Relevant bibliographies by topics / Trading relations

Academic literature on the topic 'Trading relations'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 19 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Trading relations"

1

McRoberts, Gerald, and Donald Shankweiler. "Trading relations in intonation." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 83, S1 (May 1988): S85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2025556.

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Jackson, William A. "Active and Passive Trading Relations." Journal of Economic Issues 53, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 98–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00213624.2019.1568108.

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3

Parker, Ellen M., Randy L. Diehl, and Keith R. Kluender. "Trading relations in speech and nonspeech." Perception & Psychophysics 39, no. 2 (March 1986): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03211495.

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4

Wright, Richard. "Trading relations; discrete versus continuous perception." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 93, no. 4 (April 1993): 2390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.406046.

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Fernández, Mary, Wang-Chiew Tan, and Dan Suciu. "SilkRoute: trading between relations and XML." Computer Networks 33, no. 1-6 (June 2000): 723–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1389-1286(00)00061-x.

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Laursen, Finn. "Market access issues in EC-US relations: trading partners or trading blows?" International Affairs 68, no. 3 (July 1992): 534–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2623010.

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Pogodin, S. N., and T. S. Yagya. "On Development of American-Chinese Trading Relations." EURASIAN INTEGRATION: economics, law, politics 14, no. 3 (October 18, 2020): 26–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2073-2929-2020-3-26-38.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of the of American-Chinese trading relations’ development at the present stage. The economic strategies of the USA and China towards each other in the period up to 2016 are investigated and the changes that have occurred in the positions and activities of the administration of these two states since 2017 are tracked. The statistical data reflecting the state of bilateral trade of the USA and China, their investment activities for the period up to 2016 and in the new period from 2017 are analyzed. The emphasis is on identifying new features of American-Chinese trade and investment cooperation during the D. Trump’s administration. Attention is paid to the motives of the trade conflict named the trade war between the USA and China, and its results.
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Auther, Linda L., Marleen T. Ochs, and Ralph N. Ohde. "Trading relations for puretone analogues of speech." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 92, no. 4 (October 1992): 2464–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.404497.

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Smirnov, V. V. "Analyzing trade and financial relations in Russia today." Finance and Credit 26, no. 8 (August 28, 2020): 1703–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/fc.26.8.1703.

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Subject. The article discusses trading and financial relations of today’s Russia. Objectives. The article is to determine requirements for trading and financial relations to progress in Russia today and evaluate how they influence the economic growth. Methods. The study is based on the systems approach and the statistical analysis. Results. Having analyzed trading and financial relations, I found what can give an impetus to the contemporary economy in Russia, i.e. oil prices, related risks. The article demonstrates that government bonds (federal loan bonds) cushion and set off an increase in the foreign exchange rate. The dynamics of the oil price and the issue of federal loan bonds shape the environment where trading and financial relations evolve in Russia today, i.e. export prices for natural resources outgrowing prices for some commodities; a stalling growth in the acquisition of financial assets, debt instruments and a growth in liabilities, equity and shares of mutual funds; a growing pace of long positions of forward, futures, options contracts due to a slow down in short positions; rising pace of official reserve assets. As long as the international trade slows down and the global recession begins, the existing trading and financial relations resulted in a palpable economic growth. Conclusions and Relevance. Opportunities for the development of trade and financial relations in contemporary Russia are conditioned by the changing world order, which determines the dynamics of economic growth. The findings expand the knowledge and create new competencies of governmental authorities when making managerial decisions to ensure the effective design of the Russian economy in terms of the current trading and financial policy.
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Macdonald, Laura. "Trading places." Canadian Foreign Policy Journal 16, no. 2 (July 2010): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11926422.2010.9687311.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Trading relations"

1

Li, Kwai-yin, and 利葵燕. "A study of employee relations in a trading fund department: the case of electrical and mechanicalservices trading fund." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31965325.

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Li, Kwai-yin. "A study of employee relations in a trading fund department : the case of electrical and mechanical services trading fund /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18596290.

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Garza, Rafael H. "The U.S. and Mexico trading partners, reluctant military allies /." Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2010/Mar/10Mar%5FGarza.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Western Hemisphere))--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2010.
Thesis Advisor(s): Velazques, Arturo C. Sotomayor. Second Reader: Trinkunas, Harold A. "March 2010." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 27, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: U.S.-Mexico Relations, Civilian Control, Civil-Military Relations, International Relations Theory, Bilateral Affairs, Military Cooperation. Includes bibliographical references (p. 49-53). Also available in print.
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Belousova, Valentina. "U.S. Bilateral Trade with its Major Trading Partners and Russia." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2011. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29552.

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This study examines U.S. exports and imports to/from its major 15 trading partners and Russia. To analyze U.S. export and import flows the gravity model approach is used. Factors affecting U.S. bilateral trade flows with its 16 trading countries are evaluated using Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). Annual data from 2000 to 2009 are used for this study. Goods traded between the U.S. and its trading partners are disaggregated into three groups based on the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC). Results show that major factors affecting both U.S. export and import flows are distance and change in polity score. Also U.S. exports are influenced by U.S. trading partner Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for agricultural (AGR) and middle sector (MID) groups. U.S. foreign direct investment is a complement for U.S. exports of final (FIN) group and at the same time it serves as substitute for U.S. exports of AGR. On the other hand, U.S. imports of AGR and foreign direct investment (FDI) from 16 trading partners to the U.S. are substitutes. This study also reveals that the U.S. and Russia bilateral trade could be improved through economic growth in both countries, improving political cooperation and increasing inward and outward FDI.
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Ditchburn, David. "Merchants, pedlars and pirates : a history of Scotland's relations with Northern Germany and the Baltic in the later Middle Ages." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327783.

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Dogaheh, Kamal Javadi. "Integrating energy into the world trading system : law and policy." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2007. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2429/.

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Energy is required to manufacture a good or create a service and the energy sector is the backbone of every economy. Until recently, governments worldwide have considered the energy sector too cmcial to be left to market forces. Accordingly, energy markets have been fragmented and segmented into national and highly protected markets. Likewise, international trade in energy has traditionally been synonymous with petroleum trade, which in turn has been effectively regulated by the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), outside the reach of the multilateral trading system. However, the past two decades have seen the emergence of a trend towards the introduction of the trade discourse into the energy sector. This trend has two main components. The first component has its roots in the efforts made at the bilateral, regional, and international levels to impose GATT-type and even GATT-plus disciplines on energy trade. In this regard, mention may be made of the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement, the NAFTA agreement, and the Energy Charter Treaty. The second component, initially originated at the national level, has been the deregulation movement, namely reforming the electricity and natural gas industries. As a result of this policy shift, the electricity and national gas industries have been evolving from monopolistic into competitive industries with increasing numbers and types of participants. Accordingly, trade in electricity and gas is a new dimension of trade in energy, which is particularly relevant to the trade in services debate. It should be noted, however, that the GATS ongoing energy services negotiations also include the liberalization of oil and gas field services, which are related to the upstream segment of the oil and natural gas industries. Two WTO agreements, namely the GATT and the GATS, are of particular importance in analysing these components. Furthermore, in order to give the full picture of the current energy trade debate, the dual pricing debate and the relevant developments of the Subsidies and Countervailing Measures Agreement and their potential implications for trade in energy-intensive products should also be examined. The purpose of this study is to explore in extensive detail the two aforementioned components that shape the current energy debate. It is aimed at analysing the relationship between these components in the context of the energy trade discourse. The overall aim is to provide a better understanding of the processes and trends relating to this complex, multidimensional and dynamic subject and to identify how and to what extent trade in energy is integrated into the world trading system. Some tentative observations are also made with the desire to point towards the next steps.
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Shiravi-Khozani, Abdolhossein. "The legal aspect of international countertrade, with reference to the Australian Legal System." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phs5577.pdf.

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Bibliography: leaves 462-479. "... to provide a basis for understanding countertrade practices. In particular, however, it aims to provide assistance to trading parties to identify the problems associated with various forms of countertrade and to give them guidance in drafting countertrade contracts in the light of Australian law.".
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Meijer, Hugo. "Trading with the enemy : the making of US export control policy toward the People’s Republic of China." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013IEPP0001.

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Cette thèse porte sur l’élaboration de la politique américaine de contrôle des exportations de technologies à double usage vers la République populaire de Chine (1979-2009). Cet aspect de la relation sino-américaine n’a jamais fait l’objet d’une monographie dans l’après-Guerre froide. En s’appuyant sur un vaste corpus de sources primaires (170 entretiens, documents d’archives déclassifiés, auditions parlementaires et Wikileaks), cette thèse se propose de combler cette lacune dans la littérature sur les relations sino-américaines et d’enrichir les ressources conceptuelles et méthodologiques actuellement disponibles pour l’étude de l’élaboration de la politique étrangère. Le schéma explicatif proposé vise à dépasser la dichotomie ‘déterminants internes/externes’ de la politique étrangère. D’une part, ce schéma intègre trois ensembles de variables – internationales, sociétales et étatiques – tout en examinant leur jeu interactif ; de l’autre, des méthodes et concepts relevant de la sociologie des élites sont employés afin d’identifier les acteurs clé participant au processus décisionnel. Cette étude montre que, après l’effondrement de l’Union soviétique, une combinaison de variables structurelles, bilatérales et internes – et leurs interactions réciproques – ont érodé la capacité des États-Unis de contrôler, au niveau tant unilatéral que multilatéral, le transfert de technologies à double usage vers la Chine. Dans l’environnement stratégique, économique et technologique de l’après-Guerre froide, la stratégie consistant à utiliser les contrôles à l’exportation comme un outil de containment technologique/économique vis-à-vis de la Chine est devenue de moins en moins viable
This dissertation examines the making of US export control policy on dual-use technologies toward the People’s Republic of China (1979-2009). This facet of the Sino-American relationship has never been the subject of a monograph in the post-Cold War period. By relying on a large body of primary sources (170 interviews, declassified documents, congressional hearings, and Wikileaks), this work aims at partially filling this gap in the literature and at enriching the conceptual and methodological tools currently available for the study of foreign policy making. To do so, the proposed explanatory framework seeks to overcome the dichotomy ‘international versus domestic sources’ of foreign policy. On the one hand, this framework integrates three sets of variables – international, societal, and the state – while also examining their interactive interplay; on the other, it employs concepts and methods developed within the literature on the sociology of elites to identify the key actors involved in the decision-making process. This study shows that, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, a combination of structural, bilateral and domestic variables – and their reciprocal interactions – have eroded the capacity of the United States to restrict, both unilaterally and multilaterally, the transfer of dual-use technologies to China. In the strategic, economic, and technological environment of the post-Cold War era, using export controls, unilaterally or in concert, as a tool for technological/economic containment vis-à-vis China has become increasingly unviable
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Eruysal, Esra. "Economic Relations Between Turkey And Iran From 1990 To 2010: A Turkish Perspective." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613959/index.pdf.

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This study aims to analyze the transformation of Turkey&rsquo
s relations with Iran in the 1990s and 2000s from the perspective of &ldquo
trading state&rdquo
in a historical framework. In this context, the political and economic relations between Turkey and Iran are discussed by taking into consideration the internal transformation of Turkish economy. This thesis argued that the course of Turkey&rsquo
s relations with Iran in the 1990s is mainly shaped by the military-political considerations. Not only political but also economic relations between Turkey and Iran were negatively affected by tensions and rivalry between the parties during the 1990s. Despite the counter-efforts of some of the business circles and the political parties, neither the economic nor the political relations did improve. Unlike the 1990s, Turkey&rsquo
s relations with Iran in the 2000s are largely shaped by economic and commercial considerations. Increasing dialogue and developing cooperation at the political level are positively reflected in the economic relations. As a result of the eagerness of Turkish businessmen towards the development of economic relations with Iran and the intensive support of the political elites, economic relations substantially improved in the 2000s. However, rising foreign trade relations between the parties created an asymmetric dependence to the detriment of Turkey, rather than mutual interdependence as Iran benefits more from this relationship due to its oil and natural gas exports. The increasing relationship between Turkey and Iran supports the argument that Turkey is emerging as a &ldquo
trading state&rdquo
in the 2000s.
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Cheuk, Ka-Kin. "Global fabric bazaar : an Indian trading economy in a Chinese county." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9bab3226-0601-40e1-8342-9bea4919f5e0.

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This thesis is primarily based on ethnographic fieldwork that lasted fifteen months, between 2010 and 2012, in Keqiao, a municipal county in eastern Zhejiang Province, China. Despite its inferior administrative status and rather inland location, Keqiao is China's trading frontier for fabrics, which are the semifinished textiles that are industrially weaved, knitted, dyed, and printed in bulk before being exported. Contributing to the turnover of more than one-third of all fabric produced in China, the county's fabric wholesale market is not only the mainstay of Keqiao's economy. It is also the world's centre for fabric supplies, and where around 10,000 Indians have flocked to start their intermediary trading businesses. The major aim of this thesis is to examine the everyday encounters between Indians and Chinese in the local fabric market. It begins by exploring how Keqiao emerged as the global distribution centre for a wide variety of cheap fabrics. It also shows how Keqiao becomes characterized by the growing importance of low-end fabric sales and the influx of Indian traders, who specialize in exporting these fabrics. The thesis then describes the encounters between Indians and local Chinese in the fabric market, addressing the challenges and difficulties that these Indians, especially the newcomers, confront when dealing with the Chinese suppliers. Focusing on novice traders, the thesis turns to investigate the internal dynamics of Indian trading companies. Remarkably, novice Indian traders successfully learn several strategies to counteract their precarious position in the workplace. These strategies leverage the accumulation of work experience and expanding social networks. These insights bring the thesis to chapters that highlight other strategies, particularly those created from encounters between Indian traders and Chinese clerks, as well as those between Indian traders and Chinese salespersons. Taken together, this thesis illustrates how transnational and local actors team up to create their own, locally based, intermediary economy within a small Chinese county, and how such a collaborative economy, which I term a 'global fabric bazaar', sustains these actors. Without this collaborative economy, these players would otherwise be vulnerable within the fabric wholesale industry because this supply chain is increasingly polarized and weakened by today's global capitalism.
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Books on the topic "Trading relations"

1

Taylor, Robert I. D. Sino-Japanese trading relations: Contemporary perspectives. Stirling: Scottish Centre for Japanese Studies, University of Stirling, 1992.

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Taylor, Alan D. Simple games: Desirability relations, trading, pseudoweightings. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1999.

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Woolcock, Stephen. Trading partners or trading blows?: Market access issues in EC-U.S. relations. New York: Published in North America for the Royal Institute of International Affairs [by] Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1992.

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Market access issues in EC-US relations: Trading partners or trading blows? London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1991.

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Susan, Leppington, ed. Canada & its trading partners. Mississauga ON: Mod Pub., 1999.

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United Nations. Economic and Social Council. Committee for Development Planning. Regional trading blocs: A threat to the multilateral trading system? New York: United Nations, 1990.

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Wallis, W. Allen. U.S.-EC relations and the international trading system. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, 1986.

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Wallis, W. Allen. U.S.-EC relations and the international trading system. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, 1986.

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Wallis, W. Allen. U.S.-EC relations and the international trading system. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, 1986.

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Wallis, W. Allen. U.S.-EC relations and the international trading system. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Trading relations"

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Curwen, Peter. "Trading Relations." In Understanding the UK Economy, 298–324. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14376-4_12.

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Peng, Hao. "Copper Trading by Qing China’s Official Merchants and Affiliated Trading Group." In Trade Relations between Qing China and Tokugawa Japan, 85–98. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7685-6_6.

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Abele, Hanns A. "Emissions Trading: The Creation of a Global Policy Instrument." In Relations of Complex Organizational Systems, 227–49. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-96437-3_9.

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Ishii, Kanji. "British-Japanese Rivalry in Trading and Banking." In The History of Anglo-Japanese Relations, 1600–2000, 110–32. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403919526_2.

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Peng, Hao. "The Mechanism and Functions of the Shinpai Trading Permit System." In Trade Relations between Qing China and Tokugawa Japan, 39–53. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7685-6_3.

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Farnell, John, and Paul Irwin Crookes. "The EU and China in the Governance of Global Financial and Trading Systems." In The Politics of EU-China Economic Relations, 41–66. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-48874-9_3.

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Peng, Hao. "Internal Organization of Chinese Trading Groups in Relation to the Qing Authorities." In Trade Relations between Qing China and Tokugawa Japan, 111–27. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7685-6_8.

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Gippner, Olivia. "China–EU Relations and Patterns of Interactions on Emission Trading 1." In Routledge Handbook of Environmental Policy in China, 363–75. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315736761-31.

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Pisoni, D. B., and P. A. Luce. "Trading Relations, Acoustic Cue Integration, and Context Effects in Speech Perception." In The Psychophysics of Speech Perception, 155–72. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3629-4_11.

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Peng, Hao. "Qing China’s Response to the Shinpai Trading Permit System in the Eighteenth Century." In Trade Relations between Qing China and Tokugawa Japan, 55–67. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7685-6_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Trading relations"

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Hawkins, Sarah. "Reconciling trading relations and acoustic invariance." In First European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology (Eurospeech 1989). ISCA: ISCA, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/eurospeech.1989-324.

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Kozhobekov, Muratbek. "Trade and Economic Relations of Early Medieval Kyrgyz State." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01441.

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According to written sources of trade with neighboring countries occupied an important place in the economy of the Kyrgyz State. That would create a successful economy, as well as to meet the needs of consumers the Kyrgyz State established extensive trade links in the Central Asian region. Trading partners of the Kyrgyz in the early middle ages were economic developed countries East and Central Asia. This reflects the fact that the degree of development of the Kyrgyz people related to trading partners. In general terms, the characteristics of the Kyrgyz State trade relations with neighboring countries in the period VII-X centuries. Thus, definition and comparison of different time in bars allow you to re-evaluate the economic and political aspects of the problem components.
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Sarı, Yaşar. "Kyrgyzstan’s Relations with International Financial Organizations: Curse or Curve?" In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c02.00358.

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Kyrgyzstan since the collapse of Soviet Union went to the transition path and while it is argued that it succeeded at some points, levels or degree. It is certainly that major obstacles to the successful transition are not overcome. First of all it was necessary to get out of Russian dominated economy since it was itself declining. Kyrgyzstan was the first former Soviet republics left Russian ruble zone and accepted its own currency, som in 1993. Moreover, it is also the first former Soviet republics entered to World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1998. Second, finding new trade partners and external markets was a challenge. Kyrgyz governments wanted to go outside for two reasons: trading with outsiders at time of economic downturn in CIS was rise profitable and trading with outsiders would be a manifestation of their independence and sovereignty. It is obvious that since the independence Kyrgyzstan still serves as supply of raw material such as Kyrgyzstan’s primary budget income is still composed from natural resources (gold export). The Kyrgyz Republic is also classified as a low-income country with high debt vulnerability, due to these characteristics it is eligible to receive a significant level of grant from international financial organization, like World Bank. In this paper, Kyrgyzstan’s relations with the International Financial Organizations will divide three stages: Romantic years in 1990s, Debate on Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative in 2000s, and the last one, after HIPC and Revolution in 2010.
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Pardaev, Khusniddin, Shavkat Hasanov, Shukrullo Muratov, and Fotima Saydullaeva. "Assessment of economic relations between actors of the tomato production chain." In 23rd International Scientific Conference. “Economic Science for Rural Development 2022”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2022.56.005.

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This article is aimed at analysing the economic interrelation between actors in the tomato production chain in Uzbekistan and find ways to increase the smallholders’ income. We used a PROBIT model to determine the influence of exogenous and endogenous factors on the choice of a small trading partner. The customers that come to the smallholders’ house to purchase the product are regarded as an exogenous factor. More attention needs to be paid to increasing value-added in the food chain in Uzbekistan and improving economic relations between its actors. The factor obtained as an instrumental variable is assessed as having a positive and high impact on the choice of smallholder intermediate trade partner. In other words, an increase in the level of acquaintances of intermediaries with smallholders will increase economic cooperation by 1.2 times, an increase in family income from agriculture by 19% and an increase in smallholder activity in the mahalle by 15.7%. It is estimated that the increase in the number of respondents’ livestock per unit, foreign experience per year and the level of use of credits per unit will increase economic cooperation with direct consumers by 34.4, 13.4 and 28.5%, respectively. It also provides guidelines for tomato farmers to reduce transaction costs and risks and increase their profitability.
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"MODERN TRENDS OF DEVELOPMENT OF TRADING WAR ON THE EXAMPLE OF RELATIONS OF THE USA AND CHINA." In Russian science: actual researches and developments. Samara State University of Economics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46554/russian.science-2020.03-2-35/40.

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Torralba, Álvaro. "From Qualitative to Quantitative Dominance Pruning for Optimal Planning." In Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/618.

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Dominance relations compare states to determine whether one is at least as good as another in terms of their goal distance. We generalize these qualitative yes/no relations to functions that measure by how much a state is better than another. This allows us to distinguish cases where the state is strictly closer to the goal. Moreover, we may obtain a bound on the difference in goal distance between two states even if there is no qualitative dominance.We analyze the multiple advantages that quantitative dominance has, like discovering coarser dominance relations, or trading dominance by g-value. Moreover, quantitative dominance can also be used to prove that an action starts an optimal plan from a given state. We introduce a novel action selection pruning that uses this to prune any other successor. Results show that quantitative dominance pruning greatly reduces the search space, significantly increasing the planners' performance.
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Mrvica Mađarac, Sandra, Zvonimir Filipović, and Marko Eljuga. "E-COMMERCE IN TRADE COMPANIES DURING THE CONDITIONS OF A PANDEMIC CRISIS: CASE STUDIES." In EU 2021 – The future of the EU in and after the pandemic. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18349.

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E-commerce in trade companies during the course of the pandemic crisis has become more than a technology; it includes a whole range of activities such as business processes, business organization, communication, customer relationship management, the E-sales orientation and business progress through the Information and Communication technologies. The consequences of the pandemic COVID-19 are reflected on the various spheres of social life, including the businesses of the companies. New strategies and techniques in business have positively contributed to the survival of trading companies on the market in the new situation. Therefore, trading companies were forced to adjust their way of working, doing business and maintaining contacts with the customers and suppliers in the new situation. E-commerce in trading companies has become much more than the E-sales. Digitalising business leads to the implementation of E-commerce of the supply chain management that leads to speeding up and maintaining of the business processes. Due to rapid technological changes, E-commerce needs to follow new trends on the Information and Communication technologies market in order to remain effective. E-commerce can also help to organize communication processes. Online sales in the situation of the pandemic crisis have proven to be an effective sales method with which trading companies can maintain their sales in contactless customer relations. With the E-commerce can be improved all the company's business relations by the introduction of opportunities that it provides in business, by building architecture of E-commerce and by implementation of applications for business enterprises taking into account the potential costs and benefits of introducing this kind of business. However, with the introduction of E-commerce, both of the marketing strategies and the market expansions can be improved. In the paper are listed and analysed changes in the trade operations of the two companies due to the pandemic crisis; one deals with the sale of agricultural machinery and the other with the sale of food products: at this point we examine and compares the differences in the business processes management with the customers and suppliers in the normal way of doing business also in the new occasions, that is the consequential business adjustment in the course of pandemic.
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Guan, Xinyi. "A Circuitous Trading Route along the Maritime Silk Road and an Active Intermediary on this Route Emerging from an In-depth Analysis of Gold and Silver Wares Excavated in Suixi, Guangdong." In 2021 International Conference on Public Relations and Social Sciences (ICPRSS 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211020.174.

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Karumba, Samuel, Salil S. Kanhere, and Raja Jurdak. "A Relational Network Framework for Interoperability in Distributed Energy Trading." In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbc48266.2020.9169462.

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Zhao, Liang, Wei Li, Ruihan Bao, Keiko Harimoto, Yunfang Wu, and Xu Sun. "Long-term, Short-term and Sudden Event: Trading Volume Movement Prediction with Graph-based Multi-view Modeling." In Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/518.

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Trading volume movement prediction is the key in a variety of financial applications. Despite its importance, there is few research on this topic because of its requirement for comprehensive understanding of information from different sources. For instance, the relation between multiple stocks, recent transaction data and suddenly released events are all essential for understanding trading market. However, most of the previous methods only take the fluctuation information of the past few weeks into consideration, thus yielding poor performance. To handle this issue, we propose a graph-based approach that can incorporate multi-view information, i.e., long-term stock trend, short-term fluctuation and sudden events information jointly into a temporal heterogeneous graph. Besides, our method is equipped with deep canonical analysis to highlight the correlations between different perspectives of fluctuation for better prediction. Experiment results show that our method outperforms strong baselines by a large margin.
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Reports on the topic "Trading relations"

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Lawrence, David. UK trade and the war in Ukraine. Royal Institute of International Affairs, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/9781784135379.

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- The UK is less exposed to the direct effects of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine than its European neighbours. However, the indirect and longer-term effects of the war on UK trade could still be significant. - Inflationary pressure worldwide will contribute to price rises in the UK, particularly for food and energy. The ongoing effects of both Brexit – which has caused cross-border supply frictions and worker shortages – and the COVID-19 pandemic – which led to pent-up domestic demand and further reduced the labour force – will only increase this upward pressure. - The war has prompted increased scrutiny of London’s role as a centre for kleptocratic wealth from Russia and elsewhere, and has lead the UK government to impose sanctions against Russian-linked individuals and companies. This could impact inward investment directly, through legal restrictions on business activities, or indirectly, by indicating that the UK is no longer open to trade with certain countries. - In the longer term, post-war Ukraine’s future status and trading relationship with the EU could affect the UK, as the process of defining Ukraine’s position with regard to the EU may encourage Brussels to revisit its relations with the UK or even to explore alternative models for other non-member countries on the EU’s periphery. - A renewed focus on European security could also encourage the UK and EU to improve trade, security and political ties. The need to enhance security closer to home may also cause the UK to rethink the ‘Indo-Pacific tilt’ outlined in the 2021 Integrated Review.
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Russo, Margherita, Fabrizio Alboni, Jorge Carreto Sanginés, Manlio De Domenico, Giuseppe Mangioni, Simone Righi, and Annamaria Simonazzi. The Changing Shape of the World Automobile Industry: A Multilayer Network Analysis of International Trade in Components and Parts. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp173.

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In 2018, after 25 years of the North America Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the United States requested new rules which, among other requirements, increased the regional con-tent in the production of automotive components and parts traded between the three part-ner countries, United States, Canada and Mexico. Signed by all three countries, the new trade agreement, USMCA, is to go into force in 2022. Nonetheless, after the 2020 Presi-dential election, the new treaty's future is under discussion, and its impact on the automo-tive industry is not entirely defined. Another significant shift in this industry – the acceler-ated rise of electric vehicles – also occurred in 2020: while the COVID-19 pandemic largely halted most plants in the automotive value chain all over the world, at the reopen-ing, the tide is now running against internal combustion engine vehicles, at least in the an-nouncements and in some large investments planned in Europe, Asia and the US. The definition of the pre-pandemic situation is a very helpful starting point for the analysis of the possible repercussions of the technological and geo-political transition, which has been accelerated by the epidemic, on geographical clusters and sectorial special-isations of the main regions and countries. This paper analyses the trade networks emerg-ing in the past 25 years in a new analytical framework. In the economic literature on inter-national trade, the study of the automotive global value chains has been addressed by us-ing network analysis, focusing on the centrality of geographical regions and countries while largely overlooking the contribution of countries' bilateral trading in components and parts as structuring forces of the subnetwork of countries and their specific position in the overall trade network. The paper focuses on such subnetworks as meso-level structures emerging in trade network over the last 25 years. Using the Infomap multilayer clustering algorithm, we are able to identify clusters of countries and their specific trades in the automotive internation-al trade network and to highlight the relative importance of each cluster, the interconnec-tions between them, and the contribution of countries and of components and parts in the clusters. We draw the data from the UN Comtrade database of directed export and import flows of 30 automotive components and parts among 42 countries (accounting for 98% of world trade flows of those items). The paper highlights the changes that occurred over 25 years in the geography of the trade relations, with particular with regard to denser and more hierarchical network gener-ated by Germany’s trade relations within EU countries and by the US preferential trade agreements with Canada and Mexico, and the upsurge of China. With a similar overall va-riety of traded components and parts within the main clusters (dominated respectively by Germany, US and Japan-China), the Infomap multilayer analysis singles out which com-ponents and parts determined the relative positions of countries in the various clusters and the changes over time in the relative positions of countries and their specialisations in mul-tilateral trades. Connections between clusters increase over time, while the relative im-portance of the main clusters and of some individual countries change significantly. The focus on US and Mexico and on Germany and Central Eastern European countries (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia) will drive the comparative analysis.
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Bolton, Laura. Criminal Activity and Deforestation in Latin America. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.003.

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This review examines evidence on criminal deforestation activity in Latin America (particularly, but not exclusively the Amazon) and draws from the literature on the lessons learned in combatting criminal deforestation activity. This review focuses on Brazil as representative of the overwhelming majority of literature on criminal activity in relation to deforestation in the Amazon. The literature notes that Illegal deforestation occurs largely through criminal networks as they have the capacity for coordination, processing, selling, and the deployment of armed men to protect operations. Bribery, corruption, and fraud are deeply ingrained in deforestation. Networks may bribe geoprocessing experts, police, and public officials. Members of the criminal groups may become council members, mayors, and state representatives. Land titles are fabricated and trading documentation fraudulent. The literature also notes some interventions to combat this criminal deforestation activity: monitoring and law enforcement; national systems for registry and monitoring; legal enforcement for compliance of environmental law; International agreements and action; and Involving indigenous communities in combatting deforestation.
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Research Department - Banking Section - General - Public Relations - Trading Departments - Charges of Unfair Competition - June 1951 - October 1954. Reserve Bank of Australia, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_2006/14775.

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