Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Trade regulation'
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1
Tu, Qingru. "International Trade and Environmental Regulation." FIU Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3727.
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This dissertation is composed of three chapters regarding international trade and environmental regulation. The first chapter focuses on the relationship between port ownership and the port R\&D investment. I investigate whether a larger degree of private involvement in the port sector makes for a higher level of welfare, as well as an improvement in port performance. I establish the stage games to analyze the reciprocal international trade. The theoretical findings indicate that the endowment of population plays an essential role in choosing the optimal port ownership. In the second chapter, I investigate the effect of port pollution regulation on port ownership. I incorporate the regulation tax on emissions from port cargo handling into the international duopoly trade model. The results of the stage games suggest the same ownership of the ports in both countries. I also extend the categories of port structures to include the transfer of port ownership to the other country. The policy implication is to have the small country own both ports, which is opposite to the port governance in reality. In the third chapter, I explore the equilibrium port ownership structures without other policy issues or regulation on the port sector being considered. The influence of country size per se suggests that a small country should privatize its port in the context of a privatized port in the large country. For a large country, it is better to choose a type of ownership different from the small country's. In addition, it is the country whose population is greater than a third of the scale in the other country that should own both ports.
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Berger, Stefan. "Regulation of intellectual property rights and trade." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7591.
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This thesis consists of three essays on the regulation of Intellectual Property
Rights (IPRs) and trade in open economies.
The rst chapter investigates the di erences in Intellectual Property Rights
between countries. The analysis of a cross-country panel reveals that the protection
of IPRs is higher in countries that are (i) richer, (ii) more productive
in R&D and (iii) more open to trade. It is then shown that the rst two facts
can be explained in a model where innovations are a global public good and
where demand for innovations is non-homothetic in income.
The second chapter addresses the third observation. If trade is driven by large
di erences in productivities across countries and sectors then having strong
IPR protection can become more bene cial for the individual country, since
a part of the associated costs are passed onto the trading partners.
The third chapter aims to explain why and when countries link agreements on
trade with agreements that regulate the provision of global public goods. It
shows that a linkage is particularly attractive if countries are di erent in size.
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Bruneau, Joel Francis. "Essays in environmental regulation and international trade." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0019/NQ56512.pdf.
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Ononaiwu, Chantal. "Regulation and trade liberalization in banking services." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.496622.
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Van, der Marel Erik. "On trade, productivity and regulation in services." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011IEPP0035.
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Cette thèse se penche sur les liens entre la productivité des services, le commerce des services et la réglementation à la fois du côté des importations et du côté des exportations. Pour ce qui concerne l’export, les différences de productivité se reflètent dans une structure d’avantage comparatif de l’économie à la fois au niveau des services et des biens. Les importations comptent également. La hausse des importations de services a pour effet d’accroître la productivité de ces services, elle permet une allocation optimale des ressources nouvelles et existantes ainsi qu’une plus grande concurrence externe sur le marché intérieur. Les trois Chapitres de cette thèse représentent quelques-unes des premières contributions à la littérature sur le commerce des services avec une approche ancrée dans enjeux politiques d’aujourd’hui. Ils contribuent à une compréhension plus précise de la manière avec laquelle les pays développés principalement peuvent tirer avantage d’un accroissement des exportations de services en capitalisant sur des structures intérieures favorables et en exploitant donc les différences de productivité sectorielle. Par ailleurs, cette thèse fournit également une compréhension plus claire de la façon dont la réglementation nationale ciblant l’import, l’export et la production peut avoir un impact sur la productivité des services intérieurs dans le cadre de la Productivité Globale des Facteurs (PGF)This dissertation examines the links between productivity in services, services trade and services regulation for both the import and export side. On the export side, productivity differences are reflected in an economy’s comparative advantage structure in services. Imports matter too. Increased services imports have productivity enhancing effects because these services allow for an optimal allocation of existing and new resources, and also facilitate increased external competition within the domestic economy. The three chapters in this dissertation represent some of the first contributions to the services trade literature with an approach rooted in today’s policy concerns. In particular, they contribute to a more precise understanding how mainly developed countries can take advantage of higher services exports capitalizing on favourable domestic country structures and hence exploiting sectoral productivity differences. In addition, this dissertation provides a clearer understanding how domestic regulation targeted to imports and production can affect domestic services productivity in the form of Total Factor Productivity (TFP)
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Service, Jessica. "Seeing the forest for the trees an examination of the Canadian/United States softwood lumber dispute and the impact of dispute resolution procedures /." Connect to this document online, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1114460538.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Miami University, Dept. of Political Science, 2005.Title from second page of PDF document. Document formatted into pages; contains [2], ix, 199 p. : ill., maps. Includes bibliographical references (p. 135-147).
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Milam, Richard Thomas. "Essays on trade barriers in imperfectly competitive markets." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/39874.
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Zhang, Xin. "International trade regulation in China : law and policy /." Oxford [u.a.] : Hart Publ, 2006. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/513053670.pdf.
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Chaves, Olarte Georgina Ines. "International regulation of Caribbean textile and apparel trade." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69750.
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In the last five years, textiles and apparel have represented the largest source of growth of U.S. imports from countries covered by the Caribbean Basin Initiative. The economic importance of this sector to the Caribbean countries gave rise to this study which discusses the international regulation of textile and apparel trade and the possible effects of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations and the North American Free Trade Agreement on the Caribbean textile and apparel industry. This analysis takes into account not only the legal mechanisms developed to control trade in this sector, but also the underlining powers that have allowed the shaping of the current textile and apparel order. Special emphasis is placed on U.S. trade policies toward the Caribbean Region which have played a significant role in the present development of the Caribbean apparel industry.
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Marinova, Yona Georgieva. "Bifurcation of parallel trade in the European Community." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2008. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=25821.
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This thesis examines the regulation of parallel imports of trade marked goods in the European Community (EC), demonstrates its deficiencies and advocates its amendment by the Community legislator. The thesis identifies as a primary characteristic of the regulation the bifurcation of intra-EC and extra-EC parallel importation, that is to say, the fundamental divergence of the regimes of parallel imports coming from another EC Member State and imports coming from third countries. The split as to the rationale, justification and outcome of the two regimes is so substantial that it is viewed as the existence of ‘parallel regulations on parallel trade’ in the Community. The study establishes four different manifestations of this bifurcation, the most evident one concerning the fact that while internal imports are lawful under EC law, external ones could be repelled by the mark owner as trade mark infringement. It is submitted that this variable legal tolerance to parallel trade has been legitimised through the Community rule of limited, regional exhaustion of trade mark rights and the manner in which the European Court of Justice has interpreted its application. Against this background, the thesis raises three groups of legal arguments for reviewing the current Community exhaustion policy and implementing a rule of international trade mark exhaustion. They relate to trade mark law, competition law and certain proclamations of the importance of free unrestricted global trade, made by the Community on international level and in the EC context as well. Finally, the study complements the above legal arguments with socio-economic justifications in support of international exhaustion. The research suggests that the Community should consider the implementation of international trade mark exhaustion and carry out the necessary preparatory steps outlined by the study in this regard.
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Zvidza, Tinevimbo. "Dumping, antidumping and the future prospects for fair international trade." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/100.
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More than a century has passed since Canada adopted the first antidumping law in 1904. Similar legislation in most of the major trading nations followed the Canadian legislation prior to and after the World War II. Antidumping provisions were later integrated into the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) after the said war. Today, nearly all developed and developing countries have this type of legislation in place within their municipal legal framework. The subject of antidumping has received growing attention in international trade policy and has become a source of tension between trading nations. This is evident in the substantial increase of antidumping actions since the establishment of the WTO. Antidumping policy has emerged as a significant trade barrier because of its misuse by both developed and developing countries. The primary instruments governing antidumping actions are GATT Article VI and the Antidumping Agreement (ADA). The ADA contains both the substantive and procedural rules governing the interpretation and application of the instrument. Its purpose is to ensure that the instrument is used only as a contingency measure judged upon merit and not as a disguised protectionist device. Given the growing number of countries participating more actively in the world trading system and the notorious misuse of antidumping provisions, there is a vital need to critically analyse the key provisions of the said instruments. This study is an attempt at that academic enterprise. It concludes by giving proposals for future reform of both real and potential future reform of the current WTO antidumping regime. Dumping, antidumping, antidumping regulation, antidumping duties, like products, dumping margin, zeroing, facts available, protectionism, ADA.
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Simiyu, Edwin Jairus. "The impact of trade liberalisation on Kenya." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/20244.
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This study examined the impact of trade liberalisation on Kenya. It analysed the influence of trade liberalisation on trade creation, trade diversion, exports, imports, revenue effects and welfare effects. The developments in trade liberalisation and free-trade economic arrangements were introduced in Kenya and many developing countries in the early 1980s and strengthened from 1990s onward. The short term effects of the structural-adjustment programs were characterised by poor balance of payment conditions, high levels of unemployment, contraction of the imports from other countries, and government revenue losses, among other social problems. Notwithstanding the dismal performance of the Kenyan Economy after liberalisation, the Kenyan government continued to liberalise its trade under various frameworks such as the Economic Partnership agreements (EPAs) with the European Union, the World Trade Organization (WTO) and various bilateral free-trade agreements (BFTA) with its largest trading partners. This study used the World Integrated Trade Solutions-Software for Market Analysis and Restrictions on Trade (WITS/SMART) using 2008 as the base year. This method was used mainly because of its strengths to analyse the tariff effects of a sole market on disaggregate product lines. In addition the WITS/SMART model is able to analyse the impact of trade liberalisation in scenarios of imperfect substitutes. Hence, this study used the WITS/SMART Model to examine the trade liberalisation framework for Kenya under comprehensive implementation of COMESA customs Union, COMESA FTA, WTOFTA and the EPAs. The comparative valuation of the trade-creation effects reveals that the WTOFTA expected the highest trade-creation effects of US$995.16 million. This was followed by the various bilateral free-trade agreements which had a trade-creation effect of US$333.04 million, then COMESACU which had a trade-creation effect of US$310.50 million followed by the EPAs with a value of US$129.45 million. COMESA FTA was expecting trade-creation effects valued at US$15.51 million. These trade-creation effects are expected to cause unemployment through de-industrialisation. This study has also noted that WTO FTA and COMESA CU had no evidence of trade diversion. However, BFTA, EPAs and COMESA FTA showed evidence of trade diversion of US$134.88 million, US$89.28 million and US$2.61 million respectively. This study also examined the possible revenue effect from the free-trade agreements and customs union. It was noted that most losses emanated from the WTOFTA, which was valued at US$817.15 million. This was followed by the COMESACU protocol, which is expected to register a loss amounting to US$327 million. The third free-trade agreement with the highest losses comprised the various BFTAs amounting to US$304 million. The forth probable losses were anticipated from EPAs amounting to US$142 million. The free-trade agreement with the least losses is COMESA FTA with an expected loss of US$7.88 million. The consumer welfare effect was done to assess if consumers benefitted from trade agreements. This study observed that the WTOFTA expected the highest consumer welfare effect of US$103.98 million. This was followed by the various COMESACU with an expected consumer welfare effect of US$56.27 million. The BFTA were the third with a consumer welfare effect of US$ 41.82 million. This was followed by the EPAs with a consumer welfare value of US$ 17.56 million. The trade protocol with the least-expected consumer-welfare effect was the COMESA FTA valued at US$ 1.60 million. Although welfare gains resulting from the anticipated trade agreements were an indication of potential benefits to Kenyans, they were insignificant. This study also analysed the export performance from five different trade agreements and their impact on Kenya. The BFTA expected an export value US$4.63 billion, followed by the EPAs with an expected export value of US$2.18 billion. The third largest export values was WTOFTA with an export value of US$12.12 billion, the fourth being COMESAFTA having an export value of US$ 434.28 million and finally COMESACU with an expected export value of US$394.14 million. The study showed that major exports were composed of minerals, tobacco and agricultural products dominating the export basket. The export destinations were expected to be the WTO members, which include Uganda, Congo, Egypt, Rwanda, Sudan and Zambia. Kenya expected an increase in imports mainly from the WTO amounting to 8.95 per cent. This was followed by the BFTA rated with an expected 3.2 per cent growth in imports. The third protocol expecting import growth was the COMESACU of 2.8 per cent import growth and the EPA with 1.16 per cent import growth, and finally, 0.07 per cent import growth from the COMESA FTA. The expected increase in imports is anticipated to create balance of payment problems for Kenya. The results of the study show that the welfare gains from trade liberalisation were not able to compensate for the revenue losses. The study also showed that Kenya was not able to make optimal use of trade liberalisation to expand its export destinations; as the COMESACU was expected to reduce exports. In light of these findings, the study recommends that measures aimed at boosting exports like strengthening of the Export Processing Zones, export subsidies, the establishing of supply-side facilities, trade financing plus strengthening of the export-supporting institutions. It is important to note that the findings of this study provide an opportunity for Kenya, and other developing countries, to implement measures to ensure that they achieve optimal benefits from the various regional trade agreements.
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Marinova, Yona Georgieva. "Bufurcation [sic] of parallel trade in the European Community /." Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources. Restricted access until May 22, 2014, 2008. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=25821.
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Eisenbarth, Sabrina. "Essays on international trade, environmental regulation and resource management." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/35736/.
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Miller, K. "The legal regulation of trade union government in Scotland." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.382413.
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Cacciatore, Matteo. "The Macroeconomics of International Trade, Regulation, and Labor Markets." Thesis, Boston College, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/1390.
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Thesis advisor: Fabio GhironiThis thesis studies the role of product and labor market frictions for the propagation of shocks in closed and open economy. The first chapters focuses on the consequences of relaxing product and labor regulation for macroeconomic outcomes. Specifically, we study long and short to medium run effects of deregulation by developing a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium model featuring endogenous producer entry and search and matching frictions in the labor market. We calibrate the model to reproduce salient features of countries belonging to the Euro Area which are characterized by large barriers to entry, firing restrictions and unemployment benefits. We analyze the effects of single policy changes and a global reform in which product and labor market regulations are set at the current U.S. level. Three main results emerge. First, we show that deregulation -- either partial or global - would trigger adjustment costs in the short run, increasing unemployment and reducing consumption. Long run welfare gains would make up for short run costs. Second, reforms are interdependent as the effects of a policy change in one market depend upon the level of regulation prevailing in the other. Third, regulation has important consequences for the business cycle properties of the economy. After a full deregulation, the Euro Area would become more responsive to exogenous disturbances but the absorption of shocks would be quicker. Our findings suggest that concerns about the negative effect of strict regulation for the speed of recovery from downturns could be well placed. The second chapter studies how country-specific labor market frictions -- hiring and firing restrictions and protection of unemployed workers -- affect the consequences of trade integration. We address this question in a two-country model of trade and macroeconomic dynamics with heterogeneous firms, endogenous producer entry, and search and matching frictions in the labor market. We study the dynamic effects of trade integration on unemployment and economic activity and the business cycle implications of stronger trade linkages. The model introduces a novel source of amplification and propagation of domestic and international shocks, as fluctuations in job creation and destruction affect the profitability of producer entry into domestic and export markets. Structural differences in labor markets translate into asymmetric entry and export dynamics across countries. As trade barriers are reduced, unemployment initially rises (falls) in countries with more rigid (flexible) labor markets. In the long run, average productivity gains ensure positive employment effects in both countries. Trade is always beneficial for welfare, but the economy with a rigid labor market gains less. Integration has also important business cycle consequences. In contrast to benchmark international real business cycle models, but consistent with the data, the model predicts that trade integration leads to increased business cycle synchronization. Volatility increases in the country with a rigid labor market, but it falls for the flexible partner
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2010
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Economics
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Peacock, Claire. "Symbolic regulation : human rights provisions in preferential trade agreements." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2018. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:75c35b2d-c40e-4366-a7d0-188615137ccc.
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While the multilateral trading system views human and labour rights issues as outside of its remit, states increasingly incorporate regulation in these areas into their bilateral reciprocal preferential trade agreements, "HR-PTAs. This dissertation investigates the emergence of HR-PTAs, testing alternative explanations derived from conventional "public interest" and "private interest" theories of regulation against a new theory of "symbolic regulation." According to the public interest theory of regulation, regulation is motivated by benevolent legislators' commitment to correcting market or social problems. The private interest theory of regulation instead views regulation as the result of private interest groups capturing the regulatory apparatus in order to regulate in their own self-interest. Unlike its counterparts, the symbolic theory of regulation suggests that regulation may also be created for the primary purpose of reassuring regulatory advocates that their demands have been heard, rather than to regulate a given issue area. This dissertation argues that for the states behind them, HR-PTAs are primarily a symbolic form of regulation. Legislators create HR-PTAs to appease domestic human and labour rights organizations, while defending their trade interests through the non-enforcement of their provisions. Using longitudinal network analysis to analyse original data from 415 preferential trade agreements in force from 1989 to 2009, paired with case study evidence from the EU, US, and Canada, this dissertation finds support for the symbolic regulation explanation of HR-PTAs. It shows that a state's commitment to HR-PTAs depends less on the public interest or the desires of private interest groups than on its need to accommodate human and labour rights advocates. Symbolic regulation however should not be dismissed. It sets precedents, creates policy space, facilitates softer forms of cooperation, and can fuel political accountability politics. When this occurs, states may use HR-PTAs or other forms of symbolic regulation to achieve their seeming purpose.
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Vigani, M. "THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF FOOD STANDARDS:GMOS REGULATION AND TRADE." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/150109.
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After a wide proliferation in the last decades, nowadays standards are globally diffused and are having effects on world market. Adoption of public standards grew both in numbers and variety, including several areas like nutrition, health, quality, safety, environment and social concerns. Standards introduction is a controversy issue. Their adoption has been justified as a response to consumers concerns, but they are also having effects on trade. Several authors pointed out that public standards represents a new form of non tariff barriers (NTBs) and protection-in-disguise. Nevertheless, some empirical observations showed that standards may be anti-protectionist when foreign producers are more efficient in comply with standards than domestic ones. Parallel to public standards, food companies have increased the introduction of private standards. Private standards are adopted in the same domains as public standards (e.g. food safety and quality) to increase consumers’ trust and promote product differentiation. Private standards may also serve to preempt government regulations, in order to induce weaker public standards.
In this context, we analyzed the role of public and private food standards on the global food market. We focus on GMO standards given the relevance and sensitivity of this issue, both politically and commercially, in developed and in developing countries.
In the first chapter we present the problem of food standards, providing classification and definitions and discussing economic effects on trade and welfare and problem related to their measurement.
In the second chapter, we developed a composite index for 60 countries distributed in all continents. The index is obtained by assigning a score to main components of the GMO regulation: approval process, risk assessment, labeling, traceability, coexistence and membership in international agreements. The overall index is obtained by score summation and normalization, so that it ranges between 0 and 1. Higher values correspond to more stringent regulations. Moreover, we studied the socio-economic determinants of GMOs regulation among country pairs. We calculated two different measures of the bilateral GMO index, namely GMOwij and GMOdij, for comparison purposes. Explanatory variables are classified in three groups: trade costs, institutional differences and economic controls. Our econometric strategy is to compare three different OLS regression specifications. The first is a pooled specification, in the second we include country fixed effects and in the third we include country fixed effects coupled with a dummy variable controlling for EU membership. Results showed that health expenditure and trade flows are significant determinants of similarity in GMO standards. Countries with different health systems and health protection investments may adopt dissimilar GMO standards. Moreover, highest bilateral trade of major GM crops induce countries to set similar regulations, creating regulatory harmonization that reduce the protectionist impact of GMO regulation. This result is confirmed also by the negative effect on harmonization of tariffs.
In chapter three, we used the bilateral GMO index to analyze the effect of GMO regulation on bilateral trade flows of agricultural products. We investigate how bilateral similarity/dissimilarity in GMO regulation affects trade flows. We used a gravity model controlling for zero trade flows. Moreover, we instrumented the dependent variable to deal with endogeneity problems. Three main results are shown. First, countries with greater differences in GMO regulation trade significantly less. The level of harmonization of the GMO regulation is important to boost trade flows. Second, labeling, approval process and traceability are the most important components of the regulation. Third, the effect of endogeneity of GMO regulations to trade flows largely dominates in magnitude (about four times) the traditional selection bias problem.
In chapter four, we investigated through a political economy model why private standards are often more stringent than public ones. The model combines both aspects of retailers’ market power and producers’ political power. The public standard is assumed to be determined in a political game: producers, retailers, and consumers have some political power to influence the standard-setting process. The resulting public standard is set at a lower level than the private one. Additionally, we provide an empirical application to show how our model’s predictions fit the real world. We conducted a survey collecting information on GMOs private standards among a sample of 45 retailers. The findings are consistent with the model’s prediction. First, in Europe, GMO private standards are stricter than public standards for a large number of supermarkets, while in the US retailers set standards according with public regulation. Furthermore, the level of restrictiveness varies accordingly to consumers’ preferences and to public regulation of the country where retailers are operating.
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Rugema, Ivan Kairu. "Balancing domestic regulation and trade liberalisation under the World Trade Organisational's multilateral rules on trade in services: a look at South Africa's telecommunications sector." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/2482.
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Magister Legum - LLMThe aim of this work is to analyse the current provisions on domestic regulation contained in the GATS, as well as to examine the negotiations on future disciplines currently being worked on by WTO members. In particular it aims to see what impact these rules will have on the licensing of telecoms services. In addition the study seeks to investigate whether, on a proper analysis and understanding of the legal texts on domestic regulation, the claims made by some civil society organisations and NGOs are valid.
South Africa
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Spencer, Elizabeth Crawford. "The regulation of the franchise relationship in Australia: a contractual analysis." Gold Coast, QLD : Bond University, 2007. http://epublications.bond.edu.au/theses/spencer.
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Lanoszka, Anna. "The World Trade Organization (WTO) and the accession process testing the implementation of the multilateral trade agreements /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/NQ66634.pdf.
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Ayine, Dominic Mmengayela. "Democratic deliberation of trade legislation in Ghana : institutions, interests and accountability /." Thesis, May be available electronically:, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.
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Thesis (J.S.D.)--Stanford University, 2006.Submitted to the Stanford Program in International Legal Studies at the Stanford Law School, Stanford University. "June 2006." Includes bibliographical references.
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Olaki, Clare. "The feasibility of retaliation as a trade remedy under the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_6062_1213863904.
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The main aim of the research was to determine the viability of retaliation as a trade remedy under the Dispute Settlement Understanding. It was to establish whether retaliation as a remedy is beneficial to the entire WTO membership and system. The specific objectives were: to examine the feasibility of damages as an alternative remedy to retaliation
to determine whether there is a need to revise the Dispute Settlement Understanding, for it to adopt a more development friendly approach to dispute resolution
to make recommendations regarding the improvement of the Dispute Settlement Understanding.
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Lanz, Jose I. "Import and export requirements and procedures Venezuela-United States." Online version, 2002. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2002/2002lanzj.pdf.
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Mushonga, Master. "An evaluation of the regulation of non-tariff barriers to trade in SADC free trade area." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96171.
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Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.The adoption of the Southern African Development Community’s Protocol on Trade in 2000 by member states which was aimed at creating an effective free intra-trade environment, had failed to reduce trade barriers which are threatening to reverse the gains made from tariff liberalization.. The protectionism in the form of non-tariff barriers constitutes the biggest factor affecting intra-trade in the region. The new economic environment which was expected to emerge with the adoption of the Trade Protocol over a decade ago has not taken place. Some of the commitments by member states to harmonise customs procedures, co-operation in customs matters and trade facilitation are yet to be achieved as the Protocol on Trade lacks the much needed legal force as some of its articles allow room for member states to derogate from their commitments. The main objective of this research study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the Protocol on Trade in the elimination of non-tariff barriers within the Southern African Development Community Free Trade Area. In order to achieve this, the study analysed the trend of non-tariff barriers reported in the period 2008 to 2013, the cost of trading across member states borders and the trend of intra-regional trade from 1996 to 2013. The main research findings indicated that non-tariff barriers are on the increase with cumbersome customs procedures and poor infrastructure development proving to be more prevalent in the region. The Protocol failed to reduce the cost of trading across member states’ borders since it came into force in 2000 with the cost of importing and exporting on the increase and the trade documentation remaining high. Again, the level of intra-regional trade as a percentage decreased from 2000 to 2013 – an indication that the Protocol on Trade failed to facilitate trade in the region through the elimination of non-tariff barriers. However, considerable potential for intra-regional trade remains unexploited due to induced trade barriers which are hampering the development of much needed regional value chains.
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Cowan, Simon. "Topics in price cap regulation." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:388bf654-ee26-43eb-b6bd-58cff9d57084.
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This thesis examines the theoretical properties of different price cap schemes that have been applied in the UK and the USA. The objective is to assess the consequences for price structures and welfare of different ways of defining the regulated price index. Chapter 2 surveys the literature on regulation under asymmetric information that is related to price caps. Chapter 3 presents a general analysis of five main types of price cap when the regulated firm sets linear tariffs. The schemes are the Tariff Basket (TB) scheme, the Fixed Weights (F) scheme, the Average Revenue (AR) scheme, the Average Revenue (Lagged) scheme, and the Paasche Price Index (PPI) scheme. The TB and PPI schemes generate efficient price structures in the long run, whereas prices are inefficient under the other schemes. In Chapter 4 the consequences of allowing freedom to set different prices, relative to the case of uniform prices, are analyzed. The conditions for price freedom to be desirable are derived for the case where the price level is not regulated. When the price level is regulated it is shown that AR regulation can cause welfare to be below the level that obtains without any regulation. Chapter 5 contains an analysis of the five price caps examined in Chapter 3 for the case where the firm sets a two-part tariff. The AR and PPI schemes are dominated, and the conditions under which TB, F and ARL are optimal are established. Chapter 6 explores some issues in the regulation of nonlinear tariffs by AR and TB price caps. Chapter 7 considers some extensions of the analysis. It is shown that when quality is a choice variable, the regulator is concerned about income distribution and there is demand growth the TB scheme can be adapted and retains its desirable properties. Chapter 8 contains conclusions and suggestions for future work.
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Hollard, Julie. "The removal of technical barriers to trade in the WTO era : a cause of gains and losses of power among national actors." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33359.
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The implementation of the 1994 GATT accords on technical barriers to trade led to an unprecedented level of trade liberalisation. Most countries have increased their economic interdependence. The role delegated to multinational enterprises has been considerably extended. It is suggested that they could become subjects of international law. Their participation in standardisation, eco-labelling and consultation programs increased. They also adopted private codes of conduct and have modernised the way they dialogue with regulatory authorities. One of the impacts of the Uruguay Round Agreements is a subtle reorganisation of forces within national economies. Tremendous responsibilities are progressively undertaken by private entities in domains where the state used to regulate unilaterally. The shift of power from public entities to private ones is discreet but has effects on all traditional sources of law. New forms of regulation on multinational enterprises need to be created. One of the main sources of innovation is a negotiated self-regulation
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Pienaar, Natalie. "Economic Applications of Product Quality Regulation in WTO Trade Agreements." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm University, Institute for International Economic Studies, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-485.
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This thesis comprises three theoretical essays on the economic applications of product quality regulation in WTO Agreements:
Economic Applications of the WTO Consistency Requirement Article 5.5 (consistency) of the SPS Agreement requires countries to avoid arbitrary distinctions in health protection on goods that are associated with the same disease, if such distinctions result in discrimination or a disguised restriction on trade. For a bound tariff, a marginally binding consistency constraint improves welfare but welfare is reduced if the constraint is interpreted too strictly. When tariffs are negotiated subject to consistency, the welfare effects of consistency depend on whether trade negotiators are myopic or forward-looking.
Public Opinion, Product Quality Regulation and Trade attempts to answer the following questions. Should governments be forced to admit products that science deems healthy, but consumers do not? Are consumer fears sufficient to justify a ban on a healthy import or should the fears refect scientifically proven risk? To what extent can regulatory authorities exploit these fears for protectionist purposes? In an adverse selection model, consumers have imperfect information with regard to government type and import product quality. The government of the country exporting the product of uncertain quality has an incentive to commit to a strategy where it recognises the importing country's right to ban the unhealthy import but tariff retaliates if the importing country bans a healthy import. Under such a strategy first best is achieved; consumers learn product quality and consumption distortions associated with consumer fear are eliminated. Allowing the importing
Asymmetric Information and Country-of-Origin Labelling concerns information asymmetries as a rationale for trade policy when adverse selection is an international problem. Firms in countries North and South choose between producing high or low quality. Those choosing low quality take advantage of adverse selection problems, while those choosing high quality do so to establish reputations and earn positive profits in subsequent periods when information is perfect. Cross-country differences in the relative costs of producing high quality result in different average qualities and prices in autarky. Trade is welfare deteriorating (improving) for the North (South). Allowing the Northern government the option of origin-labelling eliminates the international externalities associated with trade when adverse selection is a transnational problem, and is unambiguously welfare improving for the North.
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Noble, Andrew William. "The effectiveness of local government regulation of the taxi trade." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4806/.
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Taxis are a widely used and heavily regulated area of public transport in England and Wales, but one which has been neglected by law academics and researchers. The original contribution to knowledge provided by this study is the finding that effectiveness of regulation of the trade relies upon local authority regulators creating and implementing their own system of ‘law’ outside the legislative framework and the trade acquiescing in that regime. Taking a qualitative-based empirical approach, this study critically assesses the taxi licensing regime through the views, attitudes and beliefs of those involved in the day-to-day application of the law. Many aspects of taxi regulation involve the exercise of local authority discretion, but the current system grants discretion in areas which ought to be confined by rules and often that discretion is exercised improperly. Whilst some degree of local administration of the system is desirable, many elements of taxi regulation would benefit from national standards to ensure consistency and uniformity. Although the study found a number of important exceptions to these general conclusions, on the whole the most effective methods of regulation were found to be those which operated beyond the legal framework and in which the trade acquiesced.
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Freijat, Somayya Ahmad Issa. "Lawful and unlawful trade practices in Islamic jurisprudence : analytical study." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2014. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=214156.
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This thesis has investigated various opinions of Muslim Imams and Scholars which are reviewed and meticulously discussed while making an effort to identify certain transactions and arrive at the best and most accepted judgments pertaining to buying and selling issues in the market place. The study defines lawful and unlawful Trade Practices within the Islamic Sharīʻah and discusses rules and conditions pertaining to each. It also discusses certain types and scenarios which might be considered lawful or unlawful after investigating scholars‟ opinions and arguments. This study examines Trade Practices in the world of business and commercial transactions from an Islamic perspective and focusses on the basics of Islamic Trade Practices law. In particular, emphasis is placed on investigating lawful and unlawful Trade Practices of early Islamic commercial transactions while identifying parallels to determine modern-day transactions as sanctioned or not by the Islamic Sharīʻah. The researcher has explained that the basics of Islamic Sharīʻah guarantee the rights of both the seller and buyer with emphasis on maintaining an economy free of monopoly and cheating of any kind. While the seller is encouraged to honesty transactions and makes profit, guarantees are given to the customers that cheating or misguidance is forbidden within the spirit of true Islamic commercial transactions‟ teachings. The study has also focused on ethics as playing a decisive role in commercial transactions in a way that may affect the validity of sale contracts. Finally, the study calls for revitalising Islamic basics and rules to be more in tune with modern-day Trade Practices and business transactions in the organisation of trading in the market place and the world of business at large.
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Allen, Sara-Ruth. "International trade rules: a case of imperialism at work?" University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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This study explored whether there is an inherent inequitable nature of the liberalization process with respect to the World Trade Organization Agreements, namely TRIMs (Trade-related Investment Measures), TRIPS (Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) and the Agreement on Agriculture.
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Zheng, Linlin. "Transitional product-specific safeguard mechanism in the WTO legal framework an analysis of its terms and application /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B41290501.
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Linlin, Zheng. "Transitional product-specific safeguard mechanism in the WTO legal framework : an analysis of its terms and application /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B40961199.
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Williamson, Paul E. "Managing technical advice for regulation : the case of petroleum exploration and production /." Canberra : University of Canberra, 2007. http://erl.canberra.edu.au/public/adt-AUC20070820.123307/index.html.
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Thesis (PhD) -- University of Canberra, 2007.Thesis submitted to fulfil the requirements of the unit of Masters Thesis in Administration, and complete the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Administration, University of Canberra, July 2007. Bibliography: leaves 177-205.
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Stanford, Lawrence John. "The Queensland raw sugar industry : government regulation and assistance /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1993. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ECM/09ecms785.pdf.
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Poulet, Julie. "Direct effect of the law of the GATT in the European Union, the United States and the consequences for the WTO." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=78227.
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This aim of this thesis will be to first address the issue of the direct applicability of the GATT within the national framework, mainly through the use of an analysis of the considerations that such a denial of the direct effect of the GATT is based upon, to understand if there are real obstacles to its implementation, before examining the harmful effects this of denial. The analysis will focus on the situation in both the European Union and the United States, these two countries being two of the most important trade partners in the WTO, before suggesting various solutions that could be adopted to implement the direct effect of the GATT in order to benefit both individuals and the WTO members.However, since WTO members are still highly opposed to the recognition of the direct effect of the GATT, the unlikelihood of its implementation, at least in a short term perspective, will lead to an analysis of the situation directly at the WTO level. This will permit us to further conclude, whether it would be possible to find solutions to palliate the problems arising out of the denial of the direct effect of the GATT at a national level. Indeed, in the last part of the analysis undertaken in this work, various ways to remedy the deficit of democracy will be explored, examining alternatively the best vectors that could be used: individuals or NGOs, in order to enhance the legitimacy of the WTO which is principally under attack.
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Takamiya, Kenji. "Recently acceded members of the World Trade Organization : membership, the Doha Development Agenda, and dispute settlement." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709450.
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Dougherty, Sean. "Regulation and trade in development : explaining productivity at the firm level." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00984292.
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Institutions, and their underlying rules, are essential for economic development, in that they provide a framework for markets to operate. However, different types of regulatory roles and even institutional settings may have very different effects on outcomes at the firm or individual level. This dissertation examines the effect of several types of rules and institutions on productivity and related measures. The first chapter examines the effect of international competition and domestic competitive barriers on firm-level productivity growth in the OECD. A close interaction is observed between import penetration and domestic barriers to entry, conditional on a firm's distance to the technological frontier. The second chapter examines the effects of labor market reform on plants in different Indian states. A positive effect of labor market reform is found on plant-level productivity growth in labor-intensive and volatile industries. The third chapter looks at Indian exporters who took advantage of capital account liberalization to invest abroad, and explores whether they gained through learning-by-doing. After matching these firms with similar firms that did not invest abroad, the chapter finds that productivity was not boosted, though firms did gain in terms of their overall size through market access. The fourth chapter explores how the legal system in different Mexican states has impacted the size of firms through heightened capital intensity. States with higher quality legal institutions are found to have systematically larger and more productive firms.
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Toner, Jeremy P. "The economics of regulation of the taxi trade in British towns." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.292327.
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Dougherty, Sean Michael. "Regulation and trade in development : explaining productivity at the firm level." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010012/document.
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Les institutions et leurs règles sous-jacentes sont essentielles pour le développement économique, car elles fournissent un cadre pour le bon fonctionnement des marchés. Cependant, les différents types de réglementations et même les cadres institutionnels peuvent avoir des effets très différents sur les résultats au niveau de l'entreprise ou de l'individu. Cette dissertation examine l'effet de plusieurs types de règlementations et d'institutions sur la productivité et des mesures apparentées à celle-ci. Le premier chapitre examine l'effet de la concurrence internationale et des barrières compétitives intérieures sur la croissance de la productivité au niveau de l'entreprise dans les pays de l'OCDE. Une interaction étroite est observée entre la pénétration des importations et les obstacles à l'entrée d'origine nationale, conditionnelle à la distance où se trouve une entreprise par rapport à la frontière technologique. Le deuxième chapitre examine les effets de la réforme du marché du travail dans les usines situées dans les différents états de l'Inde. Un effet positif de la réforme du marché du travail est observé sur la croissance de productivité au niveau de l'entreprise dans les industries à forte intensité de main-d'œuvre et les industries volatiles. Le troisième chapitre se concentre sur les exportateurs indiens qui ont profité de la libéralisation des capitaux pour investir à l'étranger et cherchent à savoir s'ils ont profité grâce à l'apprentissage par la pratique. Après avoir fait correspondre ces entreprises avec des entreprises semblables mais qui n'ont pas investi à l'étranger, le chapitre montre que la productivité n'a pas été stimulée, bien que les entreprises aient vraiment gagné en termes de taille globale grâce à l'accès au marché. Le quatrième chapitre explore comment la qualité du système juridique dans les différents États du Mexique a eu un impact sur la taille des entreprises. Les états pourvus de meilleures institutions juridiques apparaissent comme ayant des entreprises avec un capital plus grand, plus intense et étant plus productivesInstitutions, and their underlying rules, are essential for economic development, in that they provide a framework for markets to operate. However, different types of regulatory roles and even institutional settings may have very different effects on outcomes at the firm or individual level. This dissertation examines the effect of several types of rules and institutions on productivity and related measures. The first chapter examines the effect of international competition and domestic competitive barriers on firm-level productivity growth in the OECD. A close interaction is observed between import penetration and domestic barriers to entry, conditional on a firm's distance to the technological frontier. The second chapter examines the effects of labor market reform on plants in different Indian states. A positive effect of labor market reform is found on plant-level productivity growth in labor-intensive and volatile industries. The third chapter looks at Indian exporters who took advantage of capital account liberalization to invest abroad, and explores whether they gained through learning-by-doing. After matching these firms with similar firms that did not invest abroad, the chapter finds that productivity was not boosted, though firms did gain in terms of their overall size through market access. The fourth chapter explores how the legal system in different Mexican states has impacted the size of firms through heightened capital intensity. States with higher quality legal institutions are found to have systematically larger and more productive firms
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Schiantarelli, Gonzalez Juan Pablo. "The regulation of the trade name in Peru: Lag and challenge." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116052.
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This paper analyzes the evolution of the regulation of trade names in the Andean Community and Peru, specifically in regard to its scope of protection from the provisions of article 8 of the Paris Convention (CUP). Also from certain rulings by IndecopI and the Court of Justice of the Andean Community, this paper contains a proposal of amendment to Decision 486 of the Andean Community and the legislative decree 1075 to update the regulation of trade names to modern times and ensure that the settlement of disputes involving said legal figure provide predictability and legal certainty.El artículo analiza la evolución de la regulación del nombre comercial en la Comunidad Andina y en el Perú, específicamente en lo que respecta a su ámbito de protección a partir de lo establecido en el artículo 8 del Convenio de la Unión de París para la Protección de la Propiedad Industrial (CUP). Asimismo, tomando como referencia ciertos fallos emitidos por el Instituto Nacional de Defensa de la Competencia y de la Protección de la Propiedad Intelectual (IndecopI) y el Tribunal de Justicia de la Comunidad Andina, se propone una modificación a la Decisión 486 de la Comunidad Andina y al decreto legislativo 1075 a fin de actualizar la regulación del nombre comercial a los tiempos modernos y asegurar que la solución de controversias que involucren dicha figura jurídica proporcionen predictibilidad y seguridad jurídica.
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Moore, Gregory Allison Business Law & Taxation Australian School of Business UNSW. "A theory-based description of Australian franchising regulation." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Business Law & Taxation, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41223.
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This paper examines franchising regulation in Australia as a case study for the analysis of regulation based on established regulatory theory. A literature review is conducted to establish and critique the theory of regulation based on the four main areas of established theory; regulatory purpose, regulatory strategies, rulemaking and enforcement. Case study data is drawn from primary source material and academic commentary on franchising regulation and presented according to the eras of franchising regulation in Australia, moving from the first proposals for legislation in the 1970s to the prescribed mandatory Franchising Code of Conduct model adopted in 1998 and refinements made to that scheme up to 2006. An analysis is then conducted on each major aspect of Australian franchising regulation using the established theoretical principles and analytical constructs available in the literature. The study concludes that the Franchising Code of Conduct regime, as a culmination of the experience gained and study undertaken in the preceding eras, is characterised by the availability of a broad range of enforcement options from harsh deterrence-oriented measures to more gentle and cooperative compliance-oriented options constituting an effective regulatory pyramid. The effectiveness of the regime is further bolstered by the presence of a credible regulatory strategy pyramid which emphasises the real possibility of escalated intervention, coupled with skilful deployment by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission as enforcement agency. The principal weakness of the scheme is identified as unnecessarily ambiguous drafting in some areas, which compromises the quality of the otherwise highly transparent ruleset. It is suggested that the choice of regulatory strategy, often a focus of superficial examinations of regulation, is largely irrelevant to the nature of the regulation, with other features such as enforcement strategy, legitimacy, and availability of credible sanctions proving much more important. A proposal for an analytical framework based on the established theory is developed based on the experience of applying that theory to the case study. While this outlined framework assists in broadening focus across the entire regulatory regime to encourage assessment of the component parts, a lack of cohesion and linkage amongst the components highlights a shortcoming in the development of regulatory theory and an opportunity for further research.
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Greyling, Minette Ilse. "The World Trade Organisation : international trade, dispute settlement & the environment." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53695.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The norms governing international trade on the one hand, and sustainable development on the other, have both different origins and objectives. This is the central problem that will be addressed in this research assignment, by analysing the structure, functioning and future of the World Trade Organisation Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM). Though there has been a significant shift from politics to legality, the dispute settlement system is still far from perfect. When looking at recent environmental trade disputes, the stress placed on the system is revealed. •• The focus is on the impact of environmental disputes on the nature and functioning of the DSM, and how these disputes have contributed to the development of international trade law, and the concept of sustainable development. These will all contribute to a greater understanding of the interaction of the World Trade Organisation and the multilateral trading system, and the future role the WTO should play on the agenda for sustainable development.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die norme wat enersyds internasionale handel, en andersyds volhoubare ontwikkeling beheer, het uiteenlopende oorspronge en doelstellings. Hierdie is die sentrale probleem wat deur hierdie navorsingsverslag aangespreek word, te wete deur die struktuur, funksionering en toekoms van die Wereldhandelsorganisasie (WHO) Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM) te analiseer. Hierdie dispuutskikkingstelsel is nog steeds nie volmaak nie, ten spyte daarvan dat daar reeds 'n betekenisvolle verskuiwing van politiek tot wetlikheid plaasgevind het. As daar na onlangse omgewingshandelsdispute gekyk word, kom die druk wat op die stelsel geplaas word, duidelik na vore. Die fokus word dus met hierdie navorsingsverslag geplaas op die impak wat omgewingsdispute op die aard en funksionering van die DSM het, en hoe die dispute bygedra het tot die ontwikkeling van internasional handelswette asook op die konsep van volhoubare ontwikkeling. Hierdie fokus behoort by te dra tot 'n groter begrip tot die interaksie tussen die Wereldhandelsorganisasie (WHO) en die multilaterale handelstelsels, asook op die toekomstige rol wat die WHO behoort te speel met betrekking tot die agenda vir volhoubare ontwikkeling.
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Mutai, Henry Kibet. "The regulation of regional trade agreements : harnessing the energy of regionalism to power a new era in multilateral trade /." Connect to thesis, 2005. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/529.
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This thesis examines the regulation of regionalism by the WTO and the formation and operation of regional trade agreements by developing countries. In particular, this work focuses on regional integration in Eastern and Southern Africa. The aim of the thesis is to assess the effectiveness of the relevant legal regimes and determine ways in which they can be made more effective, both in terms of their impact on state conduct and in terms of their impact on the economic welfare of the states concerned. The thesis argues that, with regard to the WTO legal regime, the exemption from the application of Article XXIV, GATT 1994 given to developing countries by the Enabling Clause has contributed to the lack of effectiveness of the WTO regime. For developing countries, on the other hand, the Enabling Clause has deprived them of the legal discipline required to establish effective free trade areas and customs unions. This latter argument is examined through a case study of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA). The thesis contends that for COMESA countries to engage in meaningful trade liberalisation, and to participate fully in the WTO, acceptance of greater legal discipline is critical. Such legal discipline can be obtained through compliance with Article XXIV.
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Cordonier, Segger Marie-Claire. "Sustainable development in international trade law : integrating economic and social development and environmental protection in emerging trade regimes." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.669870.
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Welsman, Sandra June. "Laws regulating business facilitation, control, or overload?: a consideration of Australian business regulation in the early 1990s." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2001. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/28066.
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This thesis examines interactions of business, government and the judiciary in Australia through regulatory law. This arena of policy, lawmaking and regulatory practice is explored from a number of integrated perspectives, to a depth not pursued in general reviews.
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Winslett, Gary. "Competitiveness and Death: Trade and Politics in Cars, Beef, and Drugs." Thesis, Boston College, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:107031.
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Thesis advisor: David A. DeeseCross-national differences in regulation have become the most significant barrier to international trade. My dissertation attempts to explain why states sometimes choose to reduce these regulatory trade barriers but at other times choose to maintain or increase them. To do this, I examine the international negotiation over regulatory trade barriers in three in-depth case studies, one from each of the three main areas of the international trade in goods: manufacturing, agriculture, and high-technology. The first investigates consumer safety, labor-related domestic content, and environmental regulations in the trade in automobiles in North America and the European Union. The second analyzes mad-cow safety regulations and the trade in beef between the United States and Japan. The third examines intellectual property regulations and the trade in pharmaceuticals between the United States and India. I contend that the best way to explain this variation is by examining the motivations of three sets of actors (businesses, activists, and government officials) and the political bargaining between those three groups. Businesses seek to reduce regulatory barriers when those barriers raise production costs or inhibit market access. They may however choose to end that pursuit if those regulations are cheap to comply with or pursuing their reduction carries major reputational risk. Activists defend regulatory barriers when they perceive those regulations to be the sole effective means to address a societal problem they are concerned about. They may accept a reduction in regulatory barriers if those barriers have low salience or their opposition is bought out through private standards, corporate social responsibility, or some other arrangement in which businesses are not directly regulated by government. Government officials choose whether to side with businesses or activist groups based on their relative prioritization of trade and regulatory independence, their staffing, and whom they identify as their core constituency. Businesses are likely to succeed at reducing a regulatory trade barrier when they can link their desire for that reduction with broader concerns about economic competitiveness while activist organizations are likely to succeed at defending regulatory trade barriers when they can link their desire for maintaining or increasing that barrier with preventing needless death. This dissertation thus adds to the current understanding of international political economy by demonstrating that multinational corporations have less political power than is commonly assumed and by augmenting traditional explanations of trade politics based on economic cleavages through analyzing activists’ engagement in trade politics now that trade politics significantly affects regulations
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2016
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Political Science
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Smagghue, Gabriel. "Essays on the impact of international trade and labor regulation on firms." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014IEPP0022/document.
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La littérature récente en commerce international et macroéconomie a souligné le rôle majeur de grandes firmes dans les résultats agrégés d'une économie. Les grandes firmes influencent, inter alia, les fluctuations économiques, les performances à l'exportation et les inégalités de salaires et de coût de la vie. Il est donc crucial de saisir comment les grandes firmes émergent et se comportent. Cette thèse s'intéresse à trois aspects de cette question. Premièrement, j'étudie comment les firmes ajustent la qualité de leurs produits à une intensification de la compétition "low-cost" sur les marchés étrangers. Pour ce faire, je développe une nouvelle méthode d'estimation de la qualité des produits au niveau firme et je trouve que les firmes augmentent leur qualité en réponse à la compétition "low-cost". Deuxièmement, j'examine la manière dont les firmes ajustent leurs ventes lorsqu'un choc de demande (e.g., une récession) frappe une de leurs destinations. Dans le cadre de l'industrie du Champagne durant la récession de 2000-2001, je montre que les firmes ré-allouent leurs ventes vers les marchés dont les conditions de demandes sont plus favorables. Cela suggère un nouveau mécanisme de diffusion internationale des chocs. Finalement, je regarde la manière dont les firmes ajustent leur taille et leur mix de capital et travail lorsque la régulation du travail contraint plus fortement les grandes firmes. Dans le cas du seuil de 50 employés en France, je trouve que les firmes se contractent et substituent du travail au capital pour limiter le coût de la régulation. Au niveau macro, mes résultats suggèrent que la régulation profite aux travailleurs mais pas aux détenteurs de capitalRecent literature in international economics and macroeconomics has pointed to the major role played by large firms in shaping aggregate economic outcomes. Large firms influence, inter alia, economic fluctuations, performance on export markets and inequalities between workers and between consumers. It is therefore crucial to understand how large firms emerge and behave. In the present thesis, I look at three independent aspects of this question. First, I study how exporting firms adjust the quality of the products they export in response to an intensification of "low-cost" competition in foreign markets. To this end, I develop a new method to estimate the quality of products at the firm-level and I find evidence that firms upgrade quality in response to "low-cost" competition. Second, I investigate the way exporting firms adjust their sales when a demand shock (e.g. an economic recession, a war) occurs in one of their destinations. In the context of the Champagne wine industry during the 2000-2001 economic recession, I show that firms reallocate their sales toward markets where demand conditions are relatively more favorable. Lastly, I look at the way firms adjust their size and their mix of capital and labor in response to labor regulations which are more binding to large firms. I find that firms shrink and substitute capital for labor to mitigate the labor cost of the regulation. At the aggregate level, preliminary results suggests that workers gain from the regulation while capital owners lose
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Owie, Ese Stephen. "Trade liberalization vs. domestic regulation of services : the future of maritime transport." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.550555.
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This thesis focuses on the tension between WTO liberalization rules in the services sector and the domestic regulation of maritime transport - a sector that is dependent on excessive government subsidies - and the impact of such tension on the future of maritime transport. Multilateral negotiations on the use of subsidies in the services sector have attracted little or no attention in comparison with other services related issues. This ordinarily should not be a problem except for that fact the existence or otherwise of subsidy disciplines will have profound consequences on the effectiveness and reach of market access commitments made in the ongoing Doha Round. Then again, subsidy disciplines would also affect the ability of WTO Members (especially developing countries that lack the power to subsidize) to utilize subsidies in achieving national policy objectives. While the tension between national regulation and the multilateral trading system in the goods sector has been subject of extensive analysis, the interface of trade liberalization and national regulation in the services sector has been less analyzed. Ironically, the services sector is arguably of similar and probably . greater significance in international trade. In analyzing the future of maritime transport under the liberalization framework of the WTO, the thesis uses the protectionist concept of maritime cabotage as its analytical framework. This facilitates a more profound understanding of the tension between domestic regulation and multilateral liberalization of maritime services and also highlights the role of subsidies - which are essential in maritime cabotage trade - in exacerbating this tension. In developing international law jurisprudence on this score, the thesis delicately interconnects protectionism in maritime transport, domestic regulation and multilateral liberalization of services within the GATS.
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Lenzi, Veronica. "States’ membership in energy Inter-Governmental Organizations (IGOs): trade, alliances and regulation." Thesis, IMT Alti Studi Lucca, 2013. http://e-theses.imtlucca.it/100/1/Lenzi_phdthesis.pdf.
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Chapter 1: Intergovernmental organisations (IGOs) have emerged as prominent actors in the global marketplace since the median decades of the twentieth century. The unique role of energy in informing global trade flows, supply and demand, and overall wealth distribution renders IGOs interacting with the energy sector particularly critical to shaping the worldwide economic order; and yet, a quantitative system of classifying IGOs has yet to be articulated. Grounded in rational design and rational choice theory, this body of research selects a population of IGOs based on the following criteria: formal agreement between sovereign states, independent institutions or organizations dependent upon IGOs, energy-focused agenda, permanent bureaucratic system, and active-status. Given these criteria, a model is articulated for classifying IGOs interacting within the energy sector, with conclusions drawn regarding links between apparent, participatory variability of IGOs and environmental forces. Key conclusions include the increase in consumption-driven IGOs and decrease of production-driven IGOs which is indicative of the interconnectivity of market trends and the quantity and function of energy-focused IGO agendas. -
Chapter 2: Why do states choose to join and form IGOs that regulate energy policy? In this paper we make three specific contributions to the literature on international cooperation and diffusion. First, we show that countries form and join energy IGOs in response to memberships previously gained by direct competitors among oil and gas producers and consumers. Moreover, we demonstrate that energy IGOs diffuse among countries that share oil and gas pipelines. Finally, we provide evidence that the institutional design of established energy IGOs impacts the development of their membership network. To test these hypotheses, we rely on original data on oil and gas pipelines and the design of energy IGOs as well as on a newly compiled dataset that includes 152 countries and covers 38 years (1970-2007). We employ both network analysis and spatial econometrics. -
Chapter 3: The goal of this paper is to provide an explanation for the formation of energy intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) among energy consumer or consumer/producer countries, predicated on the need to make alliances for energy security. The paper uses a two-stage model to explain the formation of energy IGOs and following this formation, the actions of the state within the IGO. The first stage, called the bargaining stage, involves the negotiation process for formation of the energy IGO, which is based on existing alliances and shared energy concerns. The second stage, called the enforcement stage, involves the actions of the state within the IGO, including the formation of shared energy security frameworks and common policies, based on shared energy concerns and infrastructure development needs. Two qualitative analytical case studies, the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), are used to demonstrate the use of this model and provide support for the hypotheses. -
Chapter 4: This research addresses the national-level effects on energy competition that occur when a National Regulatory Authority (NRA) enters a European Network of Energy Regulators (ENER) competition in the electricity and gas sectors. The approach chosen uses a policy making model with four actors (NRA, Industry, Government, and European Commission) and one instrument (ENER), based on the previous work of Putnam (1988). This policy model is demonstrated qualitatively using selected case studies of this situation, including the Czech Republic‘s adaptation to CEER standards and Spain and the creation of ACER. For both case studies, changes in conditions of competition, accountability, independence, and transparency are assessed. These results show that the policy model as constructed does provide explanatory value for an increase in competition in the energy sectors of member states of ENER through the mechanisms of increasing accountability, transparency, and independence of policy decision-making.