Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Traditional Chinese Medicine'

Infertility treatments are sought after by about one in every ten women in the United States. In vitro fertilization (IVF) and intra-uterine insemination (IUI) are both relatively expensive and time consuming fertility options for patients and yet still cannot guarantee pregnancy will be achieved. Incorporating acupuncture into an IVF cycle creates a sympathoinhibitory effects, decreases pulsatillity index, and promotes increased uterine artery blood flow and therefore increased endometrial thickness and increased likelihood of embryo implantation. Additionally, acupuncture normalizes hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis dysfunction. Incorporating Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) into an IVF cycle promotes estrogenic effects including uterine support through the luteal phase. Incorporating CHM into an IUI regimen helps to alleviate the anti-estrogenic effects of the follicle stimulating pharmaceuticals prescribed. In randomized trials, acupuncture and CHM significantly increased endometrial thickness measurements and CHM significantly increased pregnancy and live birth rates when used alongside IVF. Most patients have negative perceptions regarding traditional Chinese medicine and are therefore not receptive to using it or incorporating it into their fertility treatment plan. Because some positive effects and no negative effects have been found, physicians should continue to recommend these complementary approaches to their patients, provided the addition of TCM is financially feasible for the patient.

The project developed a web-based application that provides a user-friendly interface to assist practitioners of traditional Chinese medicine in determining the correct diagnosis. Traditional Chinese Medicine On-line Diagnosis System (TCMODS) allows a diagnostician to enter a patient's symptoms using a series of questionnaires to determine health status, which will then be stored in the database as part of the patient's medical records. The database will also differentiate among the patterns of syndromes known in traditional Chinese medicine and search and match these with the patient's data to the known uses of Chinese herbs. TCMODS will then generate that patient's medical record, including the symptoms of the ailment, the syndrome, and a prescription. User identification and access privileges were differentiated in order to maintain the integrity of the patient medical data and the information needed to make the diagnoses. The project was designed to function across platforms and was written using HTML, JSP, and MySQL.

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is a medical system with a unique medical philosophy that continues to guide the contemporary turning out of new pharmaceutical formulae. The clinically-proved effective components of these formulae are being extracted by means of modern technology. Natural Chinese medicines account for approximately 30% of the global sales volume of all medicines, and the international market-size of the TCM industry is increasing rapidly. The TCM industry depends on the patent protection of the results of its R&D no less than does any other industry. However, the patent examination guidelines of many important jurisdictions are hostile to the granting of patents to TCM products and processes. This is partly attributable to the vast differences between the philosophies of TCM and Western medicine, and to the imperfect understanding in many jurisdictions (particularly where Western Medicine is dominant) of the former. To this considerable degree, patent law fails to accommodate the TCM industry. Consequently, the TCM inventor will be left open to the depredations of the ‘free-rider’ phenomenon, the circumstance in which the inventor loses the benefits of his invention, and his investment in it, to a purloiner. The research examines the compatibilities between patent law and TCM, and argues that patent policy shall be adjusted to better accommodate the characteristics of TCM. Other forms of IPR protection are also discussed in comparison with patent with the purpose of illustrating the significance of patent in protecting TCM inventions.
published_or_final_version
Law
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy

The most exciting area in current cancer research is immuno-oncology, which aims to develop immunotherapy that activates the human immune system to attack cancers. However, we still lack broadly effective drugs and drug targets for this promising new cancer treatment modality. In an attempt to seek new immuno-oncology drugs that particularly target the antitumor innate immunity, our lab had previously screened traditional Chinese herbal medicine and found that water extract from a medicinal plant, Alocasia Cucullata (AC), has strong anticancer activity in mouse solid tumor models and acts partly by promoting antitumor, proinflammatory macrophages. However, the active components responsible for this exciting immuno-oncology activity and the corresponding immune targets are unknown. Therefore, the aim of my PhD study is to develop chemical biology strategies to isolate and purify the active components of AC from the crude water extract and identify the corresponding cellular targets and mechanisms. Results from my study identified two separable activities and active components, one smaller than 3K and the other larger than 100K, which work synergistically to simulate antitumor macrophages. Further analysis revealed the >100K active component is a large polysaccharide that binds to multiple Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) critical for activating proinflammatory M1-type macrophages. Identity of the Nonetheless, I was able to clean up this fraction by 50 fold and perform RNAseq to examine the innate immune targets of this intriguing drug lead and found it acts to differentiate monocytes to macrophages. Overall my PhD thesis has explored new chemical biology strategies to purify and characterize active components from traditional Chinese medicine towards new drug development and developed a variety of cell-based immune activity assays for identifying and characterizing novel innate immune drug targets and mechanisms

This dissertation for the Degree of Doctor of Psychology (Health) presents three pieces of work: 1) Systematic Review of Acupuncture as an Intervention for the Alleviation of Chronic Back Pain. 2) Health-Seeking Behaviours and Use of Traditional Chinese Medicine among the British Chinese 3) Design of an evaluation to measure outcomes of a Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinic for a Chinese Health Centre in London's Chinatown. The underlying theme linking these three pieces of work is Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and health-seeking behaviours. This thesis applies different methodologies to examine the use of TCM amongst British Chinese communities and also to explore the influence of culture and values on the health-seeking behaviours of British Chinese communities. The main aim of this thesis is to attempt to better understand the health-related issues of TCM and Chinese people living in Britain.

Aim The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of a specific school of acupuncture, Traditional Chinese Medicine Acupuncture (TCMA), as a whole complex intervention, as it operated in a clinic setting, on a wider representation of users and spectrum of diseases than the typical acupuncture user profile, and to explore potential variations in health outcomes. Design and Setting This was a retrospective study that employed a Whole Systems Research (WSR) design that involved outcome evaluation, to determine the efficacy of TCMA, together with process evaluation, to determine patient perceptions of how the intervention worked in practice, with regards to health, wellness, and Quality of Life (QoL). The research focused on a subsidised clinic that was located in a socially deprived area of London. Methods The retrospective study period was February 2007 to March 2008. Scores from Measure Yourself Medical Outcome Profile (MYMOP), an outcome measure used to investigate changes in health outcomes over time, were extracted from individual patient files (N=208) that had fulfilled the inclusion criteria of attendance at six consecutive treatment sessions, delivered from baseline treatment, irrespective of outcome or symptom. MYMOP scores on Symptom, Activity and Wellbeing, that were completed at baseline (treatment 1) follow up (treatment 2), follow up (treatment 3), follow up (treatment 4), follow up (treatment 5) and follow up (treatment 6), were analysed using repeated measures ANOVA to investigate whether a significant difference in QoL, a variable derived from the mean of the nominated MYMOP scores, existed between baseline treatment and outcome for patients over the six week treatment period; statistical analysis was also completed to explore variations in treatment outcomes in relation to patient’s socio-demographic characteristics, age, gender, ethnicity and social grade, and the wide range of health conditions reflected in the sample. Written patient commentaries (N=117), concerning experiences of TCMA, that were provided on patient discharge forms were extracted and analysed using Thematic Analysis. Results Significant differences were found in the direction of better reported MYMOP Symptom, Activity and Wellbeing scores following TCMA treatments and a significant difference in QoL was found between baseline assessment and outcome for TCMA patients over the 6-week course of treatment. Statistical analysis produced no evidence that the perceived benefits of TCMA treatment were associated with patients’ gender, age, ethnicity, social class, or presenting condition; no evidence was found that either demographics or presenting condition operated as outcome modifiers. Thematic analysis resulted in the identification of five themes which together provided insight into, and a way of understanding, both the outcomes and the processes that operated within TCMA. Conclusion Findings from the present study show that TCMA delivered perceived global and multidimensional beneficial changes in health, wellbeing and QoL; furthermore, the perceived positive treatment outcomes, which were unrelated to illness type or severity at the time of initial treatment, were consistent across socio-demographic subgroups and a wide spectrum of challenging cases of both physical and mental pathology. The study’s findings are important because they have advanced understanding of TCMA treatment efficacy and the workings of this particular style of acupuncture (TCMA) in terms of health, wellness and QoL.

碩士
國立中正大學
資訊工程研究所
104
Syndrome differentiation and treatment is a special way develped for the diagnosis and therapy in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). In syndrome differentiation, the physician first collects the symptoms and signs of patients through four examinations: inspection, listening and smelling, inquiry, and palpation. According to the collected symptoms and signs, the physician then analyzes the cause, location, and mechanism of the disease of patients. In syndrome treatment, the physician gives the proper treatment and herbal medicinals based on the results of syndrome differentiation. Chinese herbal formula study concerns the therapeutic principles of syndrome treatment and the combination of herbal medicinals. A formula consists of one or multiple herbal medicinals conforming to the therapeutic principles of syndrome treatment. The herbal medicinals in a formula may play one of four different roles: sovereign medicinals, minister medicinals, assistant medicinals and courier medicinals. These herbal medicinals perfectly combines to achieve the benefits of syndrome treatment. The combination of herbal medicinals conforming to the therapeutic principles of syndrome treatment forms an extremely complex system. This thesis applies the ontology technique and the multi-objective optimization technique to develop a medicinal combination system for TCM. This system includes a TCM herb medicinal ontology, a herb medicinal thesaurus and a herb medicinal combination module. This thesis studies the standardization of herb medicinal names and their therapeutic effect terms. This thesis uses an ontology development tool to construct a TCM herb medicinal ontology for these standardized herb medicinal names and their therapeutic effect terms. This thesis also develops a herb medicinal thesaurus to facilitate the mapping of any herb medicinal names and therapeutic effect terms to the standardized herb medicinal names and therapeutic effect terms. This thesis applies the multi-objective optimization technique to develop a herb medicinal combination module. This thesis also performs a preliminary evalation on this module based on 28 formulas for spleen qi deficiency syndrome or spleen yang deficiency syndrome. The result of this preliminary evalation is quite encouraging and demonstrates the importance and feasibility of the medicinal combination systems for TCM.

碩士
中山醫學大學
醫學社會暨社會工作學系碩士班
101
Traditional Chinese medicine used to be the main form of medical treatment in Taiwan, especially during the Japanese colonial period (1895-1945). Modernization and scientific methodology form the values and ideology of modern medicine and have affected patient behavior in terms of seeking medical care. The aims of this study are to analyze the contents of the Taiwan Medical Journal from 1958 to 2012 and from a social constructionist perspective and based on van Gorp’s framing package approach to explore how frameworks of modernization and scientific value are represented in the discourse. The results show that Taiwanese mainstream medicine is framed as follows: Taiwanese mainstream medicine has moved along the scientific and westernized path. Medical education institutions and the health insurance system in Taiwan strongly promote Western medicine as a symbol of modernity and Taiwanese mainstream medicine. Meanwhile, traditional Chinese medicine has mostly been excluded from the medical market.

碩士
國立中正大學
資訊工程研究所
105
Our research team had developed an ontology-based medicinal combination system for traditional Chinese medicine. Based on the combination principles of sovereign, minister, assistant, and courier medicinals, this system can automatically recommend the most effective medicinals given a medicinal effect. This system contained only 35 medicinals, 28 formulas, and 65 standardized medicinal effects for qi deficiency syndrome. The standardization of medicinal effects in that system was based on the original descriptions of medicinal effects in the reference books and didn’t take into account the qi, flavor and meridian entry of medicinals. This system had developed a mandatory multiple medicinal effect combination algorithm. This system recommended medicinals following the order of sovereign, minister, assistant, and courier medicinals. Given a medicinal effect, this system will mandatorily take the medicinal effects of formerly recommended medicinals into account and use a multi-objective optimization algorithm to compute the most effective medicinals. Based on the formal system, this thesis makes the following three expansions. First, this thesis extends the system to contain 155 medicinals and 112 formulas for various deficiency syndromes. Second, this thesis extends the standardization of medicinal effects to take into account the qi, flavor and meridian entry of medicinals, and contains 221 standardized medicinal effects. Third, this thesis also develops a flexible multiple medicinal effect combination algorithm. The user can assign arbitrary number of medicinal effects and use a multi-objective optimization algorithm to compute the most effective medicinals. A preliminary experience on these 112 formulas confirms that the flexibility of this combination algorithm is significantly better and the precision of recommending the most effective medicinals is significantly higher.

碩士
國立中山大學
資訊工程學系研究所
104
The diagnosis of Traditional Chinese Medicine methods is generally based on four standard but not validated approaches, inquiry, smelling/listening, observation, and palpation. During the process of observation, the diagnosis of the tongue is one of the crucial diagnosing steps. In the past, traditional Chinese medicine tongue diagnosis based on the experience, diagnostic techniques, color perception and experience of dialectical subjective clinical judgment. Different doctors may come to drastically different judgments on the same tongue presentation with little overlap. Moreover, TCM distinguish patient health based on eight principles dialectics which can’t clearly diagnose a single disease. In clinical research of specific diseases is a lack of objective TCM indices. Nowadays computer science is very flourishing, Chinese medicine tongue diagnosis has been combined with modern science. Automatic Tongue Diagnosis System has come up with an assisting system with standardized judging procedures by scientific methods in order to help doctors diagnose in a scientific and systematic way to boost the consistency and reliability of diagnosing, as well as to help find disease and give therapy at the first moment. Traditional Chinese Medicine Tongue diagnosis by smartphone is generated based on ATDS and ATDS cloud. We developed the TCM Tongue diagnosis by smartphone and combine cloud analysis with smartphone. Cloud analysis use Model View Controller (MVC) as infrastructure. MVC Web API link multiple devices with the environments. Therefore, system can be used on multiple platforms. Cloud analysis can reduce the cost of computing resources and save the analysis data in cloud database. TCM by smartphone can enhance the universality of TCM inspection and convenience.

碩士
國立中正大學
資訊工程研究所
102
The book Syndromatology of Traditional Chinese Medicine is a monumental work that collects and organizes ancient and modern literatures on the theory and practice of clinical diagnosis in traditional Chinese medicine. This book categorizes diseases into 15 syndrome divisions according to the causes of diseases. Based on the properties of the causes of diseases, these 15 syndrome divisions are further divided into 45 syndrome subdivisions. These 45 syndrome subdivisions are then divided into 281 syndrome classes according to locations of diseases. Finally, these 281 syndrome classes are divided into 2344 syndromes according to mechanisms of diseases. Since the system of syndrome differentiation is huge and complex, it is very difficult for doctors to master it. We wish to utilize the huge memorizing capability and the speedy analyzing capability of computers to develop an automatic syndrome differentiation system to provide a platform for the research of the system of syndrome differentiation. This thesis develops an automatic deficiency syndrome differentiation system according to the symptom information in the system of deficiency syndrome differentiation in Syndromatology of Traditional Chinese Medicine. This system consists of five parts: visceral syndrome differentiation, syndrome division differentiation, syndrome subdivision differentiation, syndrome class differentiation, and syndrome differentiation to gradually differentiate the causes, locations, and mechanisms of diseases. This thesis uses two different syndrome differentiation approaches: plain syndrome differentiation and weighted syndrome differentiation. In plain syndrome differentiation, every symptom in syndrome has the same weight. This implies the probability of occurrence of every symptom is the same. Experiments shows that the syndrome differentiation rate in plain syndrome differentiation is very low in many situations. In weighted syndrome differentiation, every symptom in syndrome has a (maybe different) weight that depends on the probability of occurrence of this symptom. Experiments shows that the syndrome differentiation rate in weighted syndrome differentiation is raised in most situations and alleviates the problem of the low syndrome differentiation rate in plain syndrome differentiation.

碩士
國立中正大學
資訊工程研究所
102
Through the evolution of Traditional Chinese medicine for a long period of time, a special approach, called syndrome differentiation and treatment, for the diagnosis and therapy of diseases is developed. In syndrome differentiation, the doctors first analyze and differentiate properties of diseases, called syndromes, including causes, locations, and mechanisms of diseases, based on the symptoms collected from four examinations: inspection, listening and smelling, inquiry, and palpation. In syndrome treatment, the doctors then determine the principles of treatment according to differentiated syndromes. Since the system of syndrome differentiation is very huge and complex, we plan to utilize the huge memorizing capability and the speedy analyzing capability of computers to develop an automatic syndrome differentiation system to provide a platform for the research of the system of syndrome differentiation. However, during the evolution of traditional Chinese medicine, there exist various symptom terminologies and descriptions in books and literatures due to different backgrounds, climates, factions, habits, etc. The lack of standardization of symptom terminologies and descriptions makes it difficult to achieve precise analysis and differentiation of syndromes in an automatic syndrome differentiation system. Hence, we first develop a traditional Chinese medicine symptom thesaurus to solve the lack of standardization of symptom terminologies and descriptions. This symptom thesaurus can provide an infrastructure for an automatic syndrome differentiation system in the future. In this symptom thesaurus, we develop symptom ontology for traditional Chinese medicine. In this symptom ontology, we define standard symptoms, and establish the relationships between symptoms and symptom objects, and the relationships between symptoms and symptom properties so that each standard symptom represents a basic symptom and each basic symptom is represented by a unique standard symptom. However, symptom ontology must go through applications and modifications for a long period of time in order to gradually become correct and complete. By utilizing this symptom ontology, other traditional Chinese medicine information systems may perform analysis, inference and management in a more systematic way.

碩士
銘傳大學
生物科技學系碩士班
106
Regarding to the study of Chinese acupuncture technique, it was passed on traditionally by oral or classic texts. There is not any quantitative indicator for needling technique, which is adverse to modernization of acupuncture. Acusensor2TM, developed by American company called STROMATEC, could quantify the acupuncture techniques of vertical displacement, rotation displacement, vertical force and torque in the time domain. According to the needling information that recorded by Acusensor 2TM, we would like to determine the effect of practical teaching in the use of Acusensor 2TM for Chinese acupuncture technique “Dragon and Tiger warring” of "twisting-rotating" and "lifting and thrusting" methods. Three different ways of studying was designed, including classic texts, teaching slides, and Acusensor2TMchromatography. Furthermore, numbers of evaluation index for needling technique were set up, including, twisting, depth, strength, etc. These indexes were used to explore the status of learning. During the research, total of 64 subjects were enrolled, which were randomly divided into 3 groups.Group 1 and group 2 used the classic texts and teaching slides to learn the needling technique, respectively.Analysis the difference between experiment group 1 and group 2 with non-paired t-test, concluded there were no deference between two experiment groups. In that case, group 1 and 2 were combined as one single experiment group (group 1+2). Furthermore, the group 1+2 and group 3 use the Acusensor2TM chromatography to learn the needling technique at week 1 and week 2, respectively. According to the success rate after each test point, teaching based on Acusensor2TM chromatography was more conductive to learning needling. On the other hand, we analyze each evaluation index as an independent factor. Concluded that teaching three needling technique including, (1) three laver of "twisting-rotating" methods, (2) twisting-rotating of "twisting-rotating" methods and (3) needling sensation of "lifting and thrusting" method were more conductive to subjects of learning. As the result of the research, Acusensor2TMis a fast and accurate instrument for subjects to study Chinese acupuncture technique, which is especially helpful upon waveform of leaning pattern. Subjects will be more aware of needling process, which achieves the purpose of improvement of studying.

博士
國立陽明大學
公共衛生研究所
104
Background: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is an important part of the medical system in Taiwan. The National Health Insurance (NHI) program, which was established in 1995, has covered ambulatory visits of TCM since 1996. All the registration files and claims data are collected in the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) by the National Health Research Institute (NHRI). TCM utilization has been discussed in several articles, but the trends of TCM utilization have seldom been explored. In particular, no study has investigated the trend of TCM utilization among the whole population over three cohorts. TCM utilization by the whole population can provide a much more extensive picture of TCM utilization. The patterns of TCM prescriptions for several diseases have been explored by many scholars, but the seasonality of prescriptions for upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) in TCM has not been researched so far. Understanding of the association between the seasonality of and prescriptions for URIs is important in planning optimal treatment strategies in TCM and constructing predictive models to guide public health care for URIs. The objectives of this dissertation are to investigate the trends of TCM utilization from 2000 to 2010, and to explore the seasonal variation of prescriptions for the three most common types of URIs and the three categories of common URI symptoms from the viewpoint of TCM theories. Method: This study was a cross-sectional analysis of TCM utilization over time. First, the mean TCM visits were compared among three cohorts of 2000, 2005, and 2010. The nearly one million randomly sampled representative beneficiaries in each cohort of 2000, 2005, and 2010 were derived from NHIRD for this research. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to evaluate the relative relationship in categorical variables correlating to TCM users. The percentage change (% change) in mean TCM visits between 2000 and 2005 (2010) was used to evaluate the trends of TCM utilization during the period. Second, 1,000,000 randomly sampled beneficiaries were derived from the NHIRD in 2005. Primary diagnoses including International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes 460–465 and 487 were regarded as URIs, for which 160,357 TCM prescriptions were analyzed. The adjusted odds ratios (AOR) of prescription frequency in three categories of Chinese herbal formulae (CHF) used to treat the three most common types of URIs and three categories of CHF used to alleviate three major URI symptoms throughout the four seasons were estimated by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Prescription frequencies were defined as numbers of CHF for a certain syndrome type of URI or number of CHF for certain URI symptoms divided by the number of total prescriptions in one season. Result: The ratio of TCM users increased throughout the three cohorts of 2000, 2005, and 2010. The ratio of TCM users among women was more than that among men in all three cohorts of 2000, 2005, and 2010 (AOR=1.47; 1.52; 1.62). The mean TCM visits increased gradually from 2000 to 2010. The % change in mean TCM visits among women was also more than that among men. The group aged < 20 years had the least % change in mean TCM visits; the group aged 20-34 years had the largest % change, and the high SES group had the least % change in mean TCM visits. The high SES group had the largest % change in mean visits to TCM from 2000 to 2010, while the other SES had the least % change. The Taipei region had the largest % change of mean TCM visits from 2000 to 2010; therefore, the central region had the least % change of mean TCM visits. Neoplasms had the greatest increase in % change in mean TCM visits among all disease categories; in contrast, diseases of the respiratory system had the greatest decreased % change in mean TCM visits. The AOR of prescription frequency for pungent–cool CHF used to relieve external syndromes was highest in the summer (AOR = 1.07) and lowest in winter (AOR=0.92). The AOR of prescription frequency for pungent–warm CHF used to relieve external syndromes was highest in the winter (AOR = 1.14) and lowest in summer (AOR=0.95). The AOR of prescription frequency for CHF eliminating summer-heat and dampness was highest in summer (AOR=1.34). The AOR of prescription frequency for CHF used to alleviate coughing and reduce sputum production was highest in the spring (AOR = 1.00). The AOR of prescription frequency for CHF used to alleviate nasal discharge and congestion was highest in the winter (AOR = 1.19). The AOR of prescription frequency for CHF used to alleviate headaches and dizziness was highest in the autumn and spring (AOR = 1.00). Conclusion: Both mean TCM visits and ratio of TCM users increased gradually from 2000 to 2005 and further to 2010. The increased trend of TCM utilization slowed from 2005 to 2010 compared to 2000 to 2005. From 2000 to 2010, women had higher TCM utilization than men during the study period. This disparity between gender in TCM utilization is likely to continue in the future. The group with high SES had more TCM utilization than before. The Taipei region had the greatest increase of % change in mean TCM visits; while the Central region had the least increase of % change in mean visits but the largest mean TCM visits. Among all disease categories explored in this study, the diseases of the respiratory system had the highest mean TCM visits in 2000 and the highest decreased % change from 2000 to 2010. In contrast, neoplasms had the highest increased % change in mean TCM visits from 2000 to 2010. CHF for wind-heat URIs and summer-heat and dampness URIs were prescribed most frequently in the summer, and CHF for wind-cold URIs were prescribed most frequently in the winter. This result might indicate that these were seasonal variations of CHF for the three most common syndrome types of URIs, and those are consistent with basic TCM theories. Besides, CHF used to alleviate cough and sputum production were prescribed most frequently in the spring, CHF to alleviate nasal discharge and congestion prevail in the winter, and CHF to alleviate headaches and dizziness were prescribed most frequently in the autumn and winter, which indicated that the occurrence of prescriptions for the three categories of major URI symptoms also exhibited seasonal variations. Clinical or policy Implications: The results of trends of medical utilization in TCM from 2000 to 2010 in this study may serve as a reference for improving the preparedness of medical service by medical providers and formulation of health policies by government. Finally, the picture of TCM utilization needed by different kinds of cancer patients deserves investigation in future research because of the high % change of trends in TCM utilization from 2000 to 2010. The findings of seasonal variations of prescriptions for URIs in this study not only verified the basic TCM theories pertaining to the six natural climatic factors that cause URIs throughout the four seasons, but also can serve as a reference for the preparation of preventive strategies against URIs and the treatment for URIs in clinical practice of TCM. Furthermore, comprehension of seasonality of prescriptions for URIs will provide clinicians of TCM the reference prescription for URIs and possibly give TCM a more important role in the whole health care system in Taiwan. 　 Keywords: traditional Chinese medicine, seasonal variation, upper respiratory tract infection, Chinese herbal formula, National Health Insurance, utilization of traditional Chinese medicine, disease category

Both SM and ST reduced ALT elevation in rats in the prevention study. In the treatment study, ALT of all rats was resolved. Only ST reduced the fibrosis in both prevention and treatment studies. Maximum reduction of fibrosis compared to control was 44.12% in the prevention group and 56.83% in the treatment group. Activated HSC was decreased and apoptosis increased in rats with improved fibrosis.
Conclusion. ST prevented formation of liver fibrosis and promoted resolution of established fibrosis in the rat model. These effects were mediated through induction of HSC apoptosis in the liver. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
Hepatic fibrosis results from the wound healing response to prolonged liver insult such as chronic hepatitis. It represents an imbalance of fibrogenesis and fibrolysis, causing formation of scars. Activation and proliferation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) is a key to fibrogenesis while apoptosis of HSC is associated with resolution of fibrosis.
Intense efforts are currently underway to evaluate potential anti-fibrotic agents in herbal medicine. The study hypothesized that herbs may resolve hepatic fibrosis through induction of apoptosis of HSC. In this study, the anti-fibrotic potentials of fourteen commonly used herbs were examined. The anti-fibrotic effect and the underlying mechanism of two herbs were further investigated in an animal model.
Method. Fourteen herbs including Angelica sinensis(AS), Astragalus membranaceus(AM), Cordyceps sinensis(CS), Curcuma wenyujin(CW), Carthamus tinctorius(CT), Curcuma kwangsinensis(CK), Bupleurum chinensis(BC), Ligusticum chuanxiong(LC), Paeconia lactiflora(PL), Prunus persiea(PP), Poria cocos(PC), Salvia miltorrhiza(SM), Schisandra chinensis(SC) and Stephania tetrandra(ST) were selected for screening based on documented safety and effectiveness, and availability in commercial extracts. These two herbs were also authenticated by chemical profiling using HPLC.
Result. For in vitro bioassay, five herbs, namely Angelica sinensis (AS), Carthamus tinctorius (CT), Ligusticum chuanxiong(LC), Salvia miltiorrhiza(SM) and Stephania tetrandra(ST) demonstrated both anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activities in T6. SM and ST showed highest potencies with 51.63% and 44.52% of T6 cells showing apoptotsis respectively. Fas and Bax expression was up-regulated and BclxL expression decreased in HSC after incubation with SM and ST. Fas ligand and Bcl2 expression remained unchanged.
Treatment of chronic liver disease with herbal medicine has been documented in ancient China. Nowadays, practitioners of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) also use herbs to treat chronic liver disease and it is conceivable that such herbs redress the imbalance between fibrogenesis and fibrolysis.
Chor Sin Yee.
"July 2005."
Adviser: Joseph J. Y. Sung.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-01, Section: B, page: 0172.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 196-217).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
School code: 1307.

Ko Suk-fun.
"August 2002."
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 338-366)
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
Abstracts in English and Chinese.

碩士
國立中正大學
資訊工程研究所
106
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has developed more than 2000 years. The terms for description of medicinal effects exist high diversity. To promote applying information technology to TCM, our research team has initiated the standardization of TCM herbs and medicinal effects of TCM herbs. Our research team has also constructed a medicinal ontology and a medicinal thesaurus for TCM. The medicinal ontology and medicinal thesaurus for TCM are the infrastructure of applying information technology to TCM. This thesis extends our previous work, which includes 221 medicinal effects, 155 herbs, and 112 formulas, to 228 medicinal effects, 232 herbs, and 206 formulas. The increased 6 medicinal effects, 77 herbs, and 94 formulas are associated with excess syndromes in TCM. Using the medicinal combination system developed by our research team to combine these 94 new formulas, except for one herb in one formula, all herbs in 94 formulas are correctly recommended as the herb with the best effects. The failed formula is mainly for health care. Hence, food herbs with less effects rather than therapeutic herbs with better effects are adopted in that formula. In addition, this thesis also extends the query and maintenance functionalities of the medicinal ontology and medicinal thesaurus.

銀屑病是一種慢性炎症性皮膚病，其發病率約佔全球1-3%的人口。銀屑病的病理特徵包括角質細胞增殖和分化異常，同時伴隨炎症反應，白細胞聚集於真皮和表皮以及血管擴張。證據顯示角質細胞能參與及延續免疫反應，以達致維持或促進該病的作用。研究亦建議角質細胞減少凋亡是引致銀屑病的一個特定現象；因此，長期以來誘導角質細胞凋亡就被用作為治療銀屑病的一種有效策略。
根據銀屑病的嚴重程度，治療方法可分為三級：外用藥物主要用於比較輕微的病患，而光療適合中等程度的病患；對於嚴重病例則可使用系統性治療或生物製劑。基於大約75%的銀屑病患者屬於輕微至中度病患，外用藥物是目前應用最為廣泛的治療方法。在中國銀屑病治療的歷史中曾經使用過中草藥，研究亦表明，其治療機制可能通過抑制角質細胞增殖和誘導角質細胞凋亡。比較研究也指出，傳統中藥比西藥的副作用相對較少，及具有較長的舒緩期和較低的復發率。
我們先前的研究發現，茜草根提取物能夠抑制一個和銀屑病相關的HaCaT角質細胞增殖。本研究證實，茜草根的乙酸乙酯提取物（EA）能誘導HaCaT細胞凋亡，其抑制角質細胞增殖的作用比茜草根的乙醇提取物（EE）更為有效，並可和一個流行於歐洲國家的重要外用銀屑病治療藥地蒽酚相比。另外，透過不同的檢測，包括形態學觀察，細胞凋亡雙染（磷脂結合蛋白V-碘化丙啶）分析，細胞週期分析，去氧核醣核酸斷裂測試，原位末端轉移酶標記技術，免疫熒光染色以及西方墨點法，我們發現一種在茜草中的化合物，1,4-二羥基-2-萘甲酸（DHNA）能通過死亡受體介導，線粒體介導或不依賴胱天蛋白酶的途徑導致HaCaT細胞凋亡。同時，在其中一種銀屑病動物模型，小鼠鼠尾鱗片表皮上的初步研究顯示DHNA亦可誘導角質細胞分化。此外，在細胞水平（存活率，釋放白细胞介素-1α）和動物上（Draize動物皮膚刺激性試驗）的實驗結果表明DHNA比地蒽酚的刺激性較小。
總括而言，本研究透過人類皮膚細胞和動物實驗說明EA和DHNA的細胞凋亡機制，以及DHNA對皮膚的潛在刺激性。這些結果顯示EA和DHNA有潛能發展成為安全及能有效治療銀屑病的替代藥物。EA和DHNA可在一個連續療程中結合使用，其中EA藥效媲美地蒽酚，應能迅速清除銀屑病皮損；而DHNA比地蒽酚的刺激性小，則比較適合應用在這個連續療程中後來的維護保養階段
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder that affects approximately 1-3% of the population worldwide. It is characterized by epidermal hyperplasia or abnormal differentiation, infiltration of leucocytes into the dermis and epidermis, dilation of blood vessels in dermis and inflammation. Evidence indicates keratinocytes contributed to the disease, and keratinocytes also participate in maintaining the chronically perpetuating immune response that sustains psoriasis. Decrease in keratinocytes apoptosis is suggested to be a specific pathogenic phenomenon, and induction of keratinocytes apoptosis have long been considered as an effective anti-psoriatic strategy.
Treatment of psoriasis is based on disease severity. Topical agents are predominantly for mild conditions; phototherapy for moderate conditions and systemic treatment or biological agents for severe cases. Topical treatment remains the most widely used method as an estimated 75% of psoriatic patients have mild to moderate disease. Chinese herbs have been used for the treatment of psoriasis in China, and studies showed their mechanism on treating psoriasis may through inhibition of keratinocyte proliferation and induction of apoptosis. Comparison studies also show that traditional Chinese medicine has relatively fewer side effects than western therapeutic agents, with a longer remission time and lower recurrence rate.
The extract of the root of Rubia cordifolia L. (Rubiae Radix et Rhizoma) was previously found to inhibit keratinocyte proliferation using a psoriasis-relevant HaCaT cells model. In this study, the ethyl acetate extract of the root of Rubia cordifolia L. (EA) was confirmed to induce apoptosis on HaCaT cell, and the antiproliferative effect of EA is more potent than the ethanol extract of the herb (EE) and is comparable to dithranol, an important and popular topical treatment for psoriasis among Europe countries. Besides, we identified one of the components in Rubia cordifolia L., 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (DHNA), could induce HaCaT keratinocyte apoptosis through the death receptor and mitochondria mediated pathway as well as in a caspase independent manner using various assays such as morphological examination, annexin V-PI staining, cell cycle analysis, DNA fragmentation, TUNEL assay, immunofluorescence staining and Western blot analysis. Moreover, DHNA was found to induce keratinocyte differentiation in a preliminary study using the in vivo mouse tail model of psoriasis. Furthermore, results from in vitro (cell viability, IL-1α release) and in vivo (Draize animal skin irritation test) experiments suggested DHNA have less irritation problems than dithranol.
In summary, this study describes the apoptotic mechanism of EA and DHNA, as well as the irritation potential of DHNA using different human skin cells and animal model. These results suggest EA and DHNA have the potential to develop as safe and effective therapeutic alternative for the treatment of psoriasis. EA and DHNA can be used together in a sequential therapy, in which EA is effective in rapid clearing of psoriatic lesions as its potency is comparable to dithranol; whereas DHNA is better suited for the later maintenance therapy for its milder irritation effect compared with dithranol.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Mok, Chong Fai.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 164-183).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstract also in Chinese.
Abstract (English version) --- p.iv
Abstract (Chinese version) --- p.vi
List of Publication and Presentation --- p.viii
Acknowledgements --- p.ix
Table of Contents --- p.x
List of Tables --- p.xvi
List of Figures --- p.xvii
List of Abbreviations --- p.xx
Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1. --- Psoriasis --- p.1
Chapter 1.1.1. --- Histological features --- p.2
Chapter 1.1.2. --- Role of keratinocytes in psoriasis --- p.4
Chapter 1.1.3. --- Decrease in skin cell apoptosis --- p.8
Chapter 1.2. --- Treatment of psoriasis --- p.9
Chapter 1.2.1. --- Conventional treatment --- p.9
Chapter 1.2.1.1. --- Mild disease --- p.10
Chapter 1.2.1.1.1. --- Corticosteroids --- p.10
Chapter 1.2.1.1.2. --- Vitamin D₃ analogs --- p.11
Chapter 1.2.1.1.3. --- Tazarotene --- p.11
Chapter 1.2.1.1.4. --- Anthralin --- p.12
Chapter 1.2.1.1.5. --- Coal tar --- p.12
Chapter 1.2.1.2. --- Moderate disease --- p.12
Chapter 1.2.1.2.1. --- Phototherapy --- p.12
Chapter 1.2.1.3. --- Severe disease --- p.13
Chapter 1.2.1.3.1. --- Retinoids --- p.13
Chapter 1.2.1.3.2. --- Methotrexate --- p.14
Chapter 1.2.1.3.3. --- Cyclosporine --- p.14
Chapter 1.2.1.3.4. --- Fumaric acid --- p.15
Chapter 1.2.1.3.5. --- Biological agents --- p.15
Chapter 1.2.2. --- Alternative treatment --- p.16
Chapter 1.2.2.1. --- Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) --- p.17
Chapter 1.3. --- Aims and objectives of the present study --- p.19
Chapter Chapter 2: --- Apoptotic Action of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of the Root of Rubia cordifolia L. (Rubiae Radix et Rhizoma) on HaCaT Human Keratinocytes --- p.21
Chapter 2.1. --- Introduction --- p.21
Chapter 2.1.1. --- Rubia cordifolia L. --- p.21
Chapter 2.1.2. --- Apoptosis --- p.22
Chapter 2.1.3. --- Study objectives --- p.28
Chapter 2.2. --- Materials and Methods --- p.30
Chapter 2.2.1. --- Sources of medicinal materials --- p.30
Chapter 2.2.2. --- Preparation of extracts --- p.30
Chapter 2.2.3. --- Reagents --- p.31
Chapter 2.2.4. --- Cell culture --- p.31
Chapter 2.2.5. --- Proliferation assay --- p.32
Chapter 2.2.6. --- Fluorescent staining for morphological evaluation --- p.33
Chapter 2.2.7. --- Annexin V/propidium iodide staining --- p.33
Chapter 2.2.8. --- JC-1 staining --- p.34
Chapter 2.2.9. --- Statistical analysis --- p.35
Chapter 2.3. --- Results --- p.36
Chapter 2.3.1. --- EA inhibits proliferation of human epidermal HaCaT keratinocytes --- p.36
Chapter 2.3.2. --- Alteration of cellular morphology --- p.39
Chapter 2.3.3. --- EA increases phosphatidylserine externalization in HaCaT cells --- p.41
Chapter 2.3.4. --- EA decreases MMP --- p.45
Chapter 2.4. --- Discussion --- p.47
Chapter Chapter 3: --- Identification of Pure Compound for Possible Apoptotic Action on HaCaT Human Keratinocytes and Detailed Mechanistic Study --- p.51
Chapter 3.1. --- Introduction --- p.51
Chapter 3.1.1. --- Anthraquinone --- p.51
Chapter 3.1.2. --- Study objectives --- p.52
Chapter 3.2. --- Materials and Methods --- p.54
Chapter 3.2.1. --- Reagents --- p.54
Chapter 3.2.2. --- Cell culture --- p.54
Chapter 3.2.3. --- Proliferation assay --- p.55
Chapter 3.2.4. --- Fluorescent staining for morphological evaluation --- p.56
Chapter 3.2.5. --- Annexin V/propidium iodide staining --- p.56
Chapter 3.2.6. --- JC-1 staining --- p.56
Chapter 3.2.7. --- Cell cycle analysis --- p.56
Chapter 3.2.8. --- Detection of DNA fragmentation --- p.57
Chapter 3.2.9. --- Terminal Deoxynucleotidyltransferase-Mediated dUTP Nick End Labeling (TUNEL) assay --- p.57
Chapter 3.2.10. --- Western blot analysis --- p.58
Chapter 3.2.11. --- Immunofluorescence staining --- p.59
Chapter 3.2.12. --- Statistical analysis --- p.60
Chapter 3.3. --- Results --- p.61
Chapter 3.3.1. --- DHNA inhibits proliferation of human epidermal HaCaT Keratinocytes --- p.61
Chapter 3.3.2. --- Alteration of cellular morphology --- p.70
Chapter 3.3.3. --- DHNA increases phosphatidylserine externalization in HaCaT cells --- p.72
Chapter 3.3.4. --- DHNA decreases MMP --- p.76
Chapter 3.3.5. --- DHNA causes G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in HaCaT cells --- p.78
Chapter 3.3.6. --- DHNA increases DNA fragmentation --- p.81
Chapter 3.3.7. --- DHNA increases TUNEL positive cells in HaCaT cells --- p.83
Chapter 3.3.8. --- Western blot analysis --- p.85
Chapter 3.3.9. --- DHNA induced Fas aggregation in HaCaT cells --- p.88
Chapter 3.3.10. --- Caspase inhibition assay --- p.90
Chapter 3.3.11. --- DHNA induced caspase independent apoptosis in HaCaT cells --- p.93
Chapter 3.3.12. --- Effects of DHNA on MAPK in HaCaT cells --- p.96
Chapter 3.3.13. --- MAPK inhibition assay --- p.100
Chapter 3.4. --- Discussion --- p.104
Chapter Chapter 4: --- Anti-Psoriatic Effects of Topical 1,4-Dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid Formulation on in vivo Mouse Tail Experiments --- p.111
Chapter 4.1. --- Introduction --- p.111
Chapter 4.1.1. --- Keratinocytes differentiation process --- p.111
Chapter 4.1.2. --- Animal model for psoriasis --- p.114
Chapter 4.1.3. --- Study objectives --- p.119
Chapter 4.2. --- Materials and Methods --- p.122
Chapter 4.2.1. --- Reagents --- p.122
Chapter 4.2.2. --- Formulation and preparation of topical drug --- p.122
Chapter 4.2.3. --- Mice for in vivo experiments --- p.123
Chapter 4.2.4. --- Treatment with topical preparations --- p.124
Chapter 4.2.5. --- Statistical analysis --- p.125
Chapter 4.3. --- Results --- p.126
Chapter 4.3.1. --- Tail skin appearance after topical treatment --- p.126
Chapter 4.3.2. --- Histological examination and findings --- p.128
Chapter 4.4. --- Discussion --- p.132
Chapter Chapter 5: --- Prediction of Skin Irritation Potential of 1,4-Dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid by in vitro and in vivo Experiments --- p.135
Chapter 5.1. --- Introduction --- p.135
Chapter 5.1.1. --- Skin irritation --- p.135
Chapter 5.1.2. --- Viability test and IL-1α release --- p.136
Chapter 5.1.3. --- Animal irritation test --- p.139
Chapter 5.1.4. --- Study objectives --- p.139
Chapter 5.2. --- Materials and Methods --- p.141
Chapter 5.2.1. --- Reagents --- p.141
Chapter 5.2.2. --- Cell culture --- p.141
Chapter 5.2.3. --- Viability test --- p.141
Chapter 5.2.4. --- IL-1α release assay --- p.142
Chapter 5.2.5. --- Animal irritation test --- p.142
Chapter 5.2.6. --- Statistical analysis --- p.143
Chapter 5.3. --- Results --- p.144
Chapter 5.3.1. --- Viability test --- p.144
Chapter 5.3.2. --- IL-1α release assay --- p.144
Chapter 5.3.3. --- Animal irritation test --- p.147
Chapter 5.4. --- Discussion --- p.152
Chapter Chapter 6: --- General Discussion and Conclusions --- p.155
References --- p.164

碩士
國立臺灣大學
預防醫學研究所
96
Objective As the high incident rate of cancer and prevalence of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) utilization in Taiwan, this study aimed to develop a conceptual framework of the TCM seeking behavior of Taiwanese adolescents with cancer. Methods Ten adolescents (four males and six females) with cancer at all stages of the illness were interviewed by snowball sampling. Data were collected through in-depth interview by semi-structure guideline and observations, medical chart reviews, and researcher’s reflexive journals. As the data were received and transcribed, editing and immersion/ crystallization were used to represent constructs of the adolescents with cancer. Results These multifaceted, naturalistic contextures were elicited by TCM out-patient department visiting in clinical status. Five distinct subcategories of the TCM seeking behavior reported by interviewees were emerged. The cancer impact included the mind-body impact after diagnosis, the adverse effect impact of treatment, family impact and work impact; the cancer uncertainty were fully showed out by the social-family-interpersonal relationship, the diagnosis and prognosis, the remedy self-efficacy, the patient– physician relationship between Chinese and western medicine, etiology and the gain of medical information; the TCM seeking motivation were extracted by constitution modulation, complementary of Chinese-Western medicine, side effect reduction, sequela improvement, immune system enhancement, and cancer treatment; the Chinese medicine inherent concepts merged by the TCM recuperate the constitution, temperately taking for long term, slow efficacy for a long time, cold -warm and TCM humanity; the TCM decision-making factors influenced by social relationship, medical effect, information obtains, economical consideration, geographical environment, and sequela; the experience transformation to utilize TCM were also presented. Conclusions The Chinese medicine behavior seeking in cancer patients are demonstrated vividly by a succession of process of impact, uncertainty, motivation, the inherent concept, decision making of traditional Chinese medicine and transformation on physical and psychological, cognitive, social and future orientation aspects.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
農藝學研究所
97
Abstract Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is now widely used in the world. The active ingredients in raw materials of TCM are different from batch-to-batch or area-to-area. Thus, how to control the quality of TCM has become an important issue. In this thesis, we propose a statistical quality control (QC) method for TCM materials. The idea is to construct a β-γtolerance interval for TCM materials under a nested design. If the constructedβ-γtolerance interval lying in a prespecified QC limit, then we can claim that the raw materials have passed the QC test. Statistical methods for estimating the sample size and a simulation example are also studied in this thesis.

碩士
國立交通大學
管理學院管理科學學程
103
With the economic take-off, the improvement of living conditions, health food related industries has become concerned about the development of the star industry. Traditional Chinese herbal medicine industry, the Government strongly support, the use of new technology to develop science and traditional Chinese Herbal medicine health foods and other related businesses. This research is to find the key factor for selling traditional Chinese Herbal medicine health foods, especially for traditional Chinese herbal stores through literature and interviews with experts, then using AHP to study the collection data. Finally structure a model with 4 groups "Marketing ", " Production ", " Environment ", " Management " , and the most important criteria of 11 items are " Advertising ", " word-of-mouth ", " store location ", " Promotion ", " store design ", "Quality ", " relationship marketing " , " store atmosphere ", " trust ", " key account management ", "historic ", " relationship marketing " this research also find the key factors for selling traditional Chinese Herbal medicine health foods by criteria weight of the goal” The key criteria of selling traditional Chinese Herbal medicine health foods, especially for traditional Chinese herbal medicine retailer.” to assist company easy to management.

The main goal of this article is to develop a business plan to establish a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) health club in the airport community of Urumqi. Due to the unhealthy lifestyle and diet of modern people, people’s health problems increase rapidly. Their physical fitness is getting worse and worse, and many people suffer from chronic diseases or become sub-healthy. TCM has obvious curative effects on patients and sub-healthy people without any side effects. Considering that the Urumqi Airport community is a mature community, and there is no institution in this area that can provide TCM services, we decided to establish a TCM health club in the area and become the first institution to provide professional TCM services to residents in the area. There are a large number of young women in this area. In the early stage of operation of the health care club, we will focus on women as the main target group to open up the market. In this business plan, the corporation strategy, marketing strategy and financial evaluation were described in detail. Through the comprehensive analysis and description of the AIXIN Health House project, the feasibility is confirmed.
O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal desenvolver um plano de negócios para estabelecer um clube de saúde de MTC na comunidade aeroportuária de Urumqi. Devido ao estilo de vida e dieta pouco saudáveis das pessoas modernas, os problemas de saúde aumentam rapidamente. A condição física das pessoas está a piorar cada vez mais, e muitas pessoas sofrem de doenças crónicas ou tornam-se subsaúdicas. . A MTC tem efeitos curativos óbvios nos doentes e pessoas subsaudáveis sem quaisquer efeitos secundários. Considerando que a comunidade do Aeroporto Urumqi é relativamente madura, e que não existe nenhuma instituição nesta área que possa prestar serviços de MTC, decidimos estabelecer um centro de saúde de MTC na área e tornarmo-nos a primeira instituição a prestar serviços profissionais de MTC aos residentes na área. Existe um grande número de mulheres jovens nesta área. Na fase inicial de funcionamento do centro de saúde, vamos concentrar-nos nas mulheres como o principal grupo-alvo para abrir o mercado. Neste plano de negócios, a estratégia de marketing e a avaliação financeira foram descritas em pormenor. Através da análise e descrição abrangente do projecto da AIXIN Health House, a viabilidade é confirmada.

博士
國立臺灣師範大學
生命科學系
104
The main purpose of my PhD dissertation is to explore whether the traditional Chinese medicine may have therapeutic potential on alleviation. From clinical case reports, welders often have problem with neurological symptoms and erectile dysfunction when they occupationally exposed to excess manganese (Mn) dust. These welders may cause brain, motor and reproductive defects that were known as manganism or Mn-induced parkinsonism. However, the clinical use of the western medicine in manganism alleviation is quite limited. It is possible that alternative therapy of traditional Chinese medicine may be useful in manganism alleviation. In this study, we investigated whether oral treatment of herbal formula B401 has therapeutic potential to alleviate manganism. We used high-performance liquid chromatography to analysis the active ingredients of the herbal formula B401. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the herbal formula B401 was evaluated by MTT assay. Total 50 male ICR mice were divided into four groups: normal diet (sham group), manganism treatment only (Mn group), herbal formula B401 treatment only (B401 group), as well as pretreatment of herbal formula B401 plus manganism treatment B401 (B401+Mn group). Motor coordination of these mice was compared in accelerating mode of rotarod test. Then reactive oxygen species (ROS) of the blood were examined to compare oxidative stress in these mice by using chemiluminescence. The nitric oxide (NO) of the penile cavernous tissue was also examined in these mice by using electrochemical detection instrument. Then these mice were sacrificed by using anesthesia and heart perfusion. We collected brain tissue and penile cavernous tissue from four groups of mice. By using immunohistochemistry staining and western blotting techniques, we examined different protein expressions from brain tissue and penile cavernous tissue in four groups of mice. Our results showed that those mice with Mn treatment showed brain and motor defects in comparison with those mice with sham treatment. As observed from immunohistochemical and western blotting, those mice with Mn treatment reduced dopaminergic and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expressions, while enhanced oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis related protein markers in their brain tissue. In addition, those mice with Mn treatment showed significantly decreased NO, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) levels, while enhanced oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis related protein markers in their penile cavernous tissue, In comparison with those mice with Mn treatment only, those Mn treated mice with B401 pretreatment significantly improved their motor coordination, and enhanced dopaminergic and BDNF expressions, but alleviated oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis related protein markers in their brain tissue. Furthermore, these mice significantly enhanced NO, nNOS and eNOS levels, but alleviated oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis related protein markers in their penile cavernous tissue. Our findings provide evidences that oral B401 treatment may alleviate symptoms of Mn-induced neurotoxicity via enhancing dopaminergic and BDNF expressions, but suppressing oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in their brain tissue. Also, oral B401 treatment may alleviate symptoms of Mn-induced reproductive toxicity via enhancing NO, nNOS and eNOS levels, but suppressing oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in their penile cavernous tissue. Thus we suggest that the herbal formula B401 may have therapeutic potential for ameliorating Mn-induced neurotoxicity and reproductive toxicity

碩士
國立中山大學
資訊管理學系研究所
104
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) believes that human disease is developed in natural living environment, and thus we need to study in the nature, to get medicine from the nature, and to return the disease to the nature. This is the core values of Chinese medicine. To maintain Chinese people’s good health, Chinese medicine has been flexibly applied for thousands of years, to facilitate finding the disease and curing the host, without using precision instrument. The study suggests that “Architecture-Oriented Traditional Chinese Medicine Model (AOTCMM)” is an integrated model which can be used to express the perspective of multiple conceptual designing phase of Chinese medicine principle, to solve issues of the process-orientated Chinese medicine principle. Furthermore, the study uses system model to effectively create the structure of Chinese medicine principle by the architectural approach of “structure-behavior coalescence (SBC).” The model is flexible and able to meet the needs of Chinese medicine principle, and to systemize the research process of Chinese medicine principle, and to reduce learning cost and stay competitive.

碩士
國立中正大學
資訊工程研究所
102
Syndrome differentiation is the main principle of clinical diagnosis in traditional Chinese medicine. Syndrome differentiation analyzes and recognizes the causes, locations, and mechanisms of diseases. The system of syndromes is huge and complex. It is very difficult to master the essence of syndrome differentiation. Hence, utilizing the huge memorizing capability and the speedy analyzing capability of computers to design and implement a syndrome differentiation system of traditional Chinese medicine is valuable to the clinical diagnosis, research, and teaching in traditional Chinese medicine. This thesis designs and implements a syndrome differentiation system of traditional Chinese medicine based on the book, Traditional Chinese Medicine Diagnostics, of Jian-Zhong Ma and the book, Traditional Chinese Medicine Diagnostics, of Tie-Tao Deng. This system includes the eight-principles, qi-blood, disease cause, and visceral syndrome differentiation. This thesis uses the symptom information of various syndromes in the book, Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndromes, to analyze the differences of the syndrome differentiation systems in those two books. This syndrome differentiation system provides an infrastructure for the evidence-based traditional Chinese medicine.

碩士
國立中正大學
資訊工程研究所
107
Because syndrome differentiation in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is complicated, the clinical diagnosis in TCM is full of challenges. This thesis makes use of the huge memory capability and the fast reasoning capability of computers to develop a meridian syndrome differentiation system in order to aid the TCM clinical diagnosis. Our research team has developed a syndrome differentiation system based on visceral syndrome differentiation and cause syndrome differentiation. Meridian syndrome differentiation can complement visceral syndrome differentiation and cause syndrome differentiation and make the syndrome differentiation system more complete. This thesis summarizes the relationships between the 12 meridian syndromes and their corresponding feature symptoms based on the meridian syndrome differentiation materials in four TCM diagnosis books. This thesis also performs the standardization of feature symptoms. TCM syndrome differentiation is a fussy classification problem. A patient is not totally being in a syndrome or totally being not in a syndrome. He is often partially being in a syndrome with different degrees of severity. A patient is also possibly being in more than one syndrome. This thesis has applied the fuzzy classification technique to implement the membership function for the 12 meridian syndromes. This thesis also performs a preliminary evaluation based on 27 clinical cases. The evaluation results show that the ratio of the very high or high conformance is 74% and the ratio of the low or very low conformance is only 11%.

碩士
國立中正大學
資訊工程研究所
106
Our research team has developed a syndrome differentiation system and an medicinal combination system for traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). This thesis developes a formula combination system for TCM based on those two systems. These three systems apply the information technology to implement the framework of “syndrome differentiation and treatment” in TCM. The syndrome differentiation system implements the portion of “syndrome differentiation” and supports 67 syndromes currently. The formula combination system and the medicinal combination system collectively implement the portion of “syndrome treatment” using a two-stages approach. At the first stage, the formula combination system recommends the most effective formulas according to the syndromes identified by the syndrome differentiation system. It supports 186 formulas currently. At the second stage, the medicinal combination system allows practitioners to further add most effective medicine to or delete medicine from the selected formula. It supports 334 medicines currently. This thesis also standardizes new medicines and formulas, and updates the medicinal ontology and medicinal thesaurus accordingly. This thesis also sets the effectiveness of formulas for treating associated syndromes, and applies the multi-objective optimization technique to recommend the most effective formulas for multiple syndromes.

碩士
國立中正大學
資訊工程研究所
106
Syndrome differentiation in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) identifies syndromes according to symptoms observed through inspection, listening and smelling, inquiry and palpation. A syndrome contains cause of disease, location of disease, and nature of disease. Syndrome differentiation is a fuzzy classification problem. This thesis makes use of the large amount of memory and the fast analysis capability of computers to develop an excess syndrome differentiation system based on fuzzy theory. This thesis summarizes 47 excess syndromes and their feature symptoms according to 5 TCM diagnosis textbooks. This thesis applies member functions in fuzzy theory to perform fuzzy classification by dividing feature symptoms of each syndrome into four groups: cause of disease, location of disease, tongue diagnosis, and pulse diagnosis. This thesis also conducts a preliminary system evaluation using 10 medical record reports from TCM Journals published in Taiwan. The results of the system evaluation show that syndromes identified by our system highly coincide with syndromes identified in medical record reports. Keywords: TCM syndrome differentiation system, TCM excess syndromes, fuzzy theory

碩士
國立中正大學
資訊工程研究所
107
Currently the diagnostic and treatment information systems for traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) only provides a raw text medical recording function. Furthermore, this simple medical recording function lacks standardization and quantification of TCM symptoms, syndromes, curative effects, and prescriptions. These shortages hinder both the real-time computer-aided clinical analysis and visualization, but also subsequent diagnosis and treatment research via data mining and machine learning. Based on the TCM diagnostic and treatment system developed by our research team, this thesis develops a TCM medical record system. This medical record system provides standardized medical records of TCM symptoms, syndromes, curative effects, and prescriptions. With a series of medical records of a patient, this system also provides a quantified syndrome tendency visualization tool to facilitate the medical practitioners to monitor the tendency of syndromes and evaluate the effectiveness of prescriptions.

碩士
中國醫藥大學
中醫學系碩士班
106
As time passed by, human diseases had also changed, and the development of Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) had spread all over the world. This spread had provoked a global response to the “Chinese medicine fever.”This fever also occurred in Malaysia. The development of traditional Chinese medicine in Malaysia we faced with many problems,which we discussed in this thesis. In addition to reviewing the previous literature, this article investigated the comparison of TCM education by field surveys and questionnaires to explore the current status of TCM development in Malaysia. The origins of and Chinese medicine development in Malaysia we far-reaching. From the introduction of Chinese medicine by Zheng He to the 2016 legislation by the Malaysian government, along process of development of Malaysian Chinese medicine was demonstrated step by step. The homologue of Chinese medicine had also been integrated into the diet of Malaysian people. As a result of legislation, Malaysian Chinese medicine education has entered formal education, that is, the future development of Chinese medicine in Malaysia will be more rigorous.

Chemical analyses, biological assays, and animal experiments provide important fundamental information of Traditional Chinese Medicine. In modern biomedical research, they should also be necessary prerequisites for clinical trials. A Chinese herbal formula, no matter how effective and safe in the pre-clinical studies, cannot be assumed clinically valid. No marketing approval should be granted without clinical studies. Thus, clinical trial plays a decisive role in the research and development of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Currently the highest level of efficacy evidence is obtained from randomized controlled clinical trial. Thousands of years of traditional use can provide us with valuable guidelines to the selection, preparation and application of herbal formulations. To be accepted as viable alternatives to western medicine, the rigorous methods of scientific and clinical validations must be applied.
In conclusion, the methodology of Chinese medicine research needs to improve. One practical way is to apply the efficacy-driven approach through the following steps: i) getting a simple herbal formula to try solving a difficult clinical problem and start an evidence-based clinical trial using methodology acceptable to current standard clinical trials i.e. randomized, placebo-controlled; ii) parallel laboratory experiments to understand the mode of action should be done; and; iii) making sure that the quality of herbs and their extracts are of the best standard. A promising item shown in the clinical trial and laboratory experiments would deserve more pharmacological investigations before considering marketing. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
The distinctiveness of Chinese medicine is manifested in the diversity and the complexity of its components, the instability of its quantity, the fuzziness of its action mechanism, and the uncontrollability of its producing process. Traditional Chinese herbal formulae are usually formed by more than one plants, animal or mineral items. The composition is extremely complex. The efficacy thus can hardly be guaranteed. The methods of harvesting, drying, storage, transportation, and processing of plant material influence the efficacy and safety. The consistent efficacy, therefore, can hardly be guaranteed. For thousands of years, it has been observed by clinical practice that Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has a rich scientific connotation and has developed a unique healthcare system. However, variable sources of raw materials, unknown active ingredients, difficulties in quality control, lack of safety evaluation, unclear mechanism of action, etc., all these factors constitute major challenges in modernization of TCM.
The effect of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) may be characterized by its chemical compounds, which are also the active ingredients. The reproducibility and the stability of the active ingredients are the foundation to ensure the efficacy of TCM. The safety and efficacy of TCM is evaluated through its pharmacological effects and in clinical studies. Many Chinese herbal medicines have a long history of traditional use. However, most of them are of unproven efficacy by today's standard. Well-designed randomized controlled trials and comprehensive pre-clinical studies are not known. Although the lack of qualified evidence does not mean that Chinese herbal medicines lack efficacy or are unsafe, properly designed experimental and clinical investigations should still be done today. There is a need to scientifically prove and clinically validate its safety and efficacy through chemical standardization, biological assays, and clinical trials.
The general perception that herbal drugs are very safe and free from side effects is not true. Little do they know in the modern conditions, that the current herbs used for preparation of traditional Chinese medicine have been very different as compared with the ancient herbs in planting, extracting, producing, storage, application, dose level and the duration of clinical use. The active ingredients of herbal formula are higher after extracting with modern scientific methods; and the toxicity may also be correspondingly higher. The potential side effects after long-term use should not be overlooked.
The purpose of the research is to develop a practical methodology to obtain convincing evidences in quality, safety and efficacy of Chinese Medicine. When we use evidence-based research methodology to prove the quality, safety and efficacy, we are facing many challenges.
The quality control of Chinese herbal medicine is a systematic procedure. The initial critical step is to standardize the starting raw herbs, for knowing the exact species and subspecies, the ideal growing location, environmental conditions, harvesting methods, and storage conditions etc., i.e., following Good Agriculture Practice (GAP) to ensure the quality of the raw materials. The second step is to standardize the processing methods of the raw herbs. The third step is to standardize the preparation procedure of the final products according to the requirements of Good Manufacture Practice (GMP) guideline. The fourth step is to qualitatively and/or quantitatively evaluate the quality of the TCM medication based on one or more selected chemical markers.
by Cheng, King Fai.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-01, Section: B, page: .
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010.
Includes bibliographical references.
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Text in English with some Chinese characters; abstract and appendixes 3-5 also in Chinese.

碩士
中國醫藥大學
中西醫結合研究所
92
Recent researches reveal that good intestinal microflora environment not only helps improve gastrointestinal functions, but it also modulates immune system. Additionally, intestinal microflora promotes absorption and metabolism of Chinese herbal medicine. The aim of the study is to explore the effect of intestinal microflora on Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) diagnostic pattern and the metabolism of Chinese herbal medicine. We studied 48 patients who suffered from allergic rhinitis for more than one year from the outpatient services at the Chinese Medical University Hospital. These patients age between 5 to 35 years old, and they were tested to be allergic to Dermatophagoides pteronyssines through blood tests. We collected patients’ stool samples and cultured the bacteria by selective culture mediums. At the same time, we conducted the clinical symptoms severity evaluation score study and TCM heat pattern evaluation score study. The patients were then divided to the “non-heat pattern” group (scoring 0-5) and the “heat pattern group” (scoring 6-20) based on the sum of the TCM heat pattern evaluation scores. The result indicated that in those patients with allergic rhinitis, the TCM heat pattern scores showed significantly negative relationship with age (p < 0.001, r = - 0.46), while showing significantly positive relationship with clinical symptoms severity scores (P = 0.033). In the meantime, heat pattern score showed a tendency of positive relationship with Bifidobacterium percentage in the intestinal microflora (p = 0.06, r = - 0.36). Moreover, we designed an in vitro test with a Hep G2 cell line model injured by toxic reagent, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, 1.5mM. The study was divided into 3 groups: silymarin treat group, Lycium bararum extract treat group and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) fermentation extract of Lycium bararum treat group. The lactate dehydrogenase level before and after treatment was used as the basis to assesses the efficacy of the treatment. The result shows that Lycium barbarum has significant cell protection function (P < 0.05). With the assistance of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), we discovered that the peak of retention time (Rt) 5.998 on the finger print of the original Lycium bararum extract disappeared when it was fermented by LAB. The change on the finger print of Lycium barbarum means that the fermentation of the LAB changed the original content of Lycium barbarum and thus enhanced its cell protection function. Finally, we came to two conclusions through the two studies. First, the percentage of Bifidobacterium in the intestinal microflora showed negative relationship with TCM heat pattern score. Second, the fermented Lycium barbarum extract enhance the cell protection effect of the original Lycium barbarum extract. In addition, the fermentation of the LAB changes the original content of Lycium barbarum. The intestinal microflora plays an important role in the TCM pattern representation and the metabolism of Chinese herbal medicine. It warrants the importance of further studying on the close relationship between the intestinal microflora and Traditional Chinese Medicine.