Journal articles on the topic 'Traditional retirement'
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1
Pfau, Wade D. "An Overview of Retirement Income Planning." Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning 29, no. 1 (June 2018): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1052-3073.29.1.114.
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Retirement income planning has emerged as a distinct field within financial planning with the realization that risks change dramatically in retirement. The combination of longevity risk, increasing market risk triggered by taking distributions from assets, and spending shocks create new challenges. Wealth management has traditionally focused on accumulating assets without applying further thought to these differences happening after retirement. Retirees experience reduced capacity to bear financial market risk once they have retired. This calls for different thought processes from those typically included in traditional investment management. Risk pooling becomes an important retirement income tool combined with a traditional investment portfolio. Retirement income challenges and a framework for helping individuals develop more efficient and successful retirement income plans are discussed.
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Paskelian, Ohaness, Kevin Jones, Stephen Bell, and Robert Kao. "Financial Literacy and Behavioral Biases among Traditional Age College Students." Accounting and Finance Research 8, no. 1 (December 5, 2018): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/afr.v8n1p30.
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Financial literacy and planning are crucial for everyone. This is especially true for college students who as the decisions they make in this stage of their lives can haunt them throughout their income earning years and beyond. In this paper, we examine several financial literacy issues facing college students. We identify college students’ perceptions about their own financial situation, assess student financial literacy knowledge, as well as evaluate their awareness about the status of their savings and retirement positions. We find that basic financial literacy is not the only factor in making sound financial decisions. Our results show the majority of the college students surveyed are financially literate and have the ability to make informed decisions about their personal finances in the short-run. While our respondents appear confident in making short-run financial decisions, their behavior tends to suggest that their confidence is somewhat misguided. In addition, a large number of the students surveyed feel they do not have the requisite knowledge to make wise retirement planning choices. Furthermore, several respondents report a distrust of retirement plans offer by private companies, which may lead to suboptimal retirement savings.
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Desrochers, Cathleen, Sylvie Lapierre, and Michel Alain. "Les facteurs influençant le bien-etre psychologique à la retraite." Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 21, no. 4 (2002): 505–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0714980800002051.
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ABSTRACTThe present study focused on variables influencing psychological well-being during the period of adjustment to retirement (6 to 36 months). The sample included 141 respondents – 69 retired men and 72 retired women – who completed questionnaires evaluating life satisfaction, retirement satisfaction, and psychological well-being. Variables traditionally examined (socio-demographic, health, attitude, and social) explained 45 to 57 per cent of the variance related to life and retirement satisfaction, but explained a smaller percentage (9 to 37%) of the variance related to the six dimensions of psychological well-being. This study, therefore, confirmed the impact of traditional variables on life and retirement satisfaction but brought out the importance of investigating other variables that could explain psychological well-being during retirement.
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Xu, Ziyao. "Does Retirement Age Impact Functional Limitations in Later Life?" Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 1031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.3689.
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Abstract The US government is gradually shifting the full retirement age in Social Security to age 67. However, previous studies suggest that this shift could negatively impact the mental and physical health of retirees. To understand the potential impact of raising the full retirement age on the functional health of retirees, this longitudinal study examined changes in physical functioning over time in retirees by age at retirement. Twelve waves of the Health and Retirement Study (1994 – 2018) were used. A total of 8,261 retirees was included. The retirement age was a categorical variable: very early age (<62), early age (62-64), traditional age (65-67), and late age (>67). Physical functioning was measured using 15 Activities of Daily Living and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living. A GEE model was used to assess the relationship between the retirement age category and the number of functional limitations. In the adjusted model, after controlling for all the other variables including baseline health and functioning, late retirement was associated with an 8.9% increased risk of functional limitations compared to traditional age retirement (IRR: 0.91, 95% CI:0.84 –0.98). Compared to late retirees, the risk of functional limitations was increased by 28.6% in very early age retirees (IRR: 1.29, 95% CI:1.21–1.36). Compared to those retiring at traditional retirement age, those retiring late, after 67, have increased the risks of functional limitations. Although levels of disability could influence age of retirement, these results suggest that for some workers efforts to increase age of full retirement, could have negative effects.
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Hua Fan, John, and Osei K. Wiafe. "The role of commodities investments in the decumulation phase of retirement." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 13, no. 3 (October 10, 2016): 322–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.13(3-2).2016.04.
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This paper examines the role of commodity-related investments in the decumulation phase of retirement. Benchmarked against a balanced portfolio, the findings suggest that including commodities in a traditional portfolio improves the retirement outcomes at the lowest percentiles of wealth distribution. Furthermore, we demonstrate that downside protection is more pronounced by reducing allocation to equities (rather than bonds) to invest in alternatives. An equally weighted combination of passive and active commodity-related investments provides superior downside protection compared to a traditional portfolio at all levels of allocations used in the analysis. As a consequence, commodities may be employed as a portfolio diversification tool particularly in the decumulation phase of retirement. Keywords: alternatives, commodities, life cycle, superannuation, retirement. JEL Classification: G11, G23
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Fryar, Jr., Johnny, Joe Warther, Todd Thibodeau, and Meyer Drucker. "Retirement And Estate Planning With An Emphasis On Individual Retirement Accounts." Journal of Business & Economics Research (JBER) 10, no. 7 (July 16, 2012): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jber.v10i7.7144.
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Tax sheltering earned income for use in later years has become the cornerstone of many taxpayers retirement plans since so many companies have dropped their defined benefit pension plans in order to remain competitive in todays international market place. Many taxpayers are utilizing Traditional IRAs, Roth IRAs and designated Roth accounts as important financial planning tools when the other plans are not readily available or no longer useful for their situations.
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Halvorsen, C., and Y. Chen. "VIEWS ON TRADITIONAL RETIREMENT AMONG PEOPLE IN ENCORE CAREERS." Innovation in Aging 1, suppl_1 (June 30, 2017): 1136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igx004.4151.
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Vickerstaff, Sarah, and Jennie Cox. "Retirement and Risk: The Individualisation of Retirement Experiences?" Sociological Review 53, no. 1 (February 2005): 77–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.2005.00504.x.
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A climate of uncertainty and risk exists in the field of retirement and pensions. Many employers have modified their pension schemes shifting the financial risk onto employees. Many individuals with private pensions have watched the value of their savings diminish. Added to this, the trend toward early retirement before state pension age has destabilised the traditional life course notion of a fixed retirement age, (especially for men). As a result, the concept of retirement itself has become more unpredictable and difficult to define. In this article we examine the extent of the individualisation of retirement experiences by reference to a study of retirement transitions in two organisations. The research investigated the influences on people's retirement decisions and the extent to which they experienced choice and control over how and when they retired. It is possible to identify a pattern of individualisation in contrast to its opposite of a mass transition into retirement, collectively understood and embedded in formal, institutionalised arrangements. However, underlying this fragmentation of experience there are clear structural patterns. The form that structured individualisation took here, was less to increase the majority of people's range of alternatives and choices over when and how to retire and more to enlarge the range of risks they had to cope with.
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Lee, Lorraine S., Victoria Hansen, and William Brink. "Tax Retirement Savings Decisions Using an Excel Spreadsheet Approach." Issues in Accounting Education 35, no. 3 (May 26, 2020): 39–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/issues-19-013.
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ABSTRACT Accounting academia and professional organizations alike emphasize the need for the integration of technology and information systems into the accounting curriculum. This case integrates taxation concepts (individual retirement savings) and information systems and technology skills (advanced Excel). The case, which can be implemented at the undergraduate or graduate level, requires students to use advanced Excel technical functionality to calculate the tax implications of retirement investing scenarios using three specific types of tax-deferred retirement accounts—a traditional 401(k), a traditional IRA, and a Roth IRA. As many students who complete this case will work for public accounting firms that offer retirement plans, they will benefit academically, professionally, and personally from the knowledge and skills learned in this case.
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LACHANCE, MARIE-EVE. "Roth versus traditional accounts in a life-cycle model with tax risk." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 12, no. 1 (March 15, 2012): 28–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747212000054.
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AbstractThis paper analytically solves a life-cycle model that compares traditional and Roth retirement accounts. It includes realistic features such as tax deductibility of contributions and taxation of withdrawals, tax bracket structure with deductions, taxation of Social Security benefits, and tax risk at retirement. With current taxes, choosing a traditional account over a Roth creates small welfare losses in only a few cases, largely for those with higher incomes and pensions who are subject to the taxation of Social Security benefits. We also investigate tax variability and find that diversified strategies offer only small risk reduction benefits in our illustrations.
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Jennings, Penelope R., William P. Jennings, and G. Michael Phillips. "An Introduction To Cost-Of-Living Adjustments In Public Retirement Plans: Details Matter." American Journal of Business Education (AJBE) 9, no. 3 (June 30, 2016): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/ajbe.v9i3.9700.
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While financial planning students are expected to be able to understand client retirement plans, subtle differences in cost-of-living adjustments can have major impact on the success of client retirement plans. This teaching note compares the cost-of-living adjustments in the largest government sponsored retirement systems and a hypothetical traditional privately sponsored plan. Using a Monte Carlo simulation, we estimate the impact on retirement experience from the different COLAs. These differences are large, with differing protection from future inflation and differing risk for running out of money during retirement. This teaching note will help instructors address Certified Financial Planner (CFP) Board Learning Outcome G.52 “Retirement Needs Analysis”. The material may also be used in economics, human resources, public administration, and other classes addressing policy aspects of retirement plans.
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LAKRA, DEEPAK C., REUBEN NG, and BECCA R. LEVY. "Increased longevity from viewing retirement positively." Ageing and Society 32, no. 8 (January 12, 2012): 1418–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x11000985.
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ABSTRACTStudies of the relationship between retirement and subsequent health, including longevity, have produced mixed findings. One reason may be that these studies have not taken attitudes toward retirement into account. In the current study we examined whether attitudes toward retirement can impact longevity. The cohort consisted of 394 participants who were followed for 23 years. As predicted, participants with positive attitudes toward retirement at the start of the study lived significantly longer than those with negative attitudes toward retirement. The positive attitudes-toward-retirement group had a median survival advantage of 4.9 years. This survival advantage remained after controlling for relevant covariates, including age, functional health, socio-economic status, and whether employed or retired. Our findings suggest that psychological planning for retirement is as important as the more traditional forms of planning.
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Hansen, Janet S. "An Introduction to Teacher Retirement Benefits." Education Finance and Policy 5, no. 4 (October 2010): 402–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/edfp_a_00012.
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Like most other state and local government employees, teachers participate primarily in defined benefit pension plans whose benefits are largely based on final average salaries and length of service. Such pensions have been replaced in many private sector firms by defined contribution pensions. A number of questions have arisen about the feasibility and desirability of continuing to rely on defined benefit pensions for teachers. This article provides a brief history of teacher pensions and an overview of teacher retirement benefits today, including differences in the legal and economic context for public and private sector pensions that are important considerations in plan design. It then introduces issues related to financial sustainability, teacher mobility, and teacher shortages. The article concludes with an overview of key differences between traditional defined benefit and defined contribution plans and raises the possibility of adopting a “hybrid” kind of plan that includes features from both kinds of traditional plans.
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Kilgour, John G. "The Role and Importance of Individual Retirement Accounts." Compensation & Benefits Review 52, no. 1 (January 2020): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886368720903842.
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What are now called “traditional IRAs” (Individual Retirement Accounts) were created by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974. Roth IRAs were added in 1997. Employer-sponsored Simplified Employee Pensions–IRAs were added in 1978 and Savings Investment Match Plans for Employees–IRAs (and 401(k)s) in 1996. Together IRAs hold $8.8 trillion in assets, one third of the total $27.1 trillion in all retirement plans. This article examines the role and importance of IRAs in the U.S. retirement system and the development of the different types of IRAs and their interaction with each other.
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Winterton, Rachel. "RURAL RETIREMENT MIGRATION AND ACTIVE CITIZENSHIP: MOTIVATIONS, PRACTICES, AND PROCESSES." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S646—S647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.2401.
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Abstract Within rural settings, older adults play a significant role in ensuring community age-friendliness through their engagement as active citizens. However, the increasing heterogeneity of rural older adults is challenging expectations around how, and in what circumstances, this cohort will engage as active citizens. Given that rural retirement migration is a key contributor to this increasing heterogeneity, there is a need to understand the motivations for, and practices associated with active citizenship among older in-migrants. Drawing on qualitative data from two rural regions in Victoria, Australia, this paper draws on concepts from the rural citizenship literature to investigate how active citizenship practices of rural retirement migrants align with traditional rural codes of conduct. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 39 rural retirement migrants (aged 56-76 years), which explored engagement in, and motivations for, active citizenship. Findings indicate that in line with traditional expectations around rural citizenship, most rural retirement migrants had assumed responsibilities associated with community governance, and engaged in protest aimed at defending the rights of rural people. However, conflict with traditional codes of conduct was observed in relation to both how active citizenship was enacted, and motivations for engagement. Additionally, rural retirement migrants highlighted barriers that had precluded their involvement as active citizens. These findings are discussed in relation to their implications for both the capacity of rural settings to meet the needs and expectations of older in-migrants, and the experience of ageing in place for resident older adults.
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McGann, Michael, Helen Kimberley, Dina Bowman, and Simon Biggs. "The Netherworld between Work and Retirement." Social Policy and Society 15, no. 4 (June 3, 2016): 625–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147474641600021x.
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A major theme within social gerontology is how retirement ‘is being re-organised, if not undone’. Institutional supports for retirement are weakening, with pension ages rising in many countries. Increasing numbers of older workers are working past traditional retirement age on a part-time or self-employed basis, and a growing minority are joining the ranks of the long-term unemployed. Drawing upon narrative interviews with older Australians who are involuntarily non-employed or underemployed, this article explores how the ‘unravelling’ of retirement is experienced by a group of older workers on the periphery of the labour market. While policy makers hope that higher pension ages will lead to a longer period of working life, the risk is that older workers, especially those experiencing chronic insecurity in the labour market, will be caught in a netherworld between work and retirement.
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Garibay, Montserrat González, Andrej Srakar, Tjaša Bartolj, and Jože Sambt. "Does Machine Learning Offer Added Value Vis-à-Vis Traditional Statistics? An Exploratory Study on Retirement Decisions Using Data from the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE)." Mathematics 10, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10010152.
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Do machine learning algorithms perform better than statistical survival analysis when predicting retirement decisions? This exploratory article addresses the question by constructing a pseudo-panel with retirement data from the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). The analysis consists of two methodological steps prompted by the nature of the data. First, a discrete Cox survival model of transitions to retirement with time-dependent covariates is compared to a Cox model without time-dependent covariates and a survival random forest. Second, the best performing model (Cox with time-dependent covariates) is compared to random forests adapted to time-dependent covariates by means of simulations. The results from the analysis do not clearly favor a single method; whereas machine learning algorithms have a stronger predictive power, the variables they use in their predictions do not necessarily display causal relationships with the outcome variable. Therefore, the two methods should be seen as complements rather than substitutes. In addition, simulations shed a new light on the role of some variables—such as education and health—in retirement decisions. This amounts to both substantive and methodological contributions to the literature on the modeling of retirement.
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Kilpatrick, Bob G. "Considering Jumping Ship? A Pirate Looks At Retirement." Contemporary Issues in Education Research (CIER) 4, no. 8 (August 15, 2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/cier.v4i8.5610.
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If youre like me, a senior faculty member at a public state university facing significant budget cuts, recently youve probably thought about leaving your current position for another faculty position in a different state. A possible reason for considering jumping ship is envisioning a clearer picture of your retirement as it nears on the horizon a retirement that does not look quite what you had projected ten years ago, due to the that fact that you elected the defined contribution (DC) plan (often referred to as an optional or alternate retirement plan at universities) rather than the traditional defined benefit (DB) state employee pension plan when you first arrived at your university 20-odd years ago (which was the right choice, at that time, given the information availablekeep reminding yourself of that), and then seeing the value of that retirement account drop considerably two-three years ago. Although your retirement account may have mostly recovered, there are still those lost years of growth that may have you second-guessing your previous decision. Alas, that decision cannot be undone, but a new decision can be created by moving to another state. It is this possible decision that is the topic of this paper. What factors should be considered in choosing between the traditional DB plan and the optional DC plan for an individual who cannot necessarily reach the maximum benefit under the DB plan?
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Anderson, Lindsey B. "Merging risk and financial communication: Understanding how Prudential creates and solves the retirement risk." Public Relations Inquiry 7, no. 1 (January 2018): 63–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2046147x17736792.
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As the number of people nearing or entering the retirement phase of careers continues to grow, financial service companies, like Prudential Financial, will become increasingly important to the public. This point is especially true given that there is a lack of preparedness surrounding retirement planning. This project explores how Prudential discursively constructed the concept of retirement through a qualitative content analysis of the organizational website. Results show that Prudential used a traditional problem–solution persuasive framework as it situated retirement as a risk and offered self-serving solutions that could mitigate the potential threat. Specifically, risk was constructed through the construction of a grand narrative that showed challenges associated with retirement and relied on trusted sources and rational evidence. The solution was then depicted as an efficacious process that was future-oriented through the telling of stories by current retirees. Based on these findings, a set of theoretical contributions regarding retirement and risk communication were developed, including the extension of risk communication to the financial sector and showing how organizations can simultaneously use grand and individual narratives to both highlight and resolve a potential threat. Ultimately, this research provides the opportunity to further examine how the concept of retirement is constructed by organizations through the lens of risk communication.
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DiLellio, James A., and Daniel N. Ostrov. "Optimal Strategies for Traditional versus Roth IRA/401(k) Consumption During Retirement." Decision Sciences 48, no. 2 (April 29, 2016): 356–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/deci.12222.
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Gibler, Karen M., Paloma Taltavull, José Manuel Casado-Díaz, Mari Angeles Casado-Díaz, and Vicente Rodriguez. "International Real Estate Review." International Real Estate Review 12, no. 1 (April 30, 2009): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.53383/100102.
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Housing demand models based on individual consumers' utility function reflect preferences about the structure and lot, neighborhood, and location as related to socioeconomic characteristics of the occupants. As a growing proportion of aging residents in many countries are undertaking late life moves, their preferences will have an influence on destination housing markets. We examine the characteristics, attitudes and preferences about retirement housing among immigrant retirees currently living in traditional housing in a retirement destination in Alicante, Spain. Using results from a survey of German and British retirees living in the region, we find through logistic regression that preference for retirement housing is associated with aging and gaining access to in-home support services.
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Friedberg, Leora, and Sarah Turner. "Labor Market Effects of Pensions and Implications for Teachers." Education Finance and Policy 5, no. 4 (October 2010): 463–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/edfp_a_00011.
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While the retirement security landscape has changed drastically for most workers over the last twenty years, traditional defined benefit (DB) pension plans remain the overwhelming norm for K–12 teachers. Because DB plans pay off fully with a fixed income after retirement only if a teacher stays in the profession for decades and yield little or nothing if a teacher leaves early, DB plans induce a strong, nonlinear relationship between years of tenure and benefit accrual. One implication is that as many current teachers approach eligibility for full pensions, there are strong incentives for retirement and associated consequences in the teacher labor market. In this article, we assess the key features of DB plans, discuss the general incentive effects, and consider the application to the particular case of teachers. This work highlights the importance of assessing the characteristics of teachers who respond most to the retirement timing incentives.
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Cliff, Dallas R. "‘Under the Wife's Feet’: Renegotiating Gender Divisions in Early Retirement." Sociological Review 41, no. 1 (February 1993): 30–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.1993.tb02953.x.
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There has rightly been much recent sociological concern with the effects of recession and the restructuring of the economy on family relationships. One important aspect of recent economic changes has been the pressure on older people to leave the workforce before the age of conventional retirement. Male early retirement has been a significant factor in accounting for the dramatic fall in the economic participation rates of older male workers over the last decade. Yet early retirement has been a relatively neglected topic in social scientific literature. Studies of unemployed and redundant males have tended to suggest that there is little renegotiating of the domestic division of labour within the home due to the ways in which traditional notions of masculine identity are called upon to protect the position of the unemployed male. This paper reports findings relating to these issues from a study of men from West Yorkshire who had taken early retirement from the local chemical industry. These findings suggest considerably more renegotiation than studies of unemployed and redundant males but neither the amount or type of such renegotiation seemed to be related to either marital disharmony or quality of life in retirement.
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Nichols, Brian, and Chioma Nwogu. "The Effect of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act on the Choice between Traditional and Roth IRAs." Journal of Accounting, Business and Management (JABM) 27, no. 2 (November 23, 2020): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31966/jabminternational.v27i2.698.
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This paper analyzes the impact of the tax cuts and jobs act on the income taxeffectiveness of the Roth IRA versus the traditional IRA for investors who maximizetheir contributions prior to retirement. Since the tax cuts and jobs act reduced marginalincome tax rates, the tax benefits gained from a traditional IRA decrease compared toa Roth IRA. Based on set investment parameters, an investor makes monthly paymentsto the IRAs for a specific period and the tax savings obtained from the traditional IRAare reinvested into a separate taxable account. The after-tax accumulation of wealth ineach account is calculated to determine which IRA produces the largest available aftertax withdrawals after retirement. A break-even analysis is also constructed to determinethe marginal income tax rate and investment return that makes an investor indifferentbetween the two IRAs. The results illustrate that the decision to invest in a traditionalIRA versus a Roth IRA depends on both the rates of return and whether the marginalincome tax rate is the same or different during the contribution and withdrawal periods.
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Arellano, Fernando, Liz Mulig, and Susan Rhame. "Teaching Time Value Of Money Using An Excel Retirement Model." American Journal of Business Education (AJBE) 5, no. 6 (October 30, 2012): 663–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/ajbe.v5i6.7389.
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The time value of money (TVM) is required knowledge for all business students. It is traditionally taught in finance and accounting classes for use in various applications in the business curriculum. These concepts are also very useful in real life situations such as calculating the amount to save for retirement. This paper details a retirement model that can be built during class to teach TVM. While traditional teaching methods give small pieces of the TVM picture, then exercises to reinforce that partial knowledge, this model incorporates many TVM techniques into one Excel modeling exercise. The model incorporates both TVM functions that are included in Excel and other formulas that must be entered into Excel by the student modeler. Unlike some other articles that focus on how much should be saved annually assuming a constant salary, this exercise focuses on a percentage of income to be saved. The model also addresses an assumed growth factor in the salary and the issue of inflation. This modeling tool is presented to adults in graduate level classes, so it incorporates the fact that they might already have some savings coming into this retirement planning exercise. This method of teaching TVM has several objectives. Primarily, the exercise contributes to the learning of TVM concepts and techniques. It also shows how the equations modeled here can be used to solve retirement planning questions, while contributing to the personal financial literacy of students, and improving model building skills in Excel.
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Ringo, Timothy Alan. "Protirement is coming – is your organization ready?" Strategic HR Review 20, no. 2 (February 10, 2021): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/shr-11-2020-0093.
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Purpose This paper aims to outline an emerging trend that is replacing traditional retirement; this trend is called “protirement.” Protirement is defined as early retirement from professional work with the positive idea of pursuing something more fulfilling and has originated from the “blend of pro- and retirement.” Design/methodology/approach This paper’s approach is to define the trend of protirement and then back the idea with data and cases of where and how this is implemented by human resources (HR) organizations. Findings Retirement, in its traditional sense, is becoming increasingly unattainable for individuals but is also less necessary than it has been in the past. People are living longer and healthier lives, and in fact, data show that working in some meaningful and valuable manner actually increases life-span and allows more time to save for the day when one cannot work anymore. Research limitations/implications The findings in this paper should spark others to do more research into the area of aging workforce and new models that will leverage senior workers for the benefit of individuals, organizations and society at large. Practical implications HR executives and their organizations will need to drive change in the areas of recruitment (senior workers), pension planning and saving and HR policies around retirement. Social implications People productivity has been in decline for over 10 years now. The authors are going to need all hands on deck to help fix this and overcome the economic challenges created by the 2020 pandemic. Leveraging senior workers brings deep expertise into the workplace that could be lost otherwise, improving productivity and organization learning. Originality/value This paper takes an idea coined in the 1960s and brings it into the 21st century, when and where it is really needed. This long-forgotten idea is being resurrected to help deal with today’s workplace challenges.
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Kang, K. H., K. N. White, W. C. Hayes, and C. M. Snow. "BALANCE AND AGILITY DIFFER BETWEEN ELDERLY ADULTS LIVING IN TRADITIONAL AND RETIREMENT COMMUNITIES." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 33, no. 5 (May 2001): S127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200105001-00721.
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Ackley, Dennis R. "Meeting The Communication Challenge." Compensation & Benefits Review 30, no. 6 (November 1998): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088636879803000606.
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For the most part, account-based pension plans are not traditional long-service retirement plans. They are "when your service ends" plans, whether the employee leaves to retire or start a new job or vocation, and they are much like savings plans. They are also a new approach to helping employ-ees understand and accumulate their financial resources. Easier to explain to employees than more traditional pension plans, account-based plans still present stumbling blocks in terms of how to successfully introduce them to your orga-nization. Why the new plan is being introduced and what it is intended to do and not to do are the toughest and most important communication challenges that need to be met. Key communica-tion elements include proper naming of the bene-fit (don't call it a retirement plan) and demonstrating your organization's intended people strategy.
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Miller, Evonne. "Drawing Ageing: Using Participant-Generated Drawing to Explore Older Australians Expectations and Experiences of Ageing in a Retirement Village." Social Sciences 12, no. 1 (January 13, 2023): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci12010044.
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This article discusses the use of an arts-based visual methodology, drawing, to explore older people’s experiences and expectations of ageing in a retirement village. Tactile, generative, and visual, drawing is a quick, inexpensive, and extremely participatory process, which, compared to traditional text-based data, provides rare and compelling insight into conscious and unconscious feelings, emotions, sentiments, and experiences. As part of a broader project exploring life in retirement villages, 12 older adults in their 70s and 80s were asked to sketch their experiences of ageing, as well as their expectations and experiences of retirement village life. Sketches were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis, which revealed that participants drew ageing as both a time for opportunity and enjoyment and decline, while retirement village life very much met their expectations in terms of being a place of fun, friendship, and leisure. While drawing as a method is rarely used in gerontological research, the outcomes of this project demonstrate how it enables the powerful production of evocative, interactive, and memorable imagery, and it should be a greater part of the methodological toolbox.
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Urbaniak, Anna. "Patterns of activities among Cracow’s young retirees in an urban environment(an example of cluster analysis)." Space – Society – Economy, no. 20 (June 30, 2017): 65–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1733-3180.20.05.
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Population ageing has drawn increasingly more attention to the question of retirement. On the one hand, the number of retirees increases and retirement becomes a more prominent part of life. As a result, people at present have developed a distinct retirement lifestyle and retirees become more diverse. This study presents how the choices of young retirees (individuals that are retired for no longer than 10 years) in urban environment differ. The empirical material used for this study consisted of 206 interviews conducted with inhabitants of Cracow. Interviews were conducted from June to December 2014. Hierarchical cluster analysis enabled to differ two type of time usage models (traditional and open) and 3 types of young retirees (active retirees residing in districts that have a wide offer dedicated to senior citizens, passive retirees with limited funds and moderately active older young retirees).
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Saba, Tania, and Gilles Guerin. "Extending Employment beyond Retirement Age: The Case of Health Care Managers in Quebec." Public Personnel Management 34, no. 2 (June 2005): 195–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009102600503400205.
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Baby boomers in public agencies are getting ready to retire and there are concerns about retaining the existing workforce apart from recruiting younger managers. Recent studies of workplace patterns of older workers have shown that the workforce of older workers should no longer be seen as a unidirectional journey to retirement. Older workers may value bridge employment or even prefer to extend their working lives. The motives for deciding to leave the workplace permanently can be related to unmet expectations, the desire for change, and the need to enjoy a new phase of life. Based on a survey conducted on 402 older managers working in health care institutions in Quebec, this study sheds light on the new alternatives to traditional early retirement that organizations will have to take into account while considering the preferences and intentions of employees who are approaching retirement.
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Vengroff, Richard. "Retirement, Replacement, and the Future of African Studies." African Issues 30, no. 2 (2002): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1548450500006508.
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At meetings of African studies specialists, informal conversation often turns to the future of area studies and of African studies in particular. In her 1996 monograph African Studies in the United States: A Perspective, Jane I. Guyer goes as far as saying, “No one’s view of the future of African Studies is rosy.” Attacks on area studies during the 1990s, especially attacks coming from scholars with African specialist credentials, such as Robert Bates, stung researchers who work on Africa, most of whom are based in traditional departments. The crux of these arguments seems to be that area studies are becoming irrelevant as the disciplines become more “scientific” in their approach and more sophisticated methodologically.
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Tam, Yeuk Mui May, Kam Wah Chan, and Ka Man Lo. "Moving between wage work and retirement – the commitment to wage work in later life in Hong Kong." Social Transformations in Chinese Societies 15, no. 1 (May 7, 2019): 64–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/stics-06-2018-0011.
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Purpose Relatively few studies about retirement transition examine economies, where a public pension system is absent. This paper aims to fill this gap in the literature. Design/methodology/approach The present study draws on the stratification and risk society approach, as well as results from unstructured interviews with 12 Chinese in Hong Kong. Findings The analyses show that the retirement transition involves moving between different forms of wage work and non-work status. These moves were undertaken because of not only financial needs but also a strong desire to be a financially self-reliant and intrinsic commitment to employment. The authors argue that the desire and commitment to employment are shaped by the underdeveloped pension system, practical orientation towards traditional Chinese filial piety norms and personal work history. Research limitations/implications The current research covers only a very small sample and uses retrospective interviewing instead of a larger and/or representative sample using prospective panel interview. Nevertheless, the research carries theoretical and policy implications of the study on retirement transition and protection. Originality/value Few local studies track retirement transitions in the way similar to the current studies. Existing studies are mostly about advanced Anglo-Saxon economies with a long history of public pension, albeit reformed in recent year, in place. The current study adds to the general literature on retirement studies.
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BARNES, HELEN, and JANE PARRY. "Renegotiating identity and relationships: men and women's adjustments to retirement." Ageing and Society 24, no. 2 (March 2004): 213–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x0300148x.
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Retirement is frequently a period of change, when the roles and relationships associated with individuals' previous labour market positions are transformed. It is also a time when personal relationships, including the marital relationship and relationships with friends and family, come under increased scrutiny and may be realigned. Many studies of adjustment to retirement focus primarily on individual motivation; by contrast, this paper seeks to examine the structure of resources within which such decisions are framed. The paper examines the contribution that gender roles and identities make to the overall configuration of resources available to particular individuals. It draws upon qualitative research conducted with older people in four contrasting parts of the United Kingdom, and examines the combination of labour market and non-labour-market activities in which they are involved prior to state retirement age and as they withdraw from paid work. It explores how older people invoke various gendered identities to negotiate change and continuity during this time. The paper argues that gender roles and identities are central to this process and that the reflexive deployment of gender may rank alongside financial resources and social capital in its importance to the achievement of satisfying retirement transitions. Amongst those interviewed, traditional gendered roles predominated, and these sat less comfortably with retirement for men than for women.
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Nagaich, Rajiv, Carol Redfield, and Ben Harvill. "LifePlanning: A Better Retirement Planning Option for Our Times." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 111–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.368.
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Abstract Ten thousand turn 65 daily. Majority look forward to retiring in the beginning and then become afraid of outcomes they often hear about- dealing with institutional care, becoming a burden, or running out of money. This is not because retirees do not plan, but despite of having planned their entire life for retirement. Many employers provide financial retirement planning such as a 401K plan. Individuals have relied on employee benefit plans to ready themselves, yet few are “very confident” about it. Two-thirds of retirees say their most recent employers did “nothing” to help them transition into retirement; 16% are “not sure” what their employers did. Many may be overlooking important factors in their strategies. Among retirees who currently have a retirement strategy, 85% have factored Social Security and Medicare benefits into their strategy. Most have included on-going living expenses (79%), total savings and income needs (57%) into their plan. Fewer than half have considered other critical factors (e.g., investment returns, ongoing healthcare costs, inflation, long-term care needs, tax planning, etc.). Only 9% have contingency plans for retiring sooner than expected and/or savings shortfalls. The truth is that education offered by employers tends to be traditional planning advice, which may not be enough to address the concerns retirees will have in retirement. To this, we introduce a multi-disciplinary LifePlanning Framework which takes a wholistic, integrated approach in addressing the many complex issues of retirement found in health, housing, finance, legal, and family. Our results may impact future practice, research, and policy.
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Dropkin, Jonathan, Jacqueline Moline, Hyun Kim, and Judith E. Gold. "Blended Work as a Bridge Between Traditional Workplace Employment and Retirement: A Conceptual Review." Work, Aging and Retirement 2, no. 4 (May 11, 2016): 373–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/workar/waw017.
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Schofield, Deborah J., Emily J. Callander, Simon J. Kelly, and Rupendra N. Shrestha. "Working Beyond the Traditional Retirement Age: The Influence of Health on Australia’s Older Workers." Journal of Aging & Social Policy 29, no. 3 (October 12, 2016): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08959420.2016.1246319.
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PIENTA, AMY MEHRABAN, MARK D. HAYWARD, and KRISTI RAHRIG JENKINS. "Health Consequences of Marriage for the Retirement Years." Journal of Family Issues 21, no. 5 (July 2000): 559–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251300021005003.
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Greater numbers of persons will enter retirement outside of marriage or with a checkered marital history. Given the traditional health benefits of marriage, these changes in the population's marital life course may foretell changing demands for eldercare in addition to adverse health consequences. Here, the authors provide new evidence on the specific aspects of health associated with marriage for a nationally representative survey of retirement age adults. An important aspect of the authors' analysis is the assessment of whether the benefits of marriage hold equally for women and men, major race/ethnic groups, and persons with different marital histories. Data from the Health and Retirement Survey are used to evaluate how marriage is associated with major chronic illnesses, functional limitations, and disability. Findings document that marriage benefits health across a broad spectrum of fatal and nonfatal chronic disease conditions, functioning problems, and disabilities. Moreover, benefits of marriage are widely shared across demographic groups.
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Llorens, Jared J. "Fiscally driven compensation reform and threats to human capital capacity in the public sector." International Journal of Organization Theory & Behavior 18, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 22–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijotb-18-01-2015-b003.
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Compensation systems serve a critical role in strategic human resources management, and over the past twenty-five years, there have been an increasing number of public sector reform efforts aimed at better aligning compensation practices with institutional workforce needs. While many past reforms have been performance driven, the nationʼs most recent economic downturn has served as potent catalyst for a renewed focus on public sector compensation, particularly reforms to public sector retirement benefits. However, given the traditional importance of public sector retirement benefits within broader bureaucratic structures, these new reforms hold the potential to substantially alter human capital capacity in the public sector. Using wage and retirement benefit data from the U.S. Census Bureauʼs Current Population Survey and National Compensation Survey, this paper finds that state and local governments face significant threats to their long-term human capital capacity in light of potential benefit reforms that place a disproportionate emphasis upon competitive wage rates.
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Ren, Xing, Heng Xi, and Paul Cephas. "ANALYSIS ON INFLUENCING FACTORS AND EMOTIONAL REGULATION OF CHINESE PROFESSIONAL WOMEN'S RETIREMENT DECISION-MAKING." International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 25, Supplement_1 (July 1, 2022): A96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyac032.130.
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Abstract Background The gender division of labor in the traditional family structure is still a common phenomenon, that is, women bear most of the burden of family work. The coexistence of work pressure and family pressure makes this burden heavy. This paper aims to explore which factors and to what extent affect the retirement decision-making and psychological problems of contemporary Chinese professional women. Research Objects and Methods This paper takes female workers as the research sample and obtains 1383 effective cases. This paper uses SPSS 17 0 multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted on the survey data to analyze the variables affecting the retirement intention of female employees. In order to study the impact of emotional regulation on female employees' retirement decision-making, this study also conducted a questionnaire survey on the sample. ① Personal basic information questionnaire: the contents mainly include the gender, email, mobile phone number, age, history of epilepsy or epilepsy, previous mindfulness practice experience and major events in recent life. It is mainly used for screening of subjects. ② Emotion regulation self-efficacy scale: the third version of the scale revised by Caprara in 2008 is usually used internationally. However, in the process of domestic testing, although the scale has good applicability, there are also some problems due to different cultural backgrounds. Based on this situation, Tian Xueying (2012) and others revised and tested the 2008 version of the scale in China in combination with China's social and cultural background. The results show that the revised scale has good applicability. This study will use Tian Xueying's revised scale for testing. ③ Happiness index scale: the happiness index scale compiled by Campell, including two questionnaires of overall emotion index and life satisfaction, has 9 items, including 8 pairs of emotional words and one life satisfaction question. The scale adopts 7-level scoring. The higher the score, the higher the happiness of the subjects. Results In terms of education level, respondents with high school education or below were less likely to retire early than those with bachelor's degree or above. From a health perspective, the worse the indicated health level, the more respondents tend to retire early. Taking into account family factors, the more dependants and independent sources of income, the more likely these women are to choose early retirement. With regard to work factors, women working in public institutions and enterprises are more likely to delay retirement than women in other occupations. People with low work intensity are more likely to delay retirement than those with high work intensity. Dissatisfied women are less likely to delay retirement than women who are generally satisfied with their job happiness. In terms of retirement expectation, women who choose to take care of their families or participate in recreational activities are more likely to retire than women who choose to continue working after retirement. Conclusion Under the influence of the conflict between the pressure of traditional gender roles and the transformation of modern society, Chinese women must balance the labor constraints in the family, social field and workplace. The results of this study show that the decision to participate more in family work will eventually reduce these women's participation in social work and lead them to retire earlier than men. The study suggests that we should fully understand the important position of women's emotional factors in retirement decision-making, actively promote the transformation of women's life role after retirement, pay special attention to their own life attitude and healthy behavior, and be a healthy self-manager, coordinator and collaborator. According to the psychological characteristics of these groups, the social stratum should actively and flexibly organize rich and colorful activities, strive to create a relaxed and harmonious living atmosphere, create friendly and mutually beneficial emotional family relations, encourage and guide these groups, make their psychology in the best state, and promote the healthy development of their good cognition and retirement life. Acknowledgements Supported by a project grant from Ministry of Education in China (Grant No.14JZD026).
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Seshadri, R. "Design and Life Prediction of Fired Heater Tubes in the Creep Range." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 110, no. 3 (August 1, 1988): 322–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3265606.
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Realistic fired heater tube-life predictions are essential to safe and economical design, proactive inspection strategy and meaningful tube retirement evaluations. The traditional method of heater tube design (API RP 530), that is based on the “mean-diameter equation,” sometimes implies tube-life in excess of actual operating experience. The main reason for this discrepancy is the interaction of cyclic radial thermal gradient, that exists across the tube wall, with the pressure-induced stresses resulting in enhanced creep damage. Upper-bound estimates for creep deformations and creep damage are obtained in this paper using a simple analytical procedure. Some broad guidelines relating to the assessment of remaining tube-life, tube retirement and inspection frequencies are presented.
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Kim, Ji-Won, and Tae-Jin Park. "A Study on the Retirement Pension Portfolio Using Real Estate Indirect Investments in Korea." Korean-Japanese Economic and Management Association 96 (August 31, 2022): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.46396/kjem..96.7.
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Purpose: This study empirically analyzed the portfolio of retirement pension using real estate indirect investments,after identifying the problems through interviews with experts related to retirement pension, improvements wereproposed. Increasing the proportion of real estate indirect investment will be a way to solve the problem of lowreturns on retirement pensions in Korea.
Research design, data, and methodology: In order to conduct the study, first of all, based on Markowitz’s portfoliotheory, the correlation between representative index (benchmark index) by asset and indirect investment products ofreal estate that can be selected in domestic retirement pension was analyzed. After that, Optimal portfolio wasderived by simulating and analyzing the portfolio consisting of representative indices and products.
Results: The correlation analysis was conducted by selecting the representative index of investment assets and theindirect investments of real estate as variables showed that REITs and real estate ETFs distributed the risk ofretirement pension portfolio. And as a result of analyzing the optimal portfolio including K-Top REITs andShinhan-Alpha REITs, the standard deviation was lower and the yield was higher than that of the traditional portfoliothat does not include real estate indirect investments, so both stability and profitability were derived in positiveresults in portfolio that includes real estate indirect investments.
Implications: The proportion of real estate indirect investments in the portfolio of retirement pensions should beincreased. As examined in previous studies at home and abroad and pension fund management, it was found thatthe portfolio including real estate assets has reduced risk and increased profits, and as a result of the analysis ofoptimal portfolio, high-achieving were derived from profitability and stability in the portfolio in which real estateindirect investments were incorporated. Increasing the proportion of real estate indirect investments will be a way tosolve the problem of low returns on retirement pensions in Korea.
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Соловьев and A. Solovev. "State Administration of Retirement Age in the terms of Budget Crisis." Administration 4, no. 3 (September 17, 2016): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/21299.
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The aim of the study is to analyze the effect of age on the appointment of the state pension fiscal system in our country. The problem of rising of the retirement age in Russia is given a value that is far away from the traditional context of direct influence of demographic processes on the level of pensions, on the one hand, and adaptation of the pension system to changing demographic factors, on the other. In the article the pension system for the first time is considered as a multifactorial model that corrects the degree of dependence on the mutually complex of macroeconomic and demographic factors in the different historical periods. This requires a fundamental change in the methodological approaches to the problem of rising the retirement age by using actuarial methods of forecasting. Actuarial analysis of the problem of retirement age in the work shows that the perception of the linear dependence of the age of the destination state of the demographic parameters cannot be considered as a tool for regulating the efficiency of the pension system. The results of the study are the specific parameters of actuarial assessments of the impact of demographic and macroeconomic conditions to increase the retirement age in Russia, conducted using data from the state statistics, formulated practical proposals to mitigate negative economic consequences. Conclusion: Rising the retirement age should be aimed at economic stimulation of formation of the pension rights of the insured in the long term, rather than the economy of the state budget. Methodological approaches, grounded in the work, and quantitative results of the actuarial calculations will be used in the formation of public pension policy in the preparation of the regulations to rise the retirement age, the pension formula of calculating the pension rights of insured persons, the mechanism of pension indexation.
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Reyers, Michelle, and Daniël Gerhardus Gouws . "The rationality of retirement preservation decisions: A conceptual model." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 6, no. 5 (May 30, 2014): 418–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v6i5.504.
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Low retirement savings rates, coupled with a lack of preservation of retirement funds when individuals move jobs, could have adverse repercussions on a person’s ability to retire with sufficient funds. The traditional response to low preservation levels has been to impose taxes on cash withdrawals and in some cases to mandate preservation. However, without a complete understanding of the factors that drive low levels of preservation, these policy interventions might do more harm than good. This study carries out a critical, interdisciplinary literature review to construct a conceptual model of the factors which potentially lead to low preservation levels and outlines proposed interventions. The resultant model highlights the distinct differences in the drivers of rational and irrational behaviour and therefore, the distinctly different interventions required. Little is known about the rationality or otherwise of the decision making process of individuals in the retirement preservation context, however current interventions only assist if individuals display bounded willpower. It is essential that a better understanding of the decision making process is obtained to determine whether existing solutions address the problem adequately.
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Ali, Susannah Bruns, and Howard A. Frank. "Retirement Planning Decisions: Choices Between Defined Benefit and Defined Contribution Plans." American Review of Public Administration 49, no. 2 (April 12, 2018): 218–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0275074018765809.
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As states move toward offering defined contribution retirement plans as an alternative or addition to traditional defined benefit pensions, they need to consider the preferences and long-term consequences for different groups of employees. This study looks at which plan employees choose when given the option of either a defined contribution or defined benefit plan. The strongest driver of that choice is education level where the most educated prefer defined contribution plans and the least educated stay in defined benefit plans. A unique contribution of this study is that we include region of origin as a study and determine that cultural differences influence plan selection. The study also explores the role of sex, age, and tenure. Challenging other studies on financial planning, these findings indicate that sex and age are not significant factors. This research was conducted using data from more than 4,000 employees from Florida International University and an interview with HR professionals. By understanding retirement preferences in a more nuanced way, we can better craft our approaches to retirement security and financial literacy training in public sector organizations.
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Schmitt, Carina, and Peter Starke. "The political economy of early exit: The politics of cost-shifting." European Journal of Industrial Relations 22, no. 4 (July 24, 2016): 391–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959680115621137.
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Large-scale exit from the labour market began in the 1970s in many OECD countries. The literature indicates that individual early retirement decisions are facilitated by generous and accessible ‘pathways’ into retirement in the public pension system, unemployment insurance or disability benefits. It is unclear, however, why early exit became so much more prevalent in some countries than in others and why such differences remain, despite a recent shift back towards higher employment rates and ‘active ageing’. We test a logic of sectoral cost-shifting politics involving cross-class alliances in the tradable sector, against a more traditional class-based logic of welfare state policy-making. Quantitative analysis of employment outcomes in 21 countries shows that the political economy of early exit clearly rests on the sectoral politics of cost-shifting.
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JOHNSON, RICHARD W., and EUGENE STEUERLE. "Promoting work at older ages: the role of hybrid pension plans in an aging population." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 3, no. 3 (November 2004): 315–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147474720400174x.
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Employers are beginning to search for ways to elicit more labor supply from older adults as the population ages, the ability to work in later life increases, and younger workers become relatively scarce. Many employers are turning to hybrid pension plans, such as cash balance plans and pension equity plans. Whereas traditional defined benefit plans often subsidize workers who retire early and penalize those who remain at work beyond the plan's retirement age, most hybrid plans reward work at older ages. This paper documents the impact of population aging on the labor market and changes over time in work capacity at older ages. It then shows how movement toward hybrid pension plans, among other types of private and public retirement plan reforms and redesigns, can be used to increase work incentives for older adults.
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Allison, Maria T., and Carrie Meyer. "Career Problems and Retirement among Elite Athletes: The Female Tennis Professional." Sociology of Sport Journal 5, no. 3 (September 1988): 212–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.5.3.212.
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This investigation used qualitative techniques to identify and analyze the experiences of elite female tennis professionals and their perceptions of their competitive years and subsequent retirement from the sport. Through a system of networking and snowball sampling techniques (Babbie, 1986), 28 athletes who had played on the professional tennis circuit were contacted and asked to complete an extensive semistructured questionnaire; 20 completed questionnaires were returned. The questionnaire asked players to recount their earliest expectations and goals in competitive tennis, their experiences and perceptions during their most competitive years, and their reasons for and reactions to retirement from the tour. In general, results indicated that the athletes did not find disengagement from their competitive years traumatic, but rather found it as an opportunity to reestablish more traditional societal roles and lifestyles.
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Brändström, Anders, and Glenn Sandström. "Retirement, Home Care and the Importance of Gender." Historical Life Course Studies 10 (March 31, 2021): 172–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.51964/hlcs9589.
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In recent decades elderly care policies in Sweden have been characterized by a marked shift from institutional care to home care. Previous research has highlighted how this has resulted in the elderly receiving care at a higher age and increased reliance on family and kin for providing care. Using register data for the entire Swedish population aged 65+ in 2016, we analyze how home care services in contemporary Sweden distribute regarding individual-level factors such as gender, health status, living arrangements, and closeness to kin. By far, the most critical determinants of receiving home care are age, health status, and whether the elderly are living alone or not. Although our results do not discard that access to kin have become more important, our results show that childlessness and geographical proximity to adult children play a minor role for differentials in the reception of home care. The main conduit for informal care instead takes the form of spousal support. Gender plays a role in how living arrangements influence the probability of receiving home care, where cohabiting women are significantly more likely to receive care than cohabiting men. We interpret this as a result of women, on average, being younger than their male partners and more easily adopting caregivers' roles. This gendered pattern is potentially explained by the persistence of more traditional gender roles prevailing in older cohorts.
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WERDING, MARTIN, and MARKO PRIMORAC. "Old-age provision in transition: the case of Croatia." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 17, no. 4 (January 15, 2018): 576–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747217000166.
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AbstractLike in a number of other transition countries, the Croatian pension system comprises a traditional public pay-as-you-go scheme and a mandatory funded scheme (second pillar) that will provide increasing amounts of supplementary pensions to those entering retirement in the future. Due to the continuing economic crisis, the public scheme is currently under enormous financial strain, with a sizeable impact on central government finances. At the same time, the level of benefits deriving from the overall system is likely to become inadequately low in the long run. In this paper, we describe the existing system and project its future development under current rules. We also discuss options for further reforming the system and highlight their potential impact on pension finances, public budgets and retirement incomes, as this may provide lessons, which are of interest elsewhere.