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Journal articles on the topic 'Trade liberalization'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 June 2024

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1

Chile, Love M., and Dayal Talukder. "The Paradox of Agricultural Trade Liberalization in Bangladesh and Tanzania." American Journal of Trade and Policy 1, no. 1 (April 30, 2014): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajtp.v1i1.358.

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This paper examines some of the contradictions and theoretical ambiguities of agricultural trade liberalizationon the welfare of smallholder farmers. Using production, consumption and price data for pre-and post-liberalization periods for two main agricultural crops from Bangladesh (rice) and Tanzania (maize) we critically analyse the correlation between domestic and international prices of rice in Bangladesh and maize in Tanzania to estimate impact of agricultural trade liberalization on price stability/volatility and food security to measure economic benefits of trade liberalization on smallholder farmers. Using coefficient of variation of the level of prices (CV) and corrected coefficient of variation (CCV) as measured by Huchet-Bourdon (2011) we found that the values of both CV and CCV for consumer price in the post-liberalisation were quite large suggesting greater volatility of consumer price of rice in Bangladesh and maize in Tanzania in the post-liberalization period. We conclude that price volatility diminishes the potential benefits of agricultural trade liberalization forsmallholder farmers who are net-deficit producers, net-deficit sellers and recommend supplementary policy interventions to achieve enhanced welfare from trade liberalization.

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2

Chika Priscilla Imoagwu, Godson Nwagu Umunna, Chika Maureen Okaforocha, Ogochukwu Theresa Ugwunna, and Eze Anoke Eze. "DOES TRADE LIBERALIZATION IMPROVE UNEMPLOYMENT RATE IN NIGERIA: EVIDENCE FROM RECENT DATA." International Journal of Advanced Economics 5, no. 7 (September 18, 2023): 199–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.51594/ijae.v5i7.561.

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Trade liberalization and its effect on unemployment have, over the years, attracted greater research and attention from many researchers, given the attendant negative effects it has on the growth of an economy. The study investigated trade liberalization's impact on Nigeria's unemployment from 1981 to 2022. The study divided trade liberalization into exports trade and imports trade. The study employs the Ordinary Lease Square. The study conducted for descriptive statistics tested for unit root where most of the variables like export trade, import trade, real gross domestic product, unemployment, and exchange rate are stationary at first difference I(1), while inflation and foreign direct investment were stationary at level I(0). The study uses to co-integration test to confirm the long-run relationship between trade liberalization (export trade and import trade) and unemployment, and the result shows that there exists a long-run relationship. The result reveals that trade liberalization (both export trade and import trade) has a negative and significant relationship with unemployment in Nigeria; it means that an increase in both export and import trade will reduce unemployment in the country. The study concluded and recommended that the government should establish a trade policy that enhances employment opportunities and would contribute significantly to reducing unemployment in Nigeria. Keywords: Trade Liberalization, Export, Import, Unemployment, OLS, Nigeria. JEL Classifications: E24, F02, F16, F41, F32

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3

Dix-Carneiro, Rafael, and Brian K. Kovak. "Trade Liberalization and Regional Dynamics." American Economic Review 107, no. 10 (October 1, 2017): 2908–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20161214.

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We study the evolution of trade liberalization's effects on Brazilian local labor markets. Regions facing larger tariff cuts experienced prolonged declines in formal sector employment and earnings relative to other regions. The impact of tariff changes on regional earnings 20 years after liberalization was three times the effect after 10 years. These increasing effects on regional earnings are inconsistent with conventional spatial equilibrium models, which predict declining effects due to spatial arbitrage. We investigate potential mechanisms, finding empirical support for a mechanism involving imperfect interregional labor mobility and dynamics in labor demand, driven by slow capital adjustment and agglomeration economies. This mechanism gradually amplifies the effects of liberalization, explaining the slow adjustment path of regional earnings and quantitatively accounting for the magnitude of the long-run effects. (JEL F16, J23, J31, J61, O15, O19, R23)

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4

Afontsev, S. "Trade Liberalization and Trade Balance." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 7 (July 20, 2005): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2005-7-19-36.

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The paper estimates the impact of import tariffs on Russia's trade balance. Empirical model analyzes Russian trade by industries and partner countries, taking into account import tariffs on both industrial output and intermediate goods. It is shown that the aggregate impact of import duties on trade balance is negative in all industries outside the fuel and energy sector. Decrease in import tariffs is likely to improve market positions of Russian non-fuel exports, especially in such industries as machine building and metal works, agriculture and forestry, chemistry and light industry.

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5

Angelini, Elisabetta Croci. "AGRICULTURAL TRADE LIBERALIZATION." Agricultural Economics 8, no. 1 (December 1992): 79–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.1992.tb00232.x.

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6

Lv, Yan. "Maritime Transport Services in ASEAN-China Free Trade Area-Liberalization and Challenges." Asian Journal of Social Science Studies 4, no. 3 (September 20, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20849/ajsss.v4i3.634.

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Maritime transport, as an international transportation, plays an imperative role in global trades. At present, the negotiation on maritime transport sector faces with difficulties. This brief article tries to indicate the challenges of maritime service trade liberalization in CHINA-ASEAN free trade area; to find out the ways to promote maritime trade liberalization.

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7

Pugachevska, Kateryna. "TRADE RESTRICTIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF FOREIGN TRADE LIBERALIZATION." Scientific Bulletin of Mukachevo State University. Series “Economics” 1(13) (2020): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31339/2313-8114-2020-1(13)-51-55.

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Research on the impact of the external component on economic growth shows the prevailing view of the positive impact of foreign trade and its liberalization on economic growth. At the same time, discussions on trends in foreign trade liberalization are part of the issue of contradictory impact of free cross-border movement of goods, capital and labor on the economic development. The majority of sources on endogenous growth contains a range of models for the relationship between trade restrictions and economic growth. Therefore, the aim of the article is to study trade restrictions in the context of foreign trade liberalization. At a high level of economic development, the liberalization of the economy allows to increase the benefits of foreign trade, but the issues related to the opening of national markets in the economic periphery remain controversial. The article considers the essence and classification of foreign trade restrictions. The views of scholars of leading economic schools on the relationship between trade liberalization and economic growth have been represented. It has been determined, that the main trends in the liberalization of foreign trade are: expanding the scope of regulatory measures by both national governments and global trade institutions; coordination and intensification of international cooperation in the areas of multilateral liberalization of foreign trade; growing non-tariff barriers to the development of international trade. The results of the study allow to deepen the understanding of the peculiarities of ensuring national economic interests in the conditions of dynamization of foreign trade. Key words: trade restrictions, national economic interests, import regulation, foreign trade liberalization, tariff and non-tariff restrictions.

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8

Muhammada, Murtala, Abubakar Ahmed, Gold Kafilah Lola, Usman Mikail Usman, and Nader Ale Ebrahim. "The Rise of “Trade Liberalization”: Bibliometric Analysis of Trade Liberalization Study." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 8, no. 2 (March 28, 2017): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2017.v8n2p97.

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Abstract The purpose of this research is to assess the universal scientific trends and examine the patterns in the intellectual research published on trade liberalization over a period of 35 years (1980-2015). The data were collected from a leading indexing and abstracting database Thomson Reuters Web of Science. The Kruskal-Walis test, ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation were employed in analyzing the retrieved data. Based on the citation trend of first 100 highly cited published articles with the least number of authors are found to have received the highest number of citations. Our result shows that there is actual statistical significance (p˂ 0.001) between the total citations attracted by articles published by 1 author and those published by 3 and 4 authors. The word trade liberalization has become dominant and consistent in the field of the study. These research trend and interest could provide focus to researchers for future research.

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9

ERIC IKSOON, IM, and Vu Tam Bang. "Estimated Policy Effects on Vietnam’s Exports to Its Major APEC Trade Partners: A Gravity Model Approach." Journal of Asian Business and Economic Studies 217 (July 1, 2013): 02–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24311/jabes/2013.217.06.

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This paper carries out an empirical assessment of the effects of a set of policy determinants of Vietnam?s exports to its five major Asia Pacific trade partners (China, Japan, South Korea, Singapore, and US) over 23 years from 1989 to 2011. In doing so, a gravity model is employed, which includes two sets of variables: one for gravity variables, and the other for policy-related variables. The latter includes four policy variables: real exchange rate, trade liberalization, anti-corruption activity, and WTO membership status. The effects of real exchange rate and anti-corruption activity are each specified as a linear function of the degree of trade liberalization to capture the indirect effects of trade liberalization on Vietnam?s exports over time. The effect of trade liberalization on Vietnam?s exports is specified as linear dependent on its WTO membership status to capture its direct effect and the additional effect attributable to Vietnam?s accession to WTO on its exports. We find that Vietnam?s trade liberalization has direct and indirect positive impacts on its trades, and its accession to WTO has a positive effect as well, contrary to some criticism otherwise.

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10

Carol, Anionwu. "Trade Liberalization and Trade Flows in Nigeria: An Aggregated Analysis." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-6 (October 31, 2018): 1507–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd18911.

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11

NAGHAVI, ALIREZA. "Trade sanctions and green trade liberalization." Environment and Development Economics 15, no. 4 (April 15, 2010): 379–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x10000094.

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ABSTRACTThis paper studies the impact of a World Trade Organization withdrawal of trade concessions against countries that fail to respect globally recognized environmental standards. We show that a punishing tariff can be effective when environmental and trade policies are endogenous. When required standards are not too stringent with respect to the marginal damage of pollution, compliance along with free trade as a reward is the unique equilibrium outcome. A positive optimal tariff in the case of non-compliance prevents complete relocation to pollution havens, but only works as a successful credible threat and does not emerge in equilibrium.

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12

Widiatedja, I. Gusti Ngurah Parikesit. "Trade Liberalization, Domestic Trade Policies and the Failure of Reducing Poverty: The Case of Indonesia." Sociological Jurisprudence Journal 4, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/scj.4.1.2289.6-12.

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The existence of international trade has provided important benefits for reducing poverty. Many countries then have concluded trade agreements, to reach this goal by committing trade liberalization. The relatively high number of poverty has raised some concerns, questioning the effectiveness of trade liberalization. Putting Indonesia as a case study, this article weighs the role of trade liberalization and domestic trade policies in reducing poverty. This article argues that the existence of domestic trade policies is more significant than trade liberalization. The unfair practices, corruption, and the overwhelming spirit of national interest that colour domestic trade policies, contribute to the failure of reducing poverty instead of trade liberalization.

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13

Gnangnon, Sèna Kimm. "Empirical Evidence on the Impact of Multilateral Trade Liberalization on Domestic Trade Policy." Global Economy Journal 17, no. 3 (August 5, 2017): 20170047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gej-2017-0047.

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During recent years, the world has faced a growing anti-trade rhetoric, which has been translating in a strong appeal of domestic trade protectionist measures, situation that has been undermining trade multilateralization. The current paper examines the extent to which multilateral trade liberalization affects domestic trade policy liberalization. The analysis uses a panel dataset comprising 166 countries over the period 1995–2014. It suggests evidence that multilateral trade liberalization is strongly conducive to domestic trade policy liberalization. Moreover, as countries further develop, they experience a greater impact of multilateral trade liberalization on domestic trade policy liberalization. The take-home message of this analysis is that domestic protectionist trade policy measures would likely undermine the multilateralization of trade and prompt trading partners to react in the same way. This would ultimately result in trade wars, which would be damage for domestic economies and the world’s economic performance.

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14

Duru, Innocent U. "Trade Liberalization and Economic Growth: The Scenario of the MINT Economies." Economy 8, no. 2 (December 27, 2021): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.20448/journal.502.2021.82.35.48.

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This study investigated the impact of trade liberalization on economic growth for Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria and Turkey from 1986 to 2020. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag Bounds approach to cointegration and Toda and Yamamoto causality test were utilized for this study. The long-run results revealed that there is no relationship between trade liberalization and real gross domestic product per capita except for Mexico and in this situation, the significance level was at 10%. The results of the causality test showed that no causality was detected between real gross domestic product per capita and trade liberalization for Mexico and Indonesia. A bidirectional causality between real gross domestic product per capita and trade liberalization was found for Nigeria whereas a unidirectional causality from trade liberalization to real gross domestic product per capita was revealed for Turkey. The no causality results for Mexico and Indonesia means that the policy objectives of trade liberalization and economic growth can be pursued independently in both economies. In addition, the bidirectional causality detected for Nigeria suggests that the policy objectives of trade liberalization and economic growth can be pursued together in Nigeria. Furthermore, the unidirectional causality from trade liberalization to real gross domestic product per capita found for Turkey implies that she employs trade liberalization policies effectively for objectives of economic growth, thus trade liberalization causes economic growth.

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15

Daquila, Teófilo C. "LAS INTERACCIONES ENTRE LOS PAÍSES DEL AFTA Y DE LA APEC Y SUS INFLUENCIAS EN LA REGIÓN." Cuadernos de difusión, no. 7-8 (December 30, 1997): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.46631/jefas.1997.n7-8.02.

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It attempts to trace and identify the divergences of ASEAN and APEC member countries with respect to the three areas of work agreed upon by ABPEC at the 1993 Seattle Summit: trade liberalization, trade facilitation and economic cooperation; differences that are explained, among other reasons, buy the different degrees of economic development achieved, different industrialization policies and different tariff structures. It is concluded that, within ASEAN, member countries differ in the speed of the trade liberalization process and in the allocation of industrial projects in the pursuit of industrial cooperation. Within APEC, countries have different points of view and interact differently in terms of focus, timelines, trade blockade issues, and open regionalism. But in both cases, countries converge on the need to achieve liberalization and openness to trade and investment.

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16

Agénor, Pierre-Richard, and Joshua Aizenman. "Trade Liberalization and Unemployment." IMF Working Papers 95, no. 20 (1995): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451843811.001.

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17

Dr Rummana Zaheer, Dr Rummana Zaheer. "APEC and Trade Liberalization." IOSR Journal of Business and Management 10, no. 3 (2013): 37–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/487x-1033756.

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18

Dogan, Aysel. "Liberalization in international trade." Filosofia Unisinos 11, no. 2 (September 1, 2010): 130–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4013/fsu.2010.112.02.

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19

Chimanikire, Donald P. "Zimbabwe and trade liberalization." Peace Review 3, no. 4 (December 1991): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402659108425620.

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20

Daly, Deirdre. "Multilateralism and Trade Liberalization." SAIS Review of International Affairs 28, no. 2 (2008): 31–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sais.0.0003.

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21

Suranovic, Steven, and Robert Winthrop. "Trade Liberalization and Culture." Global Economy Journal 14, no. 1 (February 13, 2014): 57–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gej-2013-0047.

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This paper addresses the effect of international trade on cultural outcomes from both economic and anthropological perspectives. Definitions of culture are informed by anthropology and then incorporated into a standard economic trade models in two distinct ways. In the “cultural affinity from work” model, workers receive a non-pecuniary cultural benefit from work in a particular industry. In the “cultural externality” model, consumers of a product receive utility from other consumer’s consumption of a domestic good. We show that resistance to change due to cultural concerns can reduce the national benefits from trade liberalization. Complete movements to free trade will have a positive national welfare impact in the cultural affinity case, whereas it may lower national welfare in the cultural externality case. We also show that a loss of cultural benefits is more likely to occur when culture is an externality.

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22

Tanaka, Ryuichi. "Timing of trade liberalization." Journal of International Trade & Economic Development 16, no. 4 (December 2007): 447–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09638190701600207.

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23

Davidson, Carl, and Steven J. Matusz. "TRADE LIBERALIZATION AND COMPENSATION*." International Economic Review 47, no. 3 (August 2006): 723–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2354.2006.00394.x.

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24

BAN, Hikari. "Trade Liberalization and Wage." Input-Output Analysis 11, no. 1 (2003): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.11107/papaios.11.45.

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Agénor, Pierre-Richard, and Joshua Aizenman. "Trade liberalization and unemployment." Journal of International Trade & Economic Development 5, no. 3 (November 1996): 265–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09638199600000016.

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26

Oh, Soo Hyun (Catherine), and Dongwoo Yoo. "Unemployment after trade liberalization." Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting & Economics 27, no. 6 (May 3, 2018): 745–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16081625.2018.1460209.

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27

Atici, Cemal. "Liberalization–Goals Trade-Offs." Outlook on Agriculture 34, no. 2 (June 2005): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/0000000054224364.

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Equity, efficiency, security and liberty are the four main policy goals in a society. This paper examines the current trade-offs of these goals with agricultural trade liberalization for developing countries. Trade liberalization may cause contradictory results for developing countries. While trade liberalization may improve the welfare of a country, the distribution of income in that country may deteriorate. Efficiency, on the other hand, is another concept that depends not only on who defines it, but also on how it is defined. Liberalized trade may increase the efficient use of resources; however, it may also harm sustainability. Free trade may pave the way for liberty; however, new regional trading blocs may curtail the free choice of states, causing greater interdependence. Trade data over recent years show a decreasing share of total trade in developing countries despite an increase in the absolute value. Thus, liberalized trade in agriculture could help developing countries to achieve these universal goals if it were accompanied by decisive reforms and supported by international consciousness.

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28

Maskus, Keith E., and Denise Eby Konan. "Trade Liberalization in Egypt." Review of Development Economics 1, no. 3 (October 1997): 275–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9361.00019.

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29

Petrunin, O. "Hazards of Trade Liberalization." World Economy and International Relations, no. 11 (2001): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2001-11-39-43.

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30

Eswaran, Mukesh, and Ashok Kotwal. "Quality-enhancing trade liberalization." Journal of Development Economics 83, no. 2 (July 2007): 549–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2006.02.003.

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31

Gnangnon, Sena, and Jean-François Brun. "Impact of Multilateral Trade Liberalization on Resource Revenue." Economies 6, no. 4 (November 16, 2018): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies6040060.

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This paper investigates the impact of multilateral trade liberalization on resource revenue, using an unbalanced panel dataset comprising 57 countries, including both developed and developing countries, over the period 1995–2015. By means of the two-step system Generalized Methods of Moments (GMM) estimator, the empirical analysis suggests that multilateral trade liberalization exerts a negative effect on resource revenue, probably at the benefit of non-resource revenue. However, this effect over the full sample hides a positive effect of multilateral trade liberalization on resource revenue in poorest countries, and a negative effect of multilateral trade liberalization on resource revenue in non-poorest countries of the sample. Additionally, the negative effect of multilateral trade liberalization on resource revenue over the full sample appears to be dependent on the degree of domestic trade liberalization. In fact, multilateral trade liberalization genuinely induces a reducing effect on resource revenue only if countries liberalize their domestic trade regime beyond a minimum level.

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32

Siddika, Rahnuma, and Sibbir Ahmad. "Trade Liberalization and Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Study using Updated Sachs-Warner Index." Asian Journal of Economic Modelling 10, no. 3 (August 17, 2022): 216–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.55493/5009.v10i3.4581.

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The relationship between trade liberalization and economic growth is a hotly contested issue. Some studies claim a positive impact while others oppose it. This study uses updated data to generate new evidence for the debate. Using a dynamic panel framework and the Sachs-Warner indicator of liberalization, this study finds that trade liberalization does appear to impact growth. The evidence this study generated points to the advocacy for trade liberalization and extending trade volume supporting the view of classical economists. This study revisits the linkage between trade openness and growth through an updated empirical analysis. This paper presents an updated dataset of openness indicators and trade liberalization dates for countries from 1990 to 2010. It finds new evidence on the time paths of economic growth, physical capital investment, and openness around episodes of trade policy liberalization. Using the updated Sachs-Warner index, the study shows that trade liberalization positively affects economic growth.

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33

Ahmad, Khalil. "Trade Liberalization-Trade Revenue Nexus: An Empirical Enquiry of Trade Laffer Curve of Pakistan." Sukkur IBA Journal of Management and Business 5, no. 1 (July 4, 2018): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30537/sijmb.v5i1.190.

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This study tries to explore the trade revenue implication of trade liberalization for Pakistan. Laffer curve approach is used to see the non-linear relationship between trade openness and trade tax revenue. Empirical evidence shows that trade openness has constructive impact on trade tax revenue in linear term. The non-linear relationship has also been explored in the presence of other macroeconomic variables. The marginal impact of non-liner squire trade liberalization has adverse effect on trade tax revenue. In the long run, the empirical investigation proves the existence of inverted U-shaped behavior between trade liberalization and trade tax revenue in Pakistan but this behavior does not exist in short run.

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Kharel, Khom Raj, Yadav Mani Upadhyay, and Dipak Bahadur Adhikari. "Trade Liberalization in Nepal: Analysis of Its Impact." Butwal Campus Journal 4, no. 1-2 (December 31, 2021): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bcj.v4i1-2.44983.

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The objective of this study is to examine the impact of trade liberalization on Nepalese economy over the period 1990-2018. As per studies, trade liberalization increases the areas and size of foreign trade. Nepal has introduced the economic and trade liberalization policy in mid-1980s and started to liberalize its trade and investment after 1990s. After the adoption of economic liberalization, the flow of foreign trade, economic growth of Nepal has been significantly increasing. The impact of trade liberalization on economy is measured in terms of economic growth, trade tax, industrial GDP and ratio of trade tax to total size of trade of Nepal by applying simple and multiple regression models. In Simple regression model, four equations show a positive correlation between INGDP and import, export, total trade, EOI inflation rate.

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35

Strutzel, Jessica. "Trade Liberalization in Nepal: Has Liberalization Increased Welfare?" ANVESHAK-International Journal of Management 3, no. 1 (January 2, 2014): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15410/aijm/2014/v3i1/50556.

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36

Li, Bo, Fei Xing, and Mark Yu. "Upstream Pricing Schemes, Trade Liberalization, Trade and Environmental Policies of Downstream Countries." Sustainability 10, no. 7 (July 12, 2018): 2428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10072428.

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Trade liberalization has a significant impact on the environment and social welfare of countries. In the real world, almost all industries exist upstream and downstream firms but the existing literature on the impact of trade liberalization rarely discuss the interaction between upstream and downstream firms. The goal of this study is to analyze the effects of trade liberalization on the trade policies, environmental policies and social welfare of downstream exporting countries when different pricing schemes (uniform pricing vs. discriminatory pricing) are implemented by upstream monopoly firms. By constructing a three-stage dynamic game model we found that, regardless of pricing schemes, trade liberalization leads to increase both environmental taxes and import taxes. Trade liberalization increases the social welfare of downstream countries under discriminatory pricing, while trade liberalization first reduces and then increases the social welfare of downstream countries under uniform pricing. The results indicate that the downstream countries always have the incentive to participate in trade agreements that integrate markets when discriminatory pricing schemes will be implemented by upstream firms. This finding is the most significant contribution of this paper which has not been addressed in the previous literature.

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37

Agrawal, Aditi, and Archana Gandhi. "Liberalization of Textiles and Clothing Trade and Evolving Global and Indian Trade Scenario." International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation 2, no. 4 (2014): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/ijari.241409.

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Before the liberalization of Textiles and Clothing trade, export from developing countries to developed countries was subject to selective quantitative restrictions to protect the industry of the importing country. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade over a period of 47 years facilitated world trade with a view to bind tariffs and foster liberalization. But as world trade grew complex the General Agreement was found wanting and the Multifibre Arrangement was drafted to carry forward liberalization of textiles and clothing trade more effectively. In 1994 the Multifibre Arrangement gave way to the WTO Agreement on Textiles and Clothing, a ten year liberalization process that was undertaken to remove the existing quota in stages. This liberalization of trade altered the level of employment in regions where the textile and clothing industries were important. While certain regions lost, others gained in this arena.This liberalization reshaped trade across the globe in the global textiles and clothing markets. As a leading participant in this trade, India too was directly affected by these policy changes.

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38

Gnangnon, Sèna Kimm. "Multilateral Trade Liberalization, Export Share in the International Trade Market and Aid for Trade." Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy 08, no. 03 (October 2017): 1750014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793993317500144.

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This paper adds to the existing literature on the macroeconomic determinants of Aid for Trade (AfT). It investigates the impact of both multilateral trade policy liberalization and the export share of AfT-recipient countries in global trade market on the AfT amounts that accrue to these countries. Using a panel dataset comprising 133 AfT-recipient-countries, over the period 1995–2015, the empirical analysis shows that both the impact of multilateral trade policy liberalization and of the recipient countries’ export share in the world trade market on AfT depend on recipient-countries’ level of development as well as on their domestic trade policy. Additionally, in the context of multilateral trade liberalization, donors tend to reward recipient-countries’ effort to secure a higher export share in the international trade market.

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39

Khumalo, Sibanisezwe Alwyn, and Asrat Tsegaye. "An Empirical Investigation of Trade Liberalization and Trade Patterns in South Africa." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 10, no. 5(J) (November 3, 2018): 125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v10i5(j).2503.

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The study made use of the gravity model to analyze the behavior of South Africaâ€™s trade patterns at industry level. Using SIC 2-digit level data for the period 1996-2013 based on two sub-samples, 1996-2004 and 2005-2013, the study found that trade liberalization was not universally influential on trade patterns. Some industries did not exhibit significant behavior changes as a result of tariff liberalization. The results show that Agriculture, mining ores, crude oil, machinery and transport are the only industries from the selected sample of nine that are significantly influenced by trade liberalization policy. Furthermore, empirical results indicate that trade liberalization hinders extensive margins and does not encourage intensive margins.

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Haroon, Maryiam. "Free Trade: Does Myopic Policy Overlook Long-Term Gains?" LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 22, no. 2 (January 1, 2017): 65–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2017.v22.i2.a3.

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This article analyzes the correlation between trade liberalization and welfare in Pakistan from 1986 to 2015. Using consumption expenditure as a measure of welfare, we estimate the relationship using a vector error correction model. The empirical results show that trade liberalization does not have an immediate correlation with welfare: it takes some time for liberalization policies to enhance welfare. The findings also suggest that trade liberalization can help reduce poverty, decrease inequality and increase enrollment levels in the long run. But in the short run, trade liberalization has led to higher income inequality.

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Bezuneh, Mesfin, and Zelealem Yiheyis. "The Effect of Trade Liberalization on Food Security: The Experience of Selected African Countries." Journal of African Development 14, no. 1 (April 1, 2012): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jafrideve.14.1.0013.

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Abstract As part of structural adjustment, trade liberalization has been promoted by the World Bank and IMF based on the argument that openness to trade will contribute to economic growth and development. As a result, most developing countries took the challenge to liberalize their economies. Trade liberalization was expected to reduce poverty and improve food security. To our knowledge, there is little or no consensus about the empirical relationship between trade liberalization events and food security. The purpose of this paper is to assess the effect of trade liberalization on food availability in selected African countries. The paper found no evidence that liberalization improved food availability in the study countries.

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Monfort, Brieuc. "Chile: Trade Performance,Trade Liberalization, and Competitiveness." IMF Working Papers 08, no. 128 (2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451869873.001.

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Pianta, Mario. "Slowing Trade: Global Activism Against Trade Liberalization." Global Policy 5, no. 2 (May 2014): 214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12116.

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Shrestha, Pradip Kumar. "Trade Liberalization Process and Its Impact on Agriculture Sector in Nepal." EFFORTS, Journal of Education and Research 4, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 52–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ejer.v4i1.44172.

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This study examines the process of Nepal's trade liberalization and its impact on Nepalese agriculture sector. It explains and analyzes the various economic policy reforms undertaken in Nepal including trade, fiscal, industrial, and financial reforms; and explains how these reforms supplemented one another to promote trade liberalization. It is descriptive and analytical study. Simple descriptive statistical tools were used to analyze the impact of trade liberalization on agriculture sector in Nepal. The study finds that trade liberalization has not caused any significant changes in the position of Nepalese agriculture sector. It means a condition of Nepalese agriculture has not been improved and it is being deteriorated. Similarly, export/import ratio has been further decreased continuously after trade liberalization implying that power of export of agro product to purchase import of agro product is continuously diminishing. Similarly, there is continuous trade deficit in food item and live animal after trade liberalization. Role of agriculture in the economy has been decreased. It has increased the dependency on foreign agricultural products.

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Liu, Yi, and Ning Zhang. "Sustainability of Trade Liberalization and Antidumping: Evidence from Mexico’s Trade Liberalization toward China." Sustainability 7, no. 9 (August 25, 2015): 11484–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su70911484.

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Journal, IJSREM. "A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF TRADE LIBERALISATION IN INDIA." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 07, no. 11 (November 1, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem26692.

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The impact of trade liberalization in India has been a subject of significant academic and policy interest, particularly since the early 1990s when the country embarked on a path of economic reforms. This research paper explores the multifaceted consequences of trade liberalization on India's economy. Through a comprehensive analysis of empirical data, economic indicators, and scholarly literature, the paper examines both the positive and negative impacts of trade liberalization. The positive effects of trade liberalization are evident in India's impressive economic growth, driven by increased exports, foreign direct investment, and enhanced efficiency and competitiveness of industries. The opening of international markets has expanded consumer choices and improved product quality. Export growth has bolstered foreign exchange reserves and positively influenced the balance of payments. However, this paper also delves into the challenges posed by trade liberalization. It highlights the vulnerability of the Indian economy to external shocks due to increased global integration. Income inequality has widened as the benefits of liberalization have not uniformly reached all segments of society. Job displacement, particularly in industries facing stiff competition from imports, and agricultural challenges arising from competition with cheaper imported agricultural products, are significant concerns. The paper emphasizes the need for policymakers to address the negative consequences of trade liberalization by implementing measures to mitigate income inequality, support displaced workers, and strengthen the agricultural sector. The method used here was the empirical method. The sampling method taken here was the convenient sampling method and the sample size was 200. The sampling frame was established within the city of Chennai, located in the state of Tamil Nadu. The dependent variables are level of awareness regarding the impacts of trade liberalization in India, positive impact of trade liberalization on India's GDP, negative implications of trade liberalization on the Indian economy, main objectives of economic liberalization are the effective distribution of resources and competitive advantages and the independent variables are age, gender, educational qualification, salary and occupation. The research tools used here are simple bar charts, independent sample T test, univariate analysis of variance and correlation . It also underscores the importance of strategic economic planning to manage potential trade imbalances and prevent undue concentration of economic power. In conclusion, this research paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of trade liberalization in India, highlighting its dual nature bringing both opportunities and challenges. By examining empirical evidence and drawing insights from scholarly sources, the paper contributes to a nuanced understanding of the complex relationship between trade liberalization and economic outcomes in India. KEY WORDS: Trade liberalisation, Global market, Trade barriers, Domestic sectors, Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

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Wang, Jun, and Yong Hu. "The impact of trade liberalization on poverty reduction in rural China." China Agricultural Economic Review 10, no. 4 (November 5, 2018): 683–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-01-2018-0019.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate how trade liberalization influences rural poverty reduction in China.Design/methodology/approachThe authors make use of China Family Panel Studies survey data, take annual income of farmers of RMB2,300 and RMB3,450 as the poverty lines (poverty line 1 and poverty line 2, respectively). Residents below poverty line 1 and poverty line 2 are 2,580 and 2,661, respectively. Probit model is used to estimate the impact of trade liberalization on the poverty probability. Income-deciding equation is used to estimate the impact of trade liberalization on the income level of poor residents in rural areas. Income-deciding equation is also used to examine the transmission mechanism of trade liberalization affecting rural poverty.FindingsThis study finds that trade liberalization can reduce the poverty probability of rural residents and promote the income growth of poor residents in rural areas. Trade liberalization increases the income of poor residents and reduces poverty through transmission mechanisms such as promoting economic growth and financial expenditure.Originality/valueTo the authors’ knowledge, this is the first empirical study to quantitatively model the impact of trade liberalization on rural poverty reduction in China using residents’ survey data.

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Vorontsova, Natalia A., and Irina A. Klimova. "Trade liberalization and trade facilitation: Two paths to one goal." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 12, no. 1 (2021): 167–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2021.112.

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The article defines trade liberalization and trade facilitation, highlighting their characteristics, some of which are inherent to both processes, while others differ. The authors analyze the impact of transborder production in a number of South-East Asian states on the development of their economies, as well as the role of trade facilitation in these processes. The article dwells on the economic impact of trade liberalization and facilitation, their synergistic interaction and peculiarities from the point of view of legal regulation. The authors come to the conclusion that trade liberalization and facilitation generally aim to achieve a common goal of promoting world trade, which in the long run will help to address one of the global problems — an immense wealth gap between developed and least developed countries. To achieve this goal, both liberalization and trade facilitation use their own tools, a set of practical measures enshrined in international legal instruments. At the same time, implementation of these measures often involves major risks, especially for developing economies. As a result, a strategy for implementing trade liberalization and facilitation measures needs to be developed, which would define the sequence of steps for each state individually and would take into account all the potential difficulties that a state may have while opening up the market. It is also necessary to create and improve the relevant regulatory and institutional framework for trade relations and implementation of reforms.

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Herz, Bernhard, and Marco Wagner. "Regionalism as a Building Block for Multilateralism." Global Economy Journal 11, no. 1 (March 2011): 1850217. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1676.

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The well-known question whether regional trade agreements (RTAs) and the multilateral trading system (MTS) are “strangers, friends, or foes” (Bhagwati and Panagariya, 1996) has gained new importance with the widespread proliferation of RTAs in recent years. Based on an extensive data set which covers most of world trade over the past 60 years and about 240 regional trade agreements, we analyze the relationship between RTAs and the MTS by combining the gravity model framework with vector auto-regression analysis. Impulse-response-functions robustly suggest that multilateral trade liberalization responds in a significantly positive way to regional trade liberalization. We also find robust evidence that RTA liberalization Granger-causes GATT/WTO liberalization. Thus, our results indicate that RTAs do not undermine the MTS but serve as building blocks to multilateral trade liberalization.

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Majumder, Shapan Chandra, and Md Masud Rana. "Trade Liberalization and Its Effects on the Economic Growth of Bangladesh: An Empirical Analysis." American Journal of Trade and Policy 3, no. 2 (August 31, 2016): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajtp.v3i2.402.

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The objective of this paper is to assess the effectiveness of the trade policy on Bangladesh economy between the periods 1990 to 2010. This research analyzes the achievements of the economy regarding the important variables such as growth of GDP, export, import, exchange rate, terms of trade, and foreign reserve after the trade liberalization in 1990s. The study demonstrates that the inward policy of the trade liberalization reduces the import while the forward policy increases the employment, production, and export. Finally, liberalization policy improves overall economic indicators as GDP per capita, FDI, and remittances have been growing up since pre-liberalization. The study shows that both export and import have increased noticeably since liberalization, with import rising faster than export in the period immediately after liberalization.

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