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Pérez-Pérez, Cristina, Diana Benito-Osorio, and Susana María García-Moreno. "New Puppets in the Old School: The Applicability of Traditional Internationalisation Theories in the Sharing Economy." Administrative Sciences 11, no. 3 (September 9, 2021): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/admsci11030098.
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Sharing Economy platforms have expanded their operations all around the globe at an unexpected rate. Due to its “asset-lite” nature, traditional internationalisation theories may not be able to fully explain or predict their expansion patterns. This lack of theoretical background puts at risk the phenomenon’s future and stops traditional companies from coming up with a solid plan to compete against platforms. To ease the creation of a Sharing Economy internationalisation paradigm, this paper intends to review the existing research regarding the internationalisation of sharing platforms as well as the applicability of existing theories. Through a systematic literature review, the existing research was reviewed, and afterwards, internationalisation theories and their distinct factors extracted were noted to address the applicability of these within the singularities of the sharing phenomenon. This classification of factors was done according to the exiting literature in the field. After this research, we can confirm the lack of explanatory power of traditional theories regarding sharing platforms and confirm the insufficient research regarding these operations. We propose a list of factors that should be considered for future research as a guideline for the further development of the Sharing Economy internationalisation theory. Additionally, the factors classification is tested upon the case of the internationalisation of Blablacar, the most extensive carpooling network operating, to check if the theoretical and the practical approaches converge.
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Belhoste, Nathalie, Rachel Bocquet, Véronique Favre-Bonté, and Frédéric Bally. "How do SMEs use support services during their internationalisation process: A comparative study of French traditional SMEs and INVs in Asia." International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship 37, no. 8 (September 18, 2019): 804–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266242619871165.
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This article integrates research on the internationalisation processes of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) and export assistance services to investigate how such firms use support services drawing upon a large, qualitative study of 32 French traditional SMEs and international new ventures (INVs) that have entered Asia. Our key contribution is to consider the time to internationalisation (gradual or rapid) and the stage of internationalisation (entrance or intensification) rather than export intensity alone, and to examine how support services can help SMEs internationalise. The identification of different configurations of uses leads to the development of theoretical propositions that extend existing models pertaining to support services and firm internationalisation. These findings have several important managerial implications for support services to target their offer more precisely to two types of SMEs; they also provide useful guidance for SMEs to determine which tailor-made offerings from private and public actors are most applicable to their internationalisation efforts.
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Baños, Juan, and Francisco Javier Fernández-Roca. "A BORN-AGAIN GLOBAL FIRM: INÉS ROSALES SOCIEDAD ANÓNIMA UNIPERSONAL (SAU) IN THE TRADITIONAL SECTOR OF PASTRY PRODUCTION." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 35, no. 3 (October 9, 2017): 445–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610917000118.
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AbstractThe literature on internationalisation processes in family businesses has boomed with the emergence of new approaches and different perspectives. One of these schemes analyses the so-called born-again global firms, mostly technology companies, which experienced an internationalisation process after one or more serious incidents affecting it. The case of Ines Rosales extends the frontier of the meaning of a global born-again firm to firms in industries and traditional products. One of its most striking aspects is that the flagship product is centennial and based on basic ingredients. In addition, the production process of the firm mix production by hand and mechanised developments. Inés Rosales shows the ability of a family Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) in a process of internationalisation even in culturally distant markets through the traditional cake of olive oil.
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Jane Hewerdine, Lisa, Maria Rumyantseva, and Catherine Welch. "Resource scavenging." International Marketing Review 31, no. 3 (May 6, 2014): 237–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imr-11-2012-0194.
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Purpose – There has been growing interest in studying the internationalisation of small and medium-sized high-technology firms. This literature tends to equate “internationalisation” with the “internationalisation of sales”. Yet sales are not the only international activity of high-tech firms. High-tech firms need resources and not just markets. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to an understanding of this resource dimension of the international behaviour of high-tech firms. Design/methodology/approach – The empirical basis for the study lies in a multiple case study of six high-tech small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The authors selected two firms from each of three high-tech industries: biotechnology (specifically drug development), renewable energy and ICT. The key decision makers in each firms were then interviewed in depth. Findings – The authors show that for the case firms in the study, internationalisation can take the form of searching, prospecting or “scavenging” for resources. “Resource-seeking” behaviour occurs because the SMEs do not own, control or have access to sufficient resources to bring their technology to market on their own. The pattern of internationalisation that results from resource scavenging is different to that of traditional “market-seeking” internationalisation. Originality/value – This paper provides evidence of how the resource-acquisition behaviour of high-tech SMEs can be an important element of their internationalisation. Yet existing literature has focused almost exclusively on the market-seeking internationalisation of these firms.
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Campos, Luisa A., Catherine Axinn, Yong J. Wang, and Miguel A. Baeza. "The internationalisation pattern of traditional Brazilian footwear manufacturers: a qualitative analysis." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business 27, no. 1 (2016): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijesb.2016.073357.
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Coudounaris, Dafnis N. "Typologies of internationalisation pathways of SMEs: what is new?" Review of International Business and Strategy 28, no. 3/4 (November 9, 2018): 286–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ribs-12-2017-0119.
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Purpose This study aims to examine internationalisation pathways of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) based on a sample from Manchester, UK, and it provides an exercise theory testing of the Uppsala model with data from SMEs from Manchester. It investigates the existence of new internationalisation pathways and the parallel use of four dimensions, namely, export intensity, export destination, time dimension and number of export markets. Design/methodology/approach The suggested model of international pathways is developed based on a survey of 110 firms located in the Greater Manchester area. The study of the population was based on a stratified sample of firms included in the KOMPASS directory in the Greater Manchester area. t-Test analysis was performed on combinations of the six pathways. Findings The results reveal that SMEs follow a pattern of internationalisation pathways consisting of non-exporters, traditional small exporters, traditional medium exporters, accelerated medium exporters, born globals and declining exporters. The paper concludes that the Uppsala model does not apply in this study. Originality/value There is evidence of a new pathway, i.e. accelerated medium exporters and the CEOs of Manchester SMEs, and governmental authorities in the UK should consider targeting this group or developing appropriate export promotion programmes.
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Lee, Heejin, and Joon (Chris) Huh. "Korea’s Strategies for ICT Standards Internationalisation." International Journal of IT Standards and Standardization Research 10, no. 2 (July 2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jitsr.2012070101.
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Korea and China are among the rising challengers in the international ICT (Information Communication and Technology) standards regime. They are attempting to internationalize their home-grown technologies. As latecomers they share similarities and display differences. This paper examines two Korean cases (WIPI and WiBro), and compares with Chinese cases. Thereby it helps to conceptualize and evaluate latecomers’ strategies for international standardization. Comparison of the two countries’ strategies for international standardization is useful and timely particularly considering forthcoming FTA negotiations between the two countries where TBT (technical barriers to trade) including standards becomes a critical part of the agreement. The cases of the two countries share some commonalities in terms of origination (local R&D), government leadership and motivation (reduction of royalties). The main difference is that while Korea is oriented towards the outside, China is towards the inside, at least by now. Due to its huge domestic markets and global influence, China’s standards form a real threat to the incumbent standards from traditional players like US and EU.
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Makeeva, Elena, and Yulia Lopukhova. "CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION COURSE AS A FORM OF INTERNATIONALISATION AT HOME WITHIN RUSSIAN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 1 (May 25, 2018): 361–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2018vol1.3282.
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Internationalisation of higher education at home is a relatively new phenomenon for Russia but, as a concept, it is one that is both broad and variable. The internationalisation of higher education at home has been influenced by the globalisation of economies and societies and the increased importance of knowledge. It is driven by a dynamic and constantly evolving combination of political, economic, socio-cultural and academic rationales. These motives take different forms and dimensions in different regions, in institutions and within their educational programmes. This study covers an intensive course named “Cross-cultural Communication” and its impact within Tempus, Erasmus+ and other funding programmes as well as traditional content of this course. The content of the course is evaluated through several approaches. The starting point is to consider how particular courses are taken into account in long-term strategies of universities, and on the other hand, how these intensive courses advance the implementation of internalisation strategies. Another approach concerns internationalisation at home and helps find out how, specifically, intensive courses advance internationalisation. The next point covers education and teaching development and shows what role particular courses have in the transfer of teaching methods, materials and whole course concepts in Russian higher education institutions.
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Gross, Michael J., Songshan (Sam) Huang, and Yi Ding. "Chinese hotel firm internationalisation: Jin Jiang’s joint venture acquisition." International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 29, no. 11 (November 13, 2017): 2730–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-03-2016-0147.
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Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of mainland Chinese hotel firm internationalisation relative to traditional Western internationalisation theory through an analysis of the Shanghai Jin Jiang International Hotels Group’s joint venture with the Thayer Lodging Group to acquire Interstate Hotels & Resorts. Design/methodology/approach The case study method was used to examine the three firms involved in the joint venture acquisition. The technique of elite interviews was used to collect primary data. Semi-structured personal interviews were conducted with senior corporate executives who were engaged as principals with the conception, execution and administration of the joint venture. Content analysis was performed with the interview data, seeking themes and patterns consistent with the study purpose. Findings The findings demonstrated specific characteristics that distinguish the internationalisation that Jin Jiang has pursued. The five distinctive characteristics were as follows: a “leap” market entry mode, a pattern of “a small fish eats a big fish”, a preference for purchasing hotels in the West, capital sourcing from Chinese banks and strategic rather than operational control of the acquired firm. Research limitations/implications The findings indicate both similarities and differences between the China context of hotel firm internationalisation and that of Western firms. Theoretical implications are examined through an analysis of Dunning’s OLI (ownership, location, internalisation) framework. Generalisability of empirical findings may be limited by the China context and the unique combination of three firms. Practical implications The findings advance our understanding of the relationship between Chinese and Western practices, particularly in the approaches that firms take in internationalisation. Originality/value The story reported in this paper is about the first firm internationalisation endeavour in the mainland Chinese hotel industry. This is a landmark event for the international hospitality industry that will have historical significance, and represents the leading edge of mainland Chinese hotel firm cross-border expansion. This study contributes an early analysis of how the Chinese hotel sector may approach internationalisation.
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Hazarbassanova, Denitsa Blagoeva. "The value creation logic and the internationalisation of internet firms." Review of International Business and Strategy 26, no. 3 (September 5, 2016): 349–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ribs-02-2016-0007.
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Purpose The purpose of the research is to put to a test the belief that the idiosyncratic internationalisation process of Internet firms is homogeneous. The research question is thus, “How does the value creation logic of Internet firms influence their internationalisation process?”. Design/methodology/approach The authors answer this question using three cases illustrating the internationalisation process of three pure play digital service firms, each falling into one value creation logic. Findings Each case company had a different approach to internationalisation, explained by a different theory. The firms differed in what their motivation was to internationalise, how they dealt with their liability of foreignness and how they learnt to internationalise. The differences were consistent with the specificities of their value creation. The contribution of this paper is to take the first steps towards linking the way firms create value with their internationalisation. What theory best explains the internationalization of IFs seems contingent on what firms do. Practical implications The message to practitioners is that international strategy not only can but also needs to be different across firms. It needs to be tailored to the concrete way a firm endeavours to generate and capture value. “One strategy fits most” is unlikely to succeed, because different value propositions demand different approaches to realising them. Originality/value In extant literature, IFs have been treated as one group, albeit distinct from “offline” firms. This paper proposes that the value creation process of IFs causes them to differ from each other, just as much as they differ from traditional firms.
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Warren. "Re-Thinking the “Problem” in Inquiry-Based Pedagogies through Exemplarity and World-Oriented." Education Sciences 9, no. 4 (December 12, 2019): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci9040295.
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This paper conducts a theoretical exploration of the inquiry-problem in problem-oriented pedagogies. Specifically, the article draws on a critical reflection of the addition of a global and internationalisation dimension to the problem-oriented project learning (PPL) pedagogic model at Roskilde University in Denmark. While the tradition of PPL has always promised a world-oriented and transformative alternative to traditional higher education, the article argues that this new global dimension presents an opportunity to renew the transformative potential of PPL. In particular, it argues that it can facilitate new ways of conceptualising the inquiry-problem in relation to the pedagogic idea of exemplary problems. Furthermore, problem-oriented approaches can generally be articulated with a more values-based conception of internationalisation and global justice, in order to enhance the transformative potential of these pedagogies. The article proposes that this enhanced conceptualization of world-orientation is an appropriate answer to the call for pedagogic responses to the existential threat posed by the climate crisis.
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Hyman, Richard. "How can trade unions act strategically?" Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 13, no. 2 (May 2007): 193–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890701300204.
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It is generally agreed that trade unions require new strategies to respond to external and internal challenges. Economic internationalisation makes it easier for employers to escape national structures of employment regulation, and appears to weaken the ability of governments to defend nationally-based social models; sectoral and occupational shifts in employment erode traditional union strongholds, while social and ideological changes undermine workers' traditional orientation to collectivism. Yet what do we mean by trade union strategy, and how can it be modernised? This article addresses in particular the literatures on organisational learning, social capital and vocabularies of motive to explore how the twin principles of leadership and democracy can be harnessed to meet the challenges of the ‘new’ capitalism.
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Vidal Olivares, Javier, Candelaria Saiz, Lluís Torró, and Juan Zabalza. "The internationalisation of family SMEs in the Valencian region: the growing role played by Latin America, 1980-2018." Journal of Evolutionary Studies in Business 5, no. 2 (June 29, 2020): 115–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1344/jesb2020.2.j078.
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SME's and family businesses are central elements in Spain's modern economic growth. However, their process of internationalization has been little explored in recent research, particularly when it has been primarily aimed at emerging economies. The article aims to understand and explain the internationalisation process of SME's in the Valencian region in Latin America. Through a set of cases of companies from different sectors (Metal, Machinery, Chemical, Ceramics, Textile, Furniture) it is showed that since 1990, the different Latin American countries have been increasing their presence in the preferential markets of most of the 22 companies studied. The growing role of the region in the investments of Valencian SME's shows the diversification and expansion of destination markets, including geographically not only the traditional European or Arab countries but also those of Latin America. Different reasons underlie this internationalisation: but the enterprises analysed based on a case studies approach showed different models of expansion. The common denominator being that of strategies specifically developed and adapted to the destination country's local environment: from an incremental and gradual expansion.
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Ekanem, Ignatius. "Understanding internationalisation approaches and mechanisms of diaspora entrepreneurs in emerging economies as a learning process." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 25, no. 5 (August 13, 2019): 819–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-02-2018-0068.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present an exploration into the internationalisation approaches and mechanisms of diaspora entrepreneurs in emerging economies. It seeks to conceptualise the strategies as a learning process. Design/methodology/approach The research is qualitative using a case study approach involving in-depth semi-structured interviews conducted longitudinally. Findings The findings suggest that diaspora entrepreneurs adopt mostly the network or, in some cases, the international new venture (born-global) market entry approach rather than the traditional stage by stage approach. The findings also suggest that diaspora entrepreneurs have perceived advantages over domestic small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) because of their foreign exposure which has influenced their entrepreneurial behaviour in exploiting business opportunities. Practical implications The main implication of the study is that entrepreneurs who are beginning to internationalise their activities should seek to exploit potential first-mover advantages in emerging economies by realising an approach of internationalisation at high speed. Originality/value The paper contributes to better understanding of the diaspora entrepreneurship and its dynamics.
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Hilmersson, Mikael, and Martin Johanson. "Knowledge acquisition strategy, speed of capability development and speed of SME internationalisation." International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship 38, no. 6 (April 16, 2020): 536–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266242620909029.
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From a study following two sequential on-site data collection stages at 618 internationalising SMEs in Sweden, Poland and China, we identify and validate four distinct international knowledge acquisition strategies. In contrast to traditional theories suggesting that firms develop capabilities by generating their own experience, we show that Grafters and Pragmatists have a higher speed of international capability development than Experiencers and Networkers. Subsequently, by drawing on capability development theory, we show that the speed of capability development has a curvilinear (inverted U-shaped) effect on the speed of spread between international markets. These findings have consequences both for practitioners and theory.
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Claver, Enrique, and Diego Quer. "Choice of market entry mode in China: the influence of firm-specific factors." Journal of General Management 30, no. 3 (March 2005): 51–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030630700503000304.
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One of the issues attracting wider attention within research into corporate internationalisation is the choice of mode of entry into a foreign country. At present, China is one of the destinations which is acquiring greater importance in the international expansion of firms from various countries around the world. In this context, by combining the traditional theory on foreign direct investment with the resource-based view of the firm, this paper will analyse the influence of various tangible and intangible corporate factors on the degree of commitment towards direct investment in China.
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ERNST, DIETER. "COMPLEXITY AND INTERNATIONALISATION OF INNOVATION — WHY IS CHIP DESIGN MOVING TO ASIA?" International Journal of Innovation Management 09, no. 01 (March 2005): 47–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1363919605001186.
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Among Keith Pavitt's many contributions to the study of innovation is the proposition that physical proximity is advantageous for innovative activities that involve highly complex technological knowledge. But chip design, a process that creates the greatest value in the electronics industry and that requires highly complex knowledge, is experiencing a massive dispersion to leading Asian electronics exporting countries. To explain why chip design is moving to Asia, the paper draws on interviews with 60 companies and 15 research institutions that are doing leading-edge chip design in Asia. I demonstrate that "pull" and "policy" factors explain what attracts design to particular locations. But to get to the root causes that shift the balance in favour of geographical decentralisation, I examine "push" factors, i.e., changes in design methodology ("system-on-chip design") and organisation ("vertical specialisation" within global design networks). The resultant increase in knowledge mobility explains why chip design — which in Pavitt's framework is not supposed to move — is moving from the traditional centres to a few new specialised design clusters in Asia.
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Kaczmarek, Szymon, and Richard B. Nyuur. "Revisiting the “matching managers to strategy” argument in the context of a firm’s internationalisation strategy." Multinational Business Review 29, no. 3 (June 8, 2021): 348–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mbr-05-2020-0126.
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Purpose This paper aims to revisit the long-standing in the management literature argument of “matching managers to strategy” in the new empirical context of the top management team (TMT) and firm internationalisation. The purpose of this paper is to examine the consequences of matching nationalities of the TMT members to the multinational corporations’ (MNC) countries of operation. Design/methodology/approach This research is based on the quantitative methods. The authors use the traditional regression analysis, with the ordinary least squares estimation, in the moderated multiple regression models. Findings The study findings point to the importance of the asset-based exposure to international environments for the benefits of the TMT nationality matching to materialise. They re-affirm the critical remarks on the early “matching managers to strategy” frameworks, which indicated that the effectiveness of matching is underpinned by the detailed specification of the matching contingencies that influence the matching process. Originality/value The measure of matching the TMT foreign nationals to the MNCs’ host countries constitutes a novel way of capturing the TMT internationalisation, as opposed to measuring the incidence of foreigners on the TMTs or the TMT nationality diversity variable. It therefore underlines the aspect of matching in terms of the cultural fit between the TMT nationalities and countries of MNCs’ operations.
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RATCLIFFE, JULIE, and GARY WARNABY. "SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DIMENSIONS OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY IN UK BOOKSELLING." Journal of Enterprising Culture 07, no. 04 (December 1999): 389–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218495899000236.
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This case considers entrepreneurial activity in the UK bookselling sector from the 1980s to the present. The early 1980s saw individual entrepreneurs within the UK bookselling sector having the entrepreneurial vision to develop new retail formats which have significantly altered the competitive landscape. The late 1980s/early 1990s saw the consolidation of these innovative retail formats and highlights the ways in which the 'rules of the game' have been significantly altered. The mid/late 1990s introduces the spatial element more overtly , outlining the development of book 'e-tailing' by a new breed of entrepreneurs. This has served to blur the traditional market boundaries, thereby facilitating the process of internationalisation. This process has taken two main forms: physical market entry, with particularly, US retailers grounding themselves in the UK through organic growth and/or acquisition; and the more intangible Internet presence, which has the potential to render traditional conceptualisation of this sector obsolete.
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Laanti, Riku, Fred McDougall, and Georges Baume. "How well do Traditional Theories Explain the Internationalisation of Service MNEs from Small and Open Economies? – Case: National Telecommunication Companies." Management International Review 49, no. 1 (February 2009): 121–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11575-008-0128-3.
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Han, Insuk. "Four Korean teacher learners’ academic experiences in an Australian TESOL programme and disclosure of their multiple identities." English Teaching: Practice & Critique 15, no. 1 (May 3, 2016): 129–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/etpc-04-2015-0035.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore four Korean teacher learners’ academic experiences in an Australian Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL) master’s programme. By investigating the ways they encounter the overseas teacher education programme and how to interact with different meanings, this study reveals Korean teacher learners’ multiple selves and several meaning systems embedded in them. The understandings from the case provide some implications for curriculum internationalisation in higher education as well as TESOL. Design/methodology/approach Interviews, a focus group discussion and metaphors were used as data, and from these narratives, the participants’ experience was categorised into the programme’s aspects of the methods, contents and applicability, materials and usefulness, assessment criteria and feedback and communication and support. Each interview was undertaken in a library for around one and a half hours. At the end of the interviews, participants were required to produce a metaphor of desirable teacher/lecturer roles. For triangulation, a focus group discussion was conducted for approximately two hours, in which three participants could represent social worlds, evaluate them and establish themselves as members of particular groups. All the questions were semi-structured and about teaching and learning experiences in Korea and Australia and ideas of lecturers’ roles, practices and desirable pedagogy. Findings From the analysis of the participants’ experiences in these, it was revealed that their identity was tangled with that of the (English) teacher, consumer, (international) student and non-native speaker. The meaning systems of these identities were based on the mixture of the Korean traditional and Western or modern educational values: positive attitude towards communicative language teaching and its contexutalisation, pursuit of practical knowledge and pragmatic ideas, favour for discussions and getting confirmation from authorities and being positioned in the weak and using different communication rules, etc. Research limitations/implications From the insights from this case, the lecturers and programme coordinators in intercultural TESOL courses will gain some ideas for a curriculum responsive to international needs. While it cannot be denied that the small scale of the study has limitations for generalisation, this research will be one of the required literatures which examines East Asians or Koreans in Western academic institutions, given that this qualitative study complements the findings of the quantitative studies by specifically disclosing the ways Korean teacher learners’ identity and the meaning systems of desirable pedagogies. Practical implications For the curriculum internationalisation in TESOL and several higher education (HE) courses, the lecturers’ and the institutions’ awareness of cultural differences and reducing stereotyping, language support and being explicit about new rules in the new game and communication for support and respectful and professional encounters are essential, alongside the learners’ voluntary endeavour for academic adaptation in their overseas learning. Social implications The effort to understand each other in education is a good start for intercultural communication, that is, curriculum internationalisation in TESOL as well as higher education. Originality/value Different from other studies in similar areas, this study discloses the multiple selves/identities and meaning systems of the teacher learners in TESOL, by maximising the benefits of a qualitative study. The understandings from this approach help the researcher draw out practical implications for curriculum internationalisation in TESOL and HE.
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Girdzijauskaite, Egle, Asta Radzeviciene, Arturas Jakubavicius, and Audrius Banaitis. "International Branch Campuses as an Entry Mode to the Foreign Education Market." Administrative Sciences 9, no. 2 (June 20, 2019): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/admsci9020044.
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Higher education institutions (HEIs), especially latecomer institutions, continue to regard exporting education services by creating a commercial presence in a foreign country with caution. The purpose of this paper is to investigate ways of creating and managing international branch campuses (IBCs) and to elaborate recommendations for universities on establishing a branch campus as an entry into the foreign education market. In order to reach this aim, we analyse the trends of IBC development in higher education in the last 30 years, compare the theory and concepts of service export in business and in higher education and, finally, conduct a case study on seven IBCs globally. The analysis shows clear synergy between business theory and higher education (HE); however, no obvious coherence is discovered between the IBC establishment practices and the traditional Uppsala internationalisation model used in international business practices. This research continues by verifying the coherence of IBCs with the revisited Uppsala model based on the relationships and market commitment.
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Hjort, Katrin, and Peter Henrik Raae. "STRATEGIC SELF-MANAGEMENT - Danish gymnasium management between playing solo and showing solidarity." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 1, no. 2 (December 2, 2011): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v1i2.1030.
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Compared to other parts of the Nordic education systems the Danish gymnasium or upper secondary school has been reformed very late. Today however, the tendencies in neoliberal educational politics represented by the European Bologna process, the PISA studies and OECD’s recommendations are implemented in national governance in Denmark, and the gymnasiums have to adapt to the new management technologies embedded in New Public Management: Competence orientation, accountability and commercialisation as means or ends. How are gymnasium principals coping with this new situation? This article sheds light on strategies that gymnasium heads will use to create room for manoeuvre and the discourse they draw upon in order to give these strategies political legitimacy. The analysis shows how the Danish tradition of self-management, participant or ‘bottom-up democracy’ continues to have considerable significance. Despite internationalisation the traditional Danish concepts of self-ownership and cooperativeness still appear to be mental shapes or frames of understanding.
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LANGHELLE, OLUF, and HILMAR ROMMETVEDT. "The role of parliament in international relations and WTO negotiations: the case of Norway." World Trade Review 3, no. 2 (July 2004): 189–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745604001867.
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According to traditional constitutional theory, foreign affairs is the prerogative of the executive. However, globalisation and the dual process of internationalisation of domestic affairs and domestification of international affairs imply that the days when foreign policy was the exclusive domain of the executive are over. The article explores the effects of globalisation on the role of Parliament in international relations in general, and WTO negotiations specifically, using the Norwegian Parliament as an illustration. Three findings are presented. First, at the international level attempts are made to develop a ‘parliamentary dimension of the WTO’. Second, at the national level the Norwegian Parliament has become more actively engaged in international relations. And, third, the Norwegian Parliament plays an important role in the processes of defining national interests and determining national negotiation positions in the WTO, especially with regard to possible trade-offs between the offensive interests of fisheries and the defensive interests of agriculture.
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Karthas, Ilyana. "Arbiters of taste: Women, modernism and the making of Paris." French Cultural Studies 31, no. 2 (May 2020): 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957155820910718.
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The years 1870–1960 were a period of vibrant innovation in France when traditional ideas about art and living were challenged. At the turn of the twentieth century, Paris became the epicentre for creative risk, innovation and originality. The city both represented and became a ‘laboratory of culture’ that attracted individuals eager to ride the waves of modernism. What forces enabled Paris to become a site of such artistic vibrancy? What cultural labour was involved in propelling avant-gardism forwards? In this article, I introduce a few examples of women who played a vital role in the modernisation of the arts in Paris, the internationalisation of French artistic tastes, and the cultivation of Paris’s reputation as the centre of avant-gardism and artistic development. In doing so, I offer a new paradigm for understanding the art worlds of Paris in this period by revealing women as important and effective arbiters of taste.
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Wach, Krzysztof. "What Determines Entrepreneurial Orientation of Polish Internationalized Firms?" Journal of Management and Financial Sciences, no. 30 (July 29, 2019): 43–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/jmfs.2017.30.3.
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This article focuses on entrepreneurial orientation during the internationalisation process of the firm, which is one of the main research streams within international entrepreneurship.The main goal of the article is to discuss and elaborate on the basics of international entrepreneurial orientation, its fundamentals and principles and to answer the question what determines entrepreneurial orientation of Polish internationalized firms. The paper presents the results of the survey based on stratified random sampling of 355 Polish internationalized firms. Applying t statistics, the following results were observed. Firms having foreign branches or subsidies abroad are more entrepreneurial. Firms based on the local business domain are more entrepreneurial. High-tech firms are more entrepreneurial. High-growth firms are more entrepreneurial than firms which note traditional growth dynamics. Hyper-growth firms are more entrepreneurial than other firms, also than highgrowth companies. Innovative firms are more entrepreneurial. Strategically-orientated firms are more entrepreneurial. Firms cooperating in any networks are more entrepreneurial.
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Della Piana, Bice, Alessandra Vecchi, Vittoria Marino, and Mario D Arco. "How do Family Firms Grow? The Strategic Goals of Innovation and Internationalization." International Journal of Business and Management 14, no. 2 (January 25, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v14n2p1.
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The aim of the paper is to identify the main strategic goals that are deemed as strategic by the owner/managers for the future growth of a family firm, and to assess how innovation ad internationalisation are included in such goals. By relying on 15 in-depth interviews with family firms’ key informants (i.e. family firms’ owners, managers and professionals), the study makes an original contribution that is significant and relevant both from a theoretical and a methodological perspective. In relation to the former, it provides a comprehensive review of the main family business goal setting models in order to identify the relevant categories used to classify the goals. Additionally, differently from extant research the study outlines the pivotal importance of innovation and internationalization as strategic goals for family firms’ growth. In relation to the latter, by relying on a narrative approach, the study provides a finer-grained understanding of how internationalization and innovation are conceived with respect to traditional characteristics of the family firms.
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Kapp, Silke. "Lost in translation." Architectural Research Quarterly 21, no. 4 (December 2017): 310–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135518000064.
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This paper discusses the ongoing process of internationalisation of scientific research, and its peculiar implications for the field of architecture and planning. I first consider this field's traditional ability of translating and code-switching, as well as the recent experience of adjusting its research practices to academic assessment systems. I then explore some views about the global spread of modern science, from the ideal of a scientific community to the recognition of a political economy of internationalised science, which defines central and peripheral positions, and the kind of knowledge we produce, how we do it and what for. Finally, I propose that in architecture and planning, unlike in most other scientific fields, the nodes of international research networks tend to have different empirical objects, i.e., their own geographical regions. Peripheral research aiming at international relevance can hardly avoid complying with agendas and theoretical frameworks derived from very different socio-spatial environments, thus focusing on problems of minor importance for its own context. Yet architecture, as a weak-science with a tradition of code-switching, still holds the possibility of international collaboration on other terms, stressing differences rather than similarities, and the thorough debate of concepts, methods and theories.
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Jeanneau, Catherine, and Stéphanie O’Riordan. "The impact of a peer-facilitated discussion initiative on international students’ learning experience in the context of internationalisation at home." Language Learning in Higher Education 10, no. 1 (July 31, 2020): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cercles-2020-2011.
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AbstractFostering skills development is one of the tenets of education. For a long time, the traditional binary teacher-student interaction was used as the sole approach to teaching and learning but it is now overwhelmingly regarded as insufficient. The present paper reports on an initiative based on the principles of peer learning. The discussion groups and one-to-one sessions in languages, facilitated by native speakers (NS) who are international students in the institution, were set-up to enable language learners to develop their oral skills. While the advantages of the activity for language learners are clear, it is not as easy to determine the benefits for the NS peer-facilitators. The study presents findings from questionnaires and interviews conducted with some of these NS peer-facilitators and discuss the reported impact of the initiative on these students. While personal growth and development of intercultural awareness feature strongly in the data analysis, an enhanced language learning experience and an influential factor in some participants’ educational and career paths are also revealed. These findings are explained with reference to relevant developments in the study abroad, volunteering and peer learning literature. We will conclude that the initiative is a positive tool for international students’ integration into the host institution and offers a novel way for them to socialise and engage in their new learning environment.
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Lopukhova, Yulia, Elena Makeeva, and Kseniya Kuzovenkova. "INTERNALIZATION OF TEACHER EDUCATION AS A PART OF A UNIVERSITY INTERNALIZATION STRATEGY." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 1 (May 20, 2020): 510. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2020vol1.4986.
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The internationalization of University teacher education is very important today since teachers have to prepare students for living and working in the new global world. To prepare students for the globalization of the society, university teachers should have the opportunity to gain international experience – from traditional studies and internships to summer schools and degree theses abroad, blended learning formats, buddy programmes, international field trips to preparing English-language degree programmes together with international colleagues. In this paper the authors describe the IDUTE programme (International Dimension of University Teacher Education) designed to enhance the international dimensions of various components of University teacher education programmes, to transform courses in order to facilitate change and improvement in reaching the internationalization goals of their work and to help provide University teachers with greater global competence. This paper details the nature and specifics of the IDUTE programme and provides details of the programme’s outcomes and results. The authors have done extensive research to determine both the existing international content and programme practices for University teacher education and perceived needs for improvement. The IDUTE programme promotes internationalisation among technical teachers and students and expands intercultural competence into their studies and career through creation and development of separate 16/36/72-hour modules on international activities of University Teachers.
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Tîrziman, Elena, and Maria Micle. "Adapting Librarians’ Professional Competences to Current Requirements through Initial Education and Lifelong Education." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 6, no. 2 (April 30, 2016): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v6i2.p161-166.
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The alert pace of technological, information and social development of contemporary society prevent academic programmes of initial education (bachelor, master) in the field of Library and Information Science (LIS) from supplying graduates with enough knowledge and competences to meet the employers’ requirements: this makes lifelong learning indispensable. The initial education and lifelong education options for graduate professional librarians in Romania as stipulated by the specific legislation are bachelor in LIS, bachelor in another professional field plus a master in LIS, bachelor in another field plus competence acquired otherwise than through formal education and assessed based on Occupational Standards as acknowledged by the National Agency for Qualifications. The beneficial effects of lifelong learning are blurred in Romania by the propagation of a traditional, outdated professional profile strongly marked by negative stereotyping and that still keep youth away from a career in the info-documentary field. To well adapt the profession of librarian to the requirements of our society (information technology and globalisation), lifelong learning programmes need to pay attention not only to specific professional competences but also to competences and activities related to institutional internationalisation and adaptation to the multicultural environment, educating the public in the spirit of information literacy, and revitalising the didactics and promotion of reading.
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Moe, Sverre. "Verdenssamfunnet." Dansk Sociologi 12, no. 2 (August 23, 2006): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/dansoc.v12i2.643.
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The world society
If we live in the world society, this must be the only society existing on earth today encompassing all kinds of social life on the globe; hence the ultimate reference of any sociological theory. It is no wonder then that most social theorists avoid the notion of a world society and prefer to speak in terms of ‘internationalisation’ and ‘globalization’. The article discusses four theories of the world society: functionalism (Parsons), world-system-theory (Wallerstein), neo-institutionalism (Thomas Meyer, etc.) and the theory of autopoietic social systems (Luhmann). The article argues that Luhmann managed to speak of a world society without merely reproducing traditional notions of society that imply homogeneity, unity, equality and centrality (as the other theories tend to do). In Luhmann’s view society must be understood in terms of communication, evolution and differentiation. Thus the world society is a functionally differentiated society that makes it possible to connect and synchronize communication anywhere on the globe with communication anywhere else. Luhmann’s notion of the world society should however be debated. For instance one can ask if he is emptying the concept of a “society” or how he can speak of the world society as a system.
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Nistoreanu, Bogdan Gabriel, Liliana Nicodim, and Dan Mihnea Diaconescu. "Gastronomic tourism - stages and evolution." Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 12, no. 1 (May 1, 2018): 711–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2018-0063.
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Abstract On a worldwide level, the dimension of tourism has been sustained and amplified by globalisation. This has facilitated not just easier travel, but also the internationalisation of food from the national kitchens. One of the interesting segments of the immaterial regional cultural heritage is the local gastronomic arts. Each destination has its own cultural vision linked to the area, region, and country which generate corresponding gastronomic identities. The link between local cuisine and national identity is deeply rooted in all ethnicities because food has forever been central to the day to day rituals. A distinctive trait of many cultures is given by the type of food and drinks we associate with them. Currently, many of these are available outside the borders, globalisation being largely responsible to the spread of food and drinks beyond the traditional cultural borders: Mexican and Italian food are very popular in the USA, Indian food in Great Britain, Chinese in the whole world. That is why local gastronomy is considered as being a vital part of culture and community and this is the reason for which it must be kept and protected. The gastronomy is an attribute of the identity of a destination: countries are usually characterised by one or two culinary plates, considered to be emblematic for the nation just like the national flag.
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Huber, Evelyne, and John D. Stephens. "Globalisation, Competitiveness, and the Social Democratic Model." Social Policy and Society 1, no. 1 (January 2002): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746402001070.
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For a long time, the discussion about the impact of economic globalisation on the full employment/generous welfare state policies pursued by social democratic governments was characterised by doom and gloom. Glib neo-liberal arguments about the impossibility of maintaining social democratic policies, that were presumably hindering competitiveness through excessive wages and taxes in the new international environment were difficult to counter, because social democrats could not resort to an equally elaborate and internally consistent economic doctrine that could substitute for evidence, and the evidence was not yet in to counter these arguments on empirical grounds. Recently, careful and comprehensive comparative studies have provided evidence that, despite undeniable problems posed by economic internationalisation, social democratic welfare states and employment regimes have proven to be highly resilient (Scharpf and Schmidt, 2000; Huber and Stephens, 2001). Indeed, some kinds of traditional social democratic policy, such as an emphasis on labour mobilisation through active labour market policy and social services that make it possible to combine labour force participation with raising children, and an emphasis on human capital formation have facilitated adaptation to the new economic conditions. Moreover, newly available data on skill distribution (OECD/HRDC, 2000) and income distribution (LIS) suggest that the egalitarian thrust characteristic of social democratic policy has made an important contribution to raising literacy skills at the bottom, which in turn facilitates the integration of the entire labour force into productive activities that are competitive in high-quality markets.
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Williamson, Peter J. "The competitive advantages of emerging market multinationals: a re-assessment." critical perspectives on international business 11, no. 3/4 (July 6, 2015): 216–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cpoib-02-2014-0008.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to re-assess both the nature and sources of the competitive advantages which multinationals expanding from home bases in emerging economies (EMNEs) may enjoy in the global market. Design/methodology/approach – The paper analyses the results of 12 concurrent studies undertaken by a group of experts who were asked to examine how strategies for innovation, international value chain configuration and foreign mergers and acquisitions contributed to the competitive advantages of multinationals emerging from Brazil, Russia, India and China (the BRICs), respectively. Findings – EMNEs do have competitive advantages that can underpin their expansion abroad, but these are mainly “non-traditional” advantages that have been built by finding innovative ways to leverage advantages of their home countries. EMNE’s internationalisation is as much about accessing new resources and knowledge to enable them to extend their competitive advantage, as it is a route to exploiting existing advantages over a larger set of markets. As a result, the global value chain structure of EMNEs tends to be fundamentally different from that chosen by incumbent multinationals. Research limitations/implications – The study is limited to EMNEs from the BRIC countries, but implications for EMNEs emerging from other countries are discussed. Originality/value – We bring to bear extensive data and a systematic approach to understanding the new breed of multinationals emerging from the BRIC countries; their sources of competitive advantage; and how they are using innovation, foreign investment and overseas acquisitions to transform global competition.
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Vinther, Jane, and Gordon Slethaug. "Changing Conceptions of the International Classroom and the Good Student?" HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business 27, no. 53 (December 2, 2014): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v27i53.20948.
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<p align="LEFT">The changing conception of international education and the instructors’ perception of the’ good student’ is the focus of this study. Differing teaching philosophies and pedagogies in diverse cultures mean different conceptions of the important qualities and appropriate behaviour of students. As the flow of migrating students increases globally, the classrooms become increasingly intercultural, students bring disparate competences and educational values with them, and traditional views on good teaching and good students are no longer ‘givens’.</p><p align="LEFT">When international students fill classrooms in countries far from their own, they risk not having their abilities perceived as being as valuable as those of home students. In the Nordic and Anglophone countries, there is a wellestablished credo of the ‘good student’ as independent and self-motivated – a belief usually ascribed to Western philosophies and traditions hailing back to Humboldt and his ideas of autonomy, freedom, and critical thinking. By contrast, many Asian cultures purportedly honour and respect the instructor’s opinion and established knowledge above the student’s. This study investigates the attitudes of instructors in Canada and Denmark towards these cultural perceptions through the lens of changes in internationalisation over time and space.</p><p align="LEFT">This study argues that, as a first step, instructors should become better grounded in and more explicit about their own traditions and cultural philosophies, so that they can build upon them for international teaching and learning. On the basis of responses from Canadian and Danish scholars, we aim to explore avenues towards a flexible, dynamic, and transnational conception of the good student.</p>
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Mouton, Nelda, G. P. Louw, and G. L. Strydom. "Restructuring And Mergers Of The South African Post-Apartheid Tertiary System (1994-2011): A Critical Analysis." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 12, no. 2 (January 31, 2013): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v12i2.7628.
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Socio-economic and vocational needs of communities, governments and individuals change over the years and these discourses served as a compass for restructuring of higher institutions in South Africa from 1994. Before 1994, the claim to legitimacy for government policies in higher education rested on meeting primarily the interests of the white minority. From 1996 onwards, the newly established government considered education a major vehicle of societal transformation. The main objective had been to focus on reducing inequality and fostering internationalisation. Therefore, the rationale for the restructuring of South African universities included a shift from science systems to global science networks. Various challenges are associated with restructuring and include access, diversity, equity and equality. Thus, the restructuring and mergers between former technikons and traditional universities were probably the most difficult to achieve in terms of establishing a common academic platform, as transitional conditions also had to be taken into account and had a twin logic: It was not only the legacy of apartheid that had to be overcome but the incorporation of South Africa into the globalised world was equally important as globalisation transforms the economic, political, social and environmental dimensions of countries and their place in the world. Initially, the post-apartheid higher education transformation started with the founding policy document on higher education, the Report of the National Commission on Higher Education and this report laid the foundation for the 1997 Education White Paper 3 on Higher Education in which a transformed higher education system is described. Restructuring and mergers also had a far-reaching impact, positive and negative, on the various tertiary institutions. This article also reflects on the impact of restructuring and mergers of higher education and reaches the conclusion that higher education faces many more challenges than initially anticipated prior to transformation.
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Mouton, Nelda, G. P. Louw, and G. L. Strydom. "Restructuring And Mergers Of The South African Post-Apartheid Tertiary System (1994-2011): A Critical Analysis." Journal of International Education Research (JIER) 9, no. 2 (March 27, 2013): 127–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jier.v9i2.7718.
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Socio-economic and vocational needs of communities, governments and individuals change over the years and these discourses served as a compass for restructuring of higher institutions in South Africa from 1994. Before 1994, the claim to legitimacy for government policies in higher education rested on meeting primarily the interests of the white minority. From 1996 onwards, the newly established government considered education a major vehicle of societal transformation. The main objective had been to focus on reducing inequality and fostering internationalisation. Therefore, the rationale for the restructuring of South African universities included a shift from science systems to global science networks. Various challenges are associated with restructuring and include access, diversity, equity and equality. Thus, the restructuring and mergers between former technikons and traditional universities were probably the most difficult to achieve in terms of establishing a common academic platform, as transitional conditions also had to be taken into account and had a twin logic: It was not only the legacy of apartheid that had to be overcome but the incorporation of South Africa into the globalised world was equally important as globalisation transforms the economic, political, social and environmental dimensions of countries and their place in the world. Initially, the post-apartheid higher education transformation started with the founding policy document on higher education, the Report of the National Commission on Higher Education and this report laid the foundation for the 1997 Education White Paper 3 on Higher Education in which a transformed higher education system is described. Restructuring and mergers also had a far-reaching impact, positive and negative, on the various tertiary institutions. This article also reflects on the impact of restructuring and mergers of higher education and reaches the conclusion that higher education faces many more challenges than initially anticipated prior to transformation.
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Ho, Tien Thi Hanh, and Ly Thi Tran. "Appropriation of foreign approaches for sustainable development and transformational changes in Vietnamese vocational education." Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning 8, no. 4 (November 12, 2018): 527–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/heswbl-04-2018-0053.
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Purpose Vietnam’s 11th National Party Congress prioritised integration, modernisation and industrialisation as the new key orientations for Vietnam. It outlined Vietnam’s integration with the world, not only economically, but also in terms of the social, cultural, educational, scientific and technological areas that can support social and economic development and sustainability. Vocational education has been recognised as pivotal to the nation’s sustainable workforce development and transformational changes. The purpose of this paper is to analyse how foreign approaches and practices have been filtered and appropriated to bring about sustainable development and transformational changes for Vietnamese vocational education. Design/methodology/approach The paper is derived from a study that involves documentary analysis, observation and semi-structured interviews with vocational learners and staff across three different vocational education and training (VET) sites in Vietnam. The overall study includes three vocational education providers and 22 participants altogether, but this paper involves observation and semi-structured interviews with eight participants, including one leader, two teachers and five students. It focusses on a Germany-funded vocational college in the northern central area of Vietnam that came under the management of the Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs, and the local province where the college located. Findings The findings of the study show a critical need to develop a new “Vietnamese VET pedagogy” that filters international influences and flexibly and creatively combines them with the existing local pedagogy. To meet the local and global demands and bring transnational changes for Vietnamese vocational education, new VET pedagogies need to align with both Vietnamese historical and political situations, especially the emergent demands of the open market socialist economy and to capitalise on international influences – Confucian, French, Soviet and Western. Such a balance will ensure Vietnam makes use of both international forces and local strengths for sustainable development and transformational changes rather than passive dependence on foreign practices. Research limitations/implications The research provides valuable insights into the appropriation of foreign practices and principles in Vietnamese vocational education. However, it focusses only on three vocational education sites in central Vietnam. Further studies with larger scale of participants and across a variety of vocational education settings including public and private institutions, community centres and family workshops will offer broader findings related to this important topic. Practical implications The study suggests practical implications for institutions to deal with the challenges associated with the adaptation of international forces into the vocational education context in Vietnam. It outlines the transformational changes in pedagogical practices related to the increased requirement to move from the traditional didactic teaching to more self-directed learning, to meet the requirements of a modern vocational education system. Originality/value This study provides unique insights into the practices and challenges of filtering foreign VET practices and principles to bring about transformational changes in Vietnamese vocational education. It, therefore, responds to the paucity of literature in this area. In addition, it examines internationalisation in Vietnamese VET, an under-researched area in the field of internationalisation of education as most of the literature in this field concentrates on the higher education sector.
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Oakes, Leigh. "From internationalisation to globalisation." Language Problems and Language Planning 29, no. 2 (August 10, 2005): 151–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.29.2.04oak.
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In recent years, much has been made in the media and in academic circles of the risk that the world is heading towards linguistic convergence. But as internationalisation gives way to globalisation, as the emphasis shifts from mere contact between states to pressures for homogeneity, there is a paradoxical tendency towards cultural divergence. Economic-inspired theories of globalisation seem to have underestimated the power of identity, which has contributed to nationalist revivals around the globe. This paper therefore seeks to make identity considerations more central to the current debate on language and globalisation, by focusing on the lesser-known context of Sweden. The minimal importance attributed to national and linguistic identity in Sweden during the era of internationalisation is contrasted with the renewed sense of national identity that has arisen in the more advanced era of globalisation. This nationalist revival could provide the necessary support amongst the general public for the protective language planning measures for Swedish currently proposed. With its traditionally positive attitudes towards English, the case of Sweden thus offers a unique opportunity to examine whether it is possible to establish a stable diglossic relationship between English and a national language, thereby reducing the risk of language shift that globalisation is so often claimed to pose.
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Mewaldt, Andrea. "The Market-Oriented And Integrative Management Model For Successful Internationalisation Of Vocational Education And Training Services." Journal of Service Science (JSS) 7, no. 1 (January 22, 2015): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jss.v7i1.9108.
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Export of VET services has become the rapidly growing business field within the service sector. Austria and Germany traditionally run the vocational education and training (VET) by the so-called Dual Apprenticeship System, the public-private co-management of employers and public vocational schools. Both countries promote VET internationalisation, and VET service providers seek for respective management strategies. This paper contributes to the question How do VET providers successfully internationalise?As finding the paper presents the market-oriented and integrative management model for VET internationalisation into emerging markets. The explorative study applied the market-oriented innovation management research method that was chosen to highlight the paradigm shift in VET internationalisation towards market-orientation. Moreover, the method strongly involves the users view what is is in compliance with latest value creation and value co-creation theories in service management.
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Nguyen, Amy Linh Thuy. "FDI inflows and intellectual property rights for MNEs in emerging markets: an alternative approach through the lens of trademarks in Vietnam (1986-2016)." Multinational Business Review 28, no. 4 (July 6, 2020): 483–519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mbr-10-2019-0140.
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Purpose While the current anti-globalisation wave is considered as a regional and cyclical relapse among Western countries, the new era of globalisation has shifted away from stagnant developed economies towards the rising prosperity of emerging Asia, where it is attracting substantial global inward foreign direct investment (FDI). Focussing on Vietnam, the country that is seen as Asia’s next economic tiger, the question of how important intellectual properties (IP) protection is in the international competition for FDI inflows is still unsettled, especially on the under-researched topic of trademarks. Design/methodology/approach This paper takes on the business history approach, which allows rich evidence from the dynamic and evolving natures of multinational enterprises (MNEs) to drive the research process, so that international business scholars can test models rigorously. The evidence provided in this paper is essentially qualitative and combines trademark registrations data, with trade and FDI statistics between 1986 and 2016, also draws on companies’ archives, industry reports and related newspaper articles. Findings This paper provides the chronology of intellectual property right (IPR) legal landscapes and the dynamic co-evolution of trademarks and FDI inflows in Vietnam. Three trademark protection strategies for MNEs and their patterns here are addressed. The paper also argues that trademarks bring new insights and IP protection strategy for pharmaceutical MNEs for the case of Vietnam is as important in trademarks as it is in patents. In emerging markets with strong incentives for FDI such as Vietnam, MNEs are not necessarily put off by weak IPR, but rather create alternative strategies for dealing with the lack of IP protection in these emerging market settings. Originality/value This study challenges the stream of thoughts that view trademarks as a “neglected intangible asset” among different IPRs, while in fact, trademarks advance MNEs’ knowledge by ensuring competitiveness and long-run survival in emerging markets. This paper is among the first few attempts to look at pharmaceutical industry through the lens of trademarks, moving away from the traditional patent-focussed approach. It extends the understanding of OLI paradigm and highlights that MNEs need to possess Oa and Op advantages not only at the beginning of internationalisation process but rather evolving through the time to cope with imitation risks in the host country.
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Małys, Łukasz, and Krzysztof Fonfara. "From intermediary relationship to multiple relationships – option of developing the network position in the internationalisation process. An exploratory study of a Polish food company." Olsztyn Economic Journal 14, no. 2 (June 28, 2019): 209–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/oej.3972.
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Traditionally, the internationalisation process of a company has been analysed from the perspective of entering foreign markets. Currently, it is often analysed within the so-called network models, which take into account the importance of business relationships. The process of entry is not understood as a process of entering a foreign market, but a process of entering a network of business relationships on a foreign market. Insidership in such networks is necessary for successful internationalisation. Being an insider in the network means having a certain network position.
The aim of the paper is to identify based on a pilot study the possible way of building network position on foreign markets by Polish food companies. The paper will present a picture of one company, focusing on its operations on German market since the entry in 2006. The researched company started building network position on foreign markets by developing a strong relationship with one actor, who acted as key intermediary with the market. As a result of major change in the business environment, the company decided to revise the strategy and develop a number of weaker links with various actors. The paper presents a number of questions which raise from a pilot study and require further investigation.
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Mangiron, Carmen. "The Localisation of Japanese Video Games." Journal of Internationalization and Localization 2 (January 1, 2012): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jial.2.01man.
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Over the course of the last three decades the entertainment software industry has become a multibillion dollar industry and a worldwide phenomenon. The United States and Japan have traditionally been the main players in this industry, which owes part of its global success to internationalisation and the associated localisation processes. Due to the cultural distance between Japan and Western countries, Japanese games often undergo extensive cultural adaptation in order to market them successfully in those territories. This paper analyses the localisation of Japanese console games. After presenting a brief overview of the history of the localisation of Japanese games it describes the main internationalisation strategies adopted by Japanese developers and publishers. It also explores the main localisation strategies applied to Japanese games, i.e. domesticating or exoticising, exploring the cultural adaptation processes to which some Japanese games have been subject, and examines how critics and players reacted to the localised versions. Finally, it concludes with a reflection on the extent to which Japanese games should be culturally adapted for their international release in order to strike the right balance between domesticating and exoticising strategies taking into account different factors, such as the genre of the game, the gaming preferences of the target players, and the intended audience.
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Kraus, Sascha, Thomas Niemand, Markus Besler, Philipp Stieg, and Carla Martinez Ciment. "The influence of leadership styles on the internationalisation of 'born-global' firms and traditionally global-expanding firms." European J. of International Management 12, no. 5/6 (2018): 554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ejim.2018.094457.
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Martinez Ciment, Carla, Thomas Niemand, Markus Besler, Philipp Stieg, and Sascha Kraus. "The influence of leadership styles on the internationalisation of 'born-global' firms and traditionally global-expanding firms." European J. of International Management 12, no. 5/6 (2018): 554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ejim.2018.10014756.
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Tšuikina, N. V., and E. V. Busurina. "Linguocreative nominative realia, innovations, and Russian as a foreign language." Education and science journal 22, no. 4 (May 15, 2020): 110–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17853/1994-5639-2020-4-110-130.
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Introduction. In recent decades, the Russian urban sociocultural environment has demonstrated the process of generation of linguocreative nominative realia (culture-bound terms) – units of language (from words to texts), created on the basis of the language game or speech stylisation to name various social and cultural phenomena. This linguistic phenomenon proves to be relevant for teaching Russian as a foreign language, specifically in light of the global trend of increasing intensity of spatial mobility of different population groups and the growing internationalisation of Russian educational system. Using linguocreative nominative units provides possibilities to implement the innovative methods in teaching foreign languages. It also allows integrating socio-cultural components in the learning process to facilitate the adaptation of international students.The aim of the current publication was to discover and describe the didactic resource of linguocreative nominative realia for teaching Russian as a foreign language.Methodology and research methods. The methodological framework of the present research was based on the provisions of competency-based approach to teaching Russian as a foreign language and the theory of critical thinking development. The introduction of ergourbanonyms (ergo urban place names) into training courses was verified by the methods of experiment, testing, interview and comparative analysis.Results and scientific novelty. In the course of the research, educational linguistic and verbal cognitive tasks were designed. The approbation was carried out during the academic year in experimental groups of foreign students, who study Russian. The authors presented didactic materials, which are based on linguocreative nominative realia. The effectiveness and perspective of the application of these materials are demonstrated. The inclusion of these teaching materials in the methodological arsenal allows solving several humanitarian tasks: for students to learn more profoundly Russian as a foreign language and to undergo a successful process of adaptation to social and living conditions of everyday environment in a target-language country; for teachers – to increase the motivation of foreign students to acquire Russian as a foreign language and to develop students’ creative critical thinking. Experimental and control groups had tests in the end of the experimental period. The students of experimental groups were taught using new teaching means and tools. The training of students of control groups was organised through traditional techniques. The comparison of learning outcomes upon the probationary period showed higher level of students’ communicative competency in experimental groups, and the students from the control group demonstrated considerably low level of knowledge regarding social and cultural aspects of Russian life. Summarising the results of one year’s innovative experience, teaching materials and methodological guidelines were designed to organise the learning process on the basis of active learning and teaching of Russian as a foreign language.Practical significance. The didactic and methodological tools suggested in the current article can be integrated into various programmes of teaching Russian as a foreign language; the adaptation component of the materials will work within long-term programmes. The current methodological materials are ready to be implemented for classes with foreign students in any region of Russia, or they can serve as an initial sample to develop own methods and design didactic materials.
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Smith, Heidi A. "Transculturality in higher education." Learning and Teaching 13, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/latiss.2020.130304.
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One way in which higher education has responded to globalisation and the emergence of transculturality has been to expand its focus on internationalisation at an unprecedented rate. Traditionally this occurred through international students and their contact with local students. A longitudinal case study into the student experience of transculturality in the Erasmus Mundus Transcultural European Outdoor Studies Masters programme found transcultural self-growth and transcultural capabilities of resilience, intelligence and the ability to work through fatigue to be central to their experience. Using Kemmis and Smith’s (2008a) themes related to praxis (doing, morally committed action, reflexivity, connection, concreteness and a process of becoming) this theoretical article explores the place of critical transcultural pedagogical praxis in supporting transcultural learning experiences of higher education students.
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Raga, Juan Antonio. "The university, driver of innovation." Mètode Revista de difusió de la investigació, no. 9 (March 6, 2019): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/metode.9.14162.
Full textAbstract:
Several universities have recently made the front page of newspapers, televisions, and other media, but, unfortunately, the reason behind this was not their day-to-day work, focused on training and research, but some cases of malpractice by certain academics who used and abused the institution for personal gain.
By its very nature as a public service, the University is based on analysis and criticism, including self-criticism. Very few institutions are. Perhaps that is why, without ignoring the fact that there is room for improvement, we must prove the increasingly important role that these public bodies have been given, as well as their achievements for social benefit and progress. In our country, in just a few decades, public universities went from being centres devoted exclusively to higher education to fully participate in research. And in even less time, they have been able to overcome the paradigm of a Humboldtian university, adding a third pillar – the transfer of knowledge to society in its different facets – to the two traditional foundations, teaching and research.
In recent years, European, Spanish, and Valencian governments have emphasised the need to create knowledge-based companies and to provide advances that can be applied to the real economy. The University of Valencia proposed a strategic project so that part of the knowledge it generated could transform into direct benefits for our fellow citizens, in the form of improvements in product and service creation and, in general, in innovation within the productive system. Thus, the Science and Technology Park of the University of Valencia (PCUV in its Valencian initialism) was officially inaugurated in 2009, conceived as a space for the daily coexistence of academia and business. In this period, several research institutes have been consolidated, new ones have emerged (some within the Spanish National Research Council) and, for the first time, knowledge-based companies are being regarded in their own right. A total of 200 companies have flourished in the Science and Technology Park in almost a decade. Some have disappeared due to market difficulties and the economic crisis, but others have grown so much that they have continued their development and internationalisation in other places, responding to new space needs or to a level of consolidation that makes them independent of the University’s commitment to entrepreneurship.
The Science and Technology Park currently hosts 85 innovative companies with an annual turnover of over 30 million euros. These companies have generated 470 direct jobs close to gender equality (43 % of women and 57 % of men), and where graduates represent 83.7 % (15 % of whom hold PhDs). These figures show that the institutional commitment made it possible to generate an active innovative ecosystem that, in under ten years, has made a positive impact on our environment.
We live in an age of dizzying novelties, where new technologies in robotics, ICT, big data, biotechnology, or materials – all of which are areas of activity that are present at the PCUV – will achieve breakthroughs that were previously unimaginable. Therefore, twenty-first-century universities must participate in these challenges that will eventually lead to a new and sustainable economic model and contribute to solving the problems that those new circumstances will create in society. Universities, generators of knowledge and innovation, must be restless and sensitive to change, ready to face new challenges and help societies improve and move forward.
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Spiczéné Bukovszki, Edit. "Pedagogical Implications of Teaching English for Science and Technology." Economica 7, no. 4 (August 6, 2020): 164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.47282/economica/2014/7/4/4426.
Full textAbstract:
Teaching English for Specific Purposes (ESP) has traditionally been context-driven, focusing on the special field in which the language is expected to be used; needs-responsive, trying to define language learners’ needs and adapt teaching practices to these needs; and finally learner-centred, in a sense that teachingprocesses and learners activities have been highly influenced by the desired learning outcomes. However, due to recent global changes the conventional ways of teaching have been challenged. The paper lists some of the most intriguing pedagogical challenges for ESP practitioners and also recommendspossible solutions to meet them, partly from overviewing related academic literature, partly from successful practical implementations. Pedagogical issues raised by the internationalisation of higher education are also investigated by the author and some preliminary results of empirical research about learning styles are presented.