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1
Huang, Juan, and Ziyi Wu. "Impact of Environmental Regulations on Export Trade—Empirical Analysis Based on Zhejiang Province." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19 (October 1, 2022): 12569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912569.
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There is a close connection between export trade and environmental regulations. How to realize the green development of export trade under the constraint of environmental regulation policy is a controversial topic in both theoretical research and practice. Considering the leading role of Zhejiang export trade in China, based on the extended gravity model, this paper attempts to explore the impact of environmental regulations on export trade using the panel data of Zhejiang Province together with that of 18 major “Belt and Road” trading countries (regions) from 2004 to 2016. It provides a theoretical basis for promoting the coordinated development of environmental protection and export trade. This not only has theoretical and practical significance for various regions in China but also for other countries and regions in the world when formulating environmental regulation standards and implementation intensity. The empirical results show that there is a U-shaped relationship between environmental regulations and the development of export trade; namely, the former suppresses the latter before promotion happens. Specifically, environmental regulation could increase the cost of export products and curb the development of export trade in the short term. On the other hand, it encourages enterprises to carry out technological innovation and improve efficiency and competitiveness, thus contributing to the development of export trade in the long term.
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Hu, Yuanhong, Sheng Sun, and Yixin Dai. "Environmental regulation, green innovation, and international competitiveness of manufacturing enterprises in China: From the perspective of heterogeneous regulatory tools." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 30, 2021): e0249169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249169.
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Based on combined data from the China Patent Database, China Industrial Enterprise Database, and China Customs Import and Export Database for the period 2004–2010, this study investigates the impact of heterogeneous environmental regulations on the export technological sophistication of manufacturing enterprises. Given deepening international market segmentation of production and the increasing proportion of intermediate trade, and compared with the traditional method based on exports, the export technological sophistication calculated here, based on value-added, is closer to the true level. Since there has been no in-depth comparative study on the relationship between heterogeneous environmental regulation and export technological sophistication, this study fills the gap. The results show that all three regulation types bear a U-shaped impact on export technological sophistication. Command-control regulation exhibits a restraining effect on mixed trade, eastern, and foreign-funded enterprises. Market-incentive regulation promotes processing and mixed trade enterprises as well as domestic and foreign-funded enterprises. Voluntary-participation regulation promotes all enterprises with different trade patterns and ownership. The mechanism analysis shows that command-control and market-participation environmental regulations affect export technological sophistication through the green invention and green utility innovation channels, while, additionally, market-incentive environmental regulation affects export technological sophistication through the green design innovation channel. Considering the environmental governance issues, the policy implications for enhancing the entire industrial chain and enterprises’ export competitiveness are clear. Due to the unclear functions and powers of competent departments and a rigid threshold, command-control regulation is not conducive to cleaner production technology and the promotion of enterprises’ export competitiveness; it should thus be discouraged. Although both market-incentive and voluntary-participation regulations have promoted cleaner production technology and enterprises’ competitiveness significantly, the environmental tax system requires continuous improvement. The government should continue to raise public involvement in environmental protection to enrich the channels and forms of environmental management.
3
Park, Sungbin, and Sungho Bae. "A Study on Digital Trade from RCEP to CPTPP and onto Global Convergence." Korea Association for International Commerce and Information 24, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 241–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15798/kaici.2022.24.2.241.
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The fourth industrial revolution is driving a sharp increase in volumes of digital trade and reshaping the global value chain order around Asia and China. Despite efforts by the WTO to achieve a global regulation on e-commerce, a complete agreement in its key topics is yet to occur. In the meantime, the US, EU, and China have offered models for data sovereignty in their trade agreements. With China as a signatory member in the RCEP and currently applying for the CPTPP, these developments may impact WTO in concluding the JSI. This paper seeks to review the three models of data sovereignty, analyze the e-commerce chapters of RCEP and CPTPP, and provide implications on the digital trade regulations for global convergence under the WTO.
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Aksenov, Pavel A. "The US Foreign Investment Regulation: Trade War Restrictions." International Trade and Trade Policy, no. 4 (January 3, 2020): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2019-4-31-41.
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Over the past several years, the United States has taken a leading position in the world in attractiveness to foreign investors, largely due to the policy of favoring foreign investment and the absence of significant restrictions on incoming FDI. Currently the United States are trying to find a balance between openness to foreign investment and emerging issues related to the economy and national security. As a result of the adoption of the Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act in 2018, the authority of the US Foreign Investments Committee was significantly expanded and the requirements for transactions were tightened, in particular, monitoring and verification of compliance with national security requirements. Despite the fact that these measures affected all incoming FDI in the United States, they are primarily an instrument of competition between the United States and China. Restrictions on outbound investment by China, as well as new requirements on the part of the United States, have significantly reduced the flow of FDI from China to the United States, especially in high-tech industries and infrastructure projects. Meanwhile, the US direct investment in China has remained stable over the past few years. In addition, there are some industry regulations on the share of foreign investors in the capital of energy companies, broadcasting companies, banks and others. Investment relations between the two countries, according to the investors, despite political and trade contradictions, remain quite close.
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Kovaleva, E. V., and J. K. Mamysheva. "The Eurasian Economic Union Custom – Tariff Regulation of the Trade with the People's Republic of China." International Trade and Trade Policy, no. 3 (October 8, 2019): 137–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2019-3-137-150.
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China is the second most important (after the European Union) economic partner of the EAEU. This Partnership has a strategic long-term character. In the early 90s liberalization of economy in China and market reforms in Russia and the other countries of the EAEU affected the increasing commodity turnover between China, Russia and other states. Due to the increasing role of People's Republic of China in a foreign trade turnover of EAEU it would be relevant to consider the features of custom-tariff regulation between China and the EAEU. The article is devoted to the problems of the theoretical and legal framework of the trade and economic cooperation between China and the the манушинаEAEU countries, the problem of the Eurasian Economic Union, custom-tariff regulation system (with the example of The Great Stone) and the analysis of its peculiarities. The key problems of the Eurasian Economic Union custom-tariff regulation system of the trade with the People's Republic of China based on the statistics from the national statistics committees, the ways of its development aimed at improving trade efficiency and also the possible effects are estimated.
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CARVALHO, PAULA, and ISABELA NOGUEIRA. "The role of the State on foreign direct investment regulation in China." Brazilian Journal of Political Economy 43, no. 1 (March 2023): 256–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-31572023-3404.
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ABSTRACT This article intends to corroborate the argument advocated by heterodox economists such as Akyüz, Chang and Furtado that state regulation is crucial to extracting the possible benefits of foreign direct investment (FDI). We do so by analyzing the policies used by China since its opening to this type of investment in 1979. The article innovates by scrutinizing China’s major FDI laws, regulations and guidelines that compose the formal framework under which foreign-owned enterprises have operated in the country for almost 40 years. We then address the traditional view that China developed simply because it increasingly opened its market to foreign investment and adopted a foreign investment-led growth model. We argue that it was because of this strong regulation that FDI had such a positive effect, contributing to technological transfer and trade expansion, although not defining the ratio of capital accumulation.
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Lenka, Fojtíková. "China’s trade competitiveness in the area of agricultural products after the implementation of the World Trade Organization commitments." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 64, No. 9 (September 27, 2018): 379–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/163/2017-agricecon.
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The paper provides evidence on the implementation of China’s trade commitments into its institutional and legal environment, which influenced its agricultural trade. The contribution to the trade balance index and the revealed comparative advantage index are used for the identification of changes in China’s export competitiveness in agricultural products between 2001 and 2015. The World Trade Organization (WTO) trade liberalisation, followed by changes in the structure of economy, contributed to China building a trade deficit in the area of the agricultural products and losing competitiveness in some products. China gradually liberalised its agricultural trade in compliance with the WTO commitments. However, relatively high protection or state regulation of the domestic market has remained in products that China exports with a revealed comparative disadvantage. The existence of the state trading can also have a negative impact on the results of China’s revealed comparative advantage in its exports of agricultural products.
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Chen, Zhijian, Li Zhang, Yujie Zhang, Yun Zhao, and Zhangqi Zhong. "Regional Differences in the Emission-Reduction Effect of Environmental Regulation Based on the Perspective of Embodied Carbon Spatial Transfer Formed by Inter-Regional Trade." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (August 6, 2022): 9707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159707.
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On the basis of the latest input–output data, this paper estimates the amount of embodied carbon emissions in inter-regional trade by constructing a multiregional input–output model to evaluate how environmental regulation stringency influences its spatial transfer. We found that environmental regulation stringency had significant positive correlation with transferring out embodied carbon emissions in trade at the national level, and a significant negative correlation with transferring in embodied carbon emissions in trade. In East and Central China, effective environmental regulation observably improves the issue of carbon emissions caused by trade, while in the western region, environmental regulation stringency had significant positive correlation with transferring in and out embodied carbon emissions in inter-regional trade. For that reason, we further use the geographically weighted regression model (GWR) to assess the spatial evolution characteristics of the intensity of environmental regulation on the transfer of embodied carbon emissions in trade; thereby, the above results are verified and show that environmental regulation has failed to play its due role.
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Gong, Mengqi, Zhe You, Linting Wang, and Jinhua Cheng. "Environmental Regulation, Trade Comparative Advantage, and the Manufacturing Industry’s Green Transformation and Upgrading." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 8 (April 20, 2020): 2823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082823.
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This paper is the first to systematically review the theoretical mechanisms of environmental regulation and trade comparative advantage that affect the green transformation and upgrading of the manufacturing industry. On this basis, corresponding hypotheses are put forward. The non-radial and non-angle SBM (slacks-based measure) efficiency measurement model with undesirable outputs was used, combined with the use of the ML (green total factor productivity index) productivity index to measure green total factor productivity. Finally, the theoretical hypothesis was empirically tested using data from 27 manufacturing industries in China from 2005 to 2017. The results show the following: (1) There is a significant inverted U-shaped curve relationship between environmental regulation and the transformation of the manufacturing industry. In other words, as environmental regulation increases, its impact on the transformation and upgrading of the manufacturing industry is first promoted and then suppressed. (2) When there are no environmental regulations, the trade comparative advantage of the manufacturing industry is not conducive to industrial transformation. However, under the constraints of environmental regulations, the comparative advantage of trade will significantly promote the green transformation and upgrading of manufacturing. Therefore, in order to effectively promote transformation and upgrading of the manufacturing, this paper proposes the following policy recommendations: (1) The Chinese government should pay more attention to the impact of environmental regulation intensity on the transformation of manufacturing industries, further increase the intensity of environmental regulation within the reasonable range, and fully exert the positive effects of environmental regulation on the trade patterns and manufacturing industry transformation. (2) We should further optimize the structure of trade, realize the diversification of manufacturing import and export, and promote its transformation into high-end manufacturing. On this basis, green production technology in the manufacturing industry can be improved through the technology spillover effect. (3) Efforts should be made to improve the level of collaborative development between environmental regulation and trade patterns and to explore the transformation path of the manufacturing industry with the integration of environmental regulation and trade patterns.
10
Che, Ming, Hongmei Wu, and Yujia Li. "Do Fluctuations in Environmental Regulations Inhibit Investment: Evidence from China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3 (January 22, 2023): 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032021.
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The trade-off between the goals of promoting economic growth and protecting the ecological environment makes it possible for the government to constantly adjust the intensity of environmental regulation, leading to sharp fluctuations in environmental regulation in the short term. Fluctuations in environmental regulations may trigger concerns among firms and change their investment decisions. The theoretical model of corporate investment decision is used to analyze the inhibitory effect of environmental regulation fluctuations on investment through expected profits, which is empirically validated in this study by data from 255 Chinese prefecture-level cities. The results indicate that environmental regulation fluctuations reduce investors’ expected profits, which in turn inhibit investment. The heterogeneity analysis shows that environmental regulation fluctuations have no significant effect on investment in cities that are geographically closer to the provincial capital, while a greater inhibitory effect of it is revealed in other cities located further away. Therefore, this inhibitory effect should be weakened by reducing the intervention of administrative orders in environmental regulatory behavior, establishing environmental regulatory supervisory agencies, and taking into full consideration the public’s response to fluctuations in environmental regulation. This study can provide policy implications for optimizing government environmental regulation.
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Anggraeni, Dewi. "Prevention of Dumping Practice in Asean Free Trade China Free Trade Area (Acfta) Regarding Government Regulation Number 34 Year 2011." JURNAL CITA HUKUM 5, no. 1 (June 16, 2017): 135–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/jch.v5i1.6583.
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The practice of dumping is the practice of selling imported goods below the normal price of domestic products. This governmental regulation is logical consequence in implementing the dumping regulation on the framework of GATT. Govermental regulation No. 34 Year 2011 on Antidumping and Safeguard Measures Trade does not regulate the substance in detail. The Government Regulation more regulates about procedures. Whereas in Anti Dumping Agreement (ADA) is arranged detail. Currently, foreign products are easy to find in various shopping centers, especially imported goods from China, China's export activities to Indonesia unstoppable since the existing of ACFTA agreement. In the free trade dumping practice and allegation of dumping practice are problems that received big attention by various countries relating effort to realize fair trade practice Praktik dumping merupakan praktik penjualan barang impor di bawah harga normal produk domestik. PP ini wujud konsekuensi logis pemerintah Indonesia dalam melaksanakan ketentuan dumping dalam rangka GATT. PP No. 34 Tahun 2011 Tentang Tindakan Antidumping, Tindakan Imbalan dan Tindakan Pengamanan Perdagangan tidak mengatur substansinya secara detail. Peraturan Pemerintah tersebut lebih mengatur tentang prosedur. Padahal dalam Anti Dumping Agreement (ADA) diatur sedemikian detail. Saat ini produk-produk asing mudah sekali kita temukan diberbagai pusat pembelanjaan, terutama barang-barang impor dari Negara China, kegiatan ekspor China ke Indonesia semakin tidak terbendung tatkala sejak berlakunya perjanjian ACFTA.. Dalam perdagangan bebas praktik dumping dan tuduhan praktik dumping merupakan persoalan yang mendapat perhatian sangat besar oleh berbagai negara karena berkaitan dengan usaha untuk mewujudkan praktik dagang yang adil. DOI: 10.15408/jch.v5i1.6583
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ZHANG, Qiufang. "A study on criminal regulation of infringing trade secrets." Do Business and Trade Facilitation Journal 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 32–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.6914/dbtf.010203.
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With the development of the times, there have been more and more violations of trade secrets, which are characterized by internationalization and huge losses. Due to the relatively weak protection of trade secrets in criminal law, there are still many problems in legal practice, so that the interests of the parties are difficult to be effectively protected. On analyzing the current situation of the protection of commercial secret criminal law in China and comparing with the crimes of commercial secrets in the United States and Germany, this article puts forward some suggestions on perfecting the criminal law of infringing trade secrets, such as supplementing the crime of violating trade secrets, specific explanation for "heavy losses" and perfecting the allocation of "crime and punishment".
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Xie, Jing, Qi Sun, Shaohong Wang, Xiaoping Li, and Fei Fan. "Does Environmental Regulation Affect Export Quality? Theory and Evidence from China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21 (November 7, 2020): 8237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218237.
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Most studies focus on the empirical investigation of the relationship between environment and trade, but they lack a systematic theoretical framework. To fill this gap, this study constructs an analytical framework of export competitiveness from the perspective of product quality, and reveals the theoretical mechanism of environmental regulation affecting export quality. We empirically examine the impact of environmental regulation on the export quality of China’s manufacturing industry, as well as its possible mechanism. Our findings show that environmental regulation can significantly promote the export quality upgrading of the manufacturing industry and that process and product productivity are two possible channels through which such regulation affects export quality, although their mediating effects are in opposite directions. The mediating effect of product productivity is greater than that of process productivity, indicating that environmental regulation mainly has an innovation offset effect on China’s manufacturing industry. For pollution-intensive industries, environmental regulation plays a significant promoting role through the channel of product productivity, but, for clean industries, environmental regulation has an inhibitory effect through the channel of process productivity. These findings provide important enlightenment for the coordinated development of China’s ecological civilization and trade power.
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Mazloev, V. Z., and O. I. Khairullina. "Agricultural Exports of Russia and China: Aspects of Mutual Trade and Regulation." Economy of agricultural and processing enterprises, no. 1 (January 2021): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31442/0235-2494-2021-0-1-8-15.
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International food trade is growing due to an increase in effective demand and an increase in population. In recent years, trade relations between China and Russia have been developing dynamically. Meanwhile, China has a more active trade policy and a well-developed institutional structure for export regulation. In 2019, a decrease in Russian exports is generally noted, however, there is a steady growth trend in the sale of food and agricultural raw materials. The volume of export of processed food and agricultural products increased by 1.5 times. The legal and regulatory framework for Russian agricultural exports has changed significantly over the past three years. The priority role is given to government regulation. The development of agricultural exports has set the task of expanding the geography of sales markets. The Chinese food market for our country is becoming an object of special attention; in 2019 alone, Russia increased the volume of supplies in value terms by 41%. Meanwhile, there is potential for further increasing food supplies. Russia has not yet become a key partner for China, giving way to Japan, the United States and Korea. Further improvement is required in terms of the institutional, financial and credit, information and analytical system for promoting agricultural exports with the active participation of the state.
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Zou, Li Mei, and Wen Bin Chen. "Legal Regulation of Forestry Carbon Sequestration Transaction in China." Advanced Materials Research 113-116 (June 2010): 980–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.113-116.980.
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The forestry carbon sequestration transaction (FCST) needs the guide of the law and policy. The subjects of FCST include buyers and sellers; the object is forestry carbon sequestration and the third party mainly includes brokers and measurement certification authorities. The effective elements of FCST legal behaviors need four main aspects. The establishment and regulation of legal systems includes transactional prices, three kinds of performing modes transaction, the benefit distribution of subjects, the mode of bearing legal reasonability and the trade dispute means.
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Chudinova, K. O. "The Influence of D. Trump’s Policy on International Trade." International Trade and Trade Policy, no. 3 (October 8, 2019): 65–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2019-3-65-82.
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The increasing level of tension in the trade relations between the United States and other countries, especially China; the potential escalation of trade wars, when countries take more and more explicit retaliatory protectionist measures, becomes a sustainability risk to development of international trade. The US actions taken in 2018–2019 to protect the internal market turned into into a full-fledged trade war, directed primarily against China - the country the United States has the largest trade deficit with. The introduction of the US tariff restrictions on imports from China and several other countries has caused retaliatory measures, as a result the uncertainty of the prospects for international trade increases. Non-tariff measures, such as phytosanitary requirements and technical barriers to trade, have also seen an increase in restrictions.An important source of controversy is the different positions of countries regarding the permissible degree of state support for enterprises. Developed countries, especially the United States, Japan, and the countries of the European Union, have fairly rigidly regulated rules regarding free competition. A cause for great concern is not only the US trade war with China and its consequences for other countries, but also the problems of international trade regulation.
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Shu Shang, Carrie, and Wei Shen. "Beyond Trade War: Reevaluating Intellectual Property Bilateralism in the US–China Context." Journal of International Economic Law 24, no. 1 (February 20, 2021): 53–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgab003.
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ABSTRACT The Economic and Trade Agreement between the USA and the People’s Republic of China (hereinafter the ‘Phase One Agreement’) concluded in January 2020 leaves many important questions unanswered. This article goes beyond narrow textualist approaches and seeks to conceptualize the current trade tension by providing an alternative narrative with a focus on China’s post–Trade War commitments to higher intellectual property rights standards. In particular, it focuses on the bilateral interaction between the USA and China during and shortly after the Trade War and how the interaction impacts China’s legal changes from a transnational law perspective. It further argues that US-reinforced intellectual property rights rules have potentially paved the way for further US–China trade and investment talks. However, in order to better maintain a long-term balance between preservation of policymaking autonomy and regulation of protectionist measures, an approach better aligned with the World Trade Organization framework needs to be pursued.
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Luo, Haiyan, Xiaoe Qu, and Yanxin Hu. "The Mechanism of the Impact of Export Trade on Environmental Pollution: A Study from a Heterogeneous Perspective on Environmental Regulation from China." Sustainability 14, no. 24 (December 7, 2022): 16330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142416330.
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The majority of the literature currently in existence on trade and pollution has concentrated on the analysis of both factors’ combined effects, and only a few studies have used heterogeneous environmental regulation as a starting point to investigate the underlying mechanisms of the impact of export trade on environmental pollution at the indirect level. We construct a mediating and moderating effect model using panel data from 30 provinces in China from 2002 to 2019 to investigate the mechanism of the effect of export trade on environmental pollution. Export trade produces large indirect inhibitory effects on environmental pollution only through market incentive-based restrictions, whereas the mediation impacts of government administrative and public monitoring laws are not significant. By interacting with elements such as technical innovation and energy structure, export trade can also negatively regulate its bad consequences on environmental degradation. According to the heterogeneity analysis’s findings, processing trade indirectly reduces pollution emissions by changing administrative rules and cutting emission costs, but general trade indirectly increases environmental pollution by favorably impacting market-based incentives regulations. The moderating effects of improving energy structures, industrial structure optimization, and R&D competition effects diminish the positive aggravating effect of general trade on pollution emissions, while processing trade has the opposite effect. The only means of controlling the harmful impact of processing trade on environmental degradation is through interaction with technical progress.
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Grigoreva, A. K. "ROLE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN THE REGULATION OF FOREIGN TRADE ACTIVITIES." National Association of Scientists 2, no. 26(53) (2020): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/nas.2413-5291.2020.2.53.168.
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The purpose of the article is to consider the role of Russia in regulating issues related to foreign economic activity. The methods of state policy are considered, the situation in 2019-2020 in the field of world trade is studied. In the research process, methods of logical, statistical analysis were used. Conclusion: public policy is divided into protectionism and free trade. Relations with China and Belarus have become more complicated.
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Androshchuk, H. O. "Trade secret as a factor in ensuring national economic security: Chinese practice (part 1)." Science, technologies, innovation, no. 2(22) (2022): 10–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.35668/2520-6524-2022-2-02.
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The paper examines the growing importance of intangible assets, trade secrets, its global economic and innovative impact and increasing threats of abduction. The concept of national economic security, definition of the system of economic security is given. The economic significance of the institute of trade secrets, sources of legal regulation, the role of the revised Law on Unfair Competition of the People’s Republic of China, features of protection of computer software and technology as trade secrets, licensing, calculation of financial compensation are considered. Judicial interpretation for handling civil suits for theft of trade secrets, guidance for companies on taking appropriate measures to maintain secrecy are provided. An analysis of the conduct of cases on trade secrets in China, the conduct of judicial practice, is given.
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Shanshan Wu. "The Effect of Environmental Regulation of ASEAN on China��s Export Trade." Journal of Convergence Information Technology 8, no. 10 (May 31, 2013): 617–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4156/jcit.vol8.issue10.76.
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Zhou, Li Ping. "Literature Review of the Domestic Research on Emission Trade." Advanced Materials Research 424-425 (January 2012): 179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.424-425.179.
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Emission trading means that, on the premise that environment and resources belongs to the nation and the total amount of emission is under regulation, the government sells the permit of a certain amount of emission to the polluter by issuing tradable emission licences. This paper discusses the emission trading in China in the recent 30 years. By reviewing the research field,research orientation and the status quo, this paper aimed at do some fundamental theoretical research on the application of the emission trading theory and the establishment of the emission trading market in China
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Kilby, Charles. "China's Rare Earth Trade: Health and the Environment." China Quarterly 218 (March 18, 2014): 540–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741014000320.
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AbstractRare earth elements (REE) captured a startled world's attention during the 2010 Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands crisis, when it appeared that China withheld access to them during its border dispute with Japan. China asserts that its sovereign right to environmental regulation and national production quotas is unassailable. However, China's trade measures appear to be inconsistent with WTO rules, as well as with environmental protection and conservation, since they incentivize illegal mining and smuggling practices. In an upcoming case (DS431), the United States, the European Union, Japan and 16 third parties will argue before the WTO that China's trade measures on rare earths, tungsten and molybdenum constitute discriminatory behaviour and are illegal. This raises the question of whether China is inappropriately using the environment as a defence against allegations that its rare earth trade policies are in violation of its WTO obligations.
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He, Mingjun. ""One belt – one road": historical aspects development and regulation of trade." International Trade and Trade Policy 7, no. 3 (October 14, 2021): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2021-3-79-89.
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The article is devoted to a topic that has been significantly updated in the last 5 years – the study of the ancient Great Silk Road as the historical predecessor of the Chinese initiative "One Belt – One Road". This initiative has involved dozens of countries on all continents of the Earth in its sphere. Many of them continue to wonder about the effectiveness of this project for China, other countries, the world economy and trade in general. The purpose of the article is to study the deep historical roots and significance for the socio-economic evolution in the past – with an emphasis on foreign trade aspects-and their role in general economic and humanitarian processes. The historical objectivity and validity of both the ancient Silk Road and the modern "One Belt, One Road" initiative are shown. The author comes to the conclusion that the ancient Great Silk Road played an extremely important role in the socio-economic development of China and other countries along the way, and at the same time provided the opportunity for intercivilizational communication, which together is extremely important in the conditions of the modern unstable world. The following research methods were used in the article: historical and economic analysis, induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis.
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He, Mingjun. ""One belt – one road": historical aspects development and regulation of trade." International Trade and Trade Policy 7, no. 3 (October 14, 2021): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2021-3-79-89.
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The article is devoted to a topic that has been significantly updated in the last 5 years – the study of the ancient Great Silk Road as the historical predecessor of the Chinese initiative "One Belt – One Road". This initiative has involved dozens of countries on all continents of the Earth in its sphere. Many of them continue to wonder about the effectiveness of this project for China, other countries, the world economy and trade in general. The purpose of the article is to study the deep historical roots and significance for the socio-economic evolution in the past – with an emphasis on foreign trade aspects-and their role in general economic and humanitarian processes. The historical objectivity and validity of both the ancient Silk Road and the modern "One Belt, One Road" initiative are shown. The author comes to the conclusion that the ancient Great Silk Road played an extremely important role in the socio-economic development of China and other countries along the way, and at the same time provided the opportunity for intercivilizational communication, which together is extremely important in the conditions of the modern unstable world. The following research methods were used in the article: historical and economic analysis, induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis.
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Hyde, Alan. "Getting China into the game: Bilateral labor agreements in the system of global labor rights." Theoretical Inquiries in Law 23, no. 2 (July 1, 2022): 205–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/til-2022-0016.
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Abstract Bilateral trade agreements are the preferred mode of transnational regulation for the People’s Republic of China. China has made promises on labor rights in draft bilateral agreements that it has not previously made in any other venue. The future of transnational labor regulation requires Chinese participation. Bilateral agreements should therefore become a normal part of transnational labor law. Model labor rights provisions for bilateral agreements should be promulgated. Consultative and informal enforcement will be necessary.
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Wu, F. "Global impacts of aflatoxin in maize: trade and human health." World Mycotoxin Journal 8, no. 2 (January 1, 2015): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2014.1737.
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Maize is one of the most important agricultural commodities worldwide in terms of amounts produced, consumed, and traded. Hence, naturally occurring aflatoxin contamination in maize has important ramifications for both global trade and health. Aflatoxin is produced by certain species of the genus Aspergillus in a variety of food crops, including maize, peanuts, and tree nuts. Over 100 nations have aflatoxin regulations, which are intended to protect human and animal health, but also incur economic losses to nations that attempt to export maize and other aflatoxin-contaminated commodities. These economic effects must be balanced against the health protection afforded by the regulations. It is important to acknowledge that, even in nations that have aflatoxin regulations, many individuals consume maize that has undergone no regulatory inspection, especially in nations where subsistence farming is widespread. Hence, aflatoxin contamination, exposure, and lack of regulation can also contribute to adverse effects on trade and health worldwide. This review, part of a special issue on aflatoxin in maize, describes economic and health effects of aflatoxin in maize on a global level. It ends with a story of an intervention that reduced maize consumption in one population in China, which is likely the main determinant of the reduction in liver cancer mortality in that population over the last 30 years, from reduced aflatoxin exposure.
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Qin, Julia Ya. "Forced Technology Transfer and the US–China Trade War: Implications for International Economic Law." Journal of International Economic Law 22, no. 4 (December 2019): 743–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgz037.
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Abstract Forced technology transfer has emerged from the US–China trade war as a new issue of systemic importance. The USA, the European Union, and Japan have jointly condemned forced technology transfer as a practice undermining the proper function of international trade and called for new WTO rules to discipline the practice. This article examines the issue in the broad context of international economic law. It seeks to address the following questions: What does ‘forced technology transfer’ mean? Where did this practice come from? Why is there insufficient international regulation on the issue? What exactly are the problems inherent in such practice? And what can be done to improve the relevant international regulation?
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Rippa, Alessandro, and Yi Yang. "The Amber Road: Cross-Border Trade and the Regulation of the Burmite Market in Tengchong, Yunnan." TRaNS: Trans -Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia 5, no. 2 (June 15, 2017): 243–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/trn.2017.7.
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AbstractThis paper investigates the new and hitherto unstudied boom in cross-border Burmese amber (Burmite) trade between Myanmar and Tengchong, Yunnan province. Based on interviews with amber dealers and local officials, it describes how since 2012–13 the amber trade has become increasingly lucrative for Chinese and Myanmar traders, and has attracted a large number of people to Tengchong, which, within Yunnan, virtually monopolises the trade. After a brief historical introduction, the paper analyses the conditions that, in both countries, have made the Burmite trade boom possible. It further describes the current composition of the amber market in both Myanmar and China, before analysing recent attempts to monitor and regulate the amber trade through the institution of the Tengchong Amber Association by the city's main amber traders in collaboration with local authorities.
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Vinogradov, Andrei Olegovich, Alexander Igorevich Salitsky, and Nelli Kimovna Semenova. "US-China Economic Confrontation: Ideology, Chronology, Meaning." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 19, no. 1 (December 15, 2019): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2019-19-1-35-46.
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In summer 2018 the United States launched a trade war against China. Before that, there was a chance that both sides would find a compromise, some hopes were still in place during bilaterial negotiations in May. However, new US tariffs on import from China were imposed in July and August with the total of $50 billion. Beijing responded proportionally. September brought another round of US tariffs worth $200 billion. The successful economic growth of China leads to the transformation of the world economic space, where the leading positions are still occupied by the countries of the West. The new US administration, fearing economic competition, announced a policy of containing China. In this case, Washington is going to violate the existing rules of international trade. The tension in the economic relations of the United States and China is growing. The authors look into the history, ideology and details of the conflict between two major powerhouses of the global economy. They try to investigate how both countries will be affected by the emerging trade war, which is also challenging the whole system of international trade regulation. Besides, the conflict between Washington and Beijing is understood as a fundamental shift in the world economy and politics where rising powers take the lead in globalization. For the first time in the history of Sino-American relations economic tensions between the two sides have reached such a scale. Analysis of their consequences far exceeds the standard methods of assessment of trade policy measures.
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Gao, Henry. "Taking Justice into Your Own Hand: The TBI Mechanism in China." Journal of World Trade 44, Issue 3 (June 1, 2010): 633–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2010023.
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To protect the trade interests of their firms in foreign markets, several countries have established various institutional arrangements. For example, the United States has the section 301 procedure, while the EU has the Trade Barrier Regulation (TBR). Learning from their experiences, China also established its own Foreign Trade Barrier Investigation (TBI) mechanism in 2002. This article starts with a discussion on the background for its establishment as well as the substantive and procedural requirements for investigations under TBI. In the next part, the article discusses how TBI has worked in practice by reviewing the Japan – Quantitative Restrictions on Laver case (hereinafter ‘Japan–Laver case’), the only case that has ever been brought under the mechanism. Drawing from the lessons learnt from the Japan–Laver case, the article then offers suggestions on how the TBI might be improved in the future. The article concludes with observations on the possible implications of the TBI on China’s trade partners and the multilateral trading system as a whole.
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Chen, Charles J. P., Shimin Chen, and Xijia Su. "Profitability Regulation, Earnings Management, and Modified Audit Opinions: Evidence from China." AUDITING: A Journal of Practice & Theory 20, no. 2 (September 1, 2001): 9–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/aud.2001.20.2.9.
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This study, using data from the Chinese stock market, investigates the relationship between earnings management induced by profitability regulation and modified audit opinions (MAOs). We review recent developments in the accounting profession and in independent auditing to foster an understanding of the environment in which Chinese auditing operates. Based on annual reports published by listed companies from 1995 to 1997, we analyze the underlying reasons for MAOs. Our test results show a significant association between receiving MAOs and reporting profits marginally above the target levels specified in stock de-listing and rights offering regulations. Our findings are consistent with the notion that asymmetric profitability requirements exacerbate managers' propensity to engage in earnings management, which in turn is positively associated with receiving MAOs. Though based on Chinese data, our findings are of general interest because they address a fundamental issue of trade-offs between expected costs and expected benefits in deciding whether to avoid MAOs in a transitional economy.
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Shao, Y., G. Chen, R. Li, and F. Liu. "Government regulation and consumer evaluation after dairy products scandal in China." Acta Alimentaria 49, no. 1 (March 2020): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/066.2020.49.1.14.
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With the continuous expansion of the global dairy trade market, the quality and safety of the Chinese dairy market have a wide and far-reaching impact on the world. Based on the development of the dairy scandal in the past few years in China, this study illustrates the serious damage of melamine on human health and the negative impact on the dairy industry in China. This study shows that the lack of effective government regulations is a key reason for dairy market failure. Consumers are lacking confidence in the quality of Chinese dairy products and the government's market regulations. The Chinese dairy market will continue to rely on imported dairy products. By analyzing the typical cases of the dairy market in China, this study aims to provide a guide for dairy industries in other countries.
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Liu, Chengliang, Tao Wang, and Qingbin Guo. "Does Environmental Regulation Repress the International R&D Spillover Effect? Evidence from China." Sustainability 11, no. 16 (August 12, 2019): 4353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11164353.
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The inconsistent direction between environmental regulation and technological progress is receiving increasing attention, but scholars have neglected the relationship between the two in the open economy. Against this background and based on the panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2003 to 2015, we examined the effect of environmental regulation on the international research and development (R&D) spillover effect and its regional differences in three economic regions: The Bohai Rim, Pan-Yangtze River Delta, and Pan-Pearl River Delta economic regions. The results show that (1) at China’s macro level, and at that of the three economic regions, the level of environmental regulation and international R&D spillover from import trade or foreign direct investment channels show an inverted N relationship; that is, in all provinces the weak environmental regulation initially inhibited the international technology spillover. However, as the intensity of environmental regulation increased, the level of international R&D spillovers continually rose, but overly harsh environmental regulation was not conducive to the overflow of international technology; (2) the adoption of different environmental regulations will affect the international R&D spillover effect and the inverted N relationship of environmental regulation, thus changing the inflection point of environmental regulation; and (3) currently, the level of environmental regulation is relatively low, as most provinces have not yet broken through the first turning point of the inverted N, and only a few provinces are within the rising stage of the inverted N curve. This paper provides corresponding policy suggestions according to the above conclusions.
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Sutyrin, Sergei, Guan Xueling, Miroslav Jovanovic, Mina Mashayekhi, Jean-Marie Paugam, Alexey Portansky, and Maarten Smeets. "World Trade Organization: Quo vadis?" St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies 36, no. 4 (2020): 543–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu05.2020.401.
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During last couple of years, the academic community, national civil servants in charge of trade policies, and employees of international economic organizations have intensively discussed reforming the World Trade Organization. All participants of the debate tend to agree that the system of multilateral trade regulation in its present form does not match expectations and requirements. There is less unanimity regarding the reasons that have resulted in the poor performance of the institution under review. As for possible ways to solve the problem, existing opinions differ dramatically. Both expert views and official proposals of WTO members (Canada, EU, Japan, China and some others) deal with prospects for the Doha round, modalities of future agreements, decision-making process, and a range of other questions waiting for uneasy answers.
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Alita, Lita, Liesbeth Dries, and Peter Oosterveer. "Improving Vegetable Safety in China: Does Co-Regulation Work?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6 (March 15, 2021): 3006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063006.
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In the last decade, vegetable safety issues have received growing attention from both consumers and public authorities in China, as vegetable safety hazards pose a serious threat to public health. In 2017, the Industry & Trade Bureau in China implemented a “Market Renovation Program”. This program includes the renovation of wholesale and wet markets, the formal registration of all stallholders in these markets and the introduction of a rapid test for pesticides residues. We apply the co-regulation framework to assess the implementation and results of the renovation program on the safety of vegetables. A mixed methods approach is used to investigate the effects of the renovation program. The qualitative study elaborates on the implementation of the renovation program and the behavioural changes of stakeholders in handling vegetables through interviews and field observations. The quantitative results confirm that the renovation program has a positive impact on vegetable safety. In conclusion, this study shows that the key factor for the success of the renovation program is the transition of authority from the local, public authority to the market management.
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Borschberg, Peter. "Hugo Grotius' Theory of Trans-Oceanic Trade Regulation: Revisiting Mare Liberum (1609)." Itinerario 29, no. 3 (November 2005): 31–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300010469.
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The setting is 25 February 1603. At dawn the three ships under the supreme command of Jakob van Heemskerk spot a Portuguese carrack in anchor off the Eastern shores of Singapore Island. She was richly laden with wares from China and Japan. The battle for the carrack lasted for most hours of daylight, and as night was about to fall, the Portuguese captain, crew, soldiers and passengers surrendered. They forfeited ship and cargo for having their lives spared.
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Chao, Xiangrui, Gang Kou, Yi Peng, and Fawaz E. Alsaadi. "BEHAVIOR MONITORING METHODS FOR TRADE-BASED MONEY LAUNDERING INTEGRATING MACRO AND MICRO PRUDENTIAL REGULATION: A CASE FROM CHINA." Technological and Economic Development of Economy 25, no. 6 (May 8, 2019): 1081–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/tede.2019.9383.
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Trade-based Money Laundering, a new form of money laundering using international trade as a signboard, always appears along with speculative capital movement which has been accepted as the most concerned and consensus incentive giving rise to the collapse of the financial market. Unfortunately, preventing money laundering is very difficult since money laundering always has a plausible trade characterization. To reach this goal, supervision for regulator and financial institutions aims to effectively monitor micro entities’ behavior in financial markets. The main purpose of this paper is to establish a monitoring method including accurate recognition and classified supervision for Trade-based Money Laundering by means of knowledge-driven multi-class classification algorithms associated with macro and micro prudential regulation, such that the model can forecast the predicted class from the concerned management areas. Based on empirical data from China, we demonstrate the application and explain how the monitor method can help to improve management efficiency in the financial market.
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Jiang, Zhaokang. "Trade Facilitation and Customs Compliance for Cost-Saving and Efficiency: Policies, Practices and Proposals A China Case Study." Global Trade and Customs Journal 12, Issue 11/12 (December 1, 2017): 469–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2017062.
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Under WTO and WCO obligations and its own initiatives, Chinese government, like other governments, especially China customs, in the recent years has been making great efforts to modernize trade and customs process to facilitate legitimate trade of efficiency and protect public interest for compliance. The recent developments, especially the nationally integrated customs clearance process, are welcomed by the international trade community though, uncertainties and concerns remain, particularly on non-tariff technical barriers, transparency, consistency, performance, and stability for ruling-making and implementation. With all the pilot programs and reform initiatives on informed customs and trade facilitation and compliance, we propose that a new round Customs Law and regulation review, modernization and revision is timely demanded for rule of law, legitimacy, consistency of the reforms. We encourage the trade community, at the same time of enjoying the trade facilitation advantages, to invest and implement in customs and trade compliance program, including promise, policy, process, procedure and people, to avoid costs arising from customs and trade compliance crisis.
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Otteburn, Kari, and Axel Marx. "A Glass Half-Empty or Half-Full? An Assessment of the Labour Provisions in the CAI from Chinese and European Perspectives." Journal of World Investment & Trade 23, no. 4 (August 5, 2022): 601–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22119000-12340262.
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Abstract The EU-China Comprehensive Agreement on Investment (CAI) presents a balancing act in labour rights protection. For the EU, labour rights protection constitutes an integral part of every trade and investment agreement it negotiates. China rarely includes labour provisions in trade and investment agreements. This article discusses current EU and Chinese approaches to integrating labour rights in trade and investment agreements, then introduces the provisions included in the proposed text of the CAI, and finally compares the proposed provisions in the CAI to the current approaches of the parties, focusing on five issues: international commitments, domestic labour regulation, dispute settlement, cooperation and stakeholder engagement. The article finds that from a European perspective, the CAI might represent a step back, while from a Chinese perspective, it might represent a step forward.
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Belykh, Vladimir, Anna Gubareva, Larisa Dobrynina, and Lubov Gudovicheva. "Some issues of legal regulation of electronic commerce in the Russian Federation." MATEC Web of Conferences 170 (2018): 01059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817001059.
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Over the past ten years the Internet has developed into the global market space; now the commodities of online shops have already become accessible to the mass consumer on a global scale. The article analyzes the topical aspects of development of e-commerce in the Russian Federation and abroad (in the light of the experience of China). Special attention is devoted to the economic advantages of a segment of trade "business to customer" (B2C) and trans boundary-related legal risks that online-trade participants carry. The article outlines the prospects for the development of this sector in Russia in light of the "Strategy for the development of electronic commerce for the period until 2025".
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Peiyuan, Lin. "Electronic commerce and its regulation in the European Union and China." LAPLAGE EM REVISTA 7, Extra-B (May 24, 2021): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24115/s2446-622020217extra-b874p.37-46.
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The article provides a statistical analysis of the trends in the development of e-commerce in the world in general and in China in particular, a comparative legal analysis of the system of legal regulation of key aspects affecting the functioning of e-commerce in the European Union and in the People’s Republic of China (further PRC). The research methodology is based on a systematic approach and includes the methods of the general scientific group (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction), as well as special methods: statistical analysis, content analysis of scientific literature on the research topic, the method of comparative legal analysis. As a result of the study, the author came to the conclusion that the legislation of China and the European Union regarding the regulation of e-commerce is aimed at fundamentally different goals: in the EU, legislation is aimed at protecting private transactions and trade, and for China, the priority is the development of legal norms that allow the state as much as possible control electronic commercial flows and procuring a cybersecurity in e-commerce sector.
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Duan, Keyi, Mingyao Cao, and Nurhafiza Abdul Kader Malim. "The Relationship between Trade Liberalization, Financial Development and Carbon Dioxide Emission—An Empirical Analysis." Sustainability 14, no. 16 (August 18, 2022): 10308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141610308.
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In recent years, the global economy has become more closely related among countries, and people’s pursuit of economic growth has caused the destruction of the environment. This paper selected panel data from 30 provinces in China from 1997 to 2020 to investigate the dynamic relationship between trade liberalization, financial development and carbon dioxide emissions by constructing a PVAR model. We also consider technology as an important variable for studying the effect on carbon dioxide emissions. We draw the following conclusions. First, financial development promotes carbon dioxide emissions, while trade liberalization has no significant impact on carbon dioxide emissions. Second, China’s trade liberalization promotes financial development, which has limited support for international trade. Third, there is a two-way causal relationship between financial development and carbon dioxide emissions, and there is also a two-way causal relationship between trade liberalization and financial development. Finally, there is a significant inverted “U” curve relationship between trade liberalization and innovation efficiency, environmental regulation and innovation. According to the results, we believe that openness to trade impacts emissions of carbon dioxide, opening a new function path: namely, trade openness and financial development result in high carbon dioxide emissions; consequently, China has relied on this process in the development of their financial system.
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Berzin, O., E. Shliagina, and L. Ying. "A Comparative Analysis of the Legal Regulation of International Commercial Arbitration in Russia and Mainland China." BRICS Law Journal 9, no. 3 (September 11, 2022): 4–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2412-2343-2022-9-3-4-38.
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This article examines international commercial arbitration, one of the most popular methods for the resolution of disputes that arise in the context of international commercial relations. The volume of trade between Russia and China has been gradually increasing in recent years, which testifies to the fact that the study of international commercial arbitration legal regulation in both nations is extremely relevant. The authors examine the concept of international commercial arbitration entities, as well as the sources of legal regulation that govern their establishment and operation in Russia and Mainland China. In addition, the procedures for case consideration, the elaboration of arbitration agreements, the rules for the creation of an arbitration commission, the requirements for arbitral awards and other aspects are investigated. The authors come to the conclusion that the regulations governing international commercial arbitration are similar in the two countries and are based on international law and national legal acts. Both Russia and China have adopted the norms outlined in the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law into their legal systems although to different degrees. Both countries provide similar arbitration agreement norms and support the arbitration clause autonomy principle. The difference lies in the fact that China does not follow the competence-competence principle (the arbitrators’ power to determine their own competence to consider a certain dispute). Instead, the issue is referred either to the arbitration commission or to the state court for resolution. On the other hand, arbitrators in Russia have the right to determine their competence by themselves. According to Chinese law, a party requires arbitration court mediation in order to be able to submit a request for provisional protection measures to the state court, while under Russian law adirect request is allowed. In China, the norms for the recognition and enforcement of aforeign arbitration award by the court do not provide for the court’s ruling to be challenged; the refusal of the recognition and enforcement shall be possible only after the award has been considered by the Supreme People’s Court of the People’s Republic of China. In Russia, the legislation allows for both challenging and refusing the decision to recognize and enforce the award.
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Fletcher, Amelia. "International pro-competition regulation of digital platforms: healthy experimentation or dangerous fragmentation?" Oxford Review of Economic Policy 39, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 12–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grac047.
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Abstract The increasing dominance of a small number of ‘big tech’ companies, across a range of critical online markets, has led to growing calls for regulation to promote more competition, and to ensure that market power is not exploited unfairly. New regulatory regimes to this end are now under development in a variety of jurisdictions. While the new German and EU regulatory regimes are the most advanced, there are detailed proposals under discussion in the UK, US, and China, while in South Korea new regulations have been introduced in relation to the specific area of app stores. This article discusses several questions arising in this context. What problem is pro-competition digital platform regulation trying to solve? Why regulation and not competition law? What are the design challenges involved in developing such regulation? What are the risks arising from diverging regulatory approaches to these global issues and how much these risks be mitigated? And what role can trade policy play?
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Habyyeva, A. M. "The WTO and issues of digital immersion of international trade." International Trade and Trade Policy 8, no. 4 (January 15, 2023): 156–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2022-3-156-164.
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The purpose and objectives of this article are determined by the pressing need for acceleration of the digitization dynamics in the international trade. The article emphasizes that in the modern time digital transformation is the key and biggest trend in the global trade business and its retail seсtor. The study has also provided a review related to the experiences of the top and leading global e-commerce countries. The features of the regulation of digital trade in the United States, China, India, and the European Union are identified and summarized. It is shown the World Trade Organization should play the key role in the process of unification and standardization of digital trade rules. The author provides recommendations on the key elements of a legally binding multilateral digital trade agreement and position of Turkmenistan in the context of accession to the World Trade Organization.
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BASHFORD, ALISON. "MALTHUS AND CHINA." Historical Journal 63, no. 1 (May 8, 2019): 63–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x1900013x.
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ABSTRACTT. R. Malthus was deeply interested in how his principle of population operated in societies distant to, and different from, his own. In this respect, China served as an intriguing case, already famous in his own time for its large and dense population and the central regulation of a closed economy. Malthus drew on both centuries-old Jesuit material and recent accounts from the Macartney embassy to the Qianlong emperor to assess its past and present food–land–population dynamics. This article explores Malthus's interest in China in the context of British public and private commercial interest in opening its trade, not least interest from his own East India Company. Historiographically, Malthus's China has been critiqued as an early rendition of orientalist demographic transition, posing a dichotomy of East/West fertility and mortality change. In disagreement with this interpretation, this article argues Malthus's key distinction was not East/West but Old World/New World.
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Chaisse, Julien, and Xueliang Ji. "Stress Test for EU’s Investment Court System: How Will Investments Be Protected in the Comprehensive Agreement on Investment?" Legal Issues of Economic Integration 49, Issue 1 (January 1, 2022): 101–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2022005.
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On 30 December 2020, the European Union (EU) and China agreed in principle to a revamped investment treaty: The Comprehensive Agreement on Investment (CAI). Notably, the EU and China have not decided which investment dispute resolution system will be included under the new agreement. Instead, the EU and China are continuing negotiations on this contentious topic. This article discusses the key features of the proposed investment court system in the context of the CAI negotiations to assess whether China could agree on such a paradigmatic change that would have systemic consequences. The article explains the objective reasons behind China’s partial support for the proposed reforms to the existing investor-state arbitration system. For example, China has supported adding an appellate body without accepting the EU’s full-fledged investment court proposal. Finally, the article identifies the points of convergence and divergence which will shape the CAI negotiations and pave the way to global investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) reform. comprehensive agreement on investment (CAI), investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS), investment court system (ICS), United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL Working Group III), Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA), EUVietnam Free Trade Agreement (EVFTA), State-to-state dispute resolution, Achmea case, financial responsibility regulation, European Commission
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Biao, Xie, Li Tingyou, Zhao Keqiang, and Xi Yunguan. "Impact of EU Organic-Certification Regulation on Organic Exports from China." Outlook on Agriculture 34, no. 3 (September 2005): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000005774378801.
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Empirical studies have underlined the importance of technical trade barriers in the agricultural sector. For organic products, national differences in standards, certification and accreditation systems could act as a major non-tariff barrier for export-oriented countries, particularly developing countries, which could eventually fail to benefit from the increasing market opportunities for organic products in developed countries. This paper presents the results of a study on the impact of EU organic-certification legislation on organic exports from China, where the lack of an equivalent system forces Chinese organic exports to enter the international market through multi-certification or special import permits. This results in an increase in certification and transaction costs, as products accepted in one country may not be accepted in another. The paper also reports on the recent legislative developments to establish a national certification and accreditation system for organic products in China.
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Pan, An, Shuangshuang Feng, Xinyuan Hu, and Yaya Li. "How environmental regulation affects China’s rare earth export?" PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 22, 2021): e0250407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250407.
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China’s rare earth export trade has developed so rapidly since 1990s that China has gradually occupied a leading position in the international market. However, this fast development was proceeding at the cost of the rare earth energy consumption and environmental devastation. Now China begins to attach great importance to environmental protection, which attracts many researchers. This study aims to analyze the influence of environmental regulation on China’s rare earth export trade. And the original study is amongst the few to examine the relationship between environmental regulation and China’s rare earth export with the product-level data. Different from previous studies, this paper selects China’s rare earth export data from 1995 to 2015 and introduces product heterogeneity based on the rare earth production process. Moreover, this study uses the entropy weight method to measure the intensity of environmental regulation. The core conclusions are as follows: (1) Environmental regulation significantly promotes rather than restrains China’s rare earth export. (2) According to the rare earth production process, this paper divides rare earth products into 3 kinds, that is, rare earth raw materials, rare earth useful components and rare earth end-use applications. Then, it is found that rare earth useful component export in processing and smelting is positively affected by environmental regulation. Rare earth raw materials and end-use applications in China’s export are hardly affected. (3) Technological innovation has a mediating effect on the impact mechanism of environmental regulation on China’s rare earth export, which means that environmental regulation significantly promotes technological innovation of enterprises, and thereby the rare earth export is increased. The findings are helpful for policymakers to resolve the issue of environmental devastation.