Academic literature on the topic 'Trade practices act'
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Journal articles on the topic "Trade practices act"
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Pengilley, Warren. "Medical rosters and the Trade Practices Act." Medical Journal of Australia 178, no. 7 (April 2003): 337–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2003.tb05226.x.
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Pengilley, Warren. "Medical rosters and the Trade Practices Act." Medical Journal of Australia 178, no. 11 (June 2003): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2003.tb05377.x.
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Smith, Rhonda L. "Assessing Mergers under the Trade Practices Act." Australian Economic Review 29, no. 3 (July 1996): 274–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8462.1996.tb00932.x.
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Kamvounias, Patty. "Health sector liability under the Trade Practices Act." Australian Health Review 22, no. 1 (1999): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah990081.
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Following the implementation of the national competition policy and the consequent exposure of unincorporated businesses to trade practices regulation, the health sector has faced increasing exposure to fair trading and competition issues. This article examines the rights and the obligations of health sector participants under the consumer protection and the restrictive trade practices provisions of the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cwlth). The article outlines the relevant provisions and identifies examples of conduct that has breached the Act or that has the potential to breach the Act. The author notes that the Act has been applied to the health sector in the same way as it has been applied to all other sectors of the economy.
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Mcewin, R. Ian. "Vertical restraints in the Australian Trade Practices Act." Review of Industrial Organization 9, no. 5 (October 1994): 627–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01029980.
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Rose, Peter. "Resources Joint Ventures and the Trade Practices Act 1974." Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law 9, no. 2 (January 1991): 95–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02646811.1991.11433712.
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King, Stephen P. "Reviewing the Trade Practices Act: The Dawson Committee Inquiry." Australian Economic Review 35, no. 4 (December 2002): 423–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8462.00258.
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Williams, Philip L. "The Trade Practices Act and the Conditions of Entry." Australian Economic Review 27, no. 4 (October 1994): 108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8462.1994.tb00865.x.
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Kent, Pamela. "Pharmacies and The Trade Practices Act 1974 - A Survey." Australian Journal of Management 10, no. 2 (December 1985): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/031289628501000207.
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Bessant *, Judith. "Legal issues in higher education and the trade practices act." Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management 26, no. 2 (July 2004): 251–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1360080042000218294.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Trade practices act"
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au, k. lewins@murdoch edu, and Kate Lewins. "The Trade Practices Act (Cth) 1974 and its Impact on Maritime Law in Australia." Murdoch University, 2008. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20081223.135713.
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The trade of shipping is necessarily international in nature. Courts and international bodies often
express the need to ensure international consistency in matters of maritime law. However, it has
been an extremely difficult goal to achieve. Many countries have refused to be party to international
conventions that seek to ensure comity. Some have enacted laws that reflect part but not all of those
conventions, or seek to improve the protection offered by the conventions. The domestic law of each
country also adds its own flavour to shipping law as recognised and applied by the courts in that
jurisdiction.
In 1974 Australia enacted the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth) (TPA), heralding a new era in
corporate and commercial law. However, its impact on maritime law on Australia has only been felt
over the last 10 15 years. It is potentially relevant to many areas of maritime law, including
carriage of goods by sea, cruise ships, and towage. This thesis explores the encroachment of the
TPA on a number of different areas of shipping law, using the few case examples on offer and
extrapolating the impact that the TPA may have. It also considers the extent to which the TPA is
stymied by simple contractual agreements to litigate or arbitrate in a non Australian forum, despite
the TPAs status as a mandatory statute within Australia.
Raised at various points in the thesis is the possibility of law reform, which is a complex compendium
of issues overlaid with a moral dimension does shipping, as an industry, deserve to be exempted
from the operation of the Act which sets a high standard of corporate behaviour? If so, how could
that reform be shaped? In the meantime, what steps can the shipping industry take to work within
the legal framework of the TPA?
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Lewins, Kate. "The Trade Practices Act (Cth) 1974 and its impact on maritime law in Australia /." Access via Murdoch University Digital Theses Project, 2008. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20081223.135713.
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Lewins, Kate. "The Trade Practices Act (Cth) 1974 and its impact on maritime law in Australia." Thesis, Lewins, Kate ORCID: 0000-0001-5276-2777 (2009) The Trade Practices Act (Cth) 1974 and its impact on maritime law in Australia. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2009. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/484/.
Full textAbstract:
The trade of shipping is necessarily international in nature. Courts and international bodies often express the need to ensure international consistency in matters of maritime law. However, it has been an extremely difficult goal to achieve. Many countries have refused to be party to international conventions that seek to ensure comity. Some have enacted laws that reflect part but not all of those conventions, or seek to improve the protection offered by the conventions. The domestic law of each country also adds its own flavour to shipping law as recognised and applied by the courts in that jurisdiction.
In 1974 Australia enacted the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth) (TPA), heralding a new era in corporate and commercial law. However, its impact on maritime law on Australia has only been felt over the last 10 - 15 years. It is potentially relevant to many areas of maritime law, including carriage of goods by sea, cruise ships, and towage. This thesis explores the encroachment of the TPA on a number of different areas of shipping law, using the few case examples on offer and extrapolating the impact that the TPA may have. It also considers the extent to which the TPA is stymied by simple contractual agreements to litigate or arbitrate in a non Australian forum, despite the TPA's status as a mandatory statute within Australia.
Raised at various points in the thesis is the possibility of law reform, which is a complex compendium of issues overlaid with a moral dimension - does shipping, as an industry, deserve to be exempted from the operation of the Act which sets a high standard of corporate behaviour? If so, how could that reform be shaped? In the meantime, what steps can the shipping industry take to work within the legal framework of the TPA?
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Lewins, Kate. "The Trade Practices Act (Cth) 1974 and its impact on maritime law in Australia." Lewins, Kate (2009) The Trade Practices Act (Cth) 1974 and its impact on maritime law in Australia. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2009. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/484/.
Full textAbstract:
The trade of shipping is necessarily international in nature. Courts and international bodies often express the need to ensure international consistency in matters of maritime law. However, it has been an extremely difficult goal to achieve. Many countries have refused to be party to international conventions that seek to ensure comity. Some have enacted laws that reflect part but not all of those conventions, or seek to improve the protection offered by the conventions. The domestic law of each country also adds its own flavour to shipping law as recognised and applied by the courts in that jurisdiction.
In 1974 Australia enacted the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth) (TPA), heralding a new era in corporate and commercial law. However, its impact on maritime law on Australia has only been felt over the last 10 - 15 years. It is potentially relevant to many areas of maritime law, including carriage of goods by sea, cruise ships, and towage. This thesis explores the encroachment of the TPA on a number of different areas of shipping law, using the few case examples on offer and extrapolating the impact that the TPA may have. It also considers the extent to which the TPA is stymied by simple contractual agreements to litigate or arbitrate in a non Australian forum, despite the TPA's status as a mandatory statute within Australia.
Raised at various points in the thesis is the possibility of law reform, which is a complex compendium of issues overlaid with a moral dimension - does shipping, as an industry, deserve to be exempted from the operation of the Act which sets a high standard of corporate behaviour? If so, how could that reform be shaped? In the meantime, what steps can the shipping industry take to work within the legal framework of the TPA?
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Marshall, Brenda. "Regulating access to essential facilities in Australia : review and reform of Part IIIA of the Trade Practices Act." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2004. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/15912/1/Brenda_Marshall_Thesis.pdf.
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This dissertation critically evaluates the rationale for, and implementation of, the regulatory scheme governing third party access to essential infrastructure services (the 'national access regime') set out in Part IIIA of the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth). The analysis and synthesis of background reports, economic and legal theory, statutory provisions, existing case law, academic commentary and regulatory guidelines contained herein represents a useful and necessary contribution to this nascent area of Australian competition law. In particular, the comprehensive nature of the research has permitted informed assessment of the Productivity Commission's recent review of the national access regime and the Commonwealth Government's response to that inquiry. While the dissertation endorses both the Productivity Commission's finding that retention of the Part IIIA access regime is warranted and many of the (notably light-handed) recommendations advanced by the Commission to improve aspects of the regime's operation, it takes issue with the Commission's failure to propose a more substantial refashioning of the regime's architecture. Stepping into this breach, the dissertation specifies the systemic changes to Part IIIA that are imperative to enhancing the efficacy of the national access regime.
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Marshall, Brenda. "Regulating Access To Essential Facilities In Australia : Review And Reform Of Part IIIA Of The Trade Practices Act." Queensland University of Technology, 2004. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/15912/.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation critically evaluates the rationale for, and implementation of, the regulatory scheme governing third party access to essential infrastructure services (the 'national access regime') set out in Part IIIA of the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth). The analysis and synthesis of background reports, economic and legal theory, statutory provisions, existing case law, academic commentary and regulatory guidelines contained herein represents a useful and necessary contribution to this nascent area of Australian competition law. In particular, the comprehensive nature of the research has permitted informed assessment of the Productivity Commission's recent review of the national access regime and the Commonwealth Government's response to that inquiry. While the dissertation endorses both the Productivity Commission's finding that retention of the Part IIIA access regime is warranted and many of the (notably light-handed) recommendations advanced by the Commission to improve aspects of the regime's operation, it takes issue with the Commission's failure to propose a more substantial refashioning of the regime's architecture. Stepping into this breach, the dissertation specifies the systemic changes to Part IIIA that are imperative to enhancing the efficacy of the national access regime.
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Silveira, Luciana Dutra de Oliveira. "A nova geração de leis anticorrupção: os possíveis impactos da Lei da Empresa Limpa para o comércio internacional brasileiro." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2018. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/21623.
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Luciana Dutra de Oliveira Silveira.pdf: 3309566 bytes, checksum: 1bca7d14fb346807aff935bfc2266525 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-23T12:15:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciana Dutra de Oliveira Silveira.pdf: 3309566 bytes, checksum: 1bca7d14fb346807aff935bfc2266525 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-10-08
There is now an apparent worldwide trend to fight corruption through the adoption of the new generation of anticorruption laws, that is, domestic laws with extraterritorial reach that provide for legal responsibility to corporations for corrupt practices. In 2013, Brazil joined this movement with the adoption of the Clean Company Act. The entry into force of this legislation provoked criticism and concern, especially with regard to the tension between the underlying interests of the measure and its impacts. Considering that the new generation of anti-corruption laws focuses on corporate conduct abroad, it is clear the ability to impact international trade activities. This thesis addresses the possible impacts of the Clean Company Act to Brazilian international trade from the point of view of growth or fall in imports and exports flows, as well as the formulation of public policies and changes in the behavior of the private sector. Because it is a fairly recent regulation and due to the lack of convictions due to the practice of corruption abroad, the verification of the aforementioned impacts was done based on the study of the United States’ experience with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). In light of the results regarding the adoption of the law and the imposition of FCPA enforcement actions, this thesis discusses the possible impacts of the Clean Company Act to Brazilian international trade. In summary, the thesis presents considerations regarding the future of Brazilian import and export flows in view of the new generation of anti-corruption laws, the challenges and the alternatives for the Brazilian government to achieve the objectives pursued with the aforementioned legislation, as well as the changes that will be promoted in the private sector conducts due to the new culture of compliance in international trade
Observa-se na atualidade uma aparente tendência mundial de combate à corrupção por meio da adoção da nova geração de leis anticorrupção, isto é, leis domésticas com alcance extraterritorial que atribuem responsabilidade às pessoas jurídicas pela prática da corrupção. Em 2013, o Brasil aderiu a esse movimento com a implementação da Lei da Empresa Limpa. A entrada em vigor dessa normativa atraiu críticas e preocupações, sobretudo no que diz respeito à tensão entre os interesses subjacentes à medida e os seus impactos. Tendo em vista que a nova geração de leis anticorrupção tem como escopo a atuação corporativa no exterior, é evidente o seu poder de impactar as atividades de comércio internacional. A presente tese aborda os possíveis impactos da Lei da Empresa Limpa para o comércio internacional brasileiro, tanto do ponto de vista de crescimento ou queda nas importações e exportações, quanto de formulação de políticas públicas e mudanças no comportamento do setor privado. Por se tratar de uma normativa bastante recente e devido à inexistência de condenações pela prática da corrupção no exterior, a verificação dos mencionados impactos foi feita a partir do estudo da experiência dos Estados Unidos com o Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Com base nos resultados obtidos acerca da implementação do marco jurídico e da aplicação de medidas corretivas fundamentadas na referida lei, esta tese discute os possíveis impactos da Lei da Empresa Limpa para o comércio internacional brasileiro. Em suma, a tese traz considerações acerca do futuro dos fluxos de importação e exportação brasileiros em vista da nova geração de leis anticorrupção, dos desafios e das alternativas para o governo brasileiro alcançar os objetivos almejados com a referida normativa, bem como das mudanças que serão promovidas na atuação do setor privado haja vista a nova cultura do compliance no comércio internacional
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Buchan, Jennifer Mary. "Franchisor failure : an assessment of the adequacy of regulatory response." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2010. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/39027/1/Jennifer_Buchan_Thesis.pdf.
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Franchisor failure is one of the most problematic areas of the franchise relationship. It impacts negatively on landlords and other suppliers, but the contracting parties that are currently without legal rights to respond when a franchisor fails, and thus without consumer protection, are its franchisees. In this thesis I explore the current contractual, regulatory and commercial environment that franchisees inhabit, within the context of franchisor failure. I conclude that ex ante there are opportunities to level the playing field through consumer protection legislation. I also conclude that the task is not one solely for the consumer protection legislation; the problem should also be addressed ex post through the Corporations Act.
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Chinembiri, Evans Wally Kudzai. "An analysis of South Africa exports to the United States under the African Growth Opportunity Act." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16485.
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Includes bibliographical referencesThe African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) is a unilateral trade policy concession governing United States - Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) trade and investment relations. AGOA provides United States market access for 40 SSA countries, including South Africa. This piece of legislation has the fundamental objective of facilitating the global integration of SSA countries into the world economy by extending preferential access to the United States market for exporters from eligible countries. Over the past decade, AGOA has emerged as a topical issue as scholars and policy makers sought to understand its impact on SSA, especially South Africa. This has been awarded more impetus given its pending expiration in 2015. This, naturally, raised questions about the performance of United States preference programs (such as AGOA) as part of a larger ongoing debate on the form that United States preference programs may take in the foreseeable future. With South Africa facing a serious opposition to inclusion in the next shape of AGOA given the number of trade agreements South Africa has signed with countries that are competitors to United States in certain product categories. This study will seek to highlight the importance of the AGOA dispensation to South Africa, and through that analysis make a case for the continued inclusion of South Africa in the future trade dispensations that may develop. This study focuses on two research objectives; firstly, the study seeks to assess the extent to which increased preferential access to the United States market has translated into a real and tangible increase in exports from South Africa to the United States. Secondly, the study seeks to identify the areas where South Africa and the United States have high trade potential, and help make a case for inclusion of these high potential trade products in the next iteration of the AGOA dispensation. In achieving the first research objective, the study carried out a detailed trade statistics analysis with the hope of gaining greater understanding of the extent to which AGOA has influenced trade patterns between the United States and South Africa. South Africa's trade figures show that the United States is an important trade partner. A key conclusion that can be drawn from the analysis is the observation that a fair amount of growth in South Africa's exports to the United States is fundamentally characterized by two key aspects namely; growth in specific commodities and an export base that is becoming gradually concentrated over time. This implies that trade between South Africa and the United States is shifting towards a new focus in line with AGOA incentives and by extension one may conclude that South African firms are utilizing the market opportunities and the networks that enable them to effectively exploit the United States market. In fulfilling the second research objective, the detailed trade potential analysis that is propped up by a robust analysis of trade trends was carried out. The trade potential analysis identified thirteen commodity groups as having high potential for further exports into the United States market, and Pearls, precious stones and metals were identified as having the highest indicative trade potential, although the picture changes as the data is further disaggregated. This suggests that there is enormous potential and a great scope for export of pearls, precious stones and metals to the United States.
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Holmes, Catherine Ann. "Healthy marketplaces : insights into policy, practice and potential for health promotion /." View thesis, 2003. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20031031.160623/index.html.
Full textBooks on the topic "Trade practices act"
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Australia. Trade Practices Act 1974. 2nd ed. Chatswood, NSW: LexisNexis Butterworths, 2008.
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Australia. Trade Practices Act 1974. 2nd ed. Chatswood, N.S.W: LexisNexis Butterworths Australia, 2010.
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Australia. Trade Practices Act 1974. 2nd ed. Sydney: Butterworths, 2001.
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Australia. Trade Practices Act 1974. Sydney: Butterworths, 1999.
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Australia. Trade Practices Act 1974. 2nd ed. Chatswood, NSW: LexisNexis Butterworths, 2003.
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Australia. Trade Practices Act 1974. 2nd ed. Chatswood, NSW: LexisNexis Butterworths, 2007.
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Australia. Trade Practices Act of 1974. Sydney: Butterworths, 1994.
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David, Wright. Remedies under the Trade Practices Act. South Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press, 2006.
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Round, David K., ed. The Australian Trade Practices Act 1974. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8324-4.
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Commission, Australia Law Reform. Compliance with the Trade Practices Act 1974. Sydney: The Law Reform Commission, 1993.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Trade practices act"
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McEwin, R. Ian. "Vertical Restraints in the Australian Trade Practices Act." In Studies in Industrial Organization, 169–89. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8324-4_8.
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How, R. Brian. "Trade Practices, Credit Ratings, and Regulation of Trading (Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act)." In Marketing Fresh Fruits and Vegetables, 151–62. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2031-3_9.
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Lemire, Beverly. "Social Politics and Practice After the Act." In The British Cotton Trade, 1660–1815, 311–14. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003113911-20.
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Chaker, Sarah, and Axel Petri-Preis. "Musikvermittlung and Its Innovative Potential." In Forum Musikvermittlung - Perspektiven aus Forschung und Praxis, 11–38. Bielefeld, Germany: transcript Verlag, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839456811-003.
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In their introductory article, Sarah Chaker and Axel Petri-Preis aim to contextualise the volume by providing terminological, historical and current sociological approaches to Musikvermittlung. Among other things, they show that the term Musikvermittlung is deeply rooted in German music education and discuss the problems of finding an adequate English translation for the international scientific community. Furthermore, the authors trace the increasing institutionalisation and professionalisation of practices of Musikvermittung and analyse their current significance from the perspective of cultural policy. Finally, they argue that Musikvermittlung has the inherent innovative potential to function as a social bridge builder: through music, people who otherwise would not have met, due to their different social and cultural backgrounds, are brought together and invited to interact with each other. This is how practitioners of Musikvermittlung are »doing universality« in the sense of Andreas Reckwitz (2020), thereby providing »a counterweight to the omnipresent act of doing singularity« (ibid.: 441) in contemporary societies.
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Fujishige, Hiromi Nagata, Yuji Uesugi, and Tomoaki Honda. "The Evolution of Japan’s Peacekeeping Policy 1992–2012." In Japan’s Peacekeeping at a Crossroads, 39–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88509-0_3.
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AbstractIn this chapter, we will provide an overview of the evolution of Japan’s peacekeeping policy from the enactment of the Peacekeeping Operations (PKO) Act in 1992 to the era before the return of Prime Minister Shinzo Abe in 2012 (we will also briefly mention more recent issues where relevant). The chapter consists of three sections. First, we will outline Japan’s experiences with personnel contribution to United Nations Peacekeeping Operations (UNPKOs) and other related activities. For this purpose, we will pay particular attention to Japan’s policy concept of International Peace Cooperation (IPC), in which UNPKO participation is embedded. Because the two variations of IPC (narrow vs. broad) coexist within the Government of Japan (GoJ) policy framework, we will evaluate its actual performance within these respective categories. Second, we will trace how Japan tried to follow the trends of “robustness” and “integration” from the early 1990s to 2012. Above all, we will investigate how the fifth item of the Five Principles, namely the restriction on the use of weapons only for self-preservation, caused practical problems for the Self-Defense Forces (SDF) peacekeepers on the ground, widening the gap between Japan and the international standard. Lastly, however, we will summarize how political realignment and shifts in public opinion were related to the decline of anti-militarism, which once restrained Japan’s UNPKO participation.
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Emms, Ken, and Alan Squires. "Insurance and the trade practices ACT." In Stock & Station Agents' Handbook, 132–33. Elsevier, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-075068927-4/50018-6.
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"Trade Practices Act and the Fair Trading Act – sleepers?" In Medical Law, 292. Routledge-Cavendish, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781843144748-22.
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Payne, Alistair, and David Fixler. "Australia (‘.au’)." In Domain Name Law And Practice. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199663163.003.0010.
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Trade marks and trade names are protected in Australia by a combination of registered trade mark protection (Trade Marks Act 1995 (Cth) (TMA), the action in ‘passing off’ at common law and by the prohibitions on misleading or deceptive conduct and false association under the Australian Consumer Law (ACL) (Schedule 2 of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010) ss 18 and 29 (corresponding provisions under previous legislation: Trade Practices Act 1974, ss 52 and 53).
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"Trade Practices Act Contraventions – Primary and Secondary Participation: Two Modes of Participation." In International Trade & Business Law Annual Vol V, 85–93. Routledge-Cavendish, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781843141280-10.
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Samuel, Graeme. "Consumers and small business: at the heart of the Trade Practices Act." In Critical Reflections on Australian Public Policy: Selected Essays. ANU Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.22459/crapp.05.2009.08.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Trade practices act"
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Hulicki, Maciej. "ALGORITHM TRANSPARENCY AS A SINE QUA NON PREREQUISITE FOR A SUSTAINABLE COMPETITION IN A DIGITAL MARKET?" In International Jean Monnet Module Conference of EU and Comparative Competition Law Issues "Competition Law (in Pandemic Times): Challenges and Reforms. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18823.
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Algorithms play a fundamental role in the digital economy. Their impact on the situation of market participants is significant. Hence, ensuring transparency of algorithms, through access to them, is crucial for the proper functioning of the market. Several models of algorithmic transparency are analyzed in the paper: from lack of transparency to complete regulation of algorithms. In particular, transparency through explanation, and “on-demand transparency” were proposed. The goal of the paper is to determine the optimal form and scope of regulation of this area, in order to ensure sustainable competition in the digital market. Hence, the paper focuses on the concept of algorithmic transparency, the nature of the competition in the digital market, the role of algorithms within the digital trade, and problems related to the regulation of algorithms. This allows to answering the question of whether algorithmic transparency is an indispensable condition for sustainable competition in the digital market, and what are the legal challenges, which may arise with respect to various models of algorithm transparency. The paper is embedded within the EU legal framework, discusses new legislative developments in the EU law, such as the proposal for the Digital Markets Act, and includes analysis of EU antitrust case-law and market practices.
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Van Brunt, Michael, and Brian Bahor. "Potential for Energy-From-Waste Carbon Offsets in North America." In 18th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec18-3540.
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A carbon offset program is likely to be part of any future federal cap-and-trade program and is included in both the U.S. House of Representatives passed American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 and the Kerry-Boxer Senate draft greenhouse gas legislation. Internationally, Energy-from-Waste (EfW) facilities in emerging economies are eligible for carbon offset credits under the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol. These carbon offset credits can be purchased by developed countries, such as those in Western Europe, to help comply with their obligations under the Kyoto Protocol. Although a similar mandatory market does not yet exist in the United States, there is a growing voluntary market in carbon offsets and a set of standards designed to provide some order to this market. One of the key players in the voluntary market is the Voluntary Carbon Standard (VCS). Project types, such as EfW, that are eligible for credits under the Clean Development Mechanism are also eligible to generate voluntary carbon credits under the VCS. This paper reviews the current methodology for calculating offsets from EfW projects. The current methodology is very conservative, severely restricts the accounting for avoided landfill methane, and significantly underestimates greenhouse gas savings relative to life cycle assessments performed on waste management practices. The current methodology for offsets is compared and contrasted with a more realistic methodology more in line with life cycle assessment calculations. A review of the potential for EfW offsets under evolving state and federal programs and precedents for offsets generated based on avoided landfill methane is also completed.
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Fry, Michael. "Practical trade-offs for open interconnection." In the 1992 ACM annual conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/131214.131215.
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Rudohradská, Simona, and Diana Treščáková. "PROPOSALS FOR THE DIGITAL MARKETS ACT AND DIGITAL SERVICES ACT: BROADER CONSIDERATIONS IN CONTEXT OF ONLINE PLATFORMS." In EU 2021 – The future of the EU in and after the pandemic. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18317.
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Proposals for a Regulation on a Single Market For Digital Services (Digital Services Act) and Regulation on contestable and fair markets in the digital sector (Digital Markets Atc) of 15th of December, 2020 were long-avaited tools, through which, in the field of digital services, a higher degree of legal certainty for the consumer should be ensured and the functional responsibility regime of online platforms should be secured, in direct proportion. Submitted proposals preceded open public consultation of interested stakeholders, including the general public, academics, digital companies and other businesses, associations, civil society public authorities, and trade unions. The need to adopt adequate legislation in line with rapid technological development also stemmed from the fact that the E-commerce Directive was adopted in 2000 and has so far been considered as the main legal framework governing the issue of digital platforms, but it is also necessary to add that the regulation of online platforms has been mainly left to the Member States. As much of the activity has shifted to the online enviroment, digital platforms are playing an increasingly important role in our lives. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relevant provisions of the proposal in the context of competition rules and also in view of the increased use of online platforms due to the global crisis. The content of the article will also contain a brief comparison with the current legal situation with reference to the practical implications that await us with the adoption of the new legislation.
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Zhang, Guchun, Xiaohong Peng, and Xuanye Gu. "Practical investigation of performance trade-offs in cooperative-relaying wireless networks." In the 6th ACM symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1641876.1641900.
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Yin, Yucheng, Zinan Lin, Minhao Jin, Giulia Fanti, and Vyas Sekar. "Practical GAN-based synthetic IP header trace generation using NetShare." In SIGCOMM '22: ACM SIGCOMM 2022 Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3544216.3544251.
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Li, Zeyan, Junjie Chen, Rui Jiao, Nengwen Zhao, Zhijun Wang, Shuwei Zhang, Yanjun Wu, et al. "Practical Root Cause Localization for Microservice Systems via Trace Analysis." In 2021 IEEE/ACM 29th International Symposium on Quality of Service (IWQOS). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iwqos52092.2021.9521340.
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Svegliato, Justin, Kyle Hollins Wray, and Shlomo Zilberstein. "Meta-Level Control of Anytime Algorithms with Online Performance Prediction." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/208.
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Anytime algorithms enable intelligent systems to trade computation time with solution quality. To exploit this crucial ability in real-time decision-making, the system must decide when to interrupt the anytime algorithm and act on the current solution. Existing meta-level control techniques, however, address this problem by relying on significant offline work that diminishes their practical utility and accuracy. We formally introduce an online performance prediction framework that enables meta-level control to adapt to each instance of a problem without any preprocessing. Using this framework, we then present a meta-level control technique and two stopping conditions. Finally, we show that our approach outperforms existing techniques that require substantial offline work. The result is efficient nonmyopic meta-level control that reduces the overhead and increases the benefits of using anytime algorithms in intelligent systems.
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Burr, Alexa S., S. David Toth, and Colin M. Frazier. "API RP 1173 Pipeline SMS Third-Party Assessment Program: A Key Industry Tool for Evaluating and Supporting Implementation of Pipeline Safety Management Systems." In 2020 13th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2020-9370.
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Abstract Since the publication of API Recommended Practice (RP) 1173: Pipeline Safety Management Systems, in July 2015, the energy pipeline trade groups in North America (American Petroleum Institute, Association of Oil Pipelines, American Gas Association, Interstate Natural Gas Association of America, and the American Public Gas Association) have worked collaboratively to develop tools and programs to assist energy pipeline operators with the development and implementation of Pipeline Safety Management System (Pipeline SMS) programs and processes. These resources include a Planning Tool, Implementation Tool and Evaluation Tool, as well as an industry-developed Maturity Model that describes a continuum of implementation levels, based on conformance to RP 1173 as well as implementation effectiveness. These resources can be found online and are supplemented by the Pipeline SMS Third-Party Assessment Program developed by API. Applying API’s experiences with successful safety programs in other segments and with significant contributions from the Pipeline SMS Implementation Team (aforementioned trade groups and various industry operators), the Pipeline SMS Third-Party Assessment Program is designed to be a key tool to facilitate Pipeline SMS implementation and to share and benchmark information to drive improvements in safety performance. The assessments also provide the pipeline industry with an objective, third-party option to test their systems and address the conformity auditing (API RP 1173, Section 10.2.2) and performance and maturity evaluation (API RP 1173, Section 10.2.3 to 10.2.5) requirements of the recommended practice. In 2019, pilot assessments were conducted and in 2020 the Assessment Program is being implemented. Through the piloting process, significant insights were gained into the practical application of the industry Maturity Model and how the assessments can contribute to an operator’s journey improving safety performance. Aligning with the flexibility and scalability goals of RP 1173, the pilot experiences included liquids transmission and gas distribution operators with varying approaches to pipeline SMS implementation. We will discuss the lessons learned through the piloting process and how the plan-do-check-act cycle was applied to improve the processes for planning, staffing and conducting the assessments to ensure that value is being provided to the pipeline industry. An independent assessment through the API Pipeline SMS Third-Party Assessment Program can validate internal efforts to increase maturity of programs, as well as provide operators with benchmarking data so that they can understand where other operators are in their maturity journey.
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Kocev, Ljuben. "THE INTRODUCTION OF A SIMPLIFIED LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY IN THE MACEDONIAN LEGISLATION – A VALID ATTEMPT FOR FOSTERING ENTREPRENEURSHIP OR JUST ANOTHER INSIGNIFICANT REASON FOR THE AMENDMENT OF THE COMPANY LAW ACT?" In Economic and Business Trends Shaping the Future. Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Economics-Skopje, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47063/ebtsf.2022.0017.
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In the past decade, there has been an ongoing trend, primarily among the EU member states, to decrease the legally required minimum capital for the establishment of limited liability companies. This was the effect of the introduction of the “1 GBP company” in the UK which resulted in the outflow of companies from other member states. Shareholders decided to set up companies in the UK instead of their home jurisdictions to take advantage of the lesser capital requirements. This was also possible due to the principle of freedom of establishment within the EU. However, with Brexit in full force, it remains to be seen whether some member states would reiterate from this practice. In the Republic of North Macedonia, the initiative for such amendment of the Company law act by the Government was launched in 2020. In September 2021 the proposal was finally adopted, resulting in the introduction of a new variant of the limited liability company – the so-called “simplified limited liability company” – a limited liability company with a minimum paid-in capital of 1 EUR. From its adoption in 2004 to this date, the Company law act has been amended more than 30 times, making it one of the most often changed legislative texts. A number of these amendments were controversial and even resulted in initiatives in front of the constitutional court for their abolishment. The paper aims to analyze the effect of the introduction of the simplified limited liability company in Macedonian legislation from a legal point of view. The analysis is focused primarily on the necessity, legal status, and effect of these forms of companies in comparison to the other forms of trade companies provided within the Macedonian Company law act. The analysis is conducted primarily through the use of the normative and comparative approach.
Reports on the topic "Trade practices act"
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Bergsen, Pepijn, Carolina Caeiro, Harriet Moynihan, Marianne Schneider-Petsinger, and Isabella Wilkinson. Digital trade and digital technical standards. Royal Institute of International Affairs, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/9781784135133.
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There is increasing impetus for stronger cooperation between the US, EU and UK on digital technology governance. Drivers of this trend include the economic incentives arising from opportunities for digital trade; the ambition for digital technology governance to be underpinned by shared values, including support for a democratic, open and global internet; and the need to respond to geopolitical competition, especially from China. Two specific areas of governance in which there is concrete potential to collaborate, and in which policymakers have indicated significant ambitions to do so, are digital trade and digital technical standards. - To leverage strategic opportunities for digital trade, the US, EU and UK need to continue identifying and promoting principles based on shared values and agendas, and demonstrate joint leadership at the global level, including in the World Trade Organization (WTO) on e-commerce. - Policy actors in the US, EU and UK should work individually and collectively to build on the latest generation of digital trade agreements. This will help to promote closer alignment on digital rules and standards, and support the establishment of more up-to-date models for innovation and governance. - Collaborating on digital technical standards, particularly those underlying internet governance and emerging technologies, offers the US, EU and UK strategic opportunities to build a vision of digital technology governance rooted in multi-stakeholder participation and democratic values. This can provide a strong alternative to standards proposals such as China’s ‘New IP’ system. - Policy actors should seek to expand strategic cooperation on standards development among the US, EU and UK, among like-minded countries, and among states that are undecided on the direction of their technology governance, including in the Global South. They should also take practical steps to incorporate the views and expertise of the technology industry, the broader private sector, academia and civil society. By promoting best-practice governance models that are anticipatory, dynamic and flexible, transatlantic efforts for cooperation on digital regulation can better account for the rapid pace of technological change. Early evidence of this more forward-looking approach is emerging through the EU’s proposed regulation of digital services and artificial intelligence (AI), and in the UK’s proposed legislation to tackle online harms. The recently launched EU-US Trade and Technology Council is a particularly valuable platform for strengthening cooperation in this arena. But transatlantic efforts to promote a model of digital governance predicated on democratic values would stand an even greater chance of success if the council’s work were more connected to efforts by the UK and other leading democracies
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Varisco, Andrea Edoardo, and Mark Bromley. Good Practice Guide on Post-Shipment On-site Inspections of Military Materiel. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/riai5755.
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In order to prevent the diversion of exported military materiel, an increasing number of states have conducted post-shipment on-site inspections (i.e. physical inspections of exported military materiel on the territory of the importing state) or have introduced measures to allow for them to take place. Several multilateral instruments have produced guidance documents on arms export controls that include provisions relevant to requiring or conducting post-shipment on-site inspections and this topic has been one of the main focuses of the German presidency of the Eighth Conference of States Parties to the Arms Trade Treaty. This SIPRI Good Practice Guide is aimed at states that are in the process of developing post-shipment on-site inspections or are considering their future adoption. It highlights a series of good practices that states can apply when developing and implementing this tool and follows four steps that are part of a post-shipment on-site inspection process: (a) adopting on-site inspections, (b) requiring on-site inspections, (c) conducting on-site inspections, and (d) follow-on steps after on-site inspections. The Good Practice Guide draws from experience of states that have conducted post-shipment on-site inspections, relevant guidance and policy documents, and the work done by SIPRI on this topic.
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Yu, Haichao, Haoxiang Li, Honghui Shi, Thomas S. Huang, and Gang Hua. Any-Precision Deep Neural Networks. Web of Open Science, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37686/ejai.v1i1.82.
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We present Any-Precision Deep Neural Networks (Any- Precision DNNs), which are trained with a new method that empowers learned DNNs to be flexible in any numerical precision during inference. The same model in runtime can be flexibly and directly set to different bit-width, by trun- cating the least significant bits, to support dynamic speed and accuracy trade-off. When all layers are set to low- bits, we show that the model achieved accuracy compara- ble to dedicated models trained at the same precision. This nice property facilitates flexible deployment of deep learn- ing models in real-world applications, where in practice trade-offs between model accuracy and runtime efficiency are often sought. Previous literature presents solutions to train models at each individual fixed efficiency/accuracy trade-off point. But how to produce a model flexible in runtime precision is largely unexplored. When the demand of efficiency/accuracy trade-off varies from time to time or even dynamically changes in runtime, it is infeasible to re-train models accordingly, and the storage budget may forbid keeping multiple models. Our proposed framework achieves this flexibility without performance degradation. More importantly, we demonstrate that this achievement is agnostic to model architectures. We experimentally validated our method with different deep network backbones (AlexNet-small, Resnet-20, Resnet-50) on different datasets (SVHN, Cifar-10, ImageNet) and observed consistent results.
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Dudoit, Alain, Molivann Panot, and Thierry Warin. Towards a multi-stakeholder Intermodal Trade-Transportation Data-Sharing and Knowledge Exchange Network. CIRANO, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/mvne7282.
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The performance of supply chains used to be mainly the concern of academics and professionals who studied the potential efficiencies and risks associated with this aspect of globalisation. In 2021, major disruptions in this critical sector of our economies are making headlines and attracting the attention of policy makers around the world. Supply chain bottlenecks create shortages, fuel inflation, and undermine economic recovery. This report provides a transversal and multidisciplinary analysis of the challenges and opportunities regarding data interoperability and data sharing as they relate to the ‘Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Seaway Trade Corridor’ (GLSLTC)’s intermodal transportation and trade data strategy. The size and scope of this trade corridor are only matched by the complexity of its multimodal freight transportation systems and growing urbanization on both sides of the Canada-US border. This complexity is exacerbated by the lack of data interoperability and effective collaborations between the different stakeholders within the various jurisdictions and amongst them. Our analytical work relies on : 1) A review of the relevant documentation on the latest challenges to supply chains (SC), intermodal freight transport and international trade, identifying any databases that are to be used.; 2) A comparative review of selected relevant initiatives to give insights into the best practices in digital supply chains implemented in Canada, the United States, and the European Union.; 3) Interviews and discussions with experts from Transport Canada, Statistics Canada, the Canadian Centre on Transportation Data (CCTD) and Global Affairs Canada, as well as with CIRANO’s research community and four partner institutions to identify databases and data that they use in their research related to transportation and trade relevant data availabilities and methodologies as well as joint research opportunities. Its main findings can be summarized as follow: GLSLTC is characterized by its critical scale, complexity, and strategic impact as North America’s most vital trade corridor in the foreseeable further intensification of continental trade. 4% of Canadian GDP is attributed to the Transportation and Logistics sector (2018): $1 trillion of goods moved every year: Goods and services imports are equivalent to 33% of Canada’s GDP and goods and services exports equivalent to 32%. The transportation sector is a key contributor to the achievement of net-zero emissions commitment by 2050. All sectors of the Canadian economy are affected by global supply chain disruptions. Uncertainty and threats extend well beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic. “De-globalization” and increasing supply chains regionalization pressures are mounting. Innovation and thus economic performance—increasingly hinges on the quantity and quality of data. Data is transforming Canada’s economy/society and is now at the center of global trade “Transport data is becoming less available: Canada needs to make data a priority for a national transportation strategy.” * “How the Government of Canada collects, manages, and governs data—and how it accesses and shares data with other governments, sectors, and Canadians—must change.”
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Bromley, Mark, Lauriane Héau, and Giovanna Maletta. Post-shipment On-site Inspections: Multilateral Steps for Debating and Enabling Their Adoption and Use. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/owbx3499.
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Among the key tools that states that export arms and military equipment can adopt to help to prevent and mitigate the diversion of military materiel are post-shipment on-site inspections. These inspections involve the exporting state requiring and conducting physical checks on previously authorized and transferred military materiel on the territory of the importing state. In the past decade a growing number of states have adopted and implemented this policy tool. In addition, some multilateral bodies and instruments—including forums connected to the 2013 Arms Trade Treaty, the European Union and the United Nations—have been used to exchange views on the use of post-shipment on-site inspections and to develop related good practice guidelines. The wider use of post-shipment on-site inspections could help to prevent diversion of military materiel and reduce the human suffering that this generates, but several barriers and challenges appear to be blocking their broader adoption. This SIPRI Policy Paper reviews these barriers and challenges, and summarizes the steps that have been taken at the national level to address them. The paper then examines the steps that have been taken and that could be taken at the multilateral level to expand discussion about post-shipment on-site inspections and help to support those states that are considering adopting this policy tool. For each step, the policy paper presents a series of recommendations that could be taken forward by states, research institutes, or the executives or secretariats of relevant multilateral instruments or bodies.
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Futch Ehrlich, Valerie A. Leadership Development as a Lever for Social Change: An Evaluation Framework and Impact Storytelling Approach. Center for Creative Leadeship, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35613/ccl.2022.2050.
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Founded with the mission to “advance the understanding, practice, and development of leadership for the benefit of society worldwide”, the Center for Creative Leadership (CCL) has served both the social and commercial sectors for over 50 years. Many of our programs across corporate, government, philanthropic, and social (e.g., NGOS, nonprofits, K12 institutions, higher education institutions, and population health organizations) sectors have the goal of improving outcomes for individual leaders and groups, and extending those outcomes to create impact at the organizational, community, or societal level. Our clients often aspire for large and transformational impact. They are interested in telling stories of impact – both immediate and sustained – that trace the power of their investment and its ability to result in improved outcomes for individuals, organizations, and communities. However, it’s often difficult or impossible to represent such impact without intentional planning and measurement. Using the idea of levers as a metaphor, we present a pathway for how leadership development across contexts can lead to larger scale impact, with examples from some of our current efforts to demonstrate this impact. We also provide a typology of stories that can be useful for communicating complex impact pathways. The typology provides metaphors for understanding the variety of layers of impact that contribute to societal change. Our work in support of this framework is continuously evolving, as we are learning, improving our measures, and identifying opportunities for increased evaluation efforts.
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Hicks, Jacqueline. Drivers of Compliance with International Human Rights Treaties. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.130.
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Are international human rights treaties associated with better rights performance? The appetite for a conclusive answer has driven a number of large scale quantitative studies that have broadly shown little or no effect, and sometimes even a backsliding. However, the headline conclusions belie much more complicated findings, and the research methods used are controversial. These issues undermine confidence in the findings. Comparative and individual case studies allow for more detailed information about how domestic human rights activists use international human rights laws in practice. They tend to be more positive about the effect of treaties, but they are not as systematic as the quantitative work. Some indirect measures of treaty effect show that the norms contained within them filter down into domestic constitutions, and that the process of human rights reporting at the UN may be useful if dialogue can be considered an a priori good. It is likely that states are driven to comply with human rights obligations through a combination of dynamic influences. Drivers of compliance with international law is a major, unresolved question in the research that is heavily influenced by the worldview of researchers. The two strongest findings are: Domestic context drives compliance. In particular: (1) The strength of domestic non-governmental organisations (NGOs), and links with international NGOs (INGOs), and (2) in partial and transitioning democracies where locals have a reason to use the treaties as tools to press their claims. External enforcement may help drive compliance when: (1) other states link human rights obligations in the treaties to preferential trade agreements, and (2) INGOs ‘name and shame’ human rights violations, possibly reducing inward investment flows from companies worried about their reputation. Scholars also identify intermediate effects of continued dialogue and norm socialisation from the UN’s human rights reporting processes. Interviews with diplomats involved in UN reporting say that the process is more effective when NGOs and individual governments are involved.
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Amirav, Aviv, and Steven Lehotay. Fast Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Agricultural Products. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7695851.bard.
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The overall theme of this project was to increase the speed of analysis for monitoring pesticide residues in food. Traditionally, analytical methods for multiple pesticides are time-consuming, expensive, laborious, wasteful, and ineffective to meet critical needs related to food safety. Faster and better methods were needed to provide more cost-effective detection of chemical contaminants, and thus provide a variety of benefits to agriculture. This overarching goal to speed and improve pesticide analysis was successfully accomplished even beyond what was originally proposed by the investigators in 1998. At that time, the main objectives of this project were: 1) to further develop a direct sample introduction (DSI) device that enables fast sampling and introduction of blended-only agricultural products for analysis by gas chromatography (GC); 2) to evaluate, establish, and further develop the method of simultaneous pulsed flame photometric detector (PFPD) and mass spectrometry (MS) detection for enhanced pesticide identification capabilities; and 3) to develop a new and novel MS pesticide analysis method, based on the use of supersonic molecular beams (SMB) for sampling and ionization. The first and third objectives were successfully accomplished as proposed, and the feasibility of the second objective was already demonstrated. The capabilities of the GC/SMB-MS approach alone were so useful for pesticide analysis that the simultaneous use of a PFPD was considered superfluous. Instead, the PFPD was investigated in combination with an electron-capture detector for low-cost, simultaneous analysis of organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticides in fatty foods. Three important, novel research projects not originally described in the proposal were also accomplished: 1) development of the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method for pesticides in foods; 2) development and optimization of a method using low-pressure (LP) GC/MS to speed pesticide residue analysis; and 3) innovative application of analyte protectants to improve the GC analysis of important problematic pesticides. All of the accomplishments from this project are expected to have strong impact to the analytical community and implications to agriculture and food safety. For one, an automated DSI approach has become commercially available in combination with GC/MS for the analysis of pesticide residues. Meanwhile, the PFPD has become the selective detector of choice for the analysis of organophosphorus pesticides. Great strides were made in SMB-MS through the manufacture of a prototype "Supersonic GC/MS" instrument, which displayed many advantages over commercial GC/MS instruments. Most notably, the QuEChERS method is already being disseminated to routine monitoring labs and has shown great promise to improve pesticide analytical capabilities and increase lab productivity. The implications of these developments to agriculture will be to increase the percentage of food monitored and the scope of residues detected in the food, which will serve to improve food safety. Developed and developing countries alike will be able to use these methods to lower costs and improve results, thus imported/exported food products will have better quality without affecting price or availability. This will help increase trade between nations and mitigate certain disputes over residue levels in imported foods. The improved enforcement of permissible residue levels provided by these methods will have the effect to promote good agricultural practices among previously obstinate farmers who felt no repercussions from illegal or harmful practices. Furthermore, the methods developed can be used in the field to analyze samples quickly and effectively, or to screen for high levels of dangerous chemicals that may intentionally or accidentally appear in the food supply.
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Weissinger, Rebecca. Trends in water quality at Bryce Canyon National Park, water years 2006–2021. Edited by Alice Wondrak Biel. National Park Service, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294946.
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The National Park Service collects water-quality samples on a rotating basis at three fixed water-quality stations in Bryce Canyon National Park (NP): Sheep Creek, Yellow Creek, and Mossy Cave Spring. Data collection began at Sheep Creek and Yellow Creek in November 2005 and at Mossy Cave in July 2008. Data on in-situ parameters, fecal-coliform samples, major ions, and nutrients are collected monthly, while trace elements are sampled quarterly. This report analyzes data from the beginning of the period of record for each station through water year 2021 to test for trends over time. Concentrations are also compared to relevant water-quality standards for the State of Utah. Overall, water quality at the park’s monitoring stations continues to be excellent, and park managers have been successful in their goal of maintaining these systems in unimpaired condition. Infrequent but continued Escherichia coli exceedances from trespass livestock at Sheep and Yellow creeks support the need for regular fence maintenance along the park boundary. High-quality conditions may qualify all three sites as Category 1 waters, the highest level of anti-degradation protection provided by the State of Utah. Minimum and maximum air temperatures at the park have increased, while precipitation remains highly variable. Increasing air temperatures have led to increasing water temperatures in Sheep and Yellow creeks. Sheep Creek also had a decrease in flow across several quantiles from 2006 to 2021, while higher flows decreased at Yellow Creek in the same period. Surface flows in these two creeks are likely to be increasingly affected by higher evapotranspiration due to warming air temperatures and possibly decreasing snowmelt runoff as the climate changes. The influx of ancient groundwater in both creek drainages helps sustain base flows at the sites. Mossy Cave Spring, which is sampled close to the spring emergence point, showed less of a climate signal than Sheep and Yellow creeks. In our record, the spring shows a modest increase in discharge, including higher flows at higher air temperatures. An uptick in visitation to Water Canyon and the Mossy Cave Trail has so far not been reflected by changes in water quality. There are additional statistical trends in water-quality parameters at all three sites. However, most of these trends are quite small and are likely ecologically negligible. Some statistical trends may be the result of instrument changes and improvements in quality assurance and quality control over time in both the field sampling effort and the laboratory analyses. Long-term monitoring of water-quality stations at Bryce Canyon NP suggests relatively stable aquatic systems that benefit from protection within the park. To maintain these unimpaired conditions into the future, park managers could consider: Regular fence checks and maintenance along active grazing allotments at the park boundary to protect riparian areas and aquatic systems from trespass livestock. Developing a springs-monitoring program to track changes in springflow at spring emergences to better understand bedrock-aquifer water supplies. These data would also help quantify springflow for use in water-rights hearings. Supporting hydrogeologic investigations to map the extent and flow paths of groundwater aquifers. Working with the State of Utah to develop groundwater-protection zones to protect groundwater aquifers from developments that would affect springs in the park. Prioritizing watershed management with proactive fire risk-reduction practices. Explicitly including watershed protection as a goal in plans for fire management and suppression. Using additional data and analyses to better understand the drivers of trends in water quality and their ecological significance. These could include higher-frequency data to better understand relationships between groundwater, precipitation, and surface flows at the sites. These could also include watershed metrics...
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Yatsymirska, Mariya. SOCIAL EXPRESSION IN MULTIMEDIA TEXTS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.49.11072.
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The article investigates functional techniques of extralinguistic expression in multimedia texts; the effectiveness of figurative expressions as a reaction to modern events in Ukraine and their influence on the formation of public opinion is shown. Publications of journalists, broadcasts of media resonators, experts, public figures, politicians, readers are analyzed. The language of the media plays a key role in shaping the worldview of the young political elite in the first place. The essence of each statement is a focused thought that reacts to events in the world or in one’s own country. The most popular platform for mass information and social interaction is, first of all, network journalism, which is characterized by mobility and unlimited time and space. Authors have complete freedom to express their views in direct language, including their own word formation. Phonetic, lexical, phraseological and stylistic means of speech create expression of the text. A figurative word, a good aphorism or proverb, a paraphrased expression, etc. enhance the effectiveness of a multimedia text. This is especially important for headlines that simultaneously inform and influence the views of millions of readers. Given the wide range of issues raised by the Internet as a medium, research in this area is interdisciplinary. The science of information, combining language and social communication, is at the forefront of global interactions. The Internet is an effective source of knowledge and a forum for free thought. Nonlinear texts (hypertexts) – «branching texts or texts that perform actions on request», multimedia texts change the principles of information collection, storage and dissemination, involving billions of readers in the discussion of global issues. Mastering the word is not an easy task if the author of the publication is not well-read, is not deep in the topic, does not know the psychology of the audience for which he writes. Therefore, the study of media broadcasting is an important component of the professional training of future journalists. The functions of the language of the media require the authors to make the right statements and convincing arguments in the text. Journalism education is not only knowledge of imperative and dispositive norms, but also apodictic ones. In practice, this means that there are rules in media creativity that are based on logical necessity. Apodicticity is the first sign of impressive language on the platform of print or electronic media. Social expression is a combination of creative abilities and linguistic competencies that a journalist realizes in his activity. Creative self-expression is realized in a set of many important factors in the media: the choice of topic, convincing arguments, logical presentation of ideas and deep philological education. Linguistic art, in contrast to painting, music, sculpture, accumulates all visual, auditory, tactile and empathic sensations in a universal sign – the word. The choice of the word for the reproduction of sensory and semantic meanings, its competent use in the appropriate context distinguishes the journalist-intellectual from other participants in forums, round tables, analytical or entertainment programs. Expressive speech in the media is a product of the intellect (ability to think) of all those who write on socio-political or economic topics. In the same plane with him – intelligence (awareness, prudence), the first sign of which (according to Ivan Ogienko) is a good knowledge of the language. Intellectual language is an important means of organizing a journalistic text. It, on the one hand, logically conveys the author’s thoughts, and on the other – encourages the reader to reflect and comprehend what is read. The richness of language is accumulated through continuous self-education and interesting communication. Studies of social expression as an important factor influencing the formation of public consciousness should open up new facets of rational and emotional media broadcasting; to trace physical and psychological reactions to communicative mimicry in the media. Speech mimicry as one of the methods of disguise is increasingly becoming a dangerous factor in manipulating the media. Mimicry is an unprincipled adaptation to the surrounding social conditions; one of the most famous examples of an animal characterized by mimicry (change of protective color and shape) is a chameleon. In a figurative sense, chameleons are called adaptive journalists. Observations show that mimicry in politics is to some extent a kind of game that, like every game, is always conditional and artificial.