Academic literature on the topic 'Traffic accidents – Juvenile fiction'

The purpose of this study was to find out and analyze the application of Restorative Justice in cases of traffic accidents committed by children in the city of Mataram. This study uses the method This research uses an empirical approach. The application of Restorative Justice to children who violate the Traffic Law is carried out by the Mataram City Resort Police through a diversion process as mandated by Article 1 Paragraph (7) of Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System, namely a process outside of criminal justice through diversion. The legal force made between the parties in traffic crimes by minors is related to the discretionary authority possessed by the Police, so that the police are authorized to make decisions or choose various actions in resolving problems of law violations or criminal cases they handle, including traffic criminal cases. In addition, as a manifestation of diversion efforts as mandated by the Law on the Juvenile Criminal Justice System, which aims to achieve peace between victims and children, resolve child cases outside the judicial process, prevent children from being deprived of independence, encourage the community to participate and instill a sense of responsibility in children. . The obstacles faced in the application of Restorative Justice in cases of traffic accidents committed by children in the city of Mataram are the families of the victims who do not want to forgive the families of the perpetrators and the existence of negative views from the community, especially victims of law enforcement officers in the application of the concept of restorative justice. .

Background: Globally, road traffic injuries are leading cause of death among the adolescents. Sustainable development goal 3.6 suggests reducing deaths and injuries due to road traffic accidents. The risk of vehicular accidents increases further for the adolescents when they drink and drive. Hence it is pertinent to assess the knowledge and practice regarding road traffic safety, alcohol consumption practices among male adolescents of urban slums of Delhi. The main objective of the study was to assess the level of knowledge and practice regarding road traffic safety, among the male adolescents. Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out among 100 male adolescents from urban slums of Delhi. Data was collected using semi-structured, self-administered interview schedule. The collected data was entered using Microsoft Excel 2007 and was analyzed using IBM SPSS statistics 20. Chi-square test was applied and level of significance was kept at p-value of <0.05. The study period was from 11th June to 31st July. Results: Among the study subjects, 44.0% had the adequate knowledge regarding road traffic safety. Among all the respondents who knew driving 92.9% participants drive vehicles without license including both juvenile and >18 years of age. There was no significant relationship found between knowledge regarding road traffic safety and practice. There was good knowledge found regarding harmful effects of tobacco and alcohol consumption among the participants. Conclusions: In the study, it was revealed that mere knowledge regarding road traffic safety important however; there was large gap between knowledge and practice. The implementation of road traffic rules is needed and mass media should be strengthened to follow road traffic rules by adolescents.

Children as perpetrators of traffic accidents that cause fatalities, this is one of the classic problems related to the application of the legal system and its functionalization by law enforcement officials in Indonesia. How is the protection of children in the juvenile criminal justice system related to the Diversion Problems in Children Traffic Violators in Indonesia? Regarding the Criminal Code and Article 310 paragraph (4) of Law Number 22 of 2009 concerning Road Traffic and Transportation and Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Justice System as regulated in Article 1 paragraph (7), Article 12, Article 52 verse 5. The results of the research found that there are still disparities (differences) in the law enforcement process in Indonesia for children as traffic offenders and other findings related to diversion techniques are found in the Indonesian Police Criminal Investigation Unit No. Pol.: TR/1124/XI/2006 which provides instructions and rules that can refer to the completion of diversion efforts. Diversion efforts at the level of investigation related to Law no. 11 of 2012 concerning the Criminal Justice System, the prosecution and examination of children's cases in district courts have not been implemented optimally so it is recommended that at the level of investigation, prosecution, and examination of children's cases in district courts it is advisable to make diversion efforts.

Alcohol is traditionally considered by economists as an addictive good. Its consumption is often connected to irrational behaviours as well as negative external effects: growth of crime rates, traffic, occupational, and home accidents, fires. That is why most countries with high levels of alcohol consumption introduce special policy measures to reduce it and, as a result, its negative impact on society. In recent decade these policies were also adopted in Russia. This paper analyzes an impact of alcohol policy measures on crime rates. Empirical study is based on econometric analysis of panel data on Russian regions in 2003-2015. The results confirm effectiveness of temporal restrictions on alcohol sales in regard to juvenile and adult crime. Increasing price of vodka due to higher rates of excise tax reduces a number of crimes by teenagers. Meanwhile, price measures do not influence crime rates among adults.

Science at the Crossroads: Fact or Fiction?Modern Academic Science is largely based on the formulation of hypotheses that are then confirmed through observations and experiments. There is little scope forcuriositythat played an important role in early Science. Results carrying negative implications are not easy to publish, and hypotheses have a tendency to take on the mantra of religious beliefs. Academic Science is facing on many fronts pressures that hardly existed in the past. Financial rewards apart from salary can be very high, in the form of fees for consultants, expert legal witnesses, patent development, and even the establishment of private companies. Commercial funding forms a significant percentage of the Total Research Budgets in Science and Medicine, but this often leads to loss of control over research protocols and freedom to communicate the results. Media attention confers fame and prestige that is assiduously sought out by some individual scientists, often supported by University resources, and Press Conferences prior to or synchronous with actual publication. Scientists have long been employed full-time by Government Departments, but research contracts are being increasingly offered by the latter to academic staff on a part-time basis. These pressures and opportunities, together with the priority given to research by most University Tenure and Promotion Committees, are tending to diminish the appetite of scientists for other important responsibilities such as teaching and administration. In a few decades, University scientists have moved from the »Ivory Tower« to the High Street, and many are serving more than one master. The above scenario may bring increased remuneration and the pursuit of research that would be too expensive without these external sources, but adverse consequences have also occurred. They may lead to the complicity of scientists, through no fault of their own, in the introduction of drugs and supplements that: a) fail to deliver the benefits claimed; b) increase the risk of some unrelated illness; c) possess dangerous side effects not known or reported at the time of introduction. Examples include hormone replacement therapy and antioxidant vitamins (A and E) to protect against Coronary Heart Disease; dietary fibre to prevent colon cancer; and arguably calcium supplements to treat osteoporosis. On occasions, academic scientists have served as fronts for the publication by the manufacturers of falsified reports minimizing the risk of serious drug side-effects to ensure Regulatory Approval, as occurred with Vioxx in the treatment of arthritis, and Seroquel for schizophrenia and bipolar depression. Individual fraud or misconduct is more frequent than suspected, because most incidents are without major impact and are suppressed by Universities and Funding Agencies. Major scandals are rare, but may have serious repercussions for the general public and bring science into disrepute. Recent examples include: the Cold Fusion controversy (Low Energy Nuclear Reaction); the link age by Andrew Wakefield of autism with Rubella vaccination; the infamous creation of stem cells by somatic cell nuclear transfer falsely reported by Hwang Woo-Suk. Fraud by commercial companies is subject to the full force of the law, but Science is treated as a self-regulating profession, and as such the punishments handed out are relatively trivial. In essence, Science prior to 1950, except in North America, proceeded along a highway that segregated the traffic into Commercial, Government and Academic streams, and passed through inspiring landscapes and green pastures. It later came to a crossroads from which the alternative road led to the Marketplace, and on which segregation into the above three streams was not enforced. It has now become the main thoroughfare for Science world-wide, but there are reasons to believe that this has increased the incidence of dangerous driving and traffic accidents in the form of conflicts of interest, unethical behaviour, misconduct and even fraud. It may be too late to return to the crossroads and continue along the original highway, but there could be considerable merit in restoring the original segregation between the three streams of Science and in developing, as well as enforcing, a stricter code of behaviour, for which some elements are proposed.

Liikenteen henkilöautoistuminen on modernisaatiokehityksen keskeinen merkitsijä. Suomessa autoilukulttuurin muovautumisen ja modernisoitumisen kannalta erityistä aikaa ovat 1950- ja 1960-luku, jolloin henkilöautojen määrä ja suhteellinen osuus kaikista ajoneuvoista kasvoivat ja autoilu muuttui paikasta toiseen kulkemisen ja kuljettamisen ohella elämäntavaksi.Artikkelissa tarkastelen tapoja, joilla autoilukulttuuri näyttäytyy modernisaation merkitsijänä näytelmäelokuvissa vuosina 1950–1969. Tuolloin tuli ensi-iltaan 334 suomalaista näytelmäelokuvaa, joista 223 elokuvassa nähdään autoja. 1950-luvun elokuvista lähes kaksi kolmasosaa (138/210 elokuvaa) sisältää kohtauksia, joissa nähdään henkilöautoja. 1960-luvulla autoja nähdään elokuvissa suhteellisesti merkittävästi enemmän (85/114 elokuvaa).Lähestyn elokuvissa nähtäviä autoja ja autoilukulttuuria suhteessa henkilöautokannan kehitykseen ja tekoajan ajankohtaisiin kysymyksiin liikenneonnettomuuksista, autojen ja hevosten suhteesta sekä autoista osana nuoruuden representaatiota. Todellisuuden näkökulmasta autoilukulttuurin ero vuosikymmenten välillä kiteytyy siihen, että 1950-luku on tuontirajoitusten ja 1960-luku niiden päättymisen vuosikymmen.Modernisoituva liikenne näkyy elokuvissa autojen määrän kasvuna, teillä liikkuvien automerkkien monipuolistumisena sekä kerronnallisesti liikkuvasta autosta kuvattujen otosten määrän lisääntymisenä. Moderniin yhteiskuntaan elokuvat opastavat ja sopeuttavat katsojaa esittämällä auton dialogille otollisena tilana ja sijoittamalla kameran ja sen mukana katsojan liikkuvaan autoon. Erityisesti auton takapenkiltä nähtävien otosten lisääntyminen kertoo modernisaatiolle ominaisesta yksilöllisyyden korostumisesta sekä yksilökäsityksen muutoksesta, jossa arjen teknologisoituessa jaetun välineen korvaa yksityinen motorisoitu väline.Avainsanat: suomalainen elokuva, 1950-luku, 1960-luku, autoilukulttuuri, modernisaatioCar culture as a signifier of modernization in Finnish fiction films of the 1950s and 1960sThe increase in private-car use is the key sign of the modernization process. In Finland, the 1950s and 1960s were a special period in the development of car culture, because the number and relative share of private cars increased and, alongside transport and drives from A to B, motoring became a way of life.In this article, I examine the ways in which car culture can be seen as a signifier of modernization in Finnish fiction films between 1950 and 1969. 1950s and 1960s saw the premiere of 334 Finnish fiction films, 223 of which feature cars. In the 1950s, almost two thirds of the films (138/210 films) contain scenes with cars, but in the 1960s, the relative number of these films is significantly higher (85/114 films).I approach the cars and car culture represented in the films in relation to the development of cars on Finnish roads, some current issues of the time, such as road accidents, cars and horses on the road, and the car-related representation of youth. From a real-life perspective, the difference in car culture between the decades is crystallized by the fact that the 1950s is the decade of import restrictions and the 1960s the decade of their end.In Finnish films of the 1950s and 1960s, the modernization of traffic is seen in the increasing number of cars, the diversification of car brands and narratively in the increasing number of shots seen from the moving car. By representing the car as a space for dialogue and placing the camera and the spectator in the moving car, the films guide the spectator to integrate into modern society. In particular, the proliferation of shots seen from the back seat of a car reflects the emphasis on individuality that characterizes modernization, in which the shared vehicle is replaced by a private one as everyday life becomes more technological.Keywords: Finnish cinema, 1950s, 1960s, car culture, modernization

Traffic accidents involving juvenile perpetrators often raise controversy in the implementation of criminal law, causing much polemic. The view that the legal process should be carried out and enforced without the rule of law and law enforcement is that the "passage" that includes the delict of guilt, that is, at the time of driving the vehicle to cause the occurrence of an accident and resulting death of the victim, should still be processed legally. The large number of traffic accidents involving minors is a serious concern for parents and governments. The State of Indonesia guarantees a basic principle of the application of the law to the child, which we can see in Article 16, Paragraph 3, of the Act No. 35 of 2014 on the Protection of the Child, which states that “arrest, detention, or criminal imprisonment is only carried out when it is in accordance with the applicable law and can only be done as a last resort. The concept of restorative justice in the settlement of traffic accident cases is intended to realize a shift of the criminal settlement process out of the criminal court process and resolved through the process of divorce. The police action in settling the traffic accident case by a minor child is to begin with the operation of the Place of Evidence of Things (TCP), to make news of the event, to carry out the investigation process, and to give time to the victims and perpetrators to punch. From this process begins the restorative justice, so that if the victim and the perpetrator are willing to peace and the offender is willing to pay damages, the parties make a peace declaration

Background: However, the precise occurrence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in India is unknown, even though it is widely recognized as the leading cause of illness and death in infants and children. Furthermore, the types of injury, damage mechanisms, and management differ significantly compared to those in adults. Aim and objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence, distribution, management, and outlook of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children, as well as the different symptoms exhibited by children with TBI at a specialized hospital in Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. Materials and Methods: Between August 2022 and March 2023, our health facility conducted a cross-sectional study on all children under the age of 16 who presented to the neurosurgical emergency department with TBI. We reviewed the case records and collected data on clinical history, age, sex, injury mechanism, CT scan, management, morbidity, and mortality. The outcome of a traumatic brain injury (TBI) was defined by the findings of residual neurological abnormalities at the time of discharge. Results: Hospitalized were 54 cases of juvenile traumatic brain injury (TBI), with 36 males (67%) and 18 females (33%). The average age of the patients was 5.5 years. We classified the majority of cases as mild (65%), with a smaller proportion as intermediate (15%) and severe (20%). The primary cause of injuries was road traffic accidents, accounting for 43.8% of cases, followed by falls at 27.2% and slips at home at 26.4%. The symptoms seen were as follows: loss of consciousness (50%), vomiting (78%), and headaches (18.5%). The CT scans revealed a range of injuries, with 59.2% of cases exhibiting skull fractures. The treatments administered exhibited a range of proportions: 41% of cases necessitated mere monitoring, 31.4% necessitated medical intervention, 5.5% required surgical procedures, and 22.1% necessitated the use of mechanical ventilation. The mortality rate stood at 5.26%. Out of the individuals that survived, 50% did not have any lasting impairments. The remaining survivors reported symptoms such as headaches, weakness on one side of the body, partial weakness, seizures, and other medical issues. We found a strong correlation between residual impairments and the severity of the injury (p = 0.067), but found no significant correlation between the mechanism of damage and the outcome (p = 0.96). The mean duration of hospitalization was 5 days, with 65% of patients staying for less than 4 days. Conclusion: Parents and caretakers can prevent most of these injuries during infancy and childhood by ensuring proper vigilance and tender care. Parents must adhere to safe driving techniques when traveling with their children in their motor vehicles. We need to focus on grading the severity of TBI rather than on factors like age, mode of injury, and the presence or absence of external injuries.

Abstract Chapter two explores the contradictions of petromodernity through the optic of the motor excursion, revealing Faulkner as a keen student of the ontological, phenomenological, aesthetic, epistemological, and ecological dimensions of US petroleum consumption. The Yoknapatawpha road trip contests the ideology of modern automobility, its aura of freedom, mastery, and expansiveness, with an insistent emphasis on the contingencies of personal motoring: the accidents, breakdowns, traffic jams, refueling stops, citations, sudden swerves, Jim Crowed roadways, and other exigencies that constitute the dialectical otherness within transportation modernity. “Elmer,” The Sound and the Fury, Sanctuary, Light in August, “Monk,” The Wild Palms, and The Mansion introduce a new Faulknerian genre, the filling station narrative; and Intruder in the Dust, Knight’s Gambit, and Requiem for a Nun merge crime fiction with road fiction to make detective work hinge on the act of driving. The Reivers’ Ned McCaslin finally illustrates the challenges of motoring while Black.