Relevant bibliographies by topics / Trades council

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Trades council'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 21 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Trades council"

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Eather, Warwick. "The Rise and Fall of a Provincial Trades and Labor Council: The Wagga Wagga and District Trades and Labor Council 1943-1978." Rural Society 9, no. 1 (January 1999): 339–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/rsj.9.1.339.

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Brookshire, Jerry H. "The National Council of Labour, 1921–1946." Albion 18, no. 1 (1986): 43–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4048702.

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The National Council of Labour attempted to coordinate the policies and actions of the Trades Union Congress and Labour party. It had a checkered history and eventually failed. Its existence, however, demonstrated that the leadership of the Trades Union Congress and Labour party were grappling with questions which have constantly confronted modern British labor, especially the ever-present controversy over the TUC and party relationship, as well as whether a unified labor movement is possible or even desirable, or whether the TUC and labour party appropriately represent components within such a movement. If the last is true, do both institutions share fundamental concepts, and can they develop common tactics or approaches in furthering them? Are those “two wings” mutually dependent? Can the party aid the TUC in achieving its political goals? If the concerns of the TUC and party differ, can they or should they be reconciled? Should the TUC-party relationship remain the same whether the party is in government or in opposition?The National Council of Labour consisted of representatives from the TUC's General Council, the Labour party's National Executive Committee (NEC), and the parliamentary Labour party's Executive Committee (PLP executive). Originally created in 1921 as the National Joint Council, it was reconstituted in 1930 and again in 1931-32, renamed the National Council of Labour in 1934, and began declining in 1940 to impotence by 1946. It was an extra-parliamentary, extra-party body designed to enhance cooperation and coherence within the labor movement.
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Coolican, Alice. "Solidarity and Sectionalism in the Sydney Building Trades: The Role of the Building Trades Council 1886-1895." Labour History, no. 54 (1988): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27504433.

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Brigden, Cathy. "Beyond Peak Body Authority: Power Relations In The Trades Hall Council (THC)." Labour & Industry: a journal of the social and economic relations of work 11, no. 2 (December 2000): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10301763.2000.10669238.

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Morgan, Kevin. "Class Cohesion and Trade-Union Internationalism: Fred Bramley, the British TUC, and the Anglo-Russian Advisory Council." International Review of Social History 58, no. 3 (June 20, 2013): 429–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859013000175.

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AbstractA prevailing image of the British trade-union movement is that it was insular and slow-moving. The Anglo-Russian Advisory Council of the mid-1920s is an episode apparently difficult to reconcile with this view. In the absence to date of any fully adequate explanation of its gestation, this article approaches the issue biographically, through the TUC's first full-time secretary, Fred Bramley (1874–1925). Themes emerging strongly from Bramley's longer history as a labour activist are, first, a pronouncedly latitudinarian conception of the Labour movement and, second, a forthright labour internationalism deeply rooted in Bramley's trade-union experience. In combining these commitments in the form of an inclusive trade-union internationalism, Bramley in 1924–1925 had the indispensable support of the TUC chairman, A.A. Purcell who, like him, was a former organizer in the small but militantly internationalist Furnishing Trades’ Association. With Bramley's early death and Purcell's marginalization, the Anglo-Russian Committee was to remain a largely anomalous episode in the interwar history of the TUC.
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Marchant, Graham. "The Funding of Drama Student Training in Britain." New Theatre Quarterly 17, no. 1 (February 2001): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x00014305.

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The National Council for Drama Training represents the drama sector of the British performing arts industry and is responsible for the accreditation of the standard and content of the courses at vocational drama schools for professional actors and stage managers, to ensure their relevance to the industry. The Council has three wings: the employers (Society of London Theatre, Theatrical Management Association, the BBC, Channel 4, Channel 5, and ITV), the trades union (Equity), and the leading professional training providers. The purpose of the report which follows was to provide as objective as possible an assessment of the workings of the government's new Dance and Drama Awards scheme, to assist the industry in discussions with Government on improvements to the scheme. Its author, Graham Marchant, is an arts consultant with an exceptional breadth of knowledge and experience, particularly as theatre administrator, senior Arts Council officer, and principal of a vocational school for professional dancers. The NCDT was enabled to commission the Report through the generous provision of funds from the Mackintosh Foundation and the Society of London Theatre.
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Eather, Warwick. "'Exterminate the Traitors': The Wagga Wagga and District Trades and Labor Council, Trade Unionism and the Wagga Wagga Community 1943-60." Labour History, no. 72 (1997): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27516468.

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Vandeweerdt, Nena. "Women, town councils, and the organisation of work in Bilbao and Antwerp: a north-south comparison (1400–1560)." Continuity and Change 36, no. 1 (April 27, 2021): 61–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416021000060.

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AbstractIn this article, I compare women's work opportunities in Bilbao, in northern Castile, and Antwerp, in the Low Countries, from 1400 to 1560. I argue that the different organisation of work in the two towns had a great influence on women's economic opportunities. Whereas women in Antwerp often worked alongside other members of their household because of the town's dominant craft guilds, Bilbao's informal trades were open to women on their own, independent of their husband or another male relative. As a result, women in Bilbao are more visible in the sources and were able to exert more influence on the town council.
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Brigden, Cathy. "The Legacy of Separate Organizing: Women in the Victorian Trades Hall Council in the Interwar Years." Labor Studies Journal 36, no. 2 (April 5, 2011): 245–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160449x11404074.

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Forbes-Mewett, Helen, and Darryn Snell. "Women's Participation in ‘a Boys’ Club’: A Case Study of a Regional Trades and Labour Council." Labour & Industry: a journal of the social and economic relations of work 17, no. 2 (December 2006): 81–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10301763.2006.10669346.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Trades council"

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Collins, Peter Gerard. "Belfast Trades Council 1881-1921." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.329644.

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Rittau, Yasmin. "Regional Labour Councils and Local Government Employment Generation: The South Coast Labour Council 1981-1996." University of Sydney. Business, Discipline of Work and Organisational Studies, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/574.

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The thesis examines the role of regional labour councils in local employment generation. It specifically analyses the case of an Australian regional labour council, the South Coast Labour Council (SCLC), between 1981 and 1996. The Illawarra region was the centre of SCLC activity. It was an industrialised region that experienced high levels of unemployment in the period. These were greater than the State and national averages, which reflected a geographical concentration of unemployment in certain regions in Australia. The SCLC attempted to address this issue, as it was part of the union structure that was specifically focused on the regional level and on regional concerns. The study argues that the SCLC developed a local employment generation strategy and it examines how and why this was adopted and pursued. It finds that the SCLC was well placed at the regional level and was well resourced with a capacity to influence the external environment through its utilisation of both political and industrial methods in a period of agreeable internal relations. The research identifies the development of its local employment generation strategy. Sometimes the SCLC pursued its strategy in a manner of ad hoc decision-making and muddling through, while at other times it involved characteristic and distinctive regular patterns. The thesis concludes by evaluating the SCLC�s strategy of local employment generation and by exploring the applicability of the general trade union literature on methods and strategy to regional labour councils.
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Rittau, Yasmin. "Regional Labour Councils and Local Government Employment Generation: The South Coast Labour Council 1981-1996." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/574.

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The thesis examines the role of regional labour councils in local employment generation. It specifically analyses the case of an Australian regional labour council, the South Coast Labour Council (SCLC), between 1981 and 1996. The Illawarra region was the centre of SCLC activity. It was an industrialised region that experienced high levels of unemployment in the period. These were greater than the State and national averages, which reflected a geographical concentration of unemployment in certain regions in Australia. The SCLC attempted to address this issue, as it was part of the union structure that was specifically focused on the regional level and on regional concerns. The study argues that the SCLC developed a local employment generation strategy and it examines how and why this was adopted and pursued. It finds that the SCLC was well placed at the regional level and was well resourced with a capacity to influence the external environment through its utilisation of both political and industrial methods in a period of agreeable internal relations. The research identifies the development of its local employment generation strategy. Sometimes the SCLC pursued its strategy in a manner of ad hoc decision-making and muddling through, while at other times it involved characteristic and distinctive regular patterns. The thesis concludes by evaluating the SCLC�s strategy of local employment generation and by exploring the applicability of the general trade union literature on methods and strategy to regional labour councils.
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Webster, Barbara Grace, and b. webster@cqu edu au. "'FIGHTING IN THE GRAND CAUSE':A HISTORY OF THE TRADE UNION MOVEMENT IN ROCKHAMPTON 1907 – 1957." Central Queensland University. School of Humanities, 1999. http://library-resources.cqu.edu.au./thesis/adt-QCQU/public/adt-QCQU20020715.151239.

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Research of a wide range of primary sources informs this work, including hitherto unstudied local union records, oral testimony, contemporary newspapers, government and employer reports. Conclusions reached in this dissertation are that while the founders of the local trade union movement shared a vision of improving the lot of workers in their employment and in the wider social context, and they endeavoured to establish effective structures and organisation to this end, their efforts were of mixed success. They succeeded eminently in improving and protecting the employment conditions of workers to contemporary expectations through effective exploitation of political and institutional channels and through competent and conservative local leadership. However, the additional and loftier goal of creating a better life for workers outside the workplace through local combined union action were much less successful, foiled not only by overwhelming economic difficulties, but also by a local sense of working-class consciousness which was muted by the particular social and cultural context of Rockhampton.
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Stevens, Richard. "Trades councils in the East Midlands, 1929-1951 : trade unionism and politics in a #traditionally moderate' area." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294553.

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Almodarra, Sattam Faleh. "INVESTMENT FOR TRADE? IMPACT OF INVESTMENT FROM GULF COOPERATION COUNCIL COUNTRIES ON TRADE." UKnowledge, 2017. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/agecon_etds/54.

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The world has made great progress over the centuries through the massive increase in the interconnectedness of nations around the globe. Today, the world is connected through various ways, including the movement of goods, people, and money. The amount of goods traded across countries borders has drastically increased as the result of technological progress and the removal of barriers to trade. Not only has the world become more interconnected with the physical flows of goods and services, but also countries of the world have become more integrated financially. This study proposes to analyze how increase in financial flows, as measured by Foreign Direct Investment, impact physical flows of goods, as measured by trade. The study focuses on Gulf countries. These countries represent an interesting case study given the structure of their economies, their massive natural resource endowments and heavy reliance on oil and natural gas revenue, and their large sovereign funds. Using panel data for the years 2001-2012 and reliable econometric techniques, the study assesses the impacts of increased investment from Gulf countries on the imports from and exports to partner countries. The results show that both FDI inflows and outflows significantly increase imports to and exports from the Gulf countries. The results are robust to various estimations methods and remain valid for both agricultural and non-agricultural products. The findings of the study provide a better understanding of the trade-investment nexus and shed light on the underlying motives of investment by Gulf countries. Inflows and outflows of investment serve as a strategic option for Gulf countries to both promote their exports while securing their supply in consumer and capital goods.
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Allerup, Jonas. "Evaluation of the Swedish Trade Council’s Business Opportunity Projects." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-155107.

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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of the Business Opportunity Projects (BOPs) that the Swedish Trade Council uses when promoting export for small enterprises. The Business Opportunity Projects have the same type of setup for all offices where the Swedish Trade Council is established and are subsidized by 60 percent from the government. A dataset on firms’ financial state on a ten year basis is used and survey interviews conducted in 2005/06 and 2007/08. From this data three types of methods are used; a calculations on expected values of return; a panel data model and a probit model.The results show that the expected return of one project is around 250 000 SEK and if the project is successful the average return is around 1 000 000 SEK. The governmental return is around 22 times the invested money. The probability of creating business volume directly or indirectly is around 45 percent. It is also shown that the projects have an impact on the export turnover of the participating firms. The effect comes after two years and it increases until four years after the BOP. The interpretation of the exact effect should be made with caution due to estimation issues. The result also indicates that the BOP generates around 1.5 employees on averages.The results show that the participating firms do not have advantage being larger, or being from the middle region of Sweden nor in a specific branch in order to have a successful project. Firms from north part of Sweden that have a slightly smaller chance of having a successful project, if the project is made in Western European offices, the firms have a higher probability to succeed compared to other offices.
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Alsowaidi, Saif Said. "The optimal currency invoicing for oil : the case of the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council." Thesis, Durham University, 1990. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/6621/.

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Stability in exchange rates has been the objective of several international monetary agreements since the early twentieth century. Thus the par value of currencies was determined in terms of a specified amount of gold, under the gold standard, whilst, the Bretton Woods agreement and the Smithsonian agreement defined the value of each currency in terms of the dollar, where the dollar was defined in terms of gold. Nevertheless, all these various systems have failed to eliminate the arguments between the proponents and the opponents of flexible and fixed exchange rate regimes. Although the major industrial countries have adopted a relatively flexible exchange rate regime, most developing countries have held their currencies pegged to the currency of a major industrial country, or a basket of currencies, with the aim of meeting a particular macroeconomic criterion. The choice of pegs tends to be influenced by trade shares, however, adopted according to the objective function the domestic authorities aim to fulfil. The literature has defined several macroeconomic objectives of a peg but found no particular peg to be universally adopted by all developing countries. An examination of the contract invoicing literature shows that, international trade involves incurring of risk by firms, exporters and importers. This risk is partly determined by the choice of currency denomination of contracts, which firms are expected to seek means of minimizing. With respect to currencies used to invoice contracts, there is overwhelming evidence to suggest that it is the currency of the exporter which tends to be used to denominate trade contracts. However, on an ad hoc basis, certain commodities and raw materials were found to be invoiced in vehicle currencies, such as the dollar. Moreover, the choice of currency invoicing is found to be influenced by many factors. In particular, inflation differentials were essential. Low inflation currencies are generally preferred by trading partners. A major issue of concern discussed in the literature is the potential effect of exchange rate fluctuations on the volume of international trade. The evidence on this has gone both ways. Some have argued that these fluctuations are of less concern because firms can use the forward market as means of reducing their impact. The analytical framework presented in the present thesis deals with an important issue for the member states of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). These economies depend on oil revenues as the main source of income. Consequently, both government and private spending rely heavily on the oil sector. However, analyzing this invoicing policy without considering the behavior of the exchange rates between the currencies of these countries and those of their major trading partners, would be misleading. Thus, the present model adopts an integrative approach aimed at choosing a currency or a basket of currencies for invoicing oil, and determining how the choices of the same arrangements or alternative arrangements adopted for pegging the domestic currencies can affect the welfare function adopted for the choice of currency(s) for invoicing oil. This welfare function, as it is argued in the thesis, is based on stabilizing the real, rather than the nominal, value of oil revenues. The historical perspective has demonstrated close correlations between inflation rates, money growth rates and oil revenues in the GCC economies. Moreover, the dependence of these economies on oil revenues as the major source of income, has been argued to be the decisive factor that has resulted in their currencies being pegged to the dollar. The results from the estimation, however, do not support a peg to the dollar, nor invoicing oil in dollars. Nonetheless, other single currencies have failed to fulfill the optimality condition, thus favoring pegging to a trade-weighted basket of currencies, and an invoicing scheme for oil which is based on a basket of currencies. Trade shares prove to be important, since deviations from purchasing power parity are passed via them. Despite the different levels of stability resulting from alternative combinations of peg and invoice choices, statistical evidence concludes that there are no significant differences amongst the resulting variances of the real value of oil revenues in terms of the domestic currencies of the GCC member states. Accordingly, it may be argued that if the sole objective of the authorities in these countries is to stabilize the real value of oil revenues, any choice of the alternatives considered in the present thesis would yield the same result in terms of stability.
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Al-Khalifa, Ali Bin Khalifa. "Factors influencing export performance in the relationship of UK exporting manufacturers with Gulf Cooperation Council importers." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361327.

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Johnsson-Gerde, Angelica. "The Swedish Trade Council : Access to knowledge - a core driver in the success of international business." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Business Studies, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-88403.

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Problem: The information-supply for companies that venture abroad is greater than ever before, however, the sort of information available is seldom exhaustive. Much of the information a company needs when venturing out on a new market can not be accessed on the market, but the knowledge needed is developed in the cooperation with other actors. Therefore, this thesis has come to focus on whether access to knowledge is a core driver in the success of international business.

Purpose: Against a background of companies’ need of knowledge and networks when venturing abroad, the purpose of this thesis is to describe the strategic operations of the Swedish Trade Council on the American market, in relation to their cooperation with the Embassy of Sweden in Washington D.C. This, to be able to assess if this type of cooperation creates efficiency and effectiveness, in the objective to offer Swedish companies market information and a vast network abroad.

Method: A literary research-summary was made by the author to gain knowledge in the field of internationalization, knowledge, and networks. As the primary source of information, the author conducted a number of interviews, which in turn was analyzed in relation to the academic theories within the field. Based upon this information further research was conducted and additional information sought to gain a deeper understanding for the issue of the study, so that the author would be able to describe the entity in relation to its context

Result: The problem comes down to how to make the right knowledge available for the companies, and that problem increases in the lack of contacts with information that is not obtainable out on the market. Active relationships within networks, such as the one STC has with the embassy, are crucial. It gives them the opportunity to act as a broker, creating a leverage for the companies the serve, through the knowledge and network they can provide them on the foreign market.

 

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Books on the topic "Trades council"

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Collins, Peter Gerard. Belfast Trades Council 1881-1921. [S.l: The Author], 1988.

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Council, Victorian Trades Hall. Victorian Trades Hall Council: Information pack. [Melbourne]: Victorian Trades Hall Council, 1989.

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Blowing With The Blackburn Trades. UK: Lancashire Community Press, 1996.

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Brian, John. Centenary of Pontypridd Trades Council 1897-1997. Pontyridd: Pontypridd Observer, 1997.

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Council, Blackpool Trades. Blackpool Trades Council centenary year 1891-1991. Blackpool: Blackpool Trades Council, 1991.

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Council, Toronto Trades and Labor. Constitution of the Toronto Trades and Labor Council. [Toronto?: s.n.], 1987.

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Thornett, Alan. 100 years: Oxford and District Trades Union Council. Oxford: Oxford and District Trades Union Council, 1987.

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Kirkby, Andrew. In the cause of liberty: Exeter Trades Council 1890-1990. Exeter: Sparkler, 1990.

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Dalton, Raymond. False dawn: Leeds Trades Council and the socialist challenge : the origins of independent labour politics in Leeds 1890-1902. Huddersfield: The University, 1992.

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Nottingham and District Trades Union Council. Nottingham and District Trades Union Council Centenary 1890-1990. Nottingham: Nottingham T.U.C., 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Trades council"

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Schröter, Welf. "Proposals for the Future of Internal Crowdsourcing: A Trade Union-Based Approach." In Contributions to Management Science, 135–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52881-2_7.

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AbstractThe “FST” personnel network “Forum Soziale Technikgestaltung” (Forum for Social Forms of Technology) from the German Trade Union Confederation (DGB) of Baden-Württemberg has been examining the subjects informatization of work and digitization since 1991. More than 4600 women and men from works councils and staff councils, union representative bodies and the workforce, large companies, small- and medium-sized enterprises, the manual trades, as well as self-employed people have been involved in an exchange about their experiences in production and services and in administrations. Against this background, and drawing on the accumulated knowledge gained from experience, the following proposals for the future of internal crowdsourcing have been derived. The proposals represent a trade union-based approach.
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Kirchgeorg, Manfred, and Oliver Klante. "Managing advisory councils for trade show company success." In Trade Show Management, 401–15. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-05658-4_28.

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Macbean, A. I., and P. N. Snowden. "The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA [COMECON])." In International Institutions in Trade and Finance, 195–210. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003226987-10.

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Carew, Anthony. "General Councils and National Executives." In Democracy and Government in European Trade Unions, 109–29. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003347880-5.

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Gilbar, Gad G. "The Rise and Fall of the Tujjār Councils of Representatives in Iran, 1884–85." In Trade and Enterprise, 201–24. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003177425-14.

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Otte, Andreas, Welf Schröter, Ingo Breite, Frank Gerth, Sylvia Laur, Volker Ost, Can Sekertekin, Andreas Tabor, Marco Wedel, and Hannah Ulbrich. "The Living Group Works Council Agreement as Social Innovation: Internal Crowdsourcing in the GASAG Group." In Contributions to Management Science, 153–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52881-2_9.

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AbstractShortly after the formal launch of the ICU project in the summer of 2017, representatives from the group works council of the GASAG group sat down with the trade union network Forum for the Social Forms of Technology, the FST, to start up an independent practical initiative to examine the topic of internal crowdsourcing to be implemented soon after. In 2018, a model works council agreement between the group works council and the management was agreed, henceforth framing the IC procedure in the GASAG group. The agreement is meant to serve as a template for the introduction of internal crowdsourcing in other companies and industries. A special feature of the agreement is the so-called ‘living’ group works council agreement. The following article analyses its significance and provides a translation by reproducing the agreement in its wording (This text is based on an original version in the German language that was published under the provisions of the Creative Commons at the URL: www.blog-zukunft-der-arbeit.de/betriebsraete-setzen-starken-innovationsimpuls-fuer-digitalen-aufbruch or www.blog-zukunft-der-arbeit.de.).
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Béliard, Yann. "Contested coordinator: the Hull Trades Council, 1872–1914*." In Labour united and divided from the 1830s to the present, 66–82. Manchester University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526126320.003.0005.

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Founded in 1872, the Hull Trades Council, like its counterparts in other towns and cities, was created to unite the efforts of trade-union activists pertaining to different industries. Yet its unifying vocation did not prevent it from internal conflicts. This chapter seeks to identify the diverging factors at the root of those conflicts, from the Trades Council’s origins to 1914, to understand the way the question of working-class unity was debated, and how those conceptions changed over time. The chapter illuminates the role of Trades Councils in general in the growth of class-consciousness, the possibilities they offered to encourage a kind of proletarian unity different from the one elaborated in the parliamentary milieu, as well as the obstacles that left-wingers had to face in their attempts to build that unity. The Hull scenario, although it shows that Trades Council activists often displayed more imagination, initiative and firmness than national leaders, also makes clear how difficult it was to overcome at the local level the powerful tendencies that went contrary to their efforts at the broader national or even international levels.
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"BUILDING AND ALLIED TRADES JOINT INDUSTRIAL COUNCIL." In Spon's Architects' and Builders' Price Book 2008, 834. Spon Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b13814-25.

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"Building and Allied Trades Joint Industrial Council." In Spon's Architects' and Builders' Price Book 2011, 208. Spon Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482266726-22.

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Fraser, W. Hamish. "Mr. Potter and the London Trades’ Council." In British Trade Unions 1707–1918, 3–10. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003192053-3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Trades council"

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Patel, Meera, and Bhanu Pratap. "Nonlinear Reduced Order Observer Based Controller Design for High-Speed Trains." In 2017 14th IEEE India Council International Conference (INDICON). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/indicon.2017.8487921.

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Al Isaee, Omar Mohammed, Dmitrii Smirnov, Abdullah Al Hadhrami, Alkhattab Mahrooqi, Hilal Shabibi, Ernest Sayapov, Alexey Moiseenkov, and Saqer Kaabi. "A Novel Environmentally Friendly, Cost Effective Method for Hydraulic Fracture Geometry Evaluation: Cased Hole Cross-Dipole Data." In SPE Western Regional Meeting. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209307-ms.

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Abstract Cased hole cross-dipole acoustic acquisition is a novel environmentally friendly and cost-effective method for hydraulic fracture geometry evaluation. This method eliminates the environment contamination by the radioactive tracers and replaces the costly micro-seismic monitoring system. Radioactive tracer usage has a risk of pollution associated with improper storage, transportation and use of low dose, short half-life radioactive materials. The new technology eliminates the risk of having radioactive contamination during hydraulic fracturing operations. The sonic anisotropy measurements comparison taken before and after the hydraulic fracturing job allows estimating differential acoustic anisotropy and enables hydraulic fracture geometry evaluation. The method replaces radioactive (R/A) tracers and eliminates any risk of radioactive contamination, high cost, and complex hydraulic fracturing microseismic monitoring (HFM) operation which requires well monitoring. The method was successfully implemented in Greater Birba Cluster in the Sultanate of Oman, during hydraulic fracturing operations in 2020. Results were compared and validated with radioactive tracers, spectral noise log and microseismic monitoring data. This was a first use of sonic anisotropy measurements for fracture geometry evaluation in Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region. In terms of Zero radiation Risk: The common R/A Tracers Antymoniy-124, Iridium-192 and Scandium-46 have a half-life from 60 to 83 days. One curie of these tracers will give a dose rate of 480 -1090 mR per hour at a meter. Tracers are compounds with both internal and external exposure hazards to humans; they emit highly energetic gamma/beta radiation which can cause localized damage if ingested, inhaled or absorbed by the skin. Externally, both beta and gamma radiation can cause localized damage to exposed areas. Eliminating operations with these materials reduces risk of exposure hazard for field personnel to zero.
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Sánchez, Marcos, Simon Roberts, and Robert Ryan. "Mary Elmes, Design and Construction of an urban pedestrian bridge over river Lee in Cork City Centre. From competition to opening." In Footbridge 2022 (Madrid): Creating Experience. Madrid, Spain: Asociación Española de Ingeniería Estructural, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24904/footbridge2022.013.

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<p>Mary Elmes Bridge is a 66m single span Pedestrian and Cyclist bridge opening in Cork, Ireland in July 2019. In September 2016, Cork City Council launched a competition for a single span – no supports in the river were allowed- pedestrian crossing over the River Lee between the historic bridges of St. Patrick’s (a stone arch form 1860’s) and Brian Boru (a former rolling bascule from 1920). The competition was launched as part of Cork City Councils key objective to encourage greater sustainable travel in the form of walking and cycling within the city Centre.</p><p>Constrained by heavy trafficked quay roads, the design of a single span 66m crossing was a real challenge when taking into account that the flooding level for the 200years return is 400mm higher than the existing footpaths. The winning solution is a slender, steel shallow through beam with a slight arching effect. The main span is fully integral with the abutments with the central steel box girder and variable width cantilevered walkways joining at both landing points to a stiff concrete piled foundations. The concept adopts a clever strategy to integrate at grade landings with existing footpath levels while making the structure compatible with future city flood defenses. The use of the pedestrian walkway as a flange in the longitudinal direction allows the structure to achieve a significant slenderness.</p><p>This proposal establishes a connective dialogue with its surrounds and compliant with challenging flooding and visual requirements.</p>
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Xie, Xiaofeng, Ynag Yang, and Zongfang Zhou. "Trade Credit and Lending Strategy of Supply Chain with Information Asymmetry." In 7th Annual Meeting of Risk Analysis Council of China Association for Disaster Prevention (RAC-2016). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/rac-16.2016.95.

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Ушаков, Артем. "Особенности торговой стратегии «новгородских гостей» Любека в XV веке." In Россия — Германия в образовательном, научном и культурном диалоге. Конкорд, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37490/de2021/025.

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The «Nowgorodfahrer» were a special-purpose merchant organization focused on the Russian market. The “Nowgorodfahrer” were classified as a part of prosperous merchant class and had partner contacts with town councils of Lübeck and Reval. The corporation played a significant part in the Hanseatic-Russian trade and directly impacted on the specifics of the Baltic commodity exchange. Regardless of the fact that the 15th century is considered to be the Golden age of the Hanseatic League, the concerned century is marked by fundamental changes in the structure of the Hanseatic trade. The analysis of the trade strategy of the “Nowgorodfahrer” allows us to define the transformation features of the traditions of commodity exchange, as well as to identify the special features of cooperation between the Vendian and Livonian Hansa cities in the Late Middle Ages.
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Deynekli, Adnan. "Limited Real Rights of Foreigners in Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c11.02347.

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Foreigner is a person who does not have any citizenship with the Republic of Turkey. According to the third paragraph of Article 35 of the Deed Law, the Council of Ministers/President of the Republic, in the interests of the country, is entitled to define, limit and prohibit, the limited real rights of the foreign real persons and foreign trade companies, in terms of country, person, geographical region, time, number, rate, type, quality, square measurement and amount. To entitle the Council of Ministers/President of the Republic to limit and prohibit the use of limited rights of the foreigners, may be contrary to Article 16 of the Constitution. The limited real rights are the usufruct rights (TCC 794), the right of residence (TCC 823), the right of construction (TCC 837) and the right of pledge and immovable load (TCC 839). It may be established the right of usufruct, right of construction and immovable load in favor of foreigners in Turkey who can acquire real estates. It may be established pledge rights without being subject to restrictions in favor of foreign real and legal persons.
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Bridi, Robert Michael. "Transnational Higher Education and International Branch Campuses in the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries: The Case of the United Arab Emirates." In Sixth International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head20.2020.11063.

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The aim of the paper is to examine the emergence of transnational higher education (TNHE) and international branch campuses (IBCs) in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The findings demonstrate that the emergence of TNHE and IBCs has been the result of interrelated political, economic, social, and academic factors. First, the formation of the GCC was a key moment during which member states sought to stimulate scientific progress through the development of higher education as part of a strategy to meet labor demands and economic development. Second, the commodification of education and the drive to increasing profits in educational institutions combined with decreases in government funding to Western universities during the neo-liberal era of capitalism have been an impetus for Western universities to seek ‘new markets’ beyond their borders. Third, the liberating of regional trade policies in services, including education, combined with the internationalization of education has enabled the cross-border movement of students, educators, and institutions. Fourth, the UAE’s unique demographic group mix, which consists of a majority of international expatriates, combined with significant government funding in the education sector and international partnerships has resulted in the rapid expansion of TNHE and IBCs.
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Palleroni, Sergio. "Public Transportation Design as Grassroots Pedagogy." In AIA/ACSA Intersections Conference. ACSA Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.aia.inter.19.2.

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"In the spring of 2014, the Center for Public Interest Design (CPID) was approached by the Sacramento Area Council of Governments to begin the process of exploring how public interest design could be used to address the needs of some of Sacramento’s most disinvested and environmentally impacted neighborhoods. This collaboration began at a crucial time for California as the State was in the process of implementing the first cap and trade legislation in the US. A significant percentage of funds collected through the sale of carbon tax credits associated with this legislation are required to be invested in disadvantaged communities. This paper proposal examines the potential for design to play a role in identifying social investment opportunities to create healthier communities through the CPID’s work with students in Central California."
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Georgiev, Vasil. "Directive 2019/633 on Unfair Trading Practices in Business-To-Business Relationships and Its Implementation." In Seventh International Scientific-Business Conference LIMEN Leadership, Innovation, Management and Economics: Integrated Politics of Research. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/limen.2021.303.

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Unfair trading practices between economic operators are a conse­quence of the concentration and vertical integration of retailers of fast-mov­ing consumer goods. The strengthened market position of the latter allowed them to impose unfavorable conditions on their economically weaker part­ners in the supply chain – such as manufacturers and small suppliers. The cross-border nature of trade in agricultural goods and foods has brought this issue to the attention of the European institutions relatively quickly. On 25 April 2019, Directive (EU) 2019/633 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on unfair trading practices in business-to-busi­ness relationships in the agricultural and food supply chain was published in the Official Journal of the EU. This paper analyses the norms and implemen­tation of the Directive as of 31 July 2021.
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Savic Radovanovic, Radoslava, Aleksandra Aleksic-Agelidis, and Jelena Aleksic Radojkovic. "ZAKONSKI PROPISI U ORGANSKOJ PROIZVODNJI-NACIONALNA I EU REGULATIVA." In XXVI savetovanje o biotehnologiji sa međunarodnim učešćem. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt26.459sr.

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Organic production in the Republic of Serbia is controlled production, officially regulated by the Law on Organic Production ("Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia", No. 30/10, 17/2019) that provided the legal basis for the adoption of regulations - Rulebook on control and certification in organic production and methods of organic production ("Official Gazette of RS", No. 095/2020) and the Rulebook on documentation submitting for certificate issuance by the authorized organization and organic products trading requirements ("Official Gazette of RS", No. 88/16). The Law on Organic Production regulates the production of agricultural and other products, goals, principles and methods of organic production and control, certification, processing, labeling, storage, transport, trade, import and export of organic products as well as other issues of importance for organic production. The provisions of the Act are applied to products originating from all stages of organic production - plant and livestock, including aquaculture products for market. Organic products are not considered to be products obtained by hunting and fishery. The system of organic products control in the Republic of Serbia was established in accordance to the European Union regulations- Council Regulation (EC) No 834/2007, Commission Regulation (EC) No 886/2008). On January 2021, these regulations will expire. The new Regulation of the European Parliament and the Council on organic production and labeling of organic products (Regulation (EU) 2018/848) will enter into force in order to respond to growing consumers demands and expectations.
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Reports on the topic "Trades council"

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Fedasiuk, Ryan, Emily Weinstein, Ben Murphy, and Alan Loera. Chinese State Council Budget Tracker. Center for Security and Emerging Technology, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51593/20200078.

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It’s widely understood that Beijing invests significant resources in shoring up its science and technology prowess, but the extent and flows of the Chinese government’s public investments in S&T are not as well known. This project tracks publicly available information about the budgets of more than two-dozen high-level Chinese government entities, including those that support science, technology, and talent recruitment.
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Rioux, Bertrand, Rami Shabaneh, and Steve Griffiths. Economic Analysis of Gas Pipeline Trade Cooperation: A GCC case study. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2021-dp01.

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Natural gas development across the member states of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) — including Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Qatar, Kuwait, Oman and Bahrain —has become a priority for achieving long-term energy security and for supporting economic diversification initiatives (Shabaneh et al. 2020).
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Bergsen, Pepijn, Carolina Caeiro, Harriet Moynihan, Marianne Schneider-Petsinger, and Isabella Wilkinson. Digital trade and digital technical standards. Royal Institute of International Affairs, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/9781784135133.

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There is increasing impetus for stronger cooperation between the US, EU and UK on digital technology governance. Drivers of this trend include the economic incentives arising from opportunities for digital trade; the ambition for digital technology governance to be underpinned by shared values, including support for a democratic, open and global internet; and the need to respond to geopolitical competition, especially from China. Two specific areas of governance in which there is concrete potential to collaborate, and in which policymakers have indicated significant ambitions to do so, are digital trade and digital technical standards. - To leverage strategic opportunities for digital trade, the US, EU and UK need to continue identifying and promoting principles based on shared values and agendas, and demonstrate joint leadership at the global level, including in the World Trade Organization (WTO) on e-commerce. - Policy actors in the US, EU and UK should work individually and collectively to build on the latest generation of digital trade agreements. This will help to promote closer alignment on digital rules and standards, and support the establishment of more up-to-date models for innovation and governance. - Collaborating on digital technical standards, particularly those underlying internet governance and emerging technologies, offers the US, EU and UK strategic opportunities to build a vision of digital technology governance rooted in multi-stakeholder participation and democratic values. This can provide a strong alternative to standards proposals such as China’s ‘New IP’ system. - Policy actors should seek to expand strategic cooperation on standards development among the US, EU and UK, among like-minded countries, and among states that are undecided on the direction of their technology governance, including in the Global South. They should also take practical steps to incorporate the views and expertise of the technology industry, the broader private sector, academia and civil society. By promoting best-practice governance models that are anticipatory, dynamic and flexible, transatlantic efforts for cooperation on digital regulation can better account for the rapid pace of technological change. Early evidence of this more forward-looking approach is emerging through the EU’s proposed regulation of digital services and artificial intelligence (AI), and in the UK’s proposed legislation to tackle online harms. The recently launched EU-US Trade and Technology Council is a particularly valuable platform for strengthening cooperation in this arena. But transatlantic efforts to promote a model of digital governance predicated on democratic values would stand an even greater chance of success if the council’s work were more connected to efforts by the UK and other leading democracies
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Nietschke, Yung. Australian Strategic Partnerships in Remote Education. Australian Council for Educational Research, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37517/978-1-74286-649-9.

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This report highlights the achievements and lessons learned from the pilot stage of the Australian Strategic Partnerships in Remote Education (ASPIRE) initiative which was managed by the Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER) as part of the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade's Partnerships for Recovery: Australia's COVID-19 Development Response. In its pilot phase ASPIRE partnerships have strengthened collaboration between Australian and Indo-Pacific institutions and promoted the value of Australian expertise in remote teaching and learning to key counterparts in government, tertiary institutions, community organisations and teachers.
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Lewis, Dustin, Radhika Kapoor, and Naz Modirzadeh. Advancing Humanitarian Commitments in Connection with Countering Terrorism: Exploring a Foundational Reframing concerning the Security Council. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/uzav2714.

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The imperative to provide humanitarian and medical services on an urgent basis in armed conflicts is anchored in moral tenets, shared values, and international rules. States spend tens of billions of dollars each year to help implement humanitarian programs in conflicts across the world. Yet, in practice, counterterrorism objectives increasingly prevail over humanitarian concerns, often resulting in devastating effects for civilian populations in need of aid and protection in war. Not least, confusion and misapprehensions about the power and authority of States relative to the United Nations Security Council to set policy preferences and configure legal obligations contribute significantly to this trajectory. In this guide for States, we present a framework to reconfigure relations between these core commitments by assessing the counterterrorism architecture through the lens of impartial humanitarianism. We aim in particular to provide an evidence base and analytical frame for States to better grasp key legal and policy issues related to upholding respect for principled humanitarian action in connection with carrying out the Security Council’s counterterrorism decisions. We do so because the lack of knowledge regarding interpretation and implementation of counterterrorism resolutions matters for the coherence, integrity, and comprehensiveness of humanitarian policymaking and protection of the humanitarian imperative. In addition to analyzing foundational concerns and evaluating discernible behaviors and attitudes, we identify avenues that States may take to help achieve pro-humanitarian objectives. We also endeavor to help disseminate indications of, and catalyze, States’ legally relevant positions and practices on these issues. In section 1, we introduce the guide’s impetus, objectives, target audience, and structure. We also describe the methods that we relied on and articulate definitions for key terms. In section 2, we introduce key legal actors, sources of law, and the notion of international legal responsibility, as well as the relations between international and national law. Notably, Security Council resolutions require incorporation into national law in order to become effective and enforceable by internal administrative and judicial authorities. In section 3, we explain international legal rules relevant to advancing the humanitarian imperative and upholding respect for principled humanitarian action, and we sketch the corresponding roles of humanitarian policies, programs, and donor practices. International humanitarian law (IHL) seeks to ensure — for people who are not, or are no longer, actively participating in hostilities and whose needs are unmet — certain essential supplies, as well as medical care and attention for the wounded and sick. States have also developed and implemented a range of humanitarian policy frameworks to administer principled humanitarian action effectively. Further, States may rely on a number of channels to hold other international actors to account for safeguarding the humanitarian imperative. In section 4, we set out key theoretical and doctrinal elements related to accepting and carrying out the Security Council’s decisions. Decisions of the Security Council may contain (binding) obligations, (non-binding) recommendations, or a combination of the two. UN members are obliged to carry out the Council’s decisions. Member States retain considerable interpretive latitude to implement counterterrorism resolutions. With respect to advancing the humanitarian imperative, we argue that IHL should represent a legal floor for interpreting the Security Council’s decisions and recommendations. In section 5, we describe relevant conduct of the Security Council and States. Under the Resolution 1267 (1999), Resolution 1989 (2011), and Resolution 2253 (2015) line of resolutions, the Security Council has established targeted sanctions as counterterrorism measures. Under the Resolution 1373 (2001) line of resolutions, the Security Council has adopted quasi-“legislative” requirements for how States must counter terrorism in their national systems. Implementation of these sets of resolutions may adversely affect principled humanitarian action in several ways. Meanwhile, for its part, the Security Council has sought to restrict the margin of appreciation of States to determine how to implement these decisions. Yet international law does not demand that these resolutions be interpreted and implemented at the national level by elevating security rationales over policy preferences for principled humanitarian action. Indeed, not least where other fields of international law, such as IHL, may be implicated, States retain significant discretion to interpret and implement these counterterrorism decisions in a manner that advances the humanitarian imperative. States have espoused a range of views on the intersections between safeguarding principled humanitarian action and countering terrorism. Some voice robust support for such action in relation to counterterrorism contexts. A handful call for a “balancing” of the concerns. And some frame respect for the humanitarian imperative in terms of not contradicting counterterrorism objectives. In terms of measures, we identify five categories of potentially relevant national counterterrorism approaches: measures to prevent and suppress support to the people and entities involved in terrorist acts; actions to implement targeted sanctions; measures to prevent and suppress the financing of terrorism; measures to prohibit or restrict terrorism-related travel; and measures that criminalize or impede medical care. Further, through a number of “control dials” that we detect, States calibrate the functional relations between respect for principled humanitarian action and countering terrorism. The bulk of the identified counterterrorism measures and related “control dials” suggests that, to date, States have by and large not prioritized advancing respect for the humanitarian imperative at the national level. Finally, in section 6, we conclude by enumerating core questions that a State may answer to help formulate and instantiate its values, policy commitments, and legal positions to secure respect for principled humanitarian action in relation to counterterrorism contexts.
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Martino, W., J. Kassen, K. Omercajic, and L. Dare. Supporting transgender and gender diverse students in Ontario schools: Educators’ responses. University of Western Ontario, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5206/qxvt8368.

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This report details the findings of an Ontario-wide survey of 1194 school educators which is part of a larger study funded by funded by the Social Sciences Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC). The survey was developed in consultation with trans educators, school board officials, and community members and included a mix of qualitative and quantitative questions. The report is structured according to educators’ responses to questions about trans-inclusive policies, self-rated knowledge, and understanding of trans inclusion and gender diversity, training received, use of resources and the barriers to fostering gender diversity in schools. Educators’ recommendations and advice on improving education about trans inclusivity in schools are also reported. Key findings revealed that there continue to be systemic and structural impediments to supporting trans inclusion and gender diversity in schools, in terms of both the failure to enact policy and to provide adequate support, education, and resourcing for educators. Recommendations are outlined which relate to the need for further development of policies that identify the allocation of resources for both professional development and curriculum development as central to the necessary provision of support for trans students and creating gender-affirming schools. The report also stipulates the necessity for sustained accountability measures to be established by governing bodies, such as the Ontario Ministry of Education, for supporting gender diversity and trans inclusion with the explicit objective of supporting school boards fiscally in the provision of professional development and development of resources. Teacher Education faculties also need to be committed to ensuring that teacher candidates are provided with the knowledge and understanding of trans inclusion and what trans affirmative education entails.
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Huntington, Dale. Anti-trafficking programs in South Asia: Appropriate activities, indicators and evaluation methodologies. Population Council, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh2002.1019.

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Throughout South Asia, men, women, boys, and girls are trafficked within their own countries and across international borders against their wills in what is essentially a clandestine slave trade. The Congressional Research Service and the U.S. State Department estimate that between 1 to 2 million people are trafficked each year worldwide with the majority originating in Asia. Root causes include extreme disparities of wealth, increased awareness of job opportunities far from home, pervasive inequality due to caste, class, and gender bias, lack of transparency in regulations governing labor migration, poor enforcement of internationally agreed-upon human rights standards, and the enormous profitability for traffickers. The Population Council, UNIFEM, and PATH led a participatory approach to explore activities that address the problem of human trafficking in South Asia. A meeting was held in Kathmandu, Nepal, September 11– 13, 2001 to discuss these issues. Approximately 50 representatives from South Asian institutions, United Nations agencies, and international and local NGOs attended. This report summarizes the principal points from each paper presented and captures important discussion points that emerged from each panel presentation.
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Tarricone, Pina, Kemran Mestan, and Ian Teo. Building resilient education systems: A rapid review of the education in emergencies literature. Australian Council for Educational Research, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37517/978-1-74286-639-0.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the vulnerabilities and inequalities of national education systems and hindered the education of millions of children globally. In response, the Global Education Monitoring (GEM) Centre, which is a long-term, strategic partnership between the Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER) and the Australian Government’s Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT), undertook a rapid review of literature to support policymakers. The research has six evidence-based outcomes that can help policymakers to build resilient education systems and thereby enhance education quality and equity during emergencies. The COVID-19 emergency provided the impetus for this research, with much of the reported data associated with this pandemic. Learnings from past education in emergencies situations have informed the understandings of the impacts and implications of the COVID-19 emergency, and have been synthesised with the COVID-19 literature to inform policymakers about how to build resilient education systems. This report presents evidence relating to two main types of emergencies affecting education: natural disasters and communicable disease, and political conflicts. Both types of emergencies can also coalesce within the same education system, resulting in complex and often protracted emergencies. This review found that emergencies impact education in two main ways: endangering children’s wellbeing, and exacerbating unequal learning outcomes.
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Burniske, Jessica, Dustin Lewis, and Naz Modirzadeh. Suppressing Foreign Terrorist Fighters and Supporting Principled Humanitarian Action: A Provisional Framework for Analyzing State Practice. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, October 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/nrmd2833.

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In 2014, reports suggested that a surge of foreign jihadists were participating in armed conflicts in Syria, Iraq, and elsewhere. The United Nations Security Council responded by imposing in Resolution 2178 (2014) an array of obligations on member states to counter the threat posed by “foreign terrorist fighters” (FTFs). In the intervening year, those states have taken a range of actions — though at various speeds and with varying levels of commitment — to implement the FTF obligations imposed by the Council. Meanwhile, many states continue to fund and otherwise throw their support behind life-saving humanitarian relief for civilians in armed conflicts around the world — including conflicts involving terrorists. Yet, in recent years, members of the humanitarian community have been increasingly aware of the real, perceived, and potential impacts of counterterrorism laws on humanitarian action. Part of their interest stems from the fact that certain counterterrorism laws may, intentionally or unintentionally, adversely affect principled humanitarian action, especially in regions where terrorist groups control territory (and thus access to civilians, too). The effects of these laws may be widespread — ranging from heightened due diligence requirements on humanitarian organizations to restrictions on travel, from greater government scrutiny of national and regional staff of humanitarian organizations to decreased access to financial services and funding. Against that backdrop, this briefing report has two aims: first, to provide a primer on the most salient issues at the intersection of counterterrorism measures and humanitarian aid and assistance, with a focus on the ascendant FTF framing. And second, to put forward, for critical feedback and assessment, a provisional methodology for evaluating the following question: is it feasible to subject two key contemporary wartime concerns — the fight against FTFs and supporting humanitarian aid and assistance for civilians in terrorist-controlled territories — to meaningful empirical analysis?
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Bourrier, Mathilde, Michael Deml, and Farnaz Mahdavian. Comparative report of the COVID-19 Pandemic Responses in Norway, Sweden, Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. University of Stavanger, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.254.

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The purpose of this report is to compare the risk communication strategies and public health mitigation measures implemented by Germany, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom (UK) in 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic based on publicly available documents. The report compares the country responses both in relation to one another and to the recommendations and guidance of the World Health Organization where available. The comparative report is an output of Work Package 1 from the research project PAN-FIGHT (Fighting pandemics with enhanced risk communication: Messages, compliance and vulnerability during the COVID-19 outbreak), which is financially supported by the Norwegian Research Council's extraordinary programme for corona research. PAN-FIGHT adopts a comparative approach which follows a “most different systems” variation as a logic of comparison guiding the research (Przeworski & Teune, 1970). The countries in this study include two EU member States (Sweden, Germany), one which was engaged in an exit process from the EU membership (the UK), and two non-European Union states, but both members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA): Norway and Switzerland. Furthermore, Germany and Switzerland govern by the Continental European Federal administrative model, with a relatively weak central bureaucracy and strong subnational, decentralised institutions. Norway and Sweden adhere to the Scandinavian model—a unitary but fairly decentralised system with power bestowed to the local authorities. The United Kingdom applies the Anglo-Saxon model, characterized by New Public Management (NPM) and decentralised managerial practices (Einhorn & Logue, 2003; Kuhlmann & Wollmann, 2014; Petridou et al., 2019). In total, PAN-FIGHT is comprised of 5 Work Packages (WPs), which are research-, recommendation-, and practice-oriented. The WPs seek to respond to the following research questions and accomplish the following: WP1: What are the characteristics of governmental and public health authorities’ risk communication strategies in five European countries, both in comparison to each other and in relation to the official strategies proposed by WHO? WP2: To what extent and how does the general public’s understanding, induced by national risk communication, vary across five countries, in relation to factors such as social capital, age, gender, socio-economic status and household composition? WP3: Based on data generated in WP1 and WP2, what is the significance of being male or female in terms of individual susceptibility to risk communication and subsequent vulnerability during the COVID-19 outbreak? WP4: Based on insight and knowledge generated in WPs 1 and 2, what recommendations can we offer national and local governments and health institutions on enhancing their risk communication strategies to curb pandemic outbreaks? WP5: Enhance health risk communication strategies across five European countries based upon the knowledge and recommendations generated by WPs 1-4. Pre-pandemic preparedness characteristics All five countries had pandemic plans developed prior to 2020, which generally were specific to influenza pandemics but not to coronaviruses. All plans had been updated following the H1N1 pandemic (2009-2010). During the SARS (2003) and MERS (2012) outbreaks, both of which are coronaviruses, all five countries experienced few cases, with notably smaller impacts than the H1N1 epidemic (2009-2010). The UK had conducted several exercises (Exercise Cygnet in 2016, Exercise Cygnus in 2016, and Exercise Iris in 2018) to check their preparedness plans; the reports from these exercises concluded that there were gaps in preparedness for epidemic outbreaks. Germany also simulated an influenza pandemic exercise in 2007 called LÜKEX 07, to train cross-state and cross-department crisis management (Bundesanstalt Technisches Hilfswerk, 2007). In 2017 within the context of the G20, Germany ran a health emergency simulation exercise with WHO and World Bank representatives to prepare for potential future pandemics (Federal Ministry of Health et al., 2017). Prior to COVID-19, only the UK had expert groups, notably the Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE), that was tasked with providing advice during emergencies. It had been used in previous emergency events (not exclusively limited to health). In contrast, none of the other countries had a similar expert advisory group in place prior to the pandemic. COVID-19 waves in 2020 All five countries experienced two waves of infection in 2020. The first wave occurred during the first half of the year and peaked after March 2020. The second wave arrived during the final quarter. Norway consistently had the lowest number of SARS-CoV-2 infections per million. Germany’s counts were neither the lowest nor the highest. Sweden, Switzerland and the UK alternated in having the highest numbers per million throughout 2020. Implementation of measures to control the spread of infection In Germany, Switzerland and the UK, health policy is the responsibility of regional states, (Länders, cantons and nations, respectively). However, there was a strong initial centralized response in all five countries to mitigate the spread of infection. Later on, country responses varied in the degree to which they were centralized or decentralized. Risk communication In all countries, a large variety of communication channels were used (press briefings, websites, social media, interviews). Digital communication channels were used extensively. Artificial intelligence was used, for example chatbots and decision support systems. Dashboards were used to provide access to and communicate data.
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