Journal articles on the topic 'Trade'
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Yu, Kwang-Hyun, and Kwang-Ho Dho. "A Study on the Use of Digital Trade Marketing." Korea Association for International Commerce and Information 25, no. 1 (March 31, 2023): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15798/kaici.2023.25.1.23.
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Changes in the international trade environment require traders to adapt to new forms of trade. Based on the 4th industrial revolution, digital trade using IT technology focuses on the expansion of objects and trades using the online marketplace, and data itself can be produced or traded as digital goods. Therefore, traders must be able to manage digital trade data. In particular, the increase in trades using platforms such as the On-line Marketplace suggests the importance of data management in digital trade marketing. Traders can systematically manage data generated in the course of trade marketing activities by identifying, collecting, analyzing, and converting it. Transformation of trade data realizes digitization and digitalization, and influences traders' decision-making to achieve their goals. In addition, new added value can be created through digital transformation. Therefore, it is necessary to establish data management and standardized systems for the utilization of digital trade marketing.
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GRÉGOIRE, PHILIPPE. "INSIDER TRADING AND VOLUNTARY DISCLOSURE." International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance 11, no. 02 (March 2008): 143–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219024908004750.
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We set up a model to study the voluntary disclosure of information by insiders of publicly traded companies. We consider a trading framework as in [14] with many assets and one insider per asset. There is one discretionary liquidity trader who can allocate his trades across the different assets and many noise traders who trade with equal intensity in all assets. Before trade begins, insiders can disclose information in order to attract the discretionary liquidity trades. We show that if the level of noise trading is above a certain threshold, then there is an equilibrium where all insiders do not disclose any information. Below this threshold, equilibria are such that some information is always revealed by insiders. We also find that the greater the number of assets, the smaller the intensity of noise trading must be in order to induce insiders to disclose some information, and we find that insiders reveal all their information when the intensity of noise trading approaches zero.
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Humagain, Kamal, and Krishna K. Shrestha. "Medicinal plants in Rasuwa district, central Nepal: trade and livelihood." Botanica Orientalis: Journal of Plant Science 6 (March 15, 2010): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/botor.v6i0.2909.
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The present paper deals with the study conducted during 2006-2008 to assess trade pattern of important medicinal plants in Chilime Village Development Committee (VDC) of Rasuwa district, Nepal. Chilime VDC is one of the important trade centres of medicinal plants in the district. We documented 60 species of important medicinal plants, including 26 species involved in trade. Among them, 12 most potentially traded species, which have been given high priority by the collectors and traders, were selected for the study of their market potential and their contribution to the local livelihood. About 40% of the households of Chilime VDC were found to be involved in the collection and trade of medicinal plants. Most of the collection (90%) was for trade, which has supported up to 40% of family income contributing average household net profit of NRs 9,000 per year. The local traders were also making a good profit from medicinal plants with annual net contribution of about NRs 0.25 million per trader. But only 50% of actual traded quantity was registered at DFO resulting low revenue collection (only 43% of the expected). This shows that illegal trade is a common practice in the area by which the local traders increase their profit because they do not have to pay revenue. Thus strong mechanisms should be developed to stop illegal trade of medicinal plants and to promote revenue generation. Key-words: Langtang National Park; NTFPs; revenue; Tamang; trade channel.DOI: 10.3126/botor.v6i0.2909 Botanica Orientalis - Journal of Plant Science (2009) 6: 39-46
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Ryu, Doojin. "Price impact asymmetry of futures trades: Trade direction and trade size." Emerging Markets Review 14 (March 2013): 110–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ememar.2012.11.005.
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KIM, HYUN-JOO. "MODELING AND SCALING OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF TRADE AVALANCHES IN A STOCK MARKET." International Journal of Modern Physics B 25, no. 05 (February 20, 2011): 665–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979211058055.
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We study the trading activity in the Korea Stock Exchange by considering trade avalanches. A series of successive trading with small trade time interval is regarded as a trade avalanche of which the size s is defined as the number of trade in a series of successive trades. We measure the distribution of trade avalanches sizes P(s) and find that it follows the power-law behavior P(s) ~ s-α with the exponent α ≈ 2 for two stocks with the largest number of trades. A simple stochastic model which describes the power-law behavior of the distribution of trade avalanche size is introduced. In the model it is assumed that the some trades induce the accompanying trades, which results in the trade avalanches and we find that the distribution of the trade avalanche size also follows power-law behavior with the exponent α ≈ 2.
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Echelbarger, Margaret, Kayla Good, and Alex Shaw. "Will she give you two cookies for one chocolate? Children’s intuitions about trades." Judgment and Decision Making 15, no. 6 (November 2020): 959–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500008160.
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AbstractTrading is a cornerstone of economic exchange and can take many different forms. In simple trades, one item is often exchanged for another; but in more complex trades, agents can trade different numbers of items, reflecting the differing value of the items being traded. Though young children regularly engage in simple trades, we examine whether they understand a key element involved in more complex trades—the idea that people may subjectively value the same item differently and accept trades that numerically disadvantage themselves in the service of acquiring more of a preferred item. To do so, we ran three studies with 5- to 10-year-old children (N = 314) in which they were asked to predict whether a third party would accept or reject different types of trades. Results revealed that children across this age range predict that a third party will accept a numerically disadvantageous trade when they prefer one resource over another, but not when they have an equal preference for both resources. Importantly, their predictions were not merely a reflection of what they thought was fair, but rather what was in the best interest of the third party—they thought a third party would be more likely to accept an “unfair” trade that benefitted himself rather than someone else. We discuss our findings in terms of what they reveal about children’s early economic intuitions.
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Moulton, Jonathan S. "THE DYNAMICS OF QUOTED LIQUIDITY AROUND LARGE TRADES ON THE NYSE." Journal of Financial Research 21, no. 3 (September 1998): 355–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6803.1998.tb00690.x.
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AbstractLarge trades have potentially disruptive effects on the continuation of subsequent trade. If the large trade executes against volume from limit orders or specialist quotations, continued trade may be unavailable until new liquidity enters the market. Evidence presented in this paper indicates that large trades on the NYSE are followed by decreases in quoted liquidity, which last for an average of fifteen minutes. Both the decreases in quoted liquidity and the time to its subsequent return are related to trade‐specific factors. This evidence suggests that not all large trades have the same effect on the continuation of trade.
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Šetlíková, Irena, and Michal Berec. "Diversity and volume of international trade in Old World pitcher plants." Australian Journal of Botany 68, no. 5 (2020): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt20027.
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In global trade analyses, plants are neglected in comparison to animals. Controlling and monitoring international trade in threatened species contributes to their overall conservation. Here, an in-depth look at the dynamics of the international trade in attractive and widely traded carnivorous Old World pitcher plants (Nepenthes spp.) from their first appearance in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) Trade Database in 1983 until 2017 is presented. The current trade of Nepenthes is rapidly growing in terms of the total volume traded and the number of both species and importing countries. Most of pitcher plants are globally traded as artificially propagated live plants. The share of wild-originated live plants was only 0.09%. Hybrids and Nepenthes spp. dominated the trade, representing 61 and 15% of the total traded volume respectively, followed by N. alata and N. mirabilis. The latter species was also the most traded species from the wild. Sri Lanka is a hotspot, exporting the highest volume and number of species of live pitcher plants. Monitoring of the trade is complicated by (1) the absence of a permit obligation for seeds, seedlings and in vitro cultures, and (2) the outdated list of valid species in the CITES Checklist. Using a holistic approach with a focus on the permanent monitoring, recording and assessing of international trade is desirable.
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Brigida, Matt, and William Pratt. "Trade Intensity and Liquidity." Market Microstructure and Liquidity 04, no. 01n02 (March 2018): 1950002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2382626619500023.
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This analysis investigates how liquidity is affected by periods of high trade intensity. Using an orderbook constructed directly from CME FIX/FAST messages and timestamped to the millisecond, we test whether the number of changes in the orderbook, the size of the bid–ask spread, and the number of trades in the few seconds before a trade have an effect on the book’s liquidity in the milliseconds after the trade. Since we calculate liquidity over a period of 100[Formula: see text]ms after a trade, we focus on liquidity provided by high-frequency traders (HFTs). We find evidence consistent with larger bid–ask spreads leading to greater amounts of liquidity being provided by HFT post-trade, and HFT providing liquidity when there is more activity in the orderbook. We further find that more trades lead to reduced liquidity, consistent with trades incorporating private information, and market makers’ fear of being adversely selected when providing liquidity.
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Locke, Peter R., and Steven C. Mann. "Professional trader discipline and trade disposition." Journal of Financial Economics 76, no. 2 (May 2005): 401–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2004.01.004.
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Kawala, Mastulah, Theodora Shuwu Hyuha, Ekere William, Peter Walekwa, Gabriel Elepu, and Sloans Chimatiro Kalumba. "Determinants for Choice of Fish Market Channels: The Case of Busia (Uganda/Kenya) Border." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 8 (July 10, 2018): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n8p118.
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The study investigated factors influencing the choice of fish traders’ marketing channel by fish trader and the determinants of their gross margins. A multistage sampling technique of 115 fish traders was used. Four key informants and two focus groups participated in the study. A Probit model was used to determine factors that influenced the choice of fish traders’ marketing channel. Findings from the study revealed that volumes of fish traded per month, distance to market, membership to a fish marketing organization, payment mode, household size, presence of other sources of income were statistically significant in determining traders’ choice of marketing channel. In addition, it was found that a formal trader on average sold 6.882 tons of fish whereas 2.095 tons of fish were sold by the informal trader per month. The study therefore recommends that Informal traders be clustered into a marketing organisation; through which they can be trained on business diversification, collective marketing, and group savings to ease access to credit. It is important to eliminate the challenges encouraging informal cross border fish trade by harmonizing regional fish standards, facilitating exchange and use of fishery trade information. Further, there is need to strengthen the data collection systems in order to have accurate estimates on the contribution of fish to trade and food security.
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Wenny Restikasari, Dyah Wulan Sari, Angga Erlando, and Fery Dwi Riyanto. "CHANGES IN VERTICAL TRADE PATTERNS IN HIGH-TECHNOLOGY COMPANIES IN EAST JAVA." East Java Economic Journal 3, no. 2 (September 25, 2019): 181–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.53572/ejavec.v3i2.39.
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This study aims to insvestigate the impact of vertical trade pattern as export intensity, vertical trade integration and two-way trade dummy to firm production capability. This study deals with firm level data of East Java high-tech manufacturing induesties, employs as generalized method of moments (GMM) approach to examine the most imprortant factor of a vertical trade phenomenom. In the full-sample, the result demonstrates that vertical trade integration and two-way trade are significant determinants on firm’s production while export intensity is not. In ordinary trader sub-sample, export intensity is a significant determinant of firm’s production, whereas in vertical trader sub-sample export intensity is not.
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Carpenter, Angus I., and Franco Andreone. "Malagasy Amphibian Wildlife Trade Revisited: Improving Management Knowledge of the Trade." Animals 13, no. 14 (July 17, 2023): 2324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13142324.
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Madagascar is a biodiversity hotspot with a long history of trading in its wildlife, especially its hyper-diverse amphibian taxa. Due to globally raised concerns over the conservation of harvested species, CITES was introduced as a global mechanism with which to monitor and regulate the trade. Utilising data collated from the CITES Trade database, this study sought to investigate the trade and CITES’ effectiveness in managing the trade with respect to Madagascar. Over a 28-year period, 20 known amphibian species were exported from Madagascar, constituting a total of nearly 271,000 individuals. Formal descriptions of Malagasy amphibian species have increased and continue to increase greatly over time. However, there was no longitudinal relationship regarding the numbers of individuals traded as new species were described. Overall, the number of individuals traded has declined over time, but where assessments were provided by the IUCN Redlist, population declines were reported in all but one species of Malagasy amphibian. Mantella (97.5%) continues to be the predominantly traded genus, with certain, high-conservation-concern, species continuing to be traded. Despite initial concerns over the effectiveness of CITES’s actions, after concerted efforts, it appears that CITES’ actions were having positive impacts on regulating the trade. However, going forward, concerns remain over the appropriateness of the quotas set and the robustness of their underpinning NDFs. Furthermore, with the increase in the number of recognised species, the potential for incorrect species labelling on the CITES permits increases and requires greater attention.
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Ibrahim, Isaac. "The Dilemma of Trade and the Nexus of Benefits and Costs (Trade or No Trade)." JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS RESEARCH AND MARKETING 4, no. 1 (2018): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/jibrm.1849-8558.2015.41.3001.
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Hotchkiss, Edith, and Gergana Jostova. "Determinants of Corporate Bond Trading: A Comprehensive Analysis." Quarterly Journal of Finance 07, no. 02 (January 23, 2017): 1750003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010139217500033.
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This paper studies the determinants of trading volume and liquidity of corporate bonds. Using transactions data from a comprehensive dataset of insurance company trades, our analysis covers more than 17,000 US corporate bonds of 4,151 companies over a five-year period prior to the introduction of TRACE. Our transactions data show that a variety of issue- and issuer-specific characteristics impact corporate bond liquidity. Among these, the most economically important determinants of bond trading volume are the bond’s issue size and age — trading volume declines substantially as bonds become seasoned and are absorbed into less active portfolios. Stock-level activity also impacts bond trading volume. Bonds of companies with publicly traded equity are more likely to trade than those with private equity. Further, public companies with more active stocks have more actively traded bonds. Finally, we show that while the liquidity of high-yield bonds is more affected by credit risk, interest-rate risk is more important in determining the liquidity of investment-grade bonds.
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Viram. J. Vala, Viram J. Vala, and Dr (Prof ). Vijay Kumar Soni. "Retail Trade." Indian Journal of Applied Research 1, no. 4 (October 1, 2011): 13–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/jan2012/4.
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Ferguson, Shon M., and Johan Gars. "Measuring the impact of agricultural production shocks on international trade flows." European Review of Agricultural Economics 47, no. 3 (April 26, 2019): 1094–132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbz013.
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Abstract The purpose of this study is to measure the sensitivity of traded quantities and trade unit values to agricultural production shocks. We develop a general equilibrium model of trade in which production shocks in exporting countries affect both traded quantities and trade unit values. The model includes per-unit trade costs and develops a methodology to quantify their size exploiting the trade unit value data. Using bilateral trade flow data for a large sample of countries and agricultural commodities, we find that the intensive margin of trade is relatively inelastic to production shocks, with a 1 per cent increase in production leading to a 0.5 per cent increase in exports. We also find that per-unit trade costs are large, comprising 15–20 per cent of import unit values on average. Overall, our results suggest that there is room for improving trade as a mechanism for coping with food production volatility.
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Jacks, David S., Christopher M. Meissner, and Dennis Novy. "Trade booms, trade busts, and trade costs." Journal of International Economics 83, no. 2 (March 2011): 185–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2010.10.008.
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Scheffers, Brett R., Brunno F. Oliveira, Ieuan Lamb, and David P. Edwards. "Global wildlife trade across the tree of life." Science 366, no. 6461 (October 3, 2019): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aav5327.
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Wildlife trade is a multibillion dollar industry that is driving species toward extinction. Of >31,500 terrestrial bird, mammal, amphibian, and squamate reptile species, ~24% (N = 7638) are traded globally. Trade is strongly phylogenetically conserved, and the hotspots of this trade are concentrated in the biologically diverse tropics. Using different assessment approaches, we predict that, owing to their phylogenetic replacement and trait similarity to currently traded species, future trade will affect up to 4064 additional species—totaling 11,702 species at risk of extinction from trade. Our assessment underscores the need for a strategic plan to combat trade with policies that are proactive rather than reactive, which is especially important because species can quickly transition from being safe to being endangered as humans continue to harvest and trade across the tree of life.
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Pham Van, Thong. "Longitudinal monitoring of turtle trade through Facebook in Vietnam." January 2019, Volume 29, Number 1 (January 1, 2019): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33256/hj29.1.4856.
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Trade of turtles, for both food and pet, represents a substantial business in Vietnam, especially because this country is a cross-bridge for wildlife trade from Indochina to China. Vietnam is also one of the main countries worldwide in terms of the number of Facebook members, and a considerable portion of the business has gone online through Facebook trading, including turtle trade. Here, the advertisements of turtles for sale in Vietnamese Facebook groups were monitored for the period 2013-2018, obtaining a total of 481 advertisement cases concerning 5,758 individuals belonging to 53 species and 12 families. There has been a rapidly rising trade of turtles online, especially in the last two years. Many traded species were allochthonous, but native species accounted for 22 species and over 36 % of the traded individuals. Most allochthonous species were traded as hatchlings and juveniles, whereas most of the native species were traded as subadults and adults, thus suggesting a high frequency of illegal trade in wild caught animals. Five traded native species are considered among the 50 most threatened turtle species in the world. Turtle trade occurred mostly in the two biggest cites of Vietnam (Ho Chi Minh city and Hanoi), which accounted for 68 % of the total trade. Turtle price varied substantially across species and by different lifestages (i.e. hatchlings, juveniles, sub-adults and adults), and increased considerably in comparison to 1993 estimates.
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Batty, Rob. "The rise, fall and convolution of the intent to use requirement under New Zealand trade mark law." Queen Mary Journal of Intellectual Property 10, no. 1 (February 19, 2020): 87–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/qmjip.2020.01.04.
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The ‘cluttering’ of trade mark registers with unused trade marks is an issue of contemporary concern. One mechanism that can be used to prevent ‘deadwood’ trade marks from getting on the Register in the first place is to ensure that a trader has a genuine intention to use the trade mark. Indeed, the enactment of the first registration legislation in the United Kingdom (UK) was followed by a judicial insistence that a trader could not ‘properly register a trade mark’ if the trader did not have bona fide and present intention to use the trade mark. An intent to use requirement remains a feature of New Zealand (NZ) law, though it has a much reduced sphere of operation under the Trade Marks Act 2002. Tracing historical developments, this article examines how the regulation of the intent to use requirement has evolved under NZ law. This exercise provides a useful lens for understanding how and why the intention to use requirement operates as it currently does. Further, by examining the history of the intent to use requirement, the article also illuminates that there is nothing intractable about how NZ trade mark law has opted to regulate intention to use, and NZ law may be adjusted to better address concerns like cluttering.
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Ojala, Jari, and Antti Räihä. "Navigation Acts and the integration of North Baltic shipping in the early nineteenth century." International Journal of Maritime History 29, no. 1 (February 2017): 26–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871416678166.
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This article discusses how Navigation Acts affected shipping and commodity trade from and to the Northern Baltic during the early nineteenth century. We use Finnish shipping and foreign trade as an example of trade integration at the time. Finland can be used as a ‘laboratory case’ to study the importance of the Navigation Acts, as the eastern part of the area followed Russian legislation without the Navigation Act to restrict shipping to domestic vessels, while the western part followed Swedish legislation with strict protection through the Swedish version of the Act ( Produktplakat). The article argues that the role played by foreign vessels in shipments of Finnish export goods was far more significant during the period than has been noted before. Also, we argue that British shipping was of decisive importance in these trades, especially from the south-eastern parts of Finland, most notably the city of Vyborg. The literature so far has emphasised both endogenous causes (e.g. structural change in the Finnish economy, the role played by Swedish and Russian legislation in Finland) and exogenous causes (e.g. changes in British customs duties and the repeal of the Navigation Acts) for changes in shipping and trade patterns. Until recently, the big picture of this trade has been rather difficult to form due to shortcomings in the sources. This study overcomes these challenges by using both Danish Sound Toll data and local archival sources to trace patterns of trade.
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Hobson, Keith A. "Isotopic applications assit in forensic tracking of illegally traded wildlife parts." Open Access Government 40, no. 1 (October 25, 2023): 430–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.56367/oag-040-10785.
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Isotopic applications assit in forensic tracking of illegally traded wildlife parts Keith A. Hobson, a Research Scientist and Professor at Environment and Climate Change Canada, discusses the use of stable isotopes to trace the origins of animal parts in order to mitigate the illegal wildlife trade. As of 2022, the illegal global trade in tissues of (CITES and non-CITES listed) wildlife has been estimated to be on the order of $220 billion,(1) placing this practice among the top four of all global criminal enterprises. As ecosystems and the wild animals and plants they harbor come under increasing pressure from human developments, such trade threatens many species with decimation and ultimate extinction. Governments continue to struggle with the extent of this phenomenon and generally have few tools available to counter this growing trend. However, once seized, wildlife parts can be examined forensically to help ascertain provenance, and such tools can contribute in a small way to counter such criminal activity.
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Mukherjee, Deeparghya. "Services traded for intermediate and final usage." Journal of Economic Studies 45, no. 3 (August 13, 2018): 459–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-11-2016-0237.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate and assess the trends of bilateral services trade in the world segmented by trade for final consumption and intermediate usage across several service sectors. The differential trends, if any, are studied while examining the role of free trade agreements which have a chapter on services trade as well as the role of services trade restrictions. The study unravels differences across service sectors in this respect. Design/methodology/approach The author uses an augmented gravity model to address the above using OECD- World Trade Organization (WTO) TiVA data for bilateral trade in intermediates and final products (October 2015 release) and World Bank Services Trade Restrictions Index (STRI). The poisson pseudo maximum likelihood estimation technique is used in light of the structure of the data. Trade creating and diverting effects are identified controlling for time and country-time specific effects. The following sectors are specifically looked at: total business sector services, computer and related services, financial intermediation, post and telecommunication, transport and storage, R&D and other business services, hotels and restaurants, construction, and wholesale and retail trade. Findings First, services free trade agreements (FTAs) have had a trade creating impact with no trade diverting impact for services trade in aggregate with stronger effects on services traded for intermediate usage. Second, financial intermediation and post and telecommunication have been left unaffected by services FTAs. While no trade diversion is concluded for any sector, R&D and other business services, transport and storage and wholesale retail trade show maximum trade creation effects in response to FTAs. Third, trade restrictions of mainly OECD countries are responsible for lowering exports for most sectors. Finally, in terms of policy implications, at a general level, the author does not find a significant difference in the author’s results for services traded for intermediate usage or final consumption except for a stronger effect of FTAs on intermediate services trade. Hence, the policies to foster services trade on both counts are concluded to be the same and deal with behind-the-border policies of domestic industrial policy reforms like national treatment of foreign firms, licensing requirements, FDI policies, etc. Research limitations/implications Statistics for services trade are limited. The data are only available for the years 1995, 2000, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011. Additionally, the conclusions on services trade restrictions are based on statistics for 2011 alone, since this is the only year for which the statistics are available. A complete time series for the entire sample period would increase robustness of the study with a better time variant version of the trade restrictiveness variable. Finally, in the construction of the OECD-WTO-TiVA database of a world IO table, there may have been approximations in constructing statistics for services traded for intermediate usage and final consumption. The results remain sensitive to the same but this is the best possible statistics available for the purposes. Originality/value This is the first study which looks at services trade segmented by trade for final consumption and intermediate usage taking advantage of the available data for a number of service sectors. The role of restrictions is also studied for the first time segmented by trade in intermediates and final consumption. The stronger effects of FTAs on intermediate services trade as well as financial intermediation and post and telecommunication services being insulated from effects of FTAs are important findings, especially since services are mainly thought to be traded for final consumption. Similar trends of results for services traded for intermediate usage and final consumption and restrictions affecting exports from exporter countries and imports by importer countries highlight the importance of behind-the-border domestic policies in facilitating or inhibiting services trade on both counts and more importantly for intermediate usage which, in turn, would improve goods tradability.
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Hoekman, Bernard, and Alessandro Nicita. "Trade Policy, Trade Costs, and Developing Country Trade." World Development 39, no. 12 (December 2011): 2069–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.05.013.
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Kashyap, Usha, and Neha Bothra. "Sino-US Trade and Trade War." Management and Economics Research Journal 5 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18639/merj.2019.879180.
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Trade has been one of the most primary reasons behind economic association. Cross-border trade not only makes the markets cost-efficient but rather also brings up a higher degree of specialization to the respective nations. Bilateral trades have proven to be quintessential to both sides of the deal. However, on a parallel front, every economy has a self-interest toward the domestic produce, and they also try to defend their local manufacturers from cross-border competition. The United States has an “America-first” policy. Whenever the United States imposes tariffs and duties, similar responses have been observed by China. These moves are an area of great concern for global trade. The impact is often visible on the rest of the world. A trade-off exists between domestic economic growth and favored imports. This study is an attempt to discuss the trade relations between the United States and China and how this has led to a trade war. The trade tensions between the United States and China may continue for a few more years. There is a battle for economic supremacy and global leadership. This study explains why the United States is increasing tariffs on Chinese goods and how China is retaliating. This US–China trade war has affected not only the two economies but also the world economy. This study elucidates the repercussions of trade war on the international supply chain and the countries of the European Union. This study has also endeavored to discuss the impact of this trade war on the Indian economy. It is a golden opportunity for India to increase exports to China, the United States, and Europe.
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Pragatheesh, A., V. Deepak, H. V. Girisha, and Monesh Singh Tomar. "A looming exotic reptile pet trade in India: patterns and knowledge gaps." Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, no. 6 (May 26, 2021): 18518–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.6998.13.6.18518-18531.
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Commercial trade of exotic reptiles through CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) in India is relatively recent (<2 decades). Social media platforms and web portals are known to be used for pet trade. Exotic pet trade is not legally regulated within India. Therefore, little is known on the scale at which this trade is carried out in India. We conducted a two-year study between 2018 and 2020 gathering information of exotic reptile pet trade online and summarized CITES documentation of the yearly import export records from 1976 to 2018 by CITES secretariat. This manuscript provides a baseline for the extent of the trade, invasive species and the species traded in mainland India. We found that there is an extensive trade of exotic reptiles in the country, comprising 84 species including the highly venomous species such as Bitis gabonica. According to CITES records of 1976–2018, 98.6% of the reptile imports into India have not been reported to the CITES management authorities in India. We also found some evidence of trade in protected native species through the exotic pet trade network. Furthermore, some highly threatened reptile species including many listed in Appendix I of CITES are traded in India.
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Bramanta, I. Nyoman Sadhu, Ida Ayu Putu Widiati, and Luh Putu Suryani. "Pemberian Izin Peredaran Minuman Beralkohol Berdasarkan Peraturan Gubernur Bali Nomor 1 Tahun 2020." Jurnal Preferensi Hukum 1, no. 1 (July 27, 2020): 120–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/jph.1.1.2169.120-127.
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There are various kinds of businesses or activities in the field of trade, one of which is a trade or distribution of alcoholic drinks. Based on the Regulation of the Minister of Trade of the Republic of Indonesia Number 20 / M-DAG / PER / 4/2014 Article 18 Paragraph (1) that every company that trades alcoholic drinks is required to have SIUP-MB. Alcoholic drinks can only be traded by companies that already have a business license for alcoholic drinks in accordance with their classification. This research is important to be carried out with the aim to find out the mechanism for granting alcoholic beverage distribution license based on Bali Governor's Regulation No. 1 of 2020 and the implications of Bali's Governor's Regulation No. 1 of 2020 to alcoholic beverage trade businesses. This research is a normative legal research, namely by using the statutory approach. The mechanism for granting licenses for the distribution of alcoholic drinks based on Bali Governor Regulation No. 1 of 2020 is that business operators must follow procedures and fulfill certain requirements in applying for SIUP-MB, then submit a permit application to the Provincial Trade and Industry Office, after the issuance of a business by the Trade and Industry Office , then the business actor can carry out the desired trading business. Implications of Bali Governor Regulation Number 1 of 2020 Regarding the management of fermented drinks and/or distinctive distinctive Bali for the business of the alcoholic beverage trade, the benefits are felt, the crafters or farmers of fermented drinks and/or distinctive distinctive Bali have legal certainty and certainty of trying to do fermented and distillation drinks production activities typical of Bali.
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Bridgford, Jeff, and John Stirling. "Restructuring and trade union education. Trade unions anticipating and managing change – the TRACE project." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 13, no. 2 (May 2007): 297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890701300212.
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Jones, Emily, and Christopher Adam. "New frontiers of trade and trade policy: digitalization and climate change." Oxford Review of Economic Policy 39, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grac048.
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Abstract The global spread of the digital revolution and the need to manage the climate have radically altered the international trade landscape and have rendered the architecture of the World Trade Organization ill-equipped to address emerging regulatory challenges posed by cross-border flows of digital products and by carbon emissions embodied in traded goods and services. This essay reviews the set of papers published in this issue of the Oxford Review of Economic Policy that assess the regulatory challenges presented by these two ‘new frontiers’ of trade and evaluate alternative national and supranational trade and industrial policy responses.
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Francis Adetunji Adesida, Kayode Akanni Oluyole, Foluso.Temitope Agulanna, Yetunde Olasimbo Oladokun, Adejoke Adebusola Adelusi, Lydia Ololade Agboola, Qudus Adebayo Ogunwolu, Ephraim Ikechukwu Ujunwa, and Fatimoh Bolanle Mustopha. "Kola as an Indispensable Article of Trade in West Africa." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 12, no. 2 (November 30, 2021): 324–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.12.2.0533.
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This study examines the origin of kola-nuts trade and the indispensability of kola-nut trade in West Africa. Desk research was carried out using past published literature. The study established the fact that kola nut production was indigenous to the West Africa Forest and pinpointed the actual origin of kola-nut especially Cola nitida to be along the western coast of Africa from Sierra Leone to the republic of Benin. On the other hand, the areas of Ijare and Idanre in Ondo State of Nigeria are currently believed to be the places where Cola acumunata originated. The dominant variety of kola-nut grown in Western and Eastern parts of Nigeria was cola acumunata and Cola verticillata. However, in terms of production, before the 19th century the production of cola nitida was limited to the forests west of the Volta River in Ghana. Both linguistic and ethnographic data were used to trace the origin of kola-nut and developed a chronology with regard to the origins and trade routes for kola-nuts. The research work however established the importance of kola-nut production and trade to the economies of West Africa countries where they are produced and traded. It was however recommended that considering the indispensability of kola-nut trade to West Africa particularly Nigeria, the government should take proactive steps to increase the scope of production and trade of this crop in order to improve the livelihoods of kola-nuts farmers and traders as well as increase it contributions to the national economy.
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Lohi, Julie. "The Implications of HO and IRS Theories in Bilateral Trade Flows within Sub-Saharan Africa." Global Economy Journal 13, no. 2 (June 2013): 175–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gej-2012-0020.
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Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries tend to trade less among themselves. This article analyzes the driving forces of bilateral trades within the SSA region. To do so, I use the gravity equations from Evenett and Keller (2002) and study what trade theories, the Heckscher–Ohlin theory of factor abundance or the increasing return to scale theory of product differentiation, account for the bilateral trade flows within this region. My results indicate that trades within this region do not arise from factor abundance or product differentiation. Trade policies that are aimed to promote trade within the region (i.e. FTA, custom unions) are likely to fail, because SSA countries produce similar homogeneous products. The key factor for economic success from international trade for the SSA region relies on how to manufacture products in different varieties and how to export their comparative advantage goods outside the region.
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Carol, Anionwu. "Trade Liberalization and Trade Flows in Nigeria: An Aggregated Analysis." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-6 (October 31, 2018): 1507–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd18911.
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Bessembinder, Hendrik, and William Maxwell. "Markets: Transparency and the Corporate Bond Market." Journal of Economic Perspectives 22, no. 2 (March 1, 2008): 217–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.22.2.217.
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For decades, corporate bonds primarily traded in an opaque environment. Quotations, which indicate prices at which dealers are willing to transact, were available only to market professionals, most often by telephone. Prices at which bond transactions were completed were not made public. The U.S. corporate bond market became much more transparent with the introduction of the Transaction Reporting and Compliance Engine (TRACE) in July 2002. Beginning that date, bond dealers were required to report all trades in publicly issued corporate bonds to the National Association of Security Dealers, which in turn made transaction data available to the public. In this paper, we describe trading protocols in the corporate bond market and assess the impact of the increase in transparency on the market. We review how TRACE has affected the costs that corporate bond investors paid to bond dealers for their transactions. We canvass the opinions of a variety of finance professionals and consider articles in the trade press to obtain a broader view of the impact of transparency on the corporate bond market
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HUH, IN, and INKOO LEE. "MEASURING TRADE COSTS FROM RELATIVE PRICES: THE ROLE OF LOCATION AND GOODS CHARACTERISTICS." Singapore Economic Review 59, no. 05 (November 9, 2014): 1450041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590814500416.
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This paper estimates the trade costs from international relative prices, and studies the economic determinants of implied trade costs. We find that the magnitude of trade costs depends on the characteristics of both the type of good and set of locations under examination. In particular, it is found that higher non-traded input share and trade barriers, and lower tradability of goods lead to a larger trade cost, as does a lower proximity of geographic distance between locations.
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PASWAN, ANAND SHANKAR. "INDIA’S BILATERAL TRADE WITH CHINA- EMPIRICAL STUDY BASED ON TRADE INTENSITY INDEX & TRADE RECIPROCITY INDEX." Studies in Economics and Business Relations 2, no. 1 (July 14, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.48185/sebr.v2i1.81.
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This paper is an attempt to examine and compare the bilateral relationship between India and China. It analyses the trends in trade and the major composition of commodities being traded between India and China during the period (2008-2017). Annual Growth Rate (AGR), Combined Annual Growth Rate (CAGR), Trade Intensity Index (TII), and Trade Reciprocity Index (TRI) have been used in order to analyse the bilateral trade between India and China. The present study reveals that India imports 3 to 4 times more than it exports to China whereas overall trade between India and China also increased over the years specially in the area of import as compare to India’s total trade to the world. However, the top ten commodities that have been dominating in India’s trade with China are: Ores, Cotton, Copper and articles, Organic chemicals, Electrical machinery & equipment, nuclear reactors, etc. Trade Intensity Index reveals there is serious unbalanced trade relationship between India and China from India’s point of view and India need to take productive steps for minimising unbalanced trade balance. Whereas, TRI index also reveals that India is stepping towards unbalanced trade with China as the import indices keep on increasing in comparison to export indices and therefore, balance of trade results unfavourable which requires India to rethink and revamp its export and import policy.
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Alessandria, George, Joseph P. Kaboski, and Virgiliu Midrigan. "US Trade and Inventory Dynamics." American Economic Review 101, no. 3 (May 1, 2011): 303–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.101.3.303.
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We examine the source of the large fall and rebound in US trade in the recent recession. While trade fell and rebounded more than expenditures or production of traded goods, we find that relative to the magnitude of the downturn, these trade fluctuations were in line with those in previous business cycle fluctuations. We argue that the high volatility of trade is attributed to more severe inventory management considerations of firms involved in international trade. We present empirical evidence for autos as well as at the aggregate level that the adjustment of inventory holdings help explain these fluctuations in trade.
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Ordinario, John Alberto H., and Jonathan A. Anticamara. "The Status, Trends, and Limitations of Philippine Mollusk Production and Trade Based on Available Databases and Publications." Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology 8, no. 3 (September 18, 2023): 73325. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jtbb.73325.
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Mollusk trade is vital in many coastal areas and island communities throughout the Philippines because it provides livelihoods, food, and incomes to millions of Filipinos via fisheries (e.g., shellfish fishing and gleaning), shell craft, arts, shell trading and collections, and aquaculture. However, the assessments of the national trends and status of mollusc production and trade in the Philippines are largely non-existent in peer-reviewed literature. The main purpose of this paper is to present and evaluate the status and trends of traded Mollusks in the Philippines based on available online databases and a systematic review of published literature. To date, available databases on Philippine mollusk trade showed an initial increase in traded volume (the 1970s to 2006) but decreased afterward. In contrast, the traded mollusk value continued to generally increase over time (albeit the observed decrease between 2011 and 2016), indicating value increase as mollusk volume decreased. However, there is a great need to (1) resolve many of the obvious inconsistencies in data entries across all the available mollusk trade databases (BFAR, PSA, and CITES) and (2) provide field assessment of the Philippine mollusk trade and the conservation status of all traded mollusk taxa in the country.
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Harris, Chris, and Scott Roark. "Exploring the decline in trade credit investment." Managerial Finance 43, no. 12 (December 4, 2017): 1375–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-04-2017-0140.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify three factors leading to the observed decline in trade credit offered from publicly traded firms. Design/methodology/approach The study conducts firm fixed effect regressions testing the relationship between cash flow volatility and firm investment in trade credit. The relationship is further examined with all firms separated into two groups, based on SIC codes, designating if they are in industries that traditionally offer higher amounts of trade credit. Findings The proportion of US firms that has traditionally extended the most trade credit has been decreasing over time, contributing to part of the decline in trade credit offered. Increases in cash flow volatility have also contributed to decreasing investment in trade credit. The negative relationship with cash flow volatility is greatest amongst firms that traditionally place the highest value on trade credit. Firms with access to credit, proxied by investment grade debt ratings, do not experience the same decline in trade credit offered. Practical implications Firms that value the ability to extend trade credit may maintain their level of investment in trade credit, even with increased risk of cash flow volatility, by maintaining a comparative advantage in access to credit. Originality/value This study extends prior findings by providing three previously unexplored explanations for the decline in offered trade credit seen in the USA. The changing make-up of publicly traded firms, a market-wide increase in cash flow volatility, and access to credit all play an important role in observed declines of trade credit investment.
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Karg, Sabine, and Carsten Jahnke. "Reishandel im Hanseraum." Hansische Geschichtsblätter 134 (April 18, 2020): 97–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/hgbll.2016.37.
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The rice trade in the Hanseatic AreaOn the cusp of the 14th century, rice (starting from a low base) became increasingly important in Hanseatic trade. Even though rice was considered to be a luxury good, prized as a thickener for almond-puddings and as a dish in the Lenten-fare, all Hanseatic merchants were acquainted with it. In the following article, we discuss six aspects of the medieval rice trade in Northern Europe. First, we analyze historical and archaeological sources for evidence of rice. Second, we discuss the use of rice in medieval cuisine, and trace the origins of the rice traded in the Middle Ages. As a fourth and fifth point, we describe the trading routes by which rice entered and circulated within the Hanseatic realm, and determine the quantities of rice imported. Finally, we discuss prices, analyzing specific examples of merchants trading in this product. The intention of this article is to draw attention to the archaeobotanical and historical sources which demonstrate that rice was a Hanseatic commodity.
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Takeuchi, Kenji. "Managed trade vs. free trade in Japan's trade policy." Journal of Asian Economics 3, no. 2 (September 1992): 315–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1049-0078(92)90021-p.
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Reed, Sada, and Guy Harrison. "“Insider Dope” and NBA Trade Coverage: A Case Study on Unnamed Sourcing in Sport Journalism." International Journal of Sport Communication 12, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 419–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2019-0012.
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Past research has examined the use of anonymous sources in news content and its impact on perceived credibility. Studies applying these theories in the context of sport media consumption, however, are scant and outdated. This matters because sport media is consumed for different reasons from news and has a historically symbiotic relationship with the people and events it covers. The current case study explores sources in National Basketball Association (NBA) trade stories in both national news and sport-specific publications. The study found that about 82% of trade speculation was not credited to a source. Unnamed and named sources’ trade predictions were cross-referenced with the NBA transaction log to determine if the trades actually manifested before the trade deadline. Neither sources predicted trades well: Of the 95 unsourced, speculated trades, 14 actually took place. Of the 20 sourced speculations, four took place. There was no statistically significant difference between how well named and unnamed sources predicted trades.
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Ul Haq, Zahoor, Zia Ullah, and Javed Iqbal. "Terrorist Incidents and Trade." Global Social Sciences Review III, no. II (June 30, 2018): 55–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2018(iii-ii).04.
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Employing a trade flow data from 1990 to 2013 within 50 countries, this study estimates terrorism effects on trade. The trading countries are grouped as trading partners (a) within developing countries (i.e. South-South), (b) within developed countries (North-North) or (c) within developed and developing countries (i.e. North-South). The analysis shows that all the standard gravity-type variables carry expected sign while the terrorism effect on trade is recorded significant on statistical grounds and negative when South trades with North.
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Ragnar, Martinr, and Kenji Umemura. "COMPACT BLEACHING™." JAPAN TAPPI JOURNAL 60, no. 2 (2006): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2524/jtappij.60.191.
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SONG, SAW-IMM, EI-YET CHU, and Tian So Lai. "CHARACTERISTICS AND STRATEGIES OF A CONSISTENTLY PROFITABLE PROPRIETORY DAY TRADER AT BURSA MALAYSIA." Management and Accounting Review (MAR) 17, no. 3 (December 31, 2018): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/mar.v17i3.818.
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Proprietary day trading is relatively new in Malaysia. This study looks into the background characteristics, strategies, behaviour of an above average proprietary trader and factors that determined her success. Recent literature in the developed markets found that the majority of the day traders failed in the first year of trading. Few studies have looked into the winning characteristics and strategies of the traders. Contrary to the findings on failed traders, who traded actively, speculatively, and to their detriment, this case study found that a successful trader on the other hand is highly attentive and disciplined. On average the trader had executed approximately 20 counters per day for about 100 transactions. More than 50% of the roundtrips transactions were completed within half an hour and 70% were completed within 2 hours. The trader was most active in the morning for buy transactions and the majority of the roundtrips were completed in the afternoon. The trader usually holds large positions only for shorter periods to minimise huge losses and disposition effect. It was evident that the trader employs scalping strategies that she profits from very short run and small movement of prices rather than employing fundamental analysis which requires longer term investment horizon. If the trader made profits in the morning, the likelihood is the trader will be more aggressive in the afternoon trades. The regression results reveal that factors that significantly explained the profitability of the trader were the transaction values and the time entering the trades. Market sentiment and duration of holding time do not significantly explain the profitability made by the trader. It shows that in a bullish market, the trader tended to trade more transactions; however that does not contribute significantly to the profits made.
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Huang, Han Ching, and Pei-Shan Tung. "The effects of liquidity trading on insider trade timing when an underlying option is present." Managerial Finance 44, no. 10 (October 8, 2018): 1250–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-02-2018-0084.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the underlying option impacts an insider’s propensity to purchase and sell before corporate announcements, the proportion of insiders’ trading after announcements relative to before announcements, and the insider’s profitability around corporate announcements. Design/methodology/approach The authors test whether the timing information and option have impacted on the tendency of insider trade, the percentage of all shares traded by insiders in the post-announcement to pre-announcement periods and the average cumulative abnormal stock returns during the pre-announcement period. Findings Insiders’ propensity to trade before announcements is higher for stocks without options listed than for stocks with traded options. This result is stronger for unscheduled announcements than for scheduled ones. The proportion of insiders’ trade volume after announcements relative to before announcements in stocks that have not options listed is higher than those in stocks with traded options. The positive relationship between the insiders’ signed volume and the informational content of corporate announcements is stronger in stocks without traded options than in stocks with options listed. Insider trades prior to unscheduled announcement are more profitable than those before scheduled ones. Research limitations/implications The paper examines whether there is a difference between the effects of optioned stock and non-optioned stock. Roll et al. (2010) use the relative trading volume of options to stock ratio (O/S) to proxy for informed options trading activity. Future research could explore the impact of O/S. Moreover, the authors examine how insiders with private information use such information to trade in their own firms. Mehta et al. (2017) argue that insiders also use private information to facilitate trading (shadow trading) in linked firms, such as supply chain partners or competitors. Therefore, future research could consider the impact of shadow trading. Social implications Since the insider’s propensity to buy before announcements in stocks without options listed is larger than in stocks with traded options and the relationship is stronger for unscheduled announcements than for scheduled ones, the efforts of regulators should focus on monitoring insider trading in stocks without options listed prior to unscheduled announcements. Originality/value First, Lei and Wang (2014) find that the increasing pattern of insider’s propensity to trade before unscheduled announcements is larger than that before scheduled announcements. The authors document the underlying option has impacted the insider’s propensity to purchase and sell, and the relationship is stronger for unscheduled announcements than for scheduled ones. Second, related studies show insider’s trading activity has shifted from periods before corporate announcements to periods after corporate announcements to decrease litigation risk. This paper find the underlying option has influenced the proportion of insiders’ trading after announcements relative to before announcements when the illegal insider trade-related penalties increase.
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Burri, Mira, and Rodrigo Polanco. "Digital Trade Provisions in Preferential Trade Agreements: Introducing a New Dataset." Journal of International Economic Law 23, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 187–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgz044.
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ABSTRACT The article introduces a new dataset that seeks to comprehensively trace developments in the area of digital trade governance. The TAPED (Trade Agreements Provisions on Electronic-Commerce and Data) dataset includes a detailed mapping and coding of all preferential trade agreements that cover chapters, provisions, annexes, and side documents that directly or indirectly regulate digital trade. This article presents the methodology behind TAPED and provides an overview of the evolution of digital trade provisions in preferential trade agreements, highlighting also some emerging trends. It then takes a look at the substance of selected rules found particularly in electronic commerce chapters and maps the diversity of approaches in tackling issues meant to facilitate online trade, such as the customs duty moratorium on electronic transactions or paperless trading, and discusses the very recent rule-making with regard to cross-border data flows. This is of course merely a glimpse of the wealth of information that TAPED provides, and the goal of this article is simply to uncover the great variety and the complexity of the norms found in the preferential trade agreements on digital trade governance, which reveals the value of the dataset.
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GASTAÑAGA, MELVIN, ROSS MACLEOD, BENNETT HENNESSEY, JOAQUIN UGARTE NÚÑEZ, EDEVALY PUSE, ANITA ARRASCUE, JOHANA HOYOS, WILLY MALDONADO CHAMBI, JIMMY VASQUEZ, and GUNAR ENGBLOM. "A study of the parrot trade in Peru and the potential importance of internal trade for threatened species." Bird Conservation International 21, no. 1 (May 26, 2010): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270910000249.
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SummaryDuring a period of 12 months in 2007 and 2008, a study of the parrot trade within Peru was carried out. In this study, 20 main wildlife markets were visited in eight cities in order to estimate the number of parrot species and individuals traded legally and illegally within a year. The study also gathered extra information from vendors and customers through informal interviews about the trade process. Additionally we contracted one person in two markets between February and May 2008 to monitor how many species and individuals entered the trade. During the study, four threatened species (the ‘Endangered’ Gray-cheeked Parakeet Brotogeris pyrrhoptera, the ‘Vulnerable’ Military Macaw Ara militaris, the ‘Vulnerable’ Yellow-faced Parrotlet Forpus xanthops and the ‘Near Threatened’ Red-masked Parakeet Aratinga erythrogenys) and one additional species listed in CITES Appendix 1 (Scarlet Macaw Ara macao) were found being traded. Thirty-four species were recorded in total, 33 of which are native to Peru (representing 63% of the 52 known Peruvian parrot species) and one of which (Monk Parakeet Myiopsitta monachus) is native to Bolivia and Argentina. Our results show that even for the seven species which can be legally traded in Peru, the number of individuals being traded can greatly exceed the numbers that can officially be traded legally. We directly counted 4,722 parrots for sale and using a measured detection rate of 3% we estimate a total market size in the cities surveyed of between 80,000 and 90,000 individuals. As our surveys sampled only 8 out of Peru’s 24 departmental capitals and there are also other large cities, these numbers are likely to represent only a part of the total trade in Peru. To the best of our knowledge this is one of the first detailed studies of the internal trade in a source country for the international parrot trade. Our results suggest that such internal trade is likely to be a significant conservation issue that has previously been largely overlooked.
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Fedotov, V. "Trade Chambers in Intemational Trade." World Economy and International Relations, no. 5 (2005): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2005-5-92-97.
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Motoyama, Yoshihiko. "Free Trade & Protective Trade." TRENDS IN THE SCIENCES 7, no. 2 (2002): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5363/tits.7.2_61.
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