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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Trade regulation – China

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Academic literature on the topic 'Trade regulation – China'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Trade regulation – China"

1

Huang, Juan, and Ziyi Wu. "Impact of Environmental Regulations on Export Trade—Empirical Analysis Based on Zhejiang Province." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19 (October 1, 2022): 12569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912569.

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There is a close connection between export trade and environmental regulations. How to realize the green development of export trade under the constraint of environmental regulation policy is a controversial topic in both theoretical research and practice. Considering the leading role of Zhejiang export trade in China, based on the extended gravity model, this paper attempts to explore the impact of environmental regulations on export trade using the panel data of Zhejiang Province together with that of 18 major “Belt and Road” trading countries (regions) from 2004 to 2016. It provides a theoretical basis for promoting the coordinated development of environmental protection and export trade. This not only has theoretical and practical significance for various regions in China but also for other countries and regions in the world when formulating environmental regulation standards and implementation intensity. The empirical results show that there is a U-shaped relationship between environmental regulations and the development of export trade; namely, the former suppresses the latter before promotion happens. Specifically, environmental regulation could increase the cost of export products and curb the development of export trade in the short term. On the other hand, it encourages enterprises to carry out technological innovation and improve efficiency and competitiveness, thus contributing to the development of export trade in the long term.

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Hu, Yuanhong, Sheng Sun, and Yixin Dai. "Environmental regulation, green innovation, and international competitiveness of manufacturing enterprises in China: From the perspective of heterogeneous regulatory tools." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 30, 2021): e0249169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249169.

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Based on combined data from the China Patent Database, China Industrial Enterprise Database, and China Customs Import and Export Database for the period 2004–2010, this study investigates the impact of heterogeneous environmental regulations on the export technological sophistication of manufacturing enterprises. Given deepening international market segmentation of production and the increasing proportion of intermediate trade, and compared with the traditional method based on exports, the export technological sophistication calculated here, based on value-added, is closer to the true level. Since there has been no in-depth comparative study on the relationship between heterogeneous environmental regulation and export technological sophistication, this study fills the gap. The results show that all three regulation types bear a U-shaped impact on export technological sophistication. Command-control regulation exhibits a restraining effect on mixed trade, eastern, and foreign-funded enterprises. Market-incentive regulation promotes processing and mixed trade enterprises as well as domestic and foreign-funded enterprises. Voluntary-participation regulation promotes all enterprises with different trade patterns and ownership. The mechanism analysis shows that command-control and market-participation environmental regulations affect export technological sophistication through the green invention and green utility innovation channels, while, additionally, market-incentive environmental regulation affects export technological sophistication through the green design innovation channel. Considering the environmental governance issues, the policy implications for enhancing the entire industrial chain and enterprises’ export competitiveness are clear. Due to the unclear functions and powers of competent departments and a rigid threshold, command-control regulation is not conducive to cleaner production technology and the promotion of enterprises’ export competitiveness; it should thus be discouraged. Although both market-incentive and voluntary-participation regulations have promoted cleaner production technology and enterprises’ competitiveness significantly, the environmental tax system requires continuous improvement. The government should continue to raise public involvement in environmental protection to enrich the channels and forms of environmental management.

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Park, Sungbin, and Sungho Bae. "A Study on Digital Trade from RCEP to CPTPP and onto Global Convergence." Korea Association for International Commerce and Information 24, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 241–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15798/kaici.2022.24.2.241.

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The fourth industrial revolution is driving a sharp increase in volumes of digital trade and reshaping the global value chain order around Asia and China. Despite efforts by the WTO to achieve a global regulation on e-commerce, a complete agreement in its key topics is yet to occur. In the meantime, the US, EU, and China have offered models for data sovereignty in their trade agreements. With China as a signatory member in the RCEP and currently applying for the CPTPP, these developments may impact WTO in concluding the JSI. This paper seeks to review the three models of data sovereignty, analyze the e-commerce chapters of RCEP and CPTPP, and provide implications on the digital trade regulations for global convergence under the WTO.

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Aksenov, Pavel A. "The US Foreign Investment Regulation: Trade War Restrictions." International Trade and Trade Policy, no. 4 (January 3, 2020): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2019-4-31-41.

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Over the past several years, the United States has taken a leading position in the world in attractiveness to foreign investors, largely due to the policy of favoring foreign investment and the absence of significant restrictions on incoming FDI. Currently the United States are trying to find a balance between openness to foreign investment and emerging issues related to the economy and national security. As a result of the adoption of the Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act in 2018, the authority of the US Foreign Investments Committee was significantly expanded and the requirements for transactions were tightened, in particular, monitoring and verification of compliance with national security requirements. Despite the fact that these measures affected all incoming FDI in the United States, they are primarily an instrument of competition between the United States and China. Restrictions on outbound investment by China, as well as new requirements on the part of the United States, have significantly reduced the flow of FDI from China to the United States, especially in high-tech industries and infrastructure projects. Meanwhile, the US direct investment in China has remained stable over the past few years. In addition, there are some industry regulations on the share of foreign investors in the capital of energy companies, broadcasting companies, banks and others. Investment relations between the two countries, according to the investors, despite political and trade contradictions, remain quite close.

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Kovaleva, E. V., and J. K. Mamysheva. "The Eurasian Economic Union Custom – Tariff Regulation of the Trade with the People's Republic of China." International Trade and Trade Policy, no. 3 (October 8, 2019): 137–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2019-3-137-150.

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China is the second most important (after the European Union) economic partner of the EAEU. This Partnership has a strategic long-term character. In the early 90s liberalization of economy in China and market reforms in Russia and the other countries of the EAEU affected the increasing commodity turnover between China, Russia and other states. Due to the increasing role of People's Republic of China in a foreign trade turnover of EAEU it would be relevant to consider the features of custom-tariff regulation between China and the EAEU. The article is devoted to the problems of the theoretical and legal framework of the trade and economic cooperation between China and the the манушинаEAEU countries, the problem of the Eurasian Economic Union, custom-tariff regulation system (with the example of The Great Stone) and the analysis of its peculiarities. The key problems of the Eurasian Economic Union custom-tariff regulation system of the trade with the People's Republic of China based on the statistics from the national statistics committees, the ways of its development aimed at improving trade efficiency and also the possible effects are estimated.

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CARVALHO, PAULA, and ISABELA NOGUEIRA. "The role of the State on foreign direct investment regulation in China." Brazilian Journal of Political Economy 43, no. 1 (March 2023): 256–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-31572023-3404.

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ABSTRACT This article intends to corroborate the argument advocated by heterodox economists such as Akyüz, Chang and Furtado that state regulation is crucial to extracting the possible benefits of foreign direct investment (FDI). We do so by analyzing the policies used by China since its opening to this type of investment in 1979. The article innovates by scrutinizing China’s major FDI laws, regulations and guidelines that compose the formal framework under which foreign-owned enterprises have operated in the country for almost 40 years. We then address the traditional view that China developed simply because it increasingly opened its market to foreign investment and adopted a foreign investment-led growth model. We argue that it was because of this strong regulation that FDI had such a positive effect, contributing to technological transfer and trade expansion, although not defining the ratio of capital accumulation.

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Lenka, Fojtíková. "China’s trade competitiveness in the area of agricultural products after the implementation of the World Trade Organization commitments." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 64, No. 9 (September 27, 2018): 379–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/163/2017-agricecon.

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The paper provides evidence on the implementation of China’s trade commitments into its institutional and legal environment, which influenced its agricultural trade. The contribution to the trade balance index and the revealed comparative advantage index are used for the identification of changes in China’s export competitiveness in agricultural products between 2001 and 2015. The World Trade Organization (WTO) trade liberalisation, followed by changes in the structure of economy, contributed to China building a trade deficit in the area of the agricultural products and losing competitiveness in some products. China gradually liberalised its agricultural trade in compliance with the WTO commitments. However, relatively high protection or state regulation of the domestic market has remained in products that China exports with a revealed comparative disadvantage. The existence of the state trading can also have a negative impact on the results of China’s revealed comparative advantage in its exports of agricultural products.

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Chen, Zhijian, Li Zhang, Yujie Zhang, Yun Zhao, and Zhangqi Zhong. "Regional Differences in the Emission-Reduction Effect of Environmental Regulation Based on the Perspective of Embodied Carbon Spatial Transfer Formed by Inter-Regional Trade." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (August 6, 2022): 9707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159707.

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On the basis of the latest input–output data, this paper estimates the amount of embodied carbon emissions in inter-regional trade by constructing a multiregional input–output model to evaluate how environmental regulation stringency influences its spatial transfer. We found that environmental regulation stringency had significant positive correlation with transferring out embodied carbon emissions in trade at the national level, and a significant negative correlation with transferring in embodied carbon emissions in trade. In East and Central China, effective environmental regulation observably improves the issue of carbon emissions caused by trade, while in the western region, environmental regulation stringency had significant positive correlation with transferring in and out embodied carbon emissions in inter-regional trade. For that reason, we further use the geographically weighted regression model (GWR) to assess the spatial evolution characteristics of the intensity of environmental regulation on the transfer of embodied carbon emissions in trade; thereby, the above results are verified and show that environmental regulation has failed to play its due role.

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Gong, Mengqi, Zhe You, Linting Wang, and Jinhua Cheng. "Environmental Regulation, Trade Comparative Advantage, and the Manufacturing Industry’s Green Transformation and Upgrading." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 8 (April 20, 2020): 2823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082823.

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This paper is the first to systematically review the theoretical mechanisms of environmental regulation and trade comparative advantage that affect the green transformation and upgrading of the manufacturing industry. On this basis, corresponding hypotheses are put forward. The non-radial and non-angle SBM (slacks-based measure) efficiency measurement model with undesirable outputs was used, combined with the use of the ML (green total factor productivity index) productivity index to measure green total factor productivity. Finally, the theoretical hypothesis was empirically tested using data from 27 manufacturing industries in China from 2005 to 2017. The results show the following: (1) There is a significant inverted U-shaped curve relationship between environmental regulation and the transformation of the manufacturing industry. In other words, as environmental regulation increases, its impact on the transformation and upgrading of the manufacturing industry is first promoted and then suppressed. (2) When there are no environmental regulations, the trade comparative advantage of the manufacturing industry is not conducive to industrial transformation. However, under the constraints of environmental regulations, the comparative advantage of trade will significantly promote the green transformation and upgrading of manufacturing. Therefore, in order to effectively promote transformation and upgrading of the manufacturing, this paper proposes the following policy recommendations: (1) The Chinese government should pay more attention to the impact of environmental regulation intensity on the transformation of manufacturing industries, further increase the intensity of environmental regulation within the reasonable range, and fully exert the positive effects of environmental regulation on the trade patterns and manufacturing industry transformation. (2) We should further optimize the structure of trade, realize the diversification of manufacturing import and export, and promote its transformation into high-end manufacturing. On this basis, green production technology in the manufacturing industry can be improved through the technology spillover effect. (3) Efforts should be made to improve the level of collaborative development between environmental regulation and trade patterns and to explore the transformation path of the manufacturing industry with the integration of environmental regulation and trade patterns.

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Che, Ming, Hongmei Wu, and Yujia Li. "Do Fluctuations in Environmental Regulations Inhibit Investment: Evidence from China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3 (January 22, 2023): 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032021.

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The trade-off between the goals of promoting economic growth and protecting the ecological environment makes it possible for the government to constantly adjust the intensity of environmental regulation, leading to sharp fluctuations in environmental regulation in the short term. Fluctuations in environmental regulations may trigger concerns among firms and change their investment decisions. The theoretical model of corporate investment decision is used to analyze the inhibitory effect of environmental regulation fluctuations on investment through expected profits, which is empirically validated in this study by data from 255 Chinese prefecture-level cities. The results indicate that environmental regulation fluctuations reduce investors’ expected profits, which in turn inhibit investment. The heterogeneity analysis shows that environmental regulation fluctuations have no significant effect on investment in cities that are geographically closer to the provincial capital, while a greater inhibitory effect of it is revealed in other cities located further away. Therefore, this inhibitory effect should be weakened by reducing the intervention of administrative orders in environmental regulatory behavior, establishing environmental regulatory supervisory agencies, and taking into full consideration the public’s response to fluctuations in environmental regulation. This study can provide policy implications for optimizing government environmental regulation.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Trade regulation – China"

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Zhang, Xin. "International trade regulation in China : law and policy /." Oxford [u.a.] : Hart Publ, 2006. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/513053670.pdf.

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Ho, Chee-ying Kitty, and 何芷盈. "A review of regulatory system of the Hong Kong travel industry." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B36427548.

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List, Julia Beate. "Wirtschaftsverwaltungsrechtsaufgaben in China und Deutschland : ein rechtsanalytischer Vergleich unter besonderer Berücksichtigung divergierender politischer Systeme und Wirtschaftsordnungen /." [Köln] : Heymann, 2009. http://d-nb.info/994805500/04.

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Guan, Yunxiang. "WTO's impact on China's periodical media." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ59173.pdf.

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Lee, Yuk-kei Angela, and 李玉琪. "The textiles quota system in Hong Kong: a study of efficient allocation under rationing." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1988. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31209270.

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Zhang, Qi. "Consultation within WTO dispute settlement : a Chinese perspective /." Bern [u.a.] : Lang, 2007. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0710/2006048870.html.

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7

Shen, Xin. "Legal issues relating to subsidies and countervailing measures with a specific reference to non-market economies and the case of China." Thesis, University of Macau, 2009. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2132684.

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Liu, Dong Dong. "Safeguards against Chinese imports : a study of WTO obligations and the product-specific safeguard measures against China." Thesis, University of Macau, 2008. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1880454.

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Chan, Tak-him, and 陳德謙. "From international regulation to green production: continuous challenges to our textile and clothingindustry." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43893648.

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Lee, Wai-tak, and 李偉德. "A study of white-collar crime: the circumvention of the textiles export control system of Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31978113.

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Books on the topic "Trade regulation – China"

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China trade agreement. Hong Kong: Tai Dao Pub., 1985.

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China trade documents. Hong Kong: Tai Dao Pub. Ltd., 1985.

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Chiu, C. W. China trade documents. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis, 1988.

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W, Chiu C., ed. China trade agreements. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis, 1988.

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Jianhua, Zhong. Foreign trade contract law in China. Hong Kong: Sweet & Maxwell Asia, 1998.

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Trade barriers and China. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2008.

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Holliday, George D. China and the World Trade Organization. [Washington, D.C.]: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1999.

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Hong Kong Trade Development Council. Guide to selling in China. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Trade Development Council, 2009.

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9

Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo dui wai mao yi fa: Tiao wen jing shi ji guo ji gui ze = Understanding foreign trade law of PRC and related international rules. Beijing Shi: Fa lü chu ban she, 2004.

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Dipankar, Sangupta, ed. IBSAC (India, Brazil, South Africal, China): A potential developing country coalition in WTO negotiations. New Delhi: Centre de Sciences Humaines, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Trade regulation – China"

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Jensen, Helen H., and Jiehong Zhou. "Food Safety Regulation and Private Standards in China." In Food Safety, Market Organization, Trade and Development, 167–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15227-1_9.

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Chuah, Jason. "Forward Planning – Regulation of Artificial Intelligence and Maritime Trade." In Commercial and Maritime Law in China and Europe, 235–44. London: Informa Law from Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003160298-21.

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Xie, Qian. "Research on the Financial Reform and Innovation and Corresponding Regulation in China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone." In Development of China's Financial Supervision and Regulation, 189–207. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-52225-2_6.

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Tsyngyeva, Viktoria, Sergey Ryumkin, and Inga Ryumkina. "Export Potential and Regulation of Sheep Breeding in Border Areas of Russia, Mongolia, and China: Evidence from Zabaikalsk Territory, Russia." In Shifting Patterns of Agricultural Trade, 455–74. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3260-0_19.

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Xiao, Lin. "Financial Regulations of China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone." In National Test, 91–98. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0218-2_4.

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Chan, Chris King-Chi, and Elaine Sio-Ieng Hui. "The Dynamics and Dilemma of Workplace Trade Union Reform in China: The Case of Honda Workers’ Strike." In Strategies of Multinational Corporations and Social Regulations, 203–17. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41369-8_13.

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Basu Bal, Abhinayan, Trisha Rajput, and Yongmei Chen. "Divide and Conquer or Unite to Trade: Trade Facilitation along the China-Europe Railway Corridors." In Regulation of Risk, 98–156. Brill | Nijhoff, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004518681_005.

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"Telecommunications reform in China: Fostering competition through state intervention." In WTO Domestic Regulation and Services Trade, 11. WTO, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.30875/e9e94ec4-en.

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Trachtman, Joel P. "THE WTO AND DEVELOPMENT POLICY IN CHINA AND INDIA." In Trade Law, Domestic Regulation and Development, 273–306. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814635721_0011.

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"Where Will China's Internet Regulation Go After WTO Accession?" In China and the World Trade Organization, 251–68. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812777225_0011.

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Conference papers on the topic "Trade regulation – China"

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Labeko, M. D., and E. A. Tsarevskaya. "EFFECT OF CUSTOMS-TARIFF REGULATION ON TRANSBOUNDARY FLOWS AND ELECTRONIC TRADE." In RUSSIA AND CHINA: A VECTOR OF DEVELOPMENT. Amur State University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/rc.2019.1.23.

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Wang, Hongchun, and Xu Ning. "Research on Carbon Emission Reduction in Supply Chain Considering Loss Aversion under Carbon Cap and Trade Regulation." In The 10th International Symposium on Project Management, China. Riverwood, NSW, Australia: Aussino Academic Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52202/065147-0238.

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Wang, Fang, and Lingzhi Li. "The Influence and Countermeasure of Technical Barriers to Trade on Export of Mechanical and Electrical Products from China to EU." In 2021 International Conference on Electronic Business Management and Education Engineering. Clausius Scientific Press Inc., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23977/ebmee2021.003.

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With the change of global economy and international trade environment, developed countries began to take more covert and diversified trade protection measures, such as technical barriers to trade. As an important export region of mechanical and electrical products in China, EU has adopted strict technical barriers to trade in recent years. It restricts the export of mechanical and electrical products in China by formulating strict technical regulations and standards, complicating conformity assessment procedures, enhancing packaging and labeling requirements and setting intellectual property barriers. On the basis of elaborating the current situation of the mechanical and electrical products in China export to the EU and the main technical barriers to trade in the EU, this paper analyzes the impact of technical barriers to trade on mechanical and electrical products in China export to the EU, and combined with the results of the impact analysis, put forward the corresponding countermeasures and suggestions.

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Yin, Xiong, Kai Wen, Yan Wu, Lei Zhou, and Jing Gong. "Study on Intelligent Controller Design of Flow Metrological Calibration System." In 2020 13th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2020-9557.

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Abstract In recent years, China ramped up imports of natural gas to satisfy the growing demand, which has increased the number of trade meters. Natural gas flowmeters need to be calibrated regularly at calibration stations to ensure their accuracy. Nowadays, the flow metrological calibration process is done by the operator manually in China, which is easy to be affected by personnel experience and proficiency. China is vigorously developing industry 4.0 and AI(artificial intelligence) technologies. In order to improve the calibration efficiency, a design scheme of intelligent controller for flow metrological calibration system is first proposed in this paper. The intelligent controller can replace the operator for process switching and flow adjustment. First, the controller selects the standard flowmeter according to the type of the calibrated flowmeter, and switches the calibration process. To accurately control the calibration flow for 180 seconds, the controller continuously adjusts the regulating valve with a sequence of commands to the actuator. These commands are generated by intelligent algorithm which is predefined in the controller. Process switching is operated automatically according to flowmeter calibration specifications. In order to reach the required flow point quickly, the flow adjustment is divided into two steps: preliminary adjustment and precise adjustment. For preliminary adjustment, a BP neural network will be built first using the field historical data and simulation results. This neural network describes the relationship between the valve-opening scheme and the calibration flow. Therefore, it could give a calibration flow as close as possible to the expected value during calibration. For precise adjustment, an adaptive PID controller is used. It could adjust the valve opening degree automatically to make sure the flow deviation meet the calibration requirements. Since the PID controller is a self-adaptive PID controller, the process of adjustment is very quick, which can reduce the calibration time largely. After each calibration, both the original neural network and the adaptive function of the controller will be updated to achieve the self-growth. With the information of the calibrated flowmeter, the entire calibration system can run automatically. The experiment in a calibration station shows that the intelligent controller can control the deviation of the flow value within 5% during 4∼5 minutes.

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Reports on the topic "Trade regulation – China"

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Jones, Emily, Beatriz Kira, Anna Sands, and Danilo B. Garrido Alves. The UK and Digital Trade: Which way forward? Blavatnik School of Government, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-wp-2021/038.

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The internet and digital technologies are upending global trade. Industries and supply chains are being transformed, and the movement of data across borders is now central to the operation of the global economy. Provisions in trade agreements address many aspects of the digital economy – from cross-border data flows, to the protection of citizens’ personal data, and the regulation of the internet and new technologies like artificial intelligence and algorithmic decision-making. The UK government has identified digital trade as a priority in its Global Britain strategy and one of the main sources of economic growth to recover from the pandemic. It wants the UK to play a leading role in setting the international standards and regulations that govern the global digital economy. The regulation of digital trade is a fast-evolving and contentious issue, and the US, European Union (EU), and China have adopted different approaches. Now that the UK has left the EU, it will need to navigate across multiple and often conflicting digital realms. The UK needs to decide which policy objectives it will prioritise, how to regulate the digital economy domestically, and how best to achieve its priorities when negotiating international trade agreements. There is an urgent need to develop a robust, evidence-based approach to the UK’s digital trade strategy that takes into account the perspectives of businesses, workers, and citizens, as well as the approaches of other countries in the global economy. This working paper aims to inform UK policy debates by assessing the state of play in digital trade globally. The authors present a detailed analysis of five policy areas that are central to discussions on digital trade for the UK: cross-border data flows and privacy; internet access and content regulation; intellectual property and innovation; e-commerce (including trade facilitation and consumer protection); and taxation (customs duties on e-commerce and digital services taxes). In each of these areas the authors compare and contrast the approaches taken by the US, EU and China, discuss the public policy implications, and examine the choices facing the UK.

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Bergsen, Pepijn, Carolina Caeiro, Harriet Moynihan, Marianne Schneider-Petsinger, and Isabella Wilkinson. Digital trade and digital technical standards. Royal Institute of International Affairs, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/9781784135133.

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There is increasing impetus for stronger cooperation between the US, EU and UK on digital technology governance. Drivers of this trend include the economic incentives arising from opportunities for digital trade; the ambition for digital technology governance to be underpinned by shared values, including support for a democratic, open and global internet; and the need to respond to geopolitical competition, especially from China. Two specific areas of governance in which there is concrete potential to collaborate, and in which policymakers have indicated significant ambitions to do so, are digital trade and digital technical standards. - To leverage strategic opportunities for digital trade, the US, EU and UK need to continue identifying and promoting principles based on shared values and agendas, and demonstrate joint leadership at the global level, including in the World Trade Organization (WTO) on e-commerce. - Policy actors in the US, EU and UK should work individually and collectively to build on the latest generation of digital trade agreements. This will help to promote closer alignment on digital rules and standards, and support the establishment of more up-to-date models for innovation and governance. - Collaborating on digital technical standards, particularly those underlying internet governance and emerging technologies, offers the US, EU and UK strategic opportunities to build a vision of digital technology governance rooted in multi-stakeholder participation and democratic values. This can provide a strong alternative to standards proposals such as China’s ‘New IP’ system. - Policy actors should seek to expand strategic cooperation on standards development among the US, EU and UK, among like-minded countries, and among states that are undecided on the direction of their technology governance, including in the Global South. They should also take practical steps to incorporate the views and expertise of the technology industry, the broader private sector, academia and civil society. By promoting best-practice governance models that are anticipatory, dynamic and flexible, transatlantic efforts for cooperation on digital regulation can better account for the rapid pace of technological change. Early evidence of this more forward-looking approach is emerging through the EU’s proposed regulation of digital services and artificial intelligence (AI), and in the UK’s proposed legislation to tackle online harms. The recently launched EU-US Trade and Technology Council is a particularly valuable platform for strengthening cooperation in this arena. But transatlantic efforts to promote a model of digital governance predicated on democratic values would stand an even greater chance of success if the council’s work were more connected to efforts by the UK and other leading democracies

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