Academic literature on the topic 'Traffic accidents Economic aspects Victoria'

Road accidents are generating economic and public high costs. They include: losses resulting from the long-lasting or temporary impossibility of creating GDP, expenses on the treatment and rehabilitation of people injured in the accidents, costs of emergency services involvment, payment of compensations and benefits, financial losses or emotional suffering of the accidents' victims and perpetrators' relatives, leading to reduce their economic activity. Statistical data presented in the point out to the high risk of road accidents. Also causes of unsatisfactory level of the road safety improvement in Poland were presented.

Abstract Traffic infrastructure localities with temporal restrictions for example due to reconstructions, or modernization, are important aspects influencing the traffic safety and traffic flow. On the basis of our research, we can identify main factors, which generate travel time loses, and which often cause traffic accidents in bottlenecks. First of all, it is improper late merge, speeding, tailgating, lower tolerance and consideration to other road users. Nervousness and ignorance of drivers also play an important role in generation of traffic congestions, lower level of service and resulting external economic loses. One of the tools eliminating the traffic restriction negative impacts is usage of portable telematics systems. In 2011 to 2013,project ViaZONE was in progress, which was to design an intelligent system with the aim to eliminate the mentioned risks and reduce economic losses generated by traffic congestions. Using available data and information, we have proved profitability and cost-effectiveness of dynamic systems for traffic control of work zones. Regarding traffic management, the system showed some problems due to indisciplined drivers and the system proved that speeding in these hazardous road segments is a common practice which caused accidents and congestions.

Abstract: Traffic congestion is a major problem in many cities of India along with other countries. Failure of signals, poor law enforcement, and bad traffic management has to lead to traffic congestion. One of the major problems with Indian cities is that the existing infrastructure cannot be expanded more, and thus the only option available is better management of the traffic. Traffic congestion has a negative impact on the economy, the environment, and the overall quality of life. Hence it is high time to effectively manage the traffic congestion problem. In cities, where the number of vehicles continuously increases faster than the available traffic infrastructure to support them, congestion is a difficult issue to deal with and it becomes even worse in case of car accidents. There are various methods available for traffic management such as video data analysis, infrared sensors, inductive loop detection, wireless sensor network, etc. Traffic congestion is a major problem in many cities of India along with other countries. Failure of signals, poor law enforcement, and bad traffic management have led to traffic congestion. This problem affects many aspects of modern society, including economic development, traffic accidents, increase in greenhouse emissions, time spent, and health damages.

The goal of the article is to summarize and highlight the main economic aspects of the development of insurance activities of small businesses in the countries of Eastern Europe. The small business performs a number of important economic and social tasks. The main arguments in favour of the features of the organization and operation of insurance activities of small businesses are considered. The purpose of the research. The purpose of this scientific research is to develop a methodological approach to the organization of insurance activities in small business and make proposals on the ways of their improvement. Insurance provides reliable protection of property interests of entrepreneurs and the population in case of losses caused by fire, natural disaster, technogenic accidents, traffic accidents, and many other unforeseen circumstances. Problem statement. In the economy of countries of Eastern Europe, there are a number of features of small business development. Entrepreneurship contributes to the expansion of the sector of employment, the creation of new employment opportunities for the unemployed population, and the dismissal of employees from enterprises, which operate inefficiently. Insurance provides reliable protection of property interests of entrepreneurs and the population in case of losses caused by fire, natural disaster, technogenic accidents, traffic accidents, and many other unforeseen circumstances. Insurance has proved itself as a form of accumulation of funds of citizens to solve their social problems (health, pensions, education, etc.). In recent years, insurance is widely used in the event of third-party liability. The issue on the problems of the organization of insurance activities of small businesses has been and is studied in detail in periodicals and special literature. Methodology. The analysis of the operation of small business and the features of its conduct was made during the study. The issues of the formation and operation of small business, as well as workflow management and business administration at these enterprises, are controversial. As a result of the research, the regulatory framework of the operation of insurance enterprises in the sphere of small business has been analysed. The article focuses on the main arguments in favour of the features of the organization and operation of insurance activities of small businesses. There is a need for the intensification of insurance activities. Practical implications. The study of scientific works and the practice of economic activity indicate that some of the theoretical provisions regarding the interpretation of the features of the organization and operation of insurance activities of small businesses are of a polemical character, and a number of important aspects of their organization, evaluation, and the methods of organization should be improved. Value/originality. The main directions of the insurance activity of small businesses in the global economy have been studied. The ways and directions of activation of insurance activities are offered. The strategy of the development of small and medium-sized businesses in the insurance sector in Ukraine is proposed. The strategy is aimed at ensuring the gradual development of insurance activities of small businesses, given the temporarily limited financial support and significant challenges in the economy of Eastern European countries.

In various studies, driver fatigue is a major contributing factor to fatal road accidents. In Bangladesh, road accidents and fatalities increased by 13.43% and 15.7% respectively, in 2021 compared with 2020. It is growing substantially and frighteningly, resulting in a significant loss of life and resources. Drivers in Bangladesh are more likely to have fatigue-related accidents, which increases their vulnerability on the social and economic aspects as well as their probability of becoming disabled. This study was conducted in three districts (Dinajpur, Gaibandha, Rajshahi) which are northwest region of Bangladesh. In these, study 103 drivers of long route above 400km were interviewed through discussions to gather information on drivers, such as their age, driving history, economic conditions, the times of day when they are most likely affected by fatigue, causes of fatigue, and suggestions from their perspective. The study found 17 factors and the most important factors are lack of sleep (17%), traffic jams (8%), police harassment (8%), bad road conditions (13%), daytime driving restriction (1%) and drug consumption (1%). This study will assist policymakers in creating an environment to adopt appropriate preventive measures to reduce fatigue induced accidents.

Psychiatric illness, psychotropic drugs and driving ability. For most people driving is an important activity in daily life affecting physical, social, and economic well-being. Driving mobility is also an important part of one's self-identity that may influence health status. It could be demonstrated that 67% of psychiatric patients reported to have a valid driver's license and 77% of them referred to regularly use their cars. Closer inspection of data reveals, that road mobility is largely linked to psycho-functional status. In this context a significant issue is the impact of medical conditions and/or psychoactive medicines on road safety. Psychiatric patients, considered as a group, seem to have a moderately elevated risk of being involved in a road traffic accident with high-risk rates especially for organic mental disorders. With respect to pharmacotherapy, within psychotropic medicines an increased road traffic crash risk for benzodiazepines, z-hypnotics and some antidepressants has been well documented. The combination of psychoactive drugs additionally increases risk that is highest when combined with alcohol. However, therapeutic drug use may also lower risk, as the illness itself constitutes a higher risk of road traffic accidents. As many studies did not adequately control for confounding factors, results of epidemiological studies must be interpreted cautiously.Disclosure of interestThe author declares that he has no competing interest.

Undertaking the subject of the application of telematic systems to improve the safety of road transport is caused by the increase of the mobility of the society, their transport needs, which in effect leads to the multiplication of the number of vehicles on the roads. The low level of construction of new roads and modernization of the existing ones is conducive to the occurrence of transport congestion, the number of accidents and road traffic difficulties, and has a negative impact on the natural environment. In the era of modern society, methods are sought that would minimize negative effects in the transport system, thereby increasing road safety. The purpose of this article is to analyse the use of Intelligent Traffic Light in the aspect of road safety. Traffic safety at intersections is reflected in indicators of dangerous situations with the participation of road users in its area. Hence, the selection of the research method and the place of the tests carried out. Implementation of telematic systems supports the construction of a secure road transport network. The authors of the article focused on the analysis of traffic hazards and their consequences in the form of wounded and dead people. In addition, the topic of safety in the road transport system was addressed very precisely, where it was discussed in terms of operation, economic, technical and environmental protection.

The article, based on the analysis of current legislation, available scientific, journalistic and methodological sources, including foreign experience, clarifies the essence, meaning and content of the principles of administrative and legal prevention of road traffic injuries as important regulators of road safety in the country. The characteristic of prevention of road traffic injuries which is offered to consider, first, as an important means of social regulation of road legal relations is carried out; secondly, as a system of social, economic, ideological, organizational and legal and psychological and pedagogical measures; third, as a combination of different levels of prevention activities carried out by general and special actors. The goals of road traffic injury prevention are to achieve and maintain the trend of reducing accidents, a positive change in its nature and structure. The concept of administrative and legal prevention of road traffic injuries as a methodologically complex social phenomenon, which covers a multilevel system of administrative and legal measures carried out by public authorities, local governments and individual civil society institutions through the use of delegated powers to identify the causes and conditions of administrative torts on road transport, which lead to road traffic injuries, to minimize or neutralize the impact of acts that give rise to such offenses, search for ways, means of effective influence on potential factors that determine road accidents. Emphasis is placed on the importance of principles as fundamental, guiding principles (requirements) of any important public-law activity, expressing the most significant aspects (manifestations) of implementation of measures of administrative and legal prevention of road traffic injuries and acting as official guidelines in the practice of counteracting administrative "road" torts.

While a large body of research has established that effective enforcement of speeding laws is essential for reducing the economic and social costs of road accidents, some studies have suggested that interventions aimed at moral beliefs about speeding and peer-related and other social contagion effects may be important complements to law enforcement activities. This article presents tentative evidence of the complementary nature of interventions to influence moral beliefs and steps to strengthen the enforcement of traffic laws. It does this by presenting and discussing the results of a survey that elicited information about the attitudes of motorists in Cape Town regarding speeding fines and aspects of the administration of traffic laws in South Africa. The self-reported fine-paying behaviour of the respondents correlates with instrumental factors shaped by the effectiveness of enforcement actions (e.g., compliance and monetary costs) as well as normative factors influenced by the moral beliefs of drivers and their social groups as well as the perceived legitimacy of traffic laws and officials. Regression results also provide evidence of a statistically significant relationship between the respondents’ self-reported fine-paying behaviour and their moral beliefs regarding payment of speeding fines.

ABSTRACTComparative Analysis of Traffic Accidents on Cikopo–Palimanan Toll Roads Before and During the Covid-19 Pandemic: Economic conditions, education and all aspects of Indonesian people's lives have been affected by the emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic so that the government implemented a Large-Scale Social Restriction (PSBB) policy at the beginning of 2020. From 2019 to July 2020, through data from the West Java POLDA Satlantas police and Astra Infra Toll Cipali PT Lintas Marga Sedaya as toll road operators, there were 1,075 traffic accidents on toll roads. The purpose of this study was to compare the level and fatality of accidents before and during the Covid-19 pandemic and to find out the differences in traffic accident-prone locations on toll roads before and during the Covid-19 pandemic. The research method used in this study is the variable rate of accidents, fatalities, traffic accident-prone locations using the HIRA (Hazard Identification Risk Assessment) analysis technique. The results of this study On Lane A of the Cikopo Palimanan Toll Road Before and During the Covid-19 Pandemic, there were 2 (two) similar accident-prone locations while the other 11 (eleven) prone locations were different. On Lane B of the Cikopo Palimanan Toll Road Before and During the Covid-19Pandemic, there was 1 (one) same accident-prone location while the other 14 (fourteen) prone locations were different. Results of the study, it can be concluded that there are differences in the parameters of accident-prone locations and the level of traffic accidents, while the fatality rate of traffic accidents is no difference between before the Covid-19 pandemic and during the Covid-19pandemic. Based on the Analysis (Hazard Identification Risk Assessment) road infrastructure Toll roads, the highest risk value for traffic accidents on the Cikopo – Palimanan toll road is on lane A STA 75+700, 82+100, 90+900, 100+700, 111+500, 114+300, 123+800, 151+ 300,153+500, 164+700 on lane B STA 74+100, 185+000.Keywords: Traffic Prone Location, Comparison, Before and During Covid-19ABSTRAKKondisi perekonomian, pendidikan dan segala aspek kehidupan masyarakat Indonesia terdampak oleh munculnya pandemi Covid-19 sehingga pemerintah menerapkan kebijakan Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar (PSBB) di awal tahun 2020. Pada tahun 2019 hingga Juli 2020 melalui data kepolisian Satlantas POLDA Jawa Barat dan Astra Infra Tol Cipali PT Lintas Marga Sedaya selaku operator jalan tol terdapat 1.075 Kejadian Kecelakaan lalu lintas di jalan tol. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah membandingkan tingkat dan fatalitas kecelakaan sebelum dan pada saat pandemi Covid-19 serta Mengetahui perbedaan lokasi rawan kecelakaan lalu lintas di ruas jalan tol sebelum dan pada saat pandemi Covid-19. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah variabel tingkat kecelakaan, fatalitas, lokasi rawan kecelakaan lalu lintas menggunakan tekniki analisis HIRA (Hazard Identification Risk Assesment). Hasil penelitian ini Pada Jalur A Tol Cikopo Palimanan Sebelum dan Saat Pandemi Covid-19ada 2 (dua) lokasi rawan kecelakaan yang sama sedangkan 11 (sebelas) lokasi rawan yang lainnya berbeda. Pada Jalur B Tol Cikopo Palimanan Sebelum dan Saat Pandemi Covid-19ada 1 (satu) lokasi rawan kecelakaan yang sama sedangkan 14 (empat belas) lokasi rawan yang lainnya berbeda. Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa ada perbedaan pada parameter lokasi rawan kecelakaan dan tingkat kecelakaan lalu lintas, sedangkan tingkat fatalitas kecelakaan lalu lintas tidak ada perbedaan antara sebelum pandemi Covid-19 dan pada saat pandemi covid 19. Berdasarkan Analisis (Hazard Identification Risk Assesment) infrastruktur jalan tol diperoleh Nilai Risiko terjadinya kecelakaan lalu lintas di jalan tol Cikopo – Palimanan tertinggi yaitu pada jalur A STA 75+700, 82+100, 90+900, 100+700, 111+500, 114+300, 123+800, 151+300,153+500, 164+700 pada jalur B STA 74+100, 185+000.Kata kunci: Lokasi Rawan, Komparasi, Sebelum dan Saat Covid-19

In Metropolitan cities, where the amount of automobile continuously expands faster than the obtainable traffic framework to support them, congestion may be a strenuous issue to affect and it becomes much worse in case of car accidents. This problem affects many aspects of contemporary society, health damages, traffic accidents, duration spent, grow in greenhouse emissions and including economic expansion. In this context, current societies can rely on the traffic management system to diminish traffic congestion and its negative chattels. In this project, we propose a traffic management system where the traffic will be monitored with all the automobiles on the road. We will track the number of automobiles entering the signal zone and will predict the traffic is high or low. Hang on the quantity of automobiles in each signal zone, the traffic signals can be automated. So that maximum amount of duration is given to more automobiles whereas the lesser duration for some automobiles. Thus this project aims at reducing the traffic and managing the signals automatically leading to the sensor less traffic management system.

Insurance in general and civil liability insurance, as part of it, is an infrastructure that helps increase the efficiency of all areas of business. This determines the importance of the development of all types of insurance in Ukraine, taking into account the process of Ukraine’s integration into the world community. The development of insurance business in our country should be based on the study and balanced use of experience of industrialized countries with long traditions of insurance market organization, legal regulation of insurers and diversification of various types of insurance [2].The world community, however, has invented a universal means of redress, which is the most popular type of liability insurance worldwide – civil liability insurance for owners of land vehicles. It provides for the payment of monetary compensation to the victim in the amount that would be collected from the owner of the vehicle on a civil claim in favor of a third party for damage to life and health, as well as for damage or loss of property due to an accident or other road -transport (accident) due to the fault of the insured. Given the state and prospects of motorization in our country, as well as foreign experience in insurance, we can say with confidence that liability insurance is one of the leading areas among other types of insurance. However, in its organization and implementation there are many different problems of legal, social, economic and organizational nature. The subject of the study is the economic relations that arise in the protection of property interests of persons injured in traffic accidents caused by the fault of the insured. The purpose of the work is a theoretical and practical study of the features of civil liability insurance of vehicle owners and determine on this basis the problems and prospects for the development of motor insurance in our country.In accordance with the set goal, the following tasks were identified: to determine the economic essence and benefits of civil liability insurance of vehicle owners; to consider the experience of foreign countries in the field of liability insurance and the possibility of its introduction in Ukraine; to analyze the current state of motor insurance in Ukraine; identify problems of development of civil liability insurance of vehicle owners in Ukraine and predict the directions of their solution, taking into account foreign experience; provide proposals to improve the efficiency of insurance activities.The scientific novelty of the obtained results is the substantiation of theoretical and methodological bases of strategic development of civil liability insurance of vehicle owners in Ukraine, which allowed to obtain practical and theoretical results that contain scientific novelty, in particular: generalized features of comparative characteristics of liability insurance , property insurance and personal insurance and on the basis of the analysis the essential differences of liability insurance from other branches of insurance are defined that allows to state definitively that liability insurance is an independent branch of insurance; proved a specific feature of liability insurance, which is that the object of insurance is not specific personal property of a citizen or organization, as in property insurance, and the occurrence of events related to life or ability to work of a citizen who entered into a contract, which is typical for personal insurance, and liability to third parties. Thus, the direct object of liability insurance is the economic interest of potential victims, who in each insured event finds a specific monetary expression; the necessity of digitalization of the liability insurance industry is substantiated. Based on the study, it is proved that marketing innovations in motor insurance relate to new sales channels. Today, such a sales channel is the online sale of insurance products, which allows the insured to draw up a contract online, choose the functions that belong to him and pay insurance premiums. At the micro level, innovative development is seen as the process of implementing innovative solutions by insurers that help strengthen their competitiveness, create a unique insurance product for each policyholder individually, improve insurance services and more. Practical significance of the obtained results is to develop and provide recommendations for improving the civil liability insurance of vehicle owners, taking into account the experience of foreign countries.