93,898,640), and it comprises 4.26% of the total cost; Property damage costs include vehicular and property damage repair (pkr 214,840,463), and it comprises 9.84% of the total cost; Loss output (pkr 1,316,000,000), and it comprises 60.27% of the total cost; Human costs (pkr 473,584,345), and it comprise 21.69% of the total cost; Administrative costs (pkr 85,730,725), and it comprises 3.92% of the total cost.
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Farida, Ida, Wimpy Santosa, and Anastasia Caroline Sutandi. "KARAKTERISTIK DAN BIAYA KECELAKAAN LALU LINTAS DI KABUPATEN GARUT." Jurnal Transportasi 19, no. 2 (August 30, 2019): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.26593/jt.v19i2.3471.143-150.

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Abstract This study aims to identify the characteristics and costs of traffic accidents that occurred in Garut Regency in period of 2012 until 2017. The focus of the study was accidents involving buses, as a public transportation mode. In this study, a descriptive approach is used, and for the cost of traffic accidents, the Gross Output Method is used. The results obtained show that the proportion of traffic accidents involving buses in the Regency of Garus is 3.5%, with humans being is the dominant factor causing the traffic accidents. In addition, the cost of traffic accidents involving these buses reaches 0.15% of the Gross Regional Domestic Product of Garut Regency. Keywords: traffic accidents, accident costs, public transportation, accident characteristics Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi karakteristik dan biaya kecelakaan lalu lintas yang terjadi di Kabupaten Garut pada tahun 2012 hingga tahun 2017. Fokus penelitian adalah kecelakaan yang melibatkan bus, sebagai moda transportasi publik. Pada studi ini digunakan pendekatan deskriptif dan untuk biaya kecelakaan lalu lintas digunakan metode Gross Output. Hasil yang didapat menunjukkan bahwa proporsi kecelakaan lalu lintas yang melibatkan bus di Kabupaten Garut adalah 3,5%, dengan manusia merupakan faktor penyebab yang dominan. Selain itu, biaya kecelakaan lalu lintas yang melibatkan bus ini mencapai 0,15% terhadap Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Kabupaten Garut. Kata-kata kunci: kecelakaan lalu lintas, biaya kecelakaan, transportasi publik, karakteristik kecelakaan
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Nazeer, Muhammad Atif, Muhammad Mohsin, and Abdur Rehman. "Identifying the Causes and Protective Measures of Road Traffic Accidents (RTAs) in Bahawalpur City, Pakistan." Vol 3 Issue 4 3, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 208–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33411/ijist/2021030407.

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Road Traffic Accident (RTA) is a growing public issue and fall among the four top causes of mortality and morbidity globally. The main objective of this study was to identify the causes and protective measures of road traffic accidents in Bahawalpur City. Primary data was gathered through a structured questionnaire during a field survey in selected five public places as sample sites i.e. Larry Ada, University Chowk, Bahawal Victoria Hospital (BVH), One Unit Chowk, and Melad Chowk. Secondary data of road accidents was gathered form National Highway and Motor Way Police (NH&MP) while primary data was gathered from 150 respondents (30 from each study site) and analyzed in SPSS software by applying descriptive statistics and road accident risk index (RARI). Findings revealed that the main causes of these accidents include increase in population (62.66%), increase in demand for vehicles (22%), bike drivers (69.33%), overtaking of the vehicles (51.33%), over speed and hustle to reach the destination (34.66%). One wheeling is also a major reason, which results in the death of teenage drivers (52%), violation of the traffic rules (25.33%). RARI results also suggest the relationship between the affected persons and the road traffic accidents. Lastly, few suggestions were proposed to overcome the ratio and severity of road traffic accidents because these accidents are predictable and largely preventable through multi-disciplinary coherent strategies.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Traffic accidents Victoria Costs"

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Lierkamp, Darren. "Simulating the effects of following distance on a high-flow freeway." Full text available online (restricted access), 2003. http://images.lib.monash.edu.au/ts/theses/Lierkamp.pdf.

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"CP830 Research Project and Thesis 2". Includes bibliographical references (p. 80-93) Electronic reproduction.[S.l. :s.n.],2003.Electronic data.Mode of access: World Wide Web.System requirements: Adobe Acrobat reader software for PDF files.Access restricted to institutions with a subscription.
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Slánský, Josef. "Zvyšování bezpečnosti v dopravě s ohledem na oceňování lidského života." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-85257.

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This diploma thesis examines the issue of acceptability of a particular transportation project. It is objective is to capture the expenses which arise from a traffic accident. on this basis the goal is to express all expenses of the human death and to compare them with the specific transportation project. In addition to this, different means of accident prevention are to be figured out within the support of public safety. The whole thesis is split into four parts. The first part describes the accidents on Czech roads. The second part deals with the specific expression methodology of the human death. The third shows the real transportation project and the last section evaluates if the expenditure on the implementation of particular project exceed the expenses caused by the accident.
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Khan, Ellen, and Denise Steen. "Sjukvårdskostnader i samband medvägtrafikolyckor för individer med och utansömnapné." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-129880.

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Tidigare forskning indikerar att individer med sömnapné får mer allvarliga skador i sambandmed vägtrafikolyckor jämfört med individer utan sömnapné. Det har även visats att merallvarliga skador genererar högre kostnader. Det finns dock ett kunskapsglapp i frågan om demer allvarliga skadorna som involverar individer med sömnapné har högresjukvårdskostnader i Sverige. Studier visar även att om patienter ska kunna få ut maximaltmed vård för de skattepengar som läggs på hälso- och sjukvården bör samhällseffektivakostnadsanalyser göras. En del i samhällseffektiva kostnadsanalyser är att identifiera,kvantifiera och värdera de kostnader som är relevanta vid ett specifikt olycksfall.Uppsatsens syfte är att framställa, jämföra och analysera de sjukvårdskostnader somuppkommer vid vägtrafikolyckor i Sverige orsakade av individer med och utan sömnapnéunder en uppföljningsperiod på ett, två och tre år. I sjukvårdskostnaderna inkluderas dekostnader som uppstår i slutenvården, öppenvården, samt läkemedelskostnader. Syftetuppfylls först genom identifiering, kvantifiering och värdering av sjukvårdskostnaderna. Meden ekonometrisk modell avser vi dessutom att förklara sambandet mellan de förklarandevariablerna ålder, kön och patientgrupp och den beroende variabeln sjukvårdskostnader. Denekonometriska modellen skapas utifrån data från olycksregistret Swedish Traffic AccidentData Acquisition (STRADA) och organisationen European Sleep Apnoea Database(ESADA).I resultatanalysen presenteras och analyseras sjukvårdskostnaderna utifrånsamhällsekonomisk teori för att avgöra om det existerar en skillnad i sjukvårdskostnader samtför att utreda hur den eventuella skillnaden är fördelad enligt Pareto- och Kaldor-Hickskriteriet. Studiens resultat visar på att det existerar en framträdande skillnad mellan de tvåpatientgruppernas sjukvårdskostnader. Marginalkostnaderna för patientgruppen medsömnapné är betydligt större än för patientgruppen utan sömnapné och de inkrementellakostnaderna visar också relativt stora kostnadsskillnader under respektive uppföljningsår.
Previous research indicates that individuals with the condition obstructive sleep apnoea(OSA) get more severe injuries after road traffic accidents, in comparison with individualswithout OSA. It has also, in previous studies, been shown that more severe injuries generatehigher costs. There is although a knowledge gap concerning whether the more severe injuriesthat involve individuals with OSA result in higher medical expenses. Furthermore, earlierresearch also implies that for patients to receive maximum healthcare from the tax moneyreimbursing the healthcare in Sweden, there should be socio-effective cost analysisconducted. An important part of socio-effective cost analysis is the identification,quantification and valuation of relevant costs associated with a specific causality.The aim of the study is to produce, compare and analyse the healthcare costs associated withroad traffic accidents in Sweden caused by individuals with and without OSA, during afollow-up period of one, two and three years. The healthcare costs include the costs that occurin the inpatient and outpatient care as well as pharmaceutical costs. The aim has been fulfilledthrough identification, quantification and valuation of the healthcare costs associated withroad traffic accidents, for individuals with and without OSA. In order to examine therelationship between the describing variables age, sex and patient group and the dependentvariable healthcare cost, we constructed an econometric model. The econometric model hasbeen assembled by data from the accident register Swedish Traffic Accident Data Acquisition(STRADA) and the organisation European Sleep Apnoea Database (ESADA).The result of the study presents and analyse the healthcare costs through socio-economictheory to decide whether there does exist a difference in healthcare costs and to investigate ifthe eventual difference in costs is distributed according to the Pareto- and Kaldor-Hickscriteria.The study’s result demonstrates a significant difference of the healthcare costs in thetwo patient groups. The marginal costs for the patient group with OSA is considerably higherthan the marginal cost for the patient group without OSA. The incremental costs also showrelatively large cost differences during the three follow-up years.
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Lewis, Jeff S. "Assessing the Safety Impacts of Access Management Techniques." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2006. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1342.pdf.

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Kufka, Jiří. "Studie úrovňové křižovatky I/45 a I/11 v Bruntále." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-265334.

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The subject of my Master’s thesis is the variant redevelopment of level crossings I/45 and I/11 nearby bus terminal in Bruntál in Moravian-Silesian region. The current design isn’t well arranged and the crossroad is place of frequent traffic accidents. There are four solutions of existing crossroad. In the frame of variants, there is a different manner of solution of structural layout of crossroad, possibility of connection of shopping center and solution of pedestrian traffic. The thesis includes traffic survey, evaluation of accidents, capacity analysis of existing crossroad and four new solutions and estimate of building costs.
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Tapera, Roy. "Development of guidelines to reduce road accidents amongst community members in Botswana: a public health issue." Thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/27839.

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Bibliography: leaves 124-147
BACKGROUND The leading and increasing contributor to the regional and global disease burden that leads to death and disability is represented by road accidents. An enormous toll on individuals together with communities and national economies has been observed because of the occurrence of road accidents. AIM The study developed guidelines to reduce road accidents amongst automobile drivers in Botswana. METHODS Study design The study was conceptualised using Haddon's theory and the mixed-method sequential explanatory design was utilized to conduct the study. Collection of data for this study was done over a period of time in two consecutive phases. v Study setting The study took place in Gaborone, and the study was conducted at Broadhurst Police Headquarters, Directorate of transport station, and the University of Botswana. Data Collection methods: The data for this study were collected through the usage of focus group interviews and document analysis using a checklist. The first phase involved collecting quantitative data through document analysis of 400 police records using a checklist. The second phase took place in Gaborone at the University of Botswana. It involved collecting qualitative data using two focus group interviews with various stakeholders like traffic police, third party claim officers, and emergency nurses/doctors who have been in contact with people involved in road traffic accidents. Study Population: The study population included traffic accident victims' documents at the police headquarters for Gaborone and Francistown, police and traffic officers, lawyers/third party claims officers, and emergency department staff such as nurses and doctors working in Gaborone and Francistown. Data analysis: A checklist was used in transforming observations of found categories into quantitative statistical data. Data generated from the content analysis were transformed into quantitative statistical data using a checklist. Quantitative data were entered and analysed principally using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 27) software to generate graphs and tables. Inconsistencies of the data set was managed by cleaning and editing the data. The data that were missing were not statistically imputed. The relationships of independent variables based on Haddon Matrix-like, drunk driving, unlicensed drivers, over speeding, deaths, and injuries were analysed against the dependent variable of having a road traffic accident using logistic regression. Qualitative vi data from focus group interviews was transcribed verbatim using a transcription protocol. Using transcription protocol ensured that transcription is done consistently and is of the appropriate type for analytic aims. Tesch’s framework for qualitative data analysis was used. UNISA, Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness, and The Ministry of Defence, Justice, and Security granted the researcher the permission to conduct the study. Results The study found that most accidents are caused by the drivers’ carelessness followed by animals, both domestic and wild. The accidents had an impact on the health of drivers, passengers, and pedestrians. The accidents resulted in fatalities and lower limb fractures, upper limb fractures, and brain injuries. Over the past five years, Gaborone and Serowe recorded the highest cases of road traffic accidents. Most of the accidents occurred where there were no junction. Conclusion It is envisioned that the guidelines informed by research and literature will ensure a decrease in road traffic accidents and consequently fatalities and injuries among Botswana communities.
Health Studies
D. Phil. (Public Health)
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KLOUD, Petr. "Externality ve vybraném odvětví a jejich řešení." Master's thesis, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-50983.

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The main aim of the work was to define externalities in a selected sector (transport) and to propose options to address them. The operational objectives of this work are to evaluate the effectiveness of existing measures and to propose solutions to externalities.
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Books on the topic "Traffic accidents Victoria Costs"

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Rollins, John B. Costs of motor vehicle accidents in Texas. College Station, Tex: Texas Transportation Institute, Texas A&M University System, 1985.

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Glass, R. D. An estimate of the cost of road traffic accidents in South Africa, 1986. Pretoria, South Africa: National Institute for Transport and Road Research, CSIR, 1987.

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Bordeleau, Bertrand. Evaluation et évolution de 1985 à 1994 des coûts de l'insécurité routière au Québec: Rapport de recherche. [Québec]: Société de l'assurance automobile du Québec, 1996.

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Downes, J. D. Road casualty rates and costs for London. Crowthorne, Berkshire: Transport and Road Research Laboratory, 1987.

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Downes, J. D. Road casualty rates and costs for London. Crowthorne, Berks: Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Safety andTransportation Group, Special Research Branch, 1987.

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Hanley, Paul F. Using crash costs in safety analysis. Iowa City, Iowa: University of Iowa, Public Policy Center, 2004.

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Blincoe, Lawrence J. The economic cost of motor vehicle crashes, 1994. [Washington, DC]: NHTSA, 1996.

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United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration., ed. The economic cost of motor vehicle crashes, 1994. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1996.

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Blincoe, Lawrence J. The economic cost of motor vehicle crashes, 1994. [Washington, DC]: NHTSA, 1996.

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Blincoe, Lawrence J. The economic cost of motor vehicle crashes, 1990. Washington, D.C: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Dept. of Transportation, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Traffic accidents Victoria Costs"

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Drosu, Alin, and Corneliu Cofaru. "Estimating the Costs Caused by Road Traffic Accidents in Romania." In CONAT 2016 International Congress of Automotive and Transport Engineering, 889–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45447-4_98.

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Dionne, Georges, Claire Laberge-Nadeau, Denise Desjardins, Stéphane Messier, and Urs Maag. "Analysis of The Economic Impact of Medical and Optometric Driving Standards on Costs Incurred by Trucking Firms and on the Social Costs of Traffic Accidents." In Automobile Insurance: Road Safety, New Drivers, Risks, Insurance Fraud and Regulation, 323–51. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4058-8_22.

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Ustaoglu, Eda, and Arif Cagdas Aydınoglu. "The External Costs of Road Transport." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 249–84. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-4610-2.ch013.

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This chapter focuses on the estimation of marginal and total external costs of road transportation in Turkey in terms of accidents, air pollution, climate change, noise, and traffic congestion. The study estimates marginal external costs for cars, light commercial vehicles (LCVs), heavy duty vehicles (HDVs), busses, and motorcycles, which comprise total vehicle fleet stock of the Turkish road transport sector. The researchers reviewed the literature of both local and international studies for the quantification and monetisation of the specified external costs of road transport. This will provide a base for the future studies on Turkish transport research and transport policy appraisal guidelines. The authors conclude that accidents are the most important externality of road use and that local air pollution and congestion appear to be more important than noise and climate change. This implies that priority should be given to road accidents, air pollution, and congestion alongside noise and global warming.
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Sime, Stuart. "9. Personal Injury Claims under £25,000." In A Practical Approach to Civil Procedure, 99–111. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780192844521.003.0009.

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Out of the estimated 950,000 personal injuries claims each year in the UK, about 750,000 cases arise from road traffic accidents (RTAs), 90,000 are employers’ liability cases (EL), and 100,000 are public liability cases (PL). About 90% of these are cases where the damages are estimated at below £25,000. This chapter discusses cases covered by the RTA and EL/PL protocols; the provisions of the RTA protocol; the process under the RTA protocol: claim notification, medical evidence and negotiation, and Part 8 claim to determine quantum; child settlement applications; fixed costs under the RTA and EL/PL protocols; and cases where parties can stop following the RTA or EL/PL protocols.
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Mallat, Chibli. "Civil Law II Torts." In The Normalization of Saudi Law, 97—C5.N131. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190092757.003.0005.

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Abstract Following the review of modern theories of tort among the better contemporary Arab jurists, and their inability to root tortious liability in the framework of fiqh, the chapter notes the projection of the aporia in the floating language adopted by Saudi courts. The deadlock results in Arabic terms used in the floating language in tort cases: ta‘wid, arsh, daman, mas’uliyya taqsiriyya, tafrit, khata’, direct and indirect causality. The chapter then examines special categories: traffic accidents, battered wives, and mental impairment. A further section dwells on expertise and attorney’s costs. The conclusion addresses the difficulty of bringing the Saudi law of contracts and torts under a general remedial theory.
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Michałowska, Maria, and Teresa Gądek-Hawlena. "Prawo do życia i zdrowia a skuteczność kampanii społecznych na rzecz poprawy bezpieczeństwa ruchu drogowego w Polsce." In HUMAN RIGHTS Evolution in the digital era, 230–50. Wydawnictwo Wyższej Szkoły Gospodarki Euroregionalnej im. Alcide De Gasperi w Józefowie, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.13166/wsge/hr-pl/ciow5623.

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Among many areas of human activity resulting in the development of civilization, it is possible to identify those significantly threatening his health and life. One of them is increasing mobility, that brings many benefits, but also lead to high social, economic and environmental costs of road traffic. According to the current data provided by World Health Organization, road accidents are listed as one of the ten leading causes of death in the world. In order to protect human life and health, international organisations, national gov- ernments, actors and organisations undertake a number of actions aimed at changing the behaviour of road traffic participants. Initiatives aimed at motivating road traffic participants to behave correctly include social campaigns. In Poland there are many social campaigns for the improvement of road traffic safety At the same time, it should be stressed that the preventive nature of this type of action makes it impossible to assess its effectiveness unequivocally. The article presents the results of direct studies on the recognition of social campaigns for the improvement of road safety in Poland and the assessment of their actual influence on the improvement of safety by road traffic participants.
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7

Sime, Stuart. "9. Personal Injury Claims under £25,000." In A Practical Approach to Civil Procedure, 99–110. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198838593.003.0009.

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Out of the estimated 950,000 personal injuries claims each year in the UK, about 750,000 cases arise from road traffic accidents (RTAs), 90,000 are employers’ liability cases (EL), and 100,000 are public liability cases (PL). About 90% of these are cases where the damages are estimated at between £1,000 and £25,000. This chapter discusses cases covered by the RTA and EL/PL protocols; the provisions of the RTA protocol; the process under the RTA protocol: claim notification, medical evidence and negotiation, and Part 8 claim to determine quantum; child settlement applications; fixed costs under the RTA and EL/PL protocols; and cases where parties can stop following the RTA or EL/PL protocols.
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Sime, Stuart. "9. Personal Injury Claims under £25,000." In A Practical Approach to Civil Procedure, 99–110. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198858386.003.0009.

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Out of the estimated 950,000 personal injuries claims each year in the UK, about 750,000 cases arise from road traffic accidents (RTAs), 90,000 are employers’ liability cases (EL), and 100,000 are public liability cases (PL). About 90% of these are cases where the damages are estimated at between £1,000 and £25,000. This chapter discusses cases covered by the RTA and EL/PL protocols; the provisions of the RTA protocol; the process under the RTA protocol: claim notification, medical evidence and negotiation, and Part 8 claim to determine quantum; child settlement applications; fixed costs under the RTA and EL/PL protocols; and cases where parties can stop following the RTA or EL/PL protocols.
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Jha, Pooja, and K. Sridhar Patnaik. "Self-Driving Cars." In Handbook of Research on Emerging Trends and Applications of Machine Learning, 490–507. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9643-1.ch023.

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Human errors are the main cause of vehicle crashes. Self-driving cars bear the promise to significantly reduce accidents by taking the human factor out of the equation, while in parallel monitor the surroundings, detect and react immediately to potentially dangerous situations and driving behaviors. Artificial intelligence tool trains the computers to do things like detect lane lines and identify cyclists by showing them millions of examples of the subject at hand. The chapter in this book discusses the technological advancement in transportation. It also covers the autonomy used according to The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). The functional architecture of self-driving cars is further discussed. The chapter also talks about two algorithms for detection of lanes as well as detection of vehicles on the road for self-driving cars. Next, the ethical discussions surrounding the autonomous vehicle involving stakeholders, technologies, social environments, and costs vs. quality have been discussed.
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Conference papers on the topic "Traffic accidents Victoria Costs"

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Schlake, Bryan W., Christopher P. L. Barkan, and J. Riley Edwards. "Impact of Automated Inspection Technology on Unit Train Performance." In 2010 Joint Rail Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2010-36258.

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Automated wayside inspection systems have been developed to monitor rolling stock condition and facilitate predictive maintenance strategies. Improving the effectiveness of railcar condition monitoring has the potential for significant cost savings as a result of reduced derailments and in-service failures. This paper presents an economic analysis of the costs associated with train accidents and mainline delay due to defective railcar components. We consider track and equipment damages as well as train delay costs. We use dispatch simulation software to determine the impact of in-service failures on mainline capacity at varying traffic levels. This analysis provides a basis for the comparison of current railcar inspection practices with new integrated practices incorporating automated inspection systems.
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Galinskaitė, Lina, Gytautas Ignatavičius, and Vaidotas Valskys. "DEPENDENCE OF VEHICLE COLLISIONS WITH ROE DEER ON SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL FACTORS IN LITHUANIA." In 11th International Conference “Environmental Engineering”. VGTU Technika, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2020.651.

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Rising road densities, vehicle speeds limits and traffic volumes, combined with recent growth in the population density of various deer species, have increased the risk of DVCs across the world, causing a great deal of animal suffering, traffic safety problems and socio-economic costs. Object of this investigation was to find out collisions trend with roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in Lithuania. The aim of our study was to determine where in Lithuania accidents occure more frequently and evaluate these accidents in time. In 2013–2017 number of AVCs in Lithuania was recorded more then 12 011 times, over half of 7155 occur with roe deer. The temporality of accidents was studied under three scales – daily, weekly and seasonal. Daily peaks start at 7:00 (8.75%), 8:00 (6.08%). Evening peaks, start at 17:00 (7.71%), other at 22:00 (10.64%) hours. Week collisions with roe deer increase on Friday 14.9%. The risk of collision with roe deer varies over the year – the majority of crashes occur in May 14.7% and November 10.7%. In spatial study localization of collision data with ArcGIS 10.3. It was found that road surrounding landscape dominated by agricultural land collisions occurred at a maximum of 29.77%. 19.10% collisions were recorded in the forest area. In built-up areas 11.85%. Analysis of these trends allow to simulate and predict when and where the highest risk of DVCs occurs. In conclusion, this could give valuable information and constitute a manageable tool for the road managers, planners, scientist, wildlife conservationist who are interested in these type of accidents in regions of Lithuania.
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Prabhu, Raj, Mark Horstemeyer, Esteban Marin, Jun Liao, Matt Tucker, and Lakiesha Williams. "Traumatic Brain Injury: Mechanical Response of Porcine Brain Under High Strain Rate Tests." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-206814.

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The brain is one of the most critical organs of the human body during life-threatening and injury sustaining accidents. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) due to mechanical insult of the head is a leading cause of death and life-long disability in the United States. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) has estimated that, on average, 1.4 million Americans sustain TBI every year, 20% of which are the result of motor vehicle-traffic accidents. Nearly 50,000 people die of TBI each year. Around 5.3 million Americans currently have long-term disabilities after sustaining a TBI. Some of these long-term disabilities are linked to functional changes affecting thinking, sensation, language and emotions [1]. Direct and indirect medical costs related to TBI amounted to an estimated $60 billion in the United States in 2000 [2]. TBIs have a deep impact on our society and require effective protective measures to curb consequent injuries and disabilities [3].
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Wang, Yanlei, Shuang Xu, and Xiang Liu. "Risk Analysis of Freight Train Collisions in the United States, 2000 to 2014." In 2016 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2016-5738.

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Train accidents damage infrastructure and rolling stock, disrupt operations, and may result in casualties and environmental damage. While the majority of previous studies focused on the safety risks associated with train derailments or highway-rail grade crossing collisions, much less work has been undertaken to evaluate train collision risk. This paper develops a statistical risk analysis methodology for freight-train collisions in the United States between 2000 and 2014. Negative binomial regression models are developed to estimate the frequency of freight-train collisions as a function of year and traffic volume by accident cause. Train collision severity, measured by the average number of railcars derailed, varied with accident cause. Train collision risk, defined as the product of collision frequency and severity, is predicted for 2015 to 2017, based on the 2000 to 2014 safety trend. The statistical procedures developed in this paper can be adapted to various other types of consequences, such as damage costs or casualties. Ultimately, this paper and its sequent studies aim to provide the railroad industry with data analytic tools to discover useful information from historical accidents so as to make risk-informed safety decisions.
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Kubaľák, Stanislav, Ambróz Hájnik, and Veronika Harantová. "Preference for public transport vehicles in selected area of Púchov." In 6th International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/cetra.2020.1110.

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The paper deals with ensuring the preference for public transport vehicles in the selected area of Púchov.The main aim of the paper is to analyze the current traffic situation within the selected area in the cadastral area of Púchov, near the "Nástupište, MŠK (Makyta)" bus stop, focusing on the delay of public transport vehicles due to the large number of bus lines arriving and departing from the stop; and emerging delays of these vehicles at entry and exit. Moreover, the partial aims of the paper are to evaluate traffic surveys, to design alternative solutions to the new organization of transport, and to select the optimal option which will predict the most significant time savings of public passenger vehicles. The necessary basis of the paper was the elaboration of several traffic surveys. The application of preferential tools enables to improve the throughput and fluency of problematic sections, to eliminate large delays achieved in the most stressed sections, to improve conditions for passengers, to increase attractiveness for public transport, also to observe timetables, reduce road accidents and driving safety, and ultimately reducing financial costs.
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Figueiras, Paulo, Ricardo Silva, André Ramos, Guilherme Guerreiro, Ruben Costa, and Ricardo Jardim-Goncalves. "Big Data Processing and Storage Framework for ITS: A Case Study on Dynamic Tolling." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-68069.

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Urban and national road networks in many countries are severely congested, resulting in increased travel times, unexpected delays, greater travel costs, worsening air pollution and noise levels, and a greater number of traffic accidents. Expanding traffic network capacities by building more roads is both extremely costly and harmful to the environment. By far the best way to accommodate growing travel demand is to make more efficient use of existing networks. Portugal has a good but underused toll highway network that runs near to an urban/national road network that is free to use but congested. In choosing not to pay a toll, many Portuguese drivers are apparently accepting greater risk to their safety and longer travel times. As a result, the urban/national road network is used far more intensively than projections anticipated, which raises maintenance costs while increasing levels of risk and inconvenience. The main idea behind the work presented here, is to motivate a shift of traffic from the overused network to the underused network. To this end, a model for calculating variable toll fees needs to be developed. In order to support the model, there is the need to accurately predict the status of road networks for real-time, short and medium term horizons, by using machine learning algorithms. Such algorithms will be used to feed the dynamic toll pricing model, reflecting the present and future traffic situations on the network. Since traffic data quantity and quality are crucial to the prediction accuracy of road networks’ statuses, the real-time and predictive analytics methods will use a panoply of data sources. The approach presented here, is being developed under the scope of the H2020 OPTIMUM, a European R&D project on ITS.
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Aparicio García, Jorge. "Integral safe expansion joint: a new long-service-life joint for bridges." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.1251.

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<p>The integral expansion joint is a novel bridge expansion joint for bridges and viaducts with three breakthrough characteristics: (1) allows continuous driving, therefore (i) reducing the risk of accidents and increases safety for the road user and their vehicles; (ii) mitigating noise (the bump effect from conventional joints); (2) avoids the filtering of water, detritus and de-icing salts reducing conservation costs (opex and capex) of bridge substructures; (3) has a long-service life vis-à-vis conventional joints, therefore: (i) reducing the maintenance expenditure in bridge joints (life-cycle cost analysis); (ii) reducing traffic cuts and diversions, relevant for toll road operators where there is payment for - or penalties due to lack of – availability and (iii) reducing potential management liability due to improper maintenance. At an affordable supply and installation cost - aligned to conventional joints -, the integral expansion joint aims to solve a well-documented and historical problem in Structural Engineering, strengthening the most vulnerable part of any bridge and road surface. It can be prefabricated or manufactured in situ, implemented in all kind of bridges (new or rehabilitation), in any geography (thermal range), regardless of length of the deck or skewness, and in any material (concrete or metal).</p>
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Marchenko, Nataliya. "Northern Sea Route: Modern State and Challenges." In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-23626.

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It is well-known that navigating the waterway from the primary trade hubs in northern Europe to the Asia-Pacific ports and contrariwise along the Russian Arctic Coast (Northern Sea Route - NSR) is much shorter and faster, than southern ways via Suez or around Africa. The NSR can significantly save costs (through saving time and fuel) and avoids the risk of attack by pirates. In addition, an increase in oil and gas activity in the North, forecasts of global warming and an ice-free Arctic have stimulated interest in Arctic navigation. However, Arctic transportation poses significant challenges because of the heavy ice conditions that exist during both the winter and summer. The profitability of using the NSR is called into question if possible high tariffs are included in the cost estimates. For many years, the NSR was principally used for internal Russian transport and since the end of the 1980s up until 2010, it was in stagnation with total amount of cargo transported annually stood at less than two million tons. Important political decisions in the 90s and increased economic feasibility intensified traffic and freight turnover. In 2013, the NSR Administration (NSRA) was established, new rules for navigation were approved and tariff policies were modified. In 2013, the NSRA issued 635 permits to sail in NSR waters, and 71 transit voyages have since been completed. The total amount of transit cargo was 1.36 million tons. More than 40% of the total number of permits were issued to vessels without ice class [1] according to the Russian Maritime Register of Shipping [2]. There are strong technical requirements for vessels attempting to sail the NSR; regardless, several accidents occurred in 2012–2013. Two vessels were dented by ice in the Chukchi Sea in 2012. A tanker was holed in September 2013 and created a real danger of an ecological disaster from fuel leakage for several days. Despite the expectation of an ice-free Arctic, the ice conditions in 2013 were rather difficult, and the Vilkitsky Strait (a key strait in the NSR between the Kara and Laptev seas) was closed by ice for almost the entire navigation period. In this paper, we review the current situation in the Russian Arctic, including political and administrative actions, recent accidents and the associated conditions and lessons learned.
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Sanz Bobi, Juan de Dios, Pedro Reyes de la Pen˜a, Jose Carlos Hidalgo Fiestas, Alberto Garci´a de los A´ngeles, and Roberto Loiero. "Sizing Solar Energy Components for Level-Crossing Facilities." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-68672.

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Currently, there are a large number of level crossings on railway lines. These signaling facilities are necessary from the point of view of railway lines and also from the traffic of vehicles and people crossing them. This signaling system is built on a number of elements such as acoustic and lighting signals—barriers that prevent cars & pedestrians from accessing rail tracks. These level crossing facilities operate autonomously and they are not part of the security facilities (interlockings) when planning or building stages. Therefore, a major constraint for level crossings is the lack of a feasible electric supply primarily because of the high cost of cable running due to the great difficulty of transporting this energy to some areas. This high cost will make installation unprofitable where there is light traffic in trains and/or pedestrians and vehicles. This paper proposes that a solar photovoltaic supply system would make installation cost efficient instead of cable running. The research shows that the sizing method for this power supply and the measuring tool detailed below ease calculations. This proposed system provides both economical and environmental benefits. These benefits positively impact those areas where traditional cable supply is difficult to provide. In order to size the electrical feeding system for these level crossings facilities two calculations are necessary: 1) the calculation of the daily incident solar irradiation into a horizontal surface and, 2) the location where the facility is going to be set. The calculation of the theoretical energy consumption is determined by the integral of the instantaneous electrical power consumption of the system. Thus, the proposed solution in the paper provides a cost reduction to deploy level crossing facilities crossing existing railway lines. It allows the installation of level crossings with increased security features necessary for the correct signaling from the basic level crossing to configurations such as acoustic and light signals, or even protective barriers. These elements provide more information and safety to cars and pedestrians concerning train crossing, decreasing the risk of accidents. Additionally, this power supply system can be deployed easily and can be adapted to any topology minimizing costs. Furthermore these systems are environmentally friendly as they clear away the impact of the electrical consumption of the facility from the network and do not need cable running in order to transport this energy to the level crossing facility.
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