Relevant bibliographies by topics / Trade regulation – europe

Academic literature on the topic 'Trade regulation – europe'

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Published: 26 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Trade regulation – europe"

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Pulignano, Valeria. "Trade unions and transnational regulation in Europe: developments and limitations." Employee Relations 32, no. 6 (October 5, 2010): 574–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01425451011083636.

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Ivanov, I. P. "The Development of Trade Platforms ETF in Europe." Vestnik of the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, no. 4 (July 29, 2018): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2413-2829-2018-4-205-210.

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The article describes shares and securities with indices trade on the stock exchange in Frankfurt, the biggest and professional trade site of the regulated stock exchange in Europe. The author investigates key indicators and parameters on the leading electronic trade platform ETF, which provides more effective results from the point of view of setting standards of securities trade. Conventional criteria of effectiveness are higher liquidity, transparency, flexibility, independence on location, wide diversification, low costs on max low price. Apart from that the article showed types of investment strategies, which are used successfully on the Frankfurt stock exchange. The article has scientifically practical character from the point of view of stock exchange regulation and due to it the German stock exchange takes the leading position.
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Rothstein, Henry, David Demeritt, Regine Paul, Anne-Laure Beaussier, Mara Wesseling, Michael Howard, Maarten de Haan, Olivier Borraz, Michael Huber, and Frederic Bouder. "Varieties of risk regulation in Europe: coordination, complementarity and occupational safety in capitalist welfare states." Socio-Economic Review 17, no. 4 (September 8, 2017): 993–1020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwx029.

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Abstract This article tests the extent to which the organization and stringency of occupational health and safety regulation complements the dominant mode of coordination in the political economy. While the UK explicitly sanctions risk-cost-benefit trade-offs, other European countries mandate ambitious safety goals. That contrast appears to reflect cleavages identified in the Varieties of Capitalism literature, which suggests worker protection regimes are stronger in coordinated market economies than in liberal market economies. Our analysis of Germany, France, UK and the Netherlands, shows that the varied organization of their regulatory regimes is explained through a three-way complementarity with their welfare systems and modes of coordination. However, despite varied headline goals, we find no systematic differences in the stringency of those countries’ regulatory protections insofar as they all make trade-offs on safety. Instead, the explicitness, rationalizations and logics of trade-offs vary according to each country’s legal system, state tradition and coupling between regulation and welfare system.
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van Valkenburg, Johan L. C. H., Bruce A. Osborne, and Marcel Westenberg. "The large Gunnera’s (G. tinctoria and G. manicata) in Europe in relation to EU regulation 1143/2014." PLOS ONE 18, no. 4 (April 20, 2023): e0284665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0284665.

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Incorrect labelling of plants in the horticultural trade and misidentification is widespread. For the inspection services of the EU member states, correct identification of G. tinctoria has become important since the species was added to the List of Union concern in accordance with EU regulation 1143/2014 in August 2017. In the horticultural trade Gunnera plants are generally of modest dimensions and rarely flowering, so that the major distinguishing morphological characters for the identification of the two large species, G. tinctoria and G. manicata, are missing. As G. tinctoria is included in the EU regulation, its trade is prohibited, although the closely related species, G. manicata is not included on the list. Given that it is often difficult to distinguish between these two large herbaceous species using morphological attributes we used standard chloroplast DNA barcode markers, supplemented at a later stage by ITS markers. Plant material of putative G. tinctoria or G. manicata was obtained from the native and introduced range, both from “wild” sources, botanical gardens, and the horticultural trade. In western Europe plants circulating in the horticultural trade turned out to be predominantly G. tinctoria, with only one plant in cultivation identified as true G. manicata and the G. manicata found in botanical gardens was a hybrid recently described as G. x cryptica.
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Le Roux, Gaël. "TTIP negotiations, policy convergence, and the transatlantic digital economy." Business and Politics 19, no. 4 (September 20, 2017): 709–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bap.2017.24.

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AbstractThe Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) has the potential to be a landmark treaty on many grounds. According to European and American officials, one of the main features that should differentiate the TTIP from other bilateral free trade agreements is, beyond its unprecedented scale, the ambition of its regulatory dimension. On both sides of the Atlantic there is a strong incentive to mitigate the impacts of “behind-the-border” obstacles that mostly stem from existing divergences between laws and regulations applied in Europe and in the United States. To do this, trade negotiators, together with policymakers and regulators, attempt, when possible and desirable, to facilitate the convergence of the policies that frame the European and the American markets. This paper analyzes how convergence may be reached with regards to the regulation of the digital economy, a relatively new area of interest in the field of trade law and policy studies, that seems to deserve a specific attention considering the growing importance it has taken at the domestic level and in the context of trade negotiations.
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Bacon, Nick, Mike Wright, Louise Scholes, and Miguel Meuleman. "Assessing the impact of private equity on industrial relations in Europe." Human Relations 63, no. 9 (February 12, 2010): 1343–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018726709350087.

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Private equity firms are accused by trade unions of changing industrial relations in buyouts by demonstrating an unwillingness to recognize and work with trade unions, and by downgrading information and consultation. To explore these important policy issues, this article reports the first representative pan-European survey of managers’ perceptions of the impact of private equity on industrial relations. Managers report that private equity investment does not result in changes to union recognition, membership density or changes in management attitudes to trade union membership. Furthermore, managers in firms recognizing unions after private equity buyouts do not report reductions in the terms and conditions subject to joint regulation. Under private equity ownership more firms report consultative committees, managers regard these as more influential on their decisions, and indicate increased consultation over firm performance and future plans. Comparing industrial relations changes in different social models in Europe, the results suggest private equity firms adapt to national systems and traditional national industrial relations differences persist after buyout.
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Pulignano, Valeria. "Workplace inequality, trade unions and the transnational regulation of the employment relationships." Employee Relations 39, no. 3 (April 3, 2017): 351–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/er-07-2016-0144.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to report on research on the strategies of inequality at the workplace level of multinational corporations within the context characterized by the weakening of traditional bargaining and representation structures. Through which specific strategies multinational corporations foster inequality across different workplaces across borders and how do trade unions in Europe respond to it? Design/methodology/approach This paper is a conceptual one and it is based on existing qualitative comparative research developed by the author. Findings The regulatory regime of organized and governed labor markets and employment relationships is undermined by the employment relationships becoming increasingly unstable in most industrialized countries in Europe. The breakdown in the collective structures for employment regulation, particularly collective bargaining, has led to growing insecurity and inequality among working people. At the workplace level of multinationals inequality is fostered by strategies of flexibilization and benchmarking which force trade unions to negotiate concessions regarding the working conditions of different workers. Trade unions are seeking effective responses to increasing labor market instability and inequality. The paper argues that the transnational regulation of employment relationships through the European Framework Agreements (EFAs) can serve the purpose of constraining benchmarking, while containing workplace inequality. Originality/value This paper offers an in-depth view that the EFAs can constrain the multinationals’ strategies of benchmarking and workplace inequality. This is because EFAs can potentially spread across countries the positive gains of local negotiations where unions are able to negotiate on employment protection to other local subsidiaries where unions may struggle to do so.
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Velásquez-Vélez, María Isabel, Carolina Galvis Lora, Carlos Arturo Mejía-Córdoba, and Jaime Enrique Zapata Guzman. "Implicaciones de la acumulación de Cadmio en la cadena productiva del cacao." Manglar 19, no. 4 (December 17, 2022): 391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.57188/manglar.2022.049.

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The presence of cadmium in the cocoa supply chain has established a trade barrier that considerably affects exports from Latin American countries to Europe. Due to the accumulation of traces of cadmium in cocoa plants tissues, European countries have set the maximum permissible limits of cadmium concentration for products derived from cocoa, through regulation 488/2014 for food contaminants, this, seeking to improve the traceability of the raw material from its origin. In this review, the studies that seek to determine the current concentrations of cadmium in the soil and in the plant in different Latin American countries are highlighted, seeking to comply with the standards that the regulations govern. Such studies are necessary as an initial diagnosis to provide remedial solutions that allow maintaining trade with European countries.
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Horn, Henrik, and Joseph H. H. Weiler. "European Communities – Trade Description of Sardines: Textualism and its Discontent." World Trade Review 4, S1 (2005): 248–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147474560500131x.

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The facts of EC – Sardines are simple enough. A European Communities (EC) regulation stipulated that the designation Sardines could be used on preserved fish only for the genus Sardina pilchardus. The broad rationale claimed for this measure was to prevent consumer confusion. Allegedly European consumers associated the appellation “Sardines” with the pilchardus genus. Subsequently the Codex Alimentarius Commission set an international standard which effectively would allow other types of fish e.g. the genus Sardinops sagax, to use the word Sardine as part of its packaging designation. Peru, which exports Sardinops to Europe could not, under the Community regulation, use the designation Sardines in any shape or manner even though this prohibition would be contrary to the international standard set by the Codex Commission.
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Schapiro, Mark. "New Power for “Old Europe”." International Journal of Health Services 35, no. 3 (July 2005): 551–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/gyrm-92vr-h6m4-6hdq.

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The European Union's growing political clout is leading to new paradigms of environmental and health regulation. The E.U. is putting teeth behind new guidelines governing the toxicity of chemicals in consumer products, cosmetics, and automobiles that are forcing American companies to reconsider longstanding production practices. While U.S. government oversight over environmental and health concerns is being weakened, the E.U.'s strengthened governance over these and other arenas is rapidly, through the leverage of international trade, setting the stage for a new global standard. Europe's new standards present a historic choice to U.S. manufacturers: either conform to the E.U.'s preemptive screening for toxicity, or risk sacrificing the 450-million strong European market. The author explores the American response, and how the United States is slipping to the lower rungs of a double standard for protecting the health of citizens.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Trade regulation – europe"

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Simon, Strand. "From Europe, to the Agbogbloshie Scrapyard." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-76025.

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The challenge of sound e-waste treatment is something that is a global concern when relating to good business practices, safe working conditions, information security and environment. This research applies a holistic view of the illegal trade of e-waste from Europe to Ghana by aiming to highlight some of its drivers. By applying an adapted RV-model to identify the actors engaged in smuggling and rational choice theory to analyse market incentives this research identifies legal and procedural weaknesses that enable the illegal shipment of e-waste. The actors identified to target West Africa was in general smaller groups. These groups have established routes and transit points that complicate the international coordination of enforcers and inhibit their capacity to build strong cases against criminals. They target countries within the EU with limited enforcement capacity, high shipping volumes and low penalty rates for environmental crimes to exploit the domestic responsibility of enforcement and sentencing. They also mask e-waste as used electronics which is not heavily regulated and for which there is a strong Ghanaian market demand and employs a large number of workers in the informal sector, with the supply chain with an estimated 200,000 people employed. The main problems identified was enforcement procedures, international and domestic coordination, relative cost for formal recycling, lack of alternatives for workers and officials as well lack of deterring sentencing. This has led to secondary effects such as poor environmental and health protection as well as physical- and data-security.
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Horovitz, Dan D. "Regulation of competition under the rules of the free trade area agreements concluded by the European Economic Community." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213301.

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Poulet, Julie. "Direct effect of the law of the GATT in the European Union, the United States and the consequences for the WTO." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=78227.

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This aim of this thesis will be to first address the issue of the direct applicability of the GATT within the national framework, mainly through the use of an analysis of the considerations that such a denial of the direct effect of the GATT is based upon, to understand if there are real obstacles to its implementation, before examining the harmful effects this of denial. The analysis will focus on the situation in both the European Union and the United States, these two countries being two of the most important trade partners in the WTO, before suggesting various solutions that could be adopted to implement the direct effect of the GATT in order to benefit both individuals and the WTO members.
However, since WTO members are still highly opposed to the recognition of the direct effect of the GATT, the unlikelihood of its implementation, at least in a short term perspective, will lead to an analysis of the situation directly at the WTO level. This will permit us to further conclude, whether it would be possible to find solutions to palliate the problems arising out of the denial of the direct effect of the GATT at a national level. Indeed, in the last part of the analysis undertaken in this work, various ways to remedy the deficit of democracy will be explored, examining alternatively the best vectors that could be used: individuals or NGOs, in order to enhance the legitimacy of the WTO which is principally under attack.
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Tong, Wei. "Poland's influence in the European Union, a perspective of the Eastern partnership." Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2555598.

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Colson-Duparchy, Alexia. "Bridges, hoops and pools : international film co-production : the interface between culture and trade." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=78210.

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International film co-productions are sometimes thought of by the Americans as a form of financing providing the U.S. with the ability to sell works to its most important export market, Europe. Europe prefers thinking of it as way to provide its market with works that reflect European culture and ideals. This thesis questions the reality of such a statement, using the examples of the EU, the U.S. and Canada.
The author first explains the mechanism of co-production within the framework of a presentation of the methods of film financing. Follows a twofold discussion on the current nature of international co-productions, on both the international and national levels.
A considerable portion of this work examines the terms of the debate about the interplay between culture and trade. As an instrument used in the audiovisual industry, therefore strongly connected to cultural industries, international co-production is indeed an ideal model to represent the tensions existing between culture and global trade. This thesis sets international co-production up as a symbol of the interface between culture and trade.
Follows a debate on the congruity of the existing global and regional trade agreements for the protection of a culture always weaker in its diversity and propagation. With the prospect of the imminent phasing out of the sectoral exemptions allowed by the GATS, the inadequacy of the NAFTA cultural exemption and current quota policy systems, what would be best to calm down the tensions between culture and trade? Three solutions are discussed here: the New International Instrument on Cultural Diversity; a powerful competitor to the American majors such as Vivendi-Universal, and the technique of co-ventures.
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Streiff, Frédéric. "Réglementation des marchés dérivés de gré à gré en Europe : EMIR, plus de transparence ?" Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLED042.

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Suite à la crise financière de 2007, un ensemble de réglementations a été mis en place au niveau mondial, dont EMIR en Europe. Parmi les obligations engendrées par ce texte, il y a l’obligation de déclarer à l’autorité de tutelle toutes les opérations de produits dérivés traitées de gré à gré. Ceci dans le but d’augmenter la transparence sur ces marchés. L’objectif de mon travail étant de démontrer que cela n’est en fait pas le cas. Pour cela, j’explore deux principaux axes. Le premier concerne la déclaration effective des transactions et le traitement de ces informations par les autorités de tutelle. J’exploite pour cela les données publiques relatives à cette problématique et également les informations dont je dispose dans le cadre de mon travail. Les données sont relativement bien déclarées mais ne sont pas ou très peu exploitées par les autorités de tutelle. Le second axe est plus théorique. L’information ne conduit pas nécessairement à la transparence. Ce qui est important pour le bon fonctionnement des marchés dérivés est la symétrie de l’information et la confiance entre les intervenants
Following the financial crisis of 2007, a set of regulations was implemented, including EMIR in Europe. Among the obligations arising from this text, there is an obligation to declare to the regulatory authority all OTC transactions. The goal is to increase transparency on OTC markets. My objective is to demonstrate that this is not actually the case. For that, I explore two main axes. The first one concerns the implementation of the reporting obligation and the analysis of this data by regulators. For this purpose, I use the public data on this issue and also the private data from my work. The data are relatively well reported but not fully exploited by the regulatory authorities. The second axis is more theoretical. Information does not necessarily lead to transparency. The symmetry of information and trust between OTC’s participants are the most important
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Marinova, Yona Georgieva. "Bifurcation of parallel trade in the European Community." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2008. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=25821.

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This thesis examines the regulation of parallel imports of trade marked goods in the European Community (EC), demonstrates its deficiencies and advocates its amendment by the Community legislator. The thesis identifies as a primary characteristic of the regulation the bifurcation of intra-EC and extra-EC parallel importation, that is to say, the fundamental divergence of the regimes of parallel imports coming from another EC Member State and imports coming from third countries.  The split as to the rationale, justification and outcome of the two regimes is so substantial that it is viewed as the existence of ‘parallel regulations on parallel trade’ in the Community. The study establishes four different manifestations of this bifurcation, the most evident one concerning the fact that while internal imports are lawful under EC law, external ones could be repelled by the mark owner as trade mark infringement.  It is submitted that this variable legal tolerance to parallel trade has been legitimised through the Community rule of limited, regional exhaustion of trade mark rights and the manner in which the European Court of Justice has interpreted its application. Against this background, the thesis raises three groups of legal arguments for reviewing the current Community exhaustion policy and implementing a rule of international trade mark exhaustion.  They relate to trade mark law, competition law and certain proclamations of the importance of free unrestricted global trade, made by the Community on international level and in the EC context as well. Finally, the study complements the above legal arguments with socio-economic justifications in support of international exhaustion.  The research suggests that the Community should consider the implementation of international trade mark exhaustion and carry out the necessary preparatory steps outlined by the study in this regard.
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Marinova, Yona Georgieva. "Bufurcation [sic] of parallel trade in the European Community /." Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources. Restricted access until May 22, 2014, 2008. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=25821.

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Senderovic, Alisa. "Trade Restrictiveness or Trade Openness? The Effects on Corruption : A panel data study of the relation between trade restrictiveness and corruption in Europe." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Economics, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-9770.

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This thesis analyzes the relationship between trade restrictiveness and corruption levels in Europe and tests the robustness of the results using two different measures of corruption; Corruption Perceptions Index constructed by Transparency International and World Governance Indicators; Control of Corruption constructed by the World Bank. The results show that the outcome differs among the two indices and that previous results found in studies may be subject to data choice and measurement errors. A majority of previous studies have used trade openness in the form of imports share in GDP, or trade openness indices as variables that explain corruption levels. This thesis focuses on trade restrictiveness. It also investigates the differences between restrictiveness and openness in their impacts on corruption. The author of this thesis finds a weak relation between trade restrictiveness and corruption on one hand and an even weaker relation between trade openness and corruption on the other hand when controlling for other variables that may have an impact on corruption. The limited time-frame could be an explanation for this result, i.e. trade policy effects. A longer time-frame would have probably resulted in a bigger difference between variables for trade openness and trade restrictiveness. It is found that the variables showing to have the largest impact on corruption levels in Europe are those associated with historical dimensions such as whether the country has had a tradition of the church being separated from the state or whether being a previously planned economy. Most importantly, the thesis presents suggestive evidence on the fact that not all government involvement increases corruption. Rather, it is regulations that limit internal competition have a large impact on corruption levels in Europe. It has also been found that not all government involvement in the economy implies higher corruption levels. The findings outlined are in line with the common perception that corruption is highly dependent on previous values of corruption and that radical policy interventions are needed to curb corruption.

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Wei, De Cai. "Trade related environmental measures of European Union : a new kind of trade barriers?" Thesis, University of Macau, 2005. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1637069.

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Books on the topic "Trade regulation – europe"

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R, Lignelli Paula, ed. Trade barriers in Europe. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2007.

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Canada. External Affairs and International Trade Canada. Effects on Europe. [Ottawa]: External Affairs and International Trade Canada, 1989.

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1956-, Hancher Leigh, and Moran Michael 1946-, eds. Capitalism, culture, and economic regulation. Oxford [England]: Clarendon Press, 1989.

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Vosgerau, Hans-Jürgen. Trade policy and competition policy in Europe: Complementarities and contradictions. [Konstanz, Germany: Universität Konstanz?], 1993.

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Organisation for economic co-operation and development. Better regulation in Europe: Luxembourg 2010. Paris: OECD, 2010.

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Organisation for economic co-operation and development. Better regulation in Europe: Portugal 2010. Paris: OECD, 2010.

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Montel, Laurence. Policer les mobilités: Europe, États-Unis, XVIIIe-XXIe siècle. Paris: Éditions de la Sorbonne, 2018.

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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Secretary-General. Better regulation in Europe: Ireland 2010. [Paris]: OECD, 2010.

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Jannuzzi, Angelo. L' assicurazione nel mercato unico europeo. Milano: Giuffrè, 1989.

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Ricigliano, Alfonso Mattera. Il mercato unico europeo: Norme e funzionamento. Torino: UTET, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Trade regulation – europe"

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Chuah, Jason. "Forward Planning – Regulation of Artificial Intelligence and Maritime Trade." In Commercial and Maritime Law in China and Europe, 235–44. London: Informa Law from Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003160298-21.

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Britnell, Richard. "Urban Economic Regulation and Economic Morality in Medieval England." In Markets, Trade and Economic Development in England and Europe, 1050-1550, XIX:1—XIX:8. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003417637-19.

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Nuovo, Angela. "Book Privileges in the Early Modern Age: From Trade Protection and Promotion to Content Regulation." In Book Markets in Mediterranean Europe and Latin America, 21–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13268-1_2.

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Finsinger, Jörg. "European Market Integration and the European Insurance Industry: Reasons for Trade, Barriers to Entry, Distribution Channels, Regulation and Price Levels." In Tax Harmonization and Financial Liberalization in Europe, 225–61. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22008-3_17.

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Michida, Etsuyo. "Regulatory Diffusion from Europe to Asia." In Regulations and International Trade, 59–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55041-1_3.

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"General Agreement on Trade in Services, April 1994." In Satellite Regulation in Europe, 621–42. Brill | Nijhoff, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004481466_076.

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"Fourth Protocol to the General Agreement on Trade in Services." In Satellite Regulation in Europe, 651. Brill | Nijhoff, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004481466_079.

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Basu Bal, Abhinayan, Trisha Rajput, and Yongmei Chen. "Divide and Conquer or Unite to Trade: Trade Facilitation along the China-Europe Railway Corridors." In Regulation of Risk, 98–156. Brill | Nijhoff, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004518681_005.

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"Annex on Telecommunications, General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), April 1994." In Satellite Regulation in Europe, 643–47. Brill | Nijhoff, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004481466_077.

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Mühlendahl, Alexander, Dimitris Botis, Spyros Maniatis, and Imogen Wiseman. "Conclusion." In Trade Mark Law in Europe. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198726050.003.0014.

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The Court of Justice has considered within a relatively short period of time a large number of trade mark cases from two perspectives: as an interpretive court for the purposes of both the Directive and the Regulation and as a supreme court of appeal under the Regulation and its implementing rules. In both contexts it has interpreted and applied provisions that were essentially identical. However, under the Regulation the Court also had to be supportive of the new Union-wide trade mark right and the bodies administering it. For example, by strengthening the role of the Boards of Appeal and streamlining their decision-making trends, the Court could achieve a number of things: make the registration process more efficient, raise the level of dependency on the decision-making instances of OHIM, make the appeal route to the courts in Luxembourg more difficult, and lessen the burden imposed on the General Court (previously the Court of First Instance) and the Court of Justice.
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Conference papers on the topic "Trade regulation – europe"

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Morita, Tomoko, Masanori Hashimoto, Chiaki Seki, Naohiro Satoh, and Yui Nakanishi. "Development of High Performance Coated Gasoline Particulate Filter." In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-01-0388.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">In recent years, emission regulations have become stricter as part of the shift toward decarbonization. Particularly in Europe, the PN (Particulate Number) regulation has grown stricter, and further enhancement of PN filtration efficiency of GPF (Gasoline Particulate Filter) is required. However, as PN filtration efficiency is enhanced, pressure drop increases. There is a trade-off between PN filtration efficiency and pressure drop. In particular, coated GPF (cGPF) tends to deteriorate this trade-off relationship compared to uncoated GPF because of the coating of the catalyst. On the other hand, cGPFs have three-way performance, which can reduce the number of catalyst converters in the exhaust system. Therefore, we tried to establish a high performance cGPF by enhancing the trade-off relationship between PN filtration efficiency and pressure drop. We have used various cGPFs to analyze the coating state and substrate and characterize the functionality to understand the relationship between functions and above analysis items. The results showed that regardless of the substrate pore size, PN filtration efficiency was enhanced by reducing the neck diameter formed by the catalyst coated on the substrate. It was also found that the pressure drop was lowered by increasing the pore size of the substrate. Based on these findings, we established the concept of a high-performance cGPF, in which reduction of pressure drop is achieved by increasing the pore size of the substrate, while PN filtration efficiency is enhanced by reducing the neck diameter formed by the catalyst coated there. We have developed a prototype GPF catalyst with this concept and verified its function. This GPF achieved both PN filtration efficiency and pressure drop targets.</div></div>
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Telak Durmishi, Ceneta, Andrijana Bojadzievska Danevska, and Snezana Bilic. "Process of Digitalization as Outsourcing: Challenge for the International Companies in the Republic of North Macedonia." In 8th FEB International Scientific Conference. University of Maribor Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/um.epf.5.2024.60.

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Outsourcing, as a type of international trade is a relatively new phenomena in the world trade. The digitalization process has enabled companies to geographically dislocate their services and/or production processes to other locations in the world, with the best cost advantages. Although outsourcing is not sufficiently well understood in the Republic of North Macedonia, digital economy plays a vital role in the growth of this sector. The research made shown that the Republic of North Macedonia is one of the most desired destination in the South East Europe for the foreign companies, where outsourcing has sustained a higher employment growth rates and has established into a highly promising industry in the structure of the economy in the country. Through the deduction method, the research paper has a role to investigate the global trends in the outsourcing from one side and the implemented outsourcing trends and factors in the Republic of North Macedonia. The paper will identify the legal regulation of digitalization in the Republic of North Macedonia, will present the data and evidences from the relevant state institutions, as well as will analyze the economic and social benefits of the users, or so-called investors, in terms of their business efficiency.
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Tabata, Toshiyuki, Heather Konet, and Tsuyoshi Kanuma. "Development of Nissan Approaching Vehicle Sound for Pedestrians: How to solve the trade off between Quietness and Pedestrian safty of the Electric vehicles?" In 1st International Electric Vehicle Technology Conference. 10-2 Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan: Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2011-39-7231.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Electric Vehicles are very quiet at low speeds therefore people (especially the visually impaired) have difficulty recognizing that these vehicles are approaching. To address this concern, Approaching Vehicle Sound for Pedestrians system development has been discussed worldwide. In Japan, USA, Europe and China, government regulation is currently under study. As a solution to meet this concern, Nissan has developed the VSP (Approaching <u>V</u>ehicle <u>S</u>ound for <u>P</u>edestrians) system for implementation on Nissan's first mass production Electric Vehicle. Nissan VSP emits a futuristic sound to satisfy 3 key stakeholders' concerns; for pedestrians to provide detectability, for drivers and neighborhoods to maintain a quiet environment. The sound emitted during forward motion has a “twin peaks and one dip” frequency signature, with modulation (or rhythmic structure) to accommodate human-beings ear frequency sensitivity, hearing loss due to aging and ambient noise conditions. Additionally, special emphasis is placed on the forward sound emitted when the vehicle is “taking-off'(starting forward motion)” to notify pedestrians that the vehicle is about to move, in response to real world feedback gathered in surveys with visually impaired in Japan and USA. The system also includes a reverse motion or “backing up” sound that has an easy to recognize cadenced(or rhythmic structure) characteristic.</div></div>
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Savic Radovanovic, Radoslava, Aleksandra Aleksic-Agelidis, and Jelena Aleksic Radojkovic. "ZAKONSKI PROPISI U ORGANSKOJ PROIZVODNJI-NACIONALNA I EU REGULATIVA." In XXVI savetovanje o biotehnologiji sa međunarodnim učešćem. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt26.459sr.

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Organic production in the Republic of Serbia is controlled production, officially regulated by the Law on Organic Production ("Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia", No. 30/10, 17/2019) that provided the legal basis for the adoption of regulations - Rulebook on control and certification in organic production and methods of organic production ("Official Gazette of RS", No. 095/2020) and the Rulebook on documentation submitting for certificate issuance by the authorized organization and organic products trading requirements ("Official Gazette of RS", No. 88/16). The Law on Organic Production regulates the production of agricultural and other products, goals, principles and methods of organic production and control, certification, processing, labeling, storage, transport, trade, import and export of organic products as well as other issues of importance for organic production. The provisions of the Act are applied to products originating from all stages of organic production - plant and livestock, including aquaculture products for market. Organic products are not considered to be products obtained by hunting and fishery. The system of organic products control in the Republic of Serbia was established in accordance to the European Union regulations- Council Regulation (EC) No 834/2007, Commission Regulation (EC) No 886/2008). On January 2021, these regulations will expire. The new Regulation of the European Parliament and the Council on organic production and labeling of organic products (Regulation (EU) 2018/848) will enter into force in order to respond to growing consumers demands and expectations.
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Daxhelet, O., and Y. Smeers. "A two-stage equilibrium model of the European cross-border trade regulation." In 37th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2004. Proceedings of the. IEEE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hicss.2004.1265175.

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Petrunenko, Iaroslav, Mykhailo Syrotko, and Vadym Troinikov. "EUROPEAN STANDARDS IN THE FIELD OF REGULATION E-COMMERCE AND E-TRADE." In Modern Scientific Views on the Development of the World Economy and International Cooperation. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-356-9-11.

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Delcheva, Elvira, Iskra Nencheva, and Nikolay Penev. "REGULATORY CHALLENGES FOR THE MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS IN BULGARIA AND THE EUROPEAN UNION." In AGRIBUSINESS AND RURAL AREAS - ECONOMY, INNOVATION AND GROWTH 2021. University publishing house "Science and Economics", University of Economics - Varna, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/ara2021.348.

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An integral part of the conditions of the agricultural market in Bulgaria are the laws and regulations collected in ordinances and regulations imposed by state agencies monitoring the quality and safety of agricultural products traded on the Bulgarian market. The goals are to achieve equal conditions for market participation, tax reporting, quality control. In the last two years we have been observers and participants in the accompanying Covid-19 crisis related to the consequences of Covid-19, both in Bulgaria and the European Union, and around the world. Inevitably, the effects of the restriction and the measures caused by the crown crisis will continue to prolong over time in the agricultural sector and agriculture in general. The purpose of this study is to trace how the current regulatory norms affect the sale of agricultural production and how the restriction has affected the crisis. Are regulatory norms a condition for market development or are they a barrier to market entry and survival and what protection do they provide to end users?
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Aanstoos, Ted A. "Management Challenges in Emerging European Union Eco-Standards." In ASME 2004 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2004-52115.

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The European Union is 450 million citizens in 25 otherwise sovereign countries, but connected in a multinational federal metastate that claims a combined economy in excess of $9 trillion (US), making it one of the world’s largest economies. As a community faced with massive decontamination and re-industrialization from devastating wars, Europe places due emphasis on issues of environmental sustainability and pollution prevention. Under broad policy guidelines of the New Approach and Integrated Product Planning frameworks, the European Commission is drafting legislation that will mandate eco-standards for all energized end-use equipment for sale in the internal market. These proposed standards may raise controversy in many industry sectors and international arenas (including within Europe itself) because they may not be based on sound and accepted scientific analysis, because they may constitute a de-facto violation at least in spirit of the Technical Barriers to Trade Agreement, and because nobody can yet predict their cost impact and other market effect. Compliance with these emerging energy efficiency regulations will impose considerable management requirements on manufacturers as they devise documentation and certification programs for their products that are likely to be of a scope similar to ISO 14000. This paper assesses the new requirements from a product and design management perspective.
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Đorđević, Marija, Ivana Stamenić, Srđan Mladenović, and Marija Miljuš. "NOVA EVROPSKA REGULATIVA I PRIMENA MACZT METODOLOGIJE U PRENOSNOM SISTEMU SRBIJE." In 36. Savetovanja CIGRE Srbija 2023 Fleksibilnost elektroenergetskog sistema. Srpski nacionalni komitet Međunarodnog saveta za velike električne mreže CIGRE Srbija, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/cigre36.1646dj.

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The new European Regulation 2019/943 CEP (Clean Energy Package Regulation on internal market for electricity), which will be implemented in national legislation in coming period, introduces the obligation to apply a new methodology for the calculation of transmission capacities, “MACZT” methodology. The development of European network codes for the calculation and distribution of transmission capacities brought a new task to Transmission system Operators with the aim of using them efficiently. The concept of the minimum margin available for cross-border trade (Margin Available for Cross-Zonal Trade- MACZT), imposes a requirement on TSO to offer at least 70% of transmission capacity on the transmission capacity market. The paper presents the regulatory framework, definitions of European regions for coordinated capacity calculation with a description of “Shadow SEE CCR” region. The basic principal of the MACZT methodology are given as well as comparison of current calculation with the new methodology, which implies the allocation of 70% of transmission capacity. The impact of using the new methodology on system security are presented, with focus on corrective action aimed at reaching MACZT criteria.
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Vlašković, Božin, and Milica Šutova. "UPOTREBA INDIVIDUALNIH I KOLEKTIVNIH ŽIGOVA ZA OBELEŽAVANjE PROIZVODA I USLUGA PREMA UREDBI BR. 207/2009." In 14 Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xivmajsko.463v.

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According to the Regulation No. 207/2009 the use of the mark exclusively for the purpose of guaranteeing the quality of products or services is not "actual use". However, the quality label may fulfill the conditions set for such use if it is used in accordance with the main function of the trademark. According to the European Court's view, the mentioned regulation must be interpreted in such a way that the provisions relating to collective trademarks cannot, mutatis mutandis, apply to individual Union trade marks. With the adoption of Regulation No. 2017/1001, it is foreseen, under certain conditions, the protection of the mark quality as a Union certification mark. In this way, the function of origin marking is realized, which means that the certification marks are different from the individuals.
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Reports on the topic "Trade regulation – europe"

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Mackie, James. Promoting policy coherence: Lessons learned in EU development cooperation. European Centre for Development Policy Management, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/casc005.

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Policy coherence for development, or PCD, refers to the need for multiple policies from different sectors to work in unison rather than in opposition to each other, if international development is to be achieved. In Europe, the argument for PCD was based on the recognition that EU efforts on development cooperation were often contradicted or undermined by other EU policies, both internal as much as external, to the extent that the EU was effectively taking back with one hand what it had given with the other. In some severe cases, the EU was even taking back more than it gave. Thus for instance, while on the one hand the EU was funding development projects to support agriculture production projects in Africa, on the other, its trade policies and domestic agriculture subsidy policies in Europe were encouraging the dumping of cheap subsidised food on African markets thereby undercutting local producers competing in the same markets. The impact of European development aid was therefore being negated by its trade and agriculture policies. This note first outlines how the concept of PCD developed in European development policy circles and what measures the EU and its member states took to promote policy coherence since it was first written into the EU Treaty in 1992. The practical experience gained over these nearly 30 years is of course of wider relevance in good policymaking and not just in development cooperation. This became particularly apparent with the agreement on the UN’s 2030 Agenda in 2015 that saw the introduction of the new concept of PCSD or policy coherence for sustainable development that recognised the wider relevance of policy coherence across the whole integrated policy package of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals. The note will also cover this latest, global chapter in the history of efforts to promote policy coherence and see how the EU has responded, notably with the Better Regulation package of the Juncker Commission and in the work on the Von der Leyen Commission Green Deal. The note will conclude with potential lessons on promoting policy coherence for EU policy-making for coping with the cascading effects of climate change.
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Jones, Emily, Beatriz Kira, Anna Sands, and Danilo B. Garrido Alves. The UK and Digital Trade: Which way forward? Blavatnik School of Government, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-wp-2021/038.

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The internet and digital technologies are upending global trade. Industries and supply chains are being transformed, and the movement of data across borders is now central to the operation of the global economy. Provisions in trade agreements address many aspects of the digital economy – from cross-border data flows, to the protection of citizens’ personal data, and the regulation of the internet and new technologies like artificial intelligence and algorithmic decision-making. The UK government has identified digital trade as a priority in its Global Britain strategy and one of the main sources of economic growth to recover from the pandemic. It wants the UK to play a leading role in setting the international standards and regulations that govern the global digital economy. The regulation of digital trade is a fast-evolving and contentious issue, and the US, European Union (EU), and China have adopted different approaches. Now that the UK has left the EU, it will need to navigate across multiple and often conflicting digital realms. The UK needs to decide which policy objectives it will prioritise, how to regulate the digital economy domestically, and how best to achieve its priorities when negotiating international trade agreements. There is an urgent need to develop a robust, evidence-based approach to the UK’s digital trade strategy that takes into account the perspectives of businesses, workers, and citizens, as well as the approaches of other countries in the global economy. This working paper aims to inform UK policy debates by assessing the state of play in digital trade globally. The authors present a detailed analysis of five policy areas that are central to discussions on digital trade for the UK: cross-border data flows and privacy; internet access and content regulation; intellectual property and innovation; e-commerce (including trade facilitation and consumer protection); and taxation (customs duties on e-commerce and digital services taxes). In each of these areas the authors compare and contrast the approaches taken by the US, EU and China, discuss the public policy implications, and examine the choices facing the UK.
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Zabludovsky, Jaime, and Sergio Gómez Lora. The European Window: Challenges in the Negotiation of Mexico's Free Trade Agreement with the European Union. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011110.

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On 1 July 2000 regulations to liberalize trade flows between Mexico and the European Union came into force, after more than six years of diplomatic work and complex negotiations. These regulations are part of the ¿Tratado de Libre Comercio (TLCUEM), which is also one of the components of the Agreement on Economic Association, Political Concertation and Cooperation (¿Global Agreement¿). The Global Agreement through its three components ¿ political dialogue, trade liberalization and cooperation- was at the time the most ambitious agreement ever constituted by the EU. The economic association component included in the Global Agreement ¿ the TLCUEM- was the first overseas free trade treaty and served as an important precedent for later EU negotiations with other Latin American countries. The purpose of this essay is to analyze the reasons that led Mexico and the EU to the constitution of this treaty; to describe the main challenges of the Global Agreement negotiations of different components; and to briefly review the results of the first three years since the TLCUEM enforcement.
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Brown, Kathy-Ann. Services Regulation in the Caribbean: Professional Services. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009160.

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CARIFORUM States have generally taken a cautious approach in adopting commitments under the Economic Partnership Agreement by having them reflect their World Trade Organization commitments, excluding sensitive subsectors, and inscribing broad horizontal reservations. This report assesses the regulatory framework for trade and investment in five areas - horizontal measures, information and communications technologies, transport services, professional services, and tourism services in Barbados, Belize, Guyana, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago under the CARIFORUM - European Union Economic Partnership Agreement. The analysis concludes that of the five areas reviewed, adjustments are recommended principally to legislation covering information and communications technologies, professional services, and transport services.
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Brown, Kathy-Ann. Services Regulation in the Caribbean: Tourism Services. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009161.

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CARIFORUM States have generally taken a cautious approach in adopting commitments under the Economic Partnership Agreement by having them reflect their World Trade Organization commitments, excluding sensitive subsectors, and inscribing broad horizontal reservations. This report assesses the regulatory framework for trade and investment in five areas - horizontal measures, information and communications technologies, transport services, professional services, and tourism services in Barbados, Belize, Guyana, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago under the CARIFORUM - European Union Economic Partnership Agreement. The analysis concludes that of the five areas reviewed, adjustments are recommended principally to legislation covering information and communications technologies, professional services, and transport services.
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Brown, Kathy-Ann. Services Regulation in the Caribbean: Summary Report. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009156.

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CARIFORUM States have generally taken a cautious approach in adopting commitments under the Economic Partnership Agreement by having them reflect their World Trade Organization commitments, excluding sensitive subsectors, and inscribing broad horizontal reservations. This report assesses the regulatory framework for trade and investment in five areas - horizontal measures, information and communications technologies, transport services, professional services, and tourism services in Barbados, Belize, Guyana, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago under the CARIFORUM - European Union Economic Partnership Agreement. The analysis concludes that of the five areas reviewed, adjustments are recommended principally to legislation covering information and communications technologies, professional services, and transport services.
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Brown, Kathy-Ann. Services Regulation in the Caribbean: Horizontal Measures. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009157.

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CARIFORUM States have generally taken a cautious approach in adopting commitments under the Economic Partnership Agreement by having them reflect their World Trade Organization commitments, excluding sensitive subsectors, and inscribing broad horizontal reservations. This report assesses the regulatory framework for trade and investment in five areas - horizontal measures, information and communications technologies, transport services, professional services, and tourism services in Barbados, Belize, Guyana, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago under the CARIFORUM - European Union Economic Partnership Agreement. The analysis concludes that of the five areas reviewed, adjustments are recommended principally to legislation covering information and communications technologies, professional services, and transport services.
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Brown, Kathy-Ann. Services Regulation in the Caribbean: Transport Services. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009159.

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CARIFORUM States have generally taken a cautious approach in adopting commitments under the Economic Partnership Agreement by having them reflect their World Trade Organization commitments, excluding sensitive subsectors, and inscribing broad horizontal reservations. This report assesses the regulatory framework for trade and investment in five areas - horizontal measures, information and communications technologies, transport services, professional services, and tourism services in Barbados, Belize, Guyana, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago under the CARIFORUM - European Union Economic Partnership Agreement. The analysis concludes that of the five areas reviewed, adjustments are recommended principally to legislation covering information and communications technologies, professional services, and transport services.
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Brown, Kathy-Ann. Services Regulation in the Caribbean: Information and Communications Technology. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009158.

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CARIFORUM States have generally taken a cautious approach in adopting commitments under the Economic Partnership Agreement by having them reflect their World Trade Organization commitments, excluding sensitive subsectors, and inscribing broad horizontal reservations. This report assesses the regulatory framework for trade and investment in five areas - horizontal measures, information and communications technologies, transport services, professional services, and tourism services in Barbados, Belize, Guyana, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago under the CARIFORUM - European Union Economic Partnership Agreement. The analysis concludes that of the five areas reviewed, adjustments are recommended principally to legislation covering information and communications technologies, professional services, and transport
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Abdullah, Hannah, Karim Elgendy, and Hanne Knaepen. Climate Resilience in Cities of the EU’s Southern Neighbourhood: Opportunities for the EU Green Deal. The Royal Institute of International Affairs, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/casc016.

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Cities in the Middle East and North Africa are already suffering the effects of climate change. Weak urban regulation, ineffective climate policies, limited decentralization and insufficient empowerment of local authorities and civil society further decrease urban resilience. Future climate scenarios and projected urban growth threaten the stability of the region; with potential negative knock-on effects on Europe. This CASCADES Spotlight Study examines climate vulnerabilities in urban areas in countries to the south of the EU and the wider Middle East and North Africa region and advocates for systemic approaches to addressing urban climate resilience by strengthening the water-energy-food nexus, as well as other enabling factors such as decentralization. It concludes with recommendations on how the European Green Deal can help cities in the region adapt to climate impacts, based on a water-energy-food nexus approach. Over the past two decades, the European Commission has stepped up its support for urban climate action and resilience. An increasing number of programmes financed under the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) South have addressed urban climate resilience in response to the region’s rapid urbanization and the high climate vulnerability of cities. The number of urban dwellers in the wider Middle East and North Africa region is estimated to reach 527 million in 2050, an increase of 72% compared to 2020. At the same time, climate impacts – including both slow onset changes and sudden disasters – are putting additional stress on urban infrastructure. This stress is aggravated by weak urban regulations that have created unsustainable development trends which undermine the potential benefits of urbanization and adversely affect urban climate resilience. The prevalence of highly centralized administrative systems and incomplete decentralization reforms hamper local capacity building and decision-making, which are prerequisites for effective adaptation and resilience. At the same time, climate impacts – including both slow onset changes and sudden disasters – are putting additional stress on urban infrastructure. This stress is aggravated by weak urban regulations that have created unsustainable development trends which undermine the potential benefits of urbanization and adversely affect urban climate resilience. The prevalence of highly centralized administrative systems and incomplete decentralization reforms hamper local capacity building and decision-making, which are prerequisites for effective adaptation and resilience. The convergence of the region’s harsh climatic conditions with rapid, unsustainable urbanization and the associated socio-economic burdens can exacerbate existing political instability, conflict-induced migration and poverty. These developments could cascade into the EU, altering security, trade and diplomatic relations with the Southern Neighbourhood. The EU’s evolving approach to working with local authorities on urban infrastructure and climate governance is a first step towards addressing the region’s intertwined urban and climate crises. However, this approach is still in the early stages and there is a need to reflect on lessons learned and how urban spaces, climates and governance are evolving in the region. This study suggests that the EU’s overwhelming focus on supporting cities in the region with energy efficiency and the transition to sustainable energy systems is not enough to strengthen urban climate resilience. In cities of the Southern Neighbourhood, which typically struggle with resource management and scarcity, climate resilience will increasingly depend on local capacities to formulate and implement nexus approaches, especially in the water, energy and food sectors. Based on case studies of three small and intermediary urban areas, the study advocates for a systemic approach to addressing urban climate resilience in Southern Neighbourhood cities. Considering the established effectiveness of applying a water-energy-food nexus approach to improving climate resilience, the paper stresses the need for local governments to explore nexus opportunities between the water, energy and food sectors in order to achieve resilient and sustainable urbanism, while also highlighting other enabling factors such as decentralization. It concludes by exploring how future external action around the European Green Deal and its ambitions for systemic transformation could benefit from stepping up cooperation with cities in the Southern Neighbourhood around the water-energy-food nexus.
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