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Journal articles on the topic 'Trade liberalisation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Ahmed, Gulzar, Muhammad Arshad Khan, Tahir Mahmood, and Muhammad Afzal. "Trade Liberalisation and Industrial Productivity: Evidence from Manufacturing Industries in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 56, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 319–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v56i4pp.319-348.

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This study examines the impact of trade liberalisation on the industrial productivity for a panel of twenty seven 3-digit manufacturing industries in Pakistan over the period 1980-2006. Using a variant of the Cobb-Douglas production function for industrial sector, we estimated output elasticities. The results show positive output elasticities with respect to labour, capital and raw materials for the pre-trade liberalisation period (1981 –1995) as well as post-trade liberalisation period (1996-2006). For the pre-liberalisation period, we observe positive output elasticity with respect to energy, while it turns out to be negative in the post-liberalisation period probably due to energy crisis in Pakistan. In the second stage, we calculate total factor productivity (TFP) and examine the impact of trade liberalisation on TFP for pre-and post-trade liberalisation periods. The results reveal that trade liberalisation proxied by import duty has positive but negligible impact on the TFP in the pre-as well as post-liberalisation periods. On the other hand, effective rates of protection exert large negative impact on the TFP in the post-liberalisation than the pre-liberalisation period. JEL Classifications: F14, F13, O53, L60 Keywords: Trade Liberalisation, Total Factor Productivity, Manufacturing Sector of Pakistan

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2

Dixon, Huw. "Trade Liberalisation and Growth." Economic Journal 108, no. 450 (September 1, 1998): 1511–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0297.00357.

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3

Oslington, Paul. "Unemployment and Trade Liberalisation." World Economy 28, no. 8 (August 2005): 1139–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2005.00723.x.

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4

Ikpe, Marius, Richard Okey Ojike, and Kenneth Onyeanuna Ahamba. "Does Trade Liberalisation Policy Enhance Performance of Non-Oil Export Trade in Nigeria?" Foreign Trade Review 55, no. 2 (March 2, 2020): 248–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732519894161.

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Decades after the trade liberalisation policy shift, poor performance problem of non-oil export in Nigeria (a net-oil exporting economy) persists. Against this backdrop, and given the lack of analytical depth among Nigerian-specific studies, this study empirically provided answer to the question of whether trade liberalisation policy enhances non-oil export trade in Nigeria. The study adopted an Autoregressive Distributed Lag model approach to the analysis of the impact of trade liberalisation policy on non-oil export trade. Evidence provided support for trade liberalisation policy as the growth driver for non-oil export, a sector that exports more but earns little in terms of revenue. As a result, the study recommends a well thought-out public–private partnership arrangement for the efficiency of the private sector (a major player in non-oil export trade), to optimally harness the benefits of liberalisation in Nigeria’s non-oil trade sub-sector. JEL Codes: F14, F17, F41, F62

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5

Raza, Werner. "The WTO – a driving force for the liberalisation of public services in the EU?" Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 14, no. 2 (January 1, 2008): 277–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890801400208.

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Liberalisation of public services can be implemented not only through autonomous legislative action by individual countries, but also as a consequence of obligations arising from membership of supranational or international organisations. This article analyses how the process of the commodification of services at the level of the WTO, i.e. via the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), interacts with the politics of trade and services liberalisation in the European Union. Thus, we highlight the specific role of services negotiations in the WTO for the political dynamics of liberalising public services in the EU. Our conclusions highlight three specific functions of the GATS agreement: first, it serves as an institutional mechanism to ‘lock-in’ liberalisations achieved at a national or European level, secondly, it exercises a disciplinary effect on national regulation, and, thirdly, it provides an additional platform for the application of forum-shifting in the politics of international trade.

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6

Shakti Kumar, Shakti Kumar. "Trade Liberalisation and its Impact on the Economy." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 9 (June 1, 2012): 99–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/sep2013/36.

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7

Gnangnon, Sèna Kimm. "Effect of Aid for Trade Unpredictability on Trade Policy in Recipient-Countries." Arthaniti: Journal of Economic Theory and Practice 19, no. 2 (October 14, 2019): 177–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0976747919876708.

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This article examines the effect of the unpredictability of Aid for Trade (AfT) flows on trade policy in 124 recipient-countries, of which 42 are least developed countries (LDCs), over the period 2002–2016. The analysis shows that while AfT flows exert a positive effect on trade policy liberalisation, AfT unpredictability induces the adoption of restrictive trade policies. These results apply to LDCs and other countries, although the magnitude of the negative effect of AfT unpredictability on trade policy liberalisation is higher for LDCs than for other countries. Furthermore, AfT unpredictability reduces the positive trade policy liberalisation effect of AfT flows. JEL: F13, F14, F35

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8

McCaig, Brian, and Margaret S. McMillan. "Trade Liberalisation and Labour Market Adjustment in Botswana." Journal of African Economies 29, no. 3 (December 10, 2019): 236–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jafeco/ejz027.

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Abstract We study the effects of domestic trade liberalisation on labour markets in Botswana. South Africa is the dominant member of the Southern Africa Customs Union. As such, when South Africa liberalised trade in the 1990s, this induced large and plausibly exogenous tariff reductions for the other customs union members, including Botswana. Using labour force surveys from Botswana spanning a decade, we find that trade liberalisation did not affect the relative size of industries in terms of employment. However, trade liberalisation had effects within industries. We find an increase in the prevalence of working in an informal firm and self-employment, but mixed evidence of effects on unemployment. Hours worked decreased in response to trade liberalisation, partially driven by the movement of workers to informal firms. Despite large increases in aggregate income, trade liberalisation is associated with a reduction in monthly income, but the results are imprecise. Our results also suggest that a positive export demand shock, the 2000 African Growth and Opportunities Act, is associated with a reduction in employment in informal firms in the clothing industry.

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9

Khan, Muhammad Arshad, and Abdul Qayyum. "Trade Liberalisation, Financial Sector Reforms, and Growth." Pakistan Development Review 45, no. 4II (December 1, 2006): 711–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v45i4iipp.711-731.

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The relationship between trade liberalisation, financial reforms and economic growth has been well-documented in the economic literature. A considerable body of literature suggests a strong and positive link between trade liberalisation, financial development and economic growth. It has been argued that trade and financial liberalisation policies reduce the inefficiency in the production process and positively influence economic growth. This argument is strengthened by the fact that countries with more open trade and financial policies may grow faster than those with restricted trade and financial policies. An increasing openness is expected to have positive impacts on economic growth [Jin (2000); Fry (1995, 1997); Darrat (1999); Levine (1997); Mckinnon (1973); Shaw (1973) and World Bank (1989)]. There is growing consensus among the researchers that both liberalisation policies are expected to exert positive impacts on economic growth.

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10

Glebe, Thilo, and Uwe Latacz-Lohmann. "Agricultural multifunctionality and trade liberalisation." Cahiers d'Economie et sociologie rurales 82, no. 1 (2007): 57–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/reae.2007.2045.

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11

Motta, Massimo. "Sunk Costs and Trade Liberalisation." Economic Journal 102, no. 412 (May 1992): 578. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2234294.

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12

Horn, Henrik, and James Levinsohn. "Merger Policies and Trade Liberalisation." Economic Journal 111, no. 470 (March 1, 2001): 244–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0297.00607.

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13

Amiti, Mary. "Trade Liberalisation of Intermediate Inputs." Australian Economic Review 33, no. 4 (December 2000): 299–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8462.00160.

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14

Baldwin, Richard E., and Rikard Forslid. "Trade liberalisation and endogenous growth." Journal of International Economics 50, no. 2 (April 2000): 497–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1996(99)00008-2.

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15

Forteza, Alvaro, and Rossana Patrón. "Trade Liberalisation with Costly Adjustment." Journal of Applied Economics 6, no. 1 (May 2003): 95–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15140326.2003.12040587.

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16

Stratford, Jean Slemmons, Juri Stratford, and Vivienne Monty. "Trade liberalisation: Global economic implications." Journal of Government Information 21, no. 5 (September 1994): 496–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1352-0237(94)90027-2.

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17

Buckwell, Allan, and John Medland. "The effects of trade liberalisation." European Economic Review 35, no. 2-3 (April 1991): 552–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-2921(91)90157-e.

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18

Nguyen, Trien T., and Randall M. Wigle. "Trade liberalisation with imperfect competition." European Economic Review 36, no. 1 (January 1992): 17–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-2921(92)90014-n.

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19

Ryan, Cillian. "Trade Liberalisation and Financial Services." World Economy 13, no. 3 (June 28, 2008): 349–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.1990.tb00600.x.

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20

Kneller, Richard, C. W. Morgan, and Sunti Kanchanahatakij. "Trade Liberalisation and Economic Growth." World Economy 31, no. 6 (June 2008): 701–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2008.01101.x.

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21

Nielsen, Max. "Modelling fish trade liberalisation: Does fish trade liberalisation result in welfare gains or losses?" Marine Policy 33, no. 1 (January 2009): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2008.03.010.

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22

LEIGHT, JESSICA. "The Political Dynamics of Agricultural Liberalisation in the US-Chile Free Trade Agreement." Journal of Latin American Studies 40, no. 2 (April 29, 2008): 225–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x08003970.

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AbstractThe 2003 US-Chile free trade agreement, regarded by many as consistent with Chile's long-held trade liberalisation strategy, nonetheless engendered a surprisingly vigorous debate focused on the proposed elimination of the bandas de precio protecting traditional agricultural crops. Opposition to the agreement, mounted by the conservative Alianza por Chile, offers an intriguing political case study that suggests that populist posturing surrounding free trade agreements may persist long after a trade liberalisation strategy has become well-established. This article argues that agricultural liberalisation will be a significant challenge for Chile's governing coalition if it wishes to pursue trade negotiations while seeking to avoid costly political battles at home over the economic costs of abandoning price supports and the challenges of ‘reconverting’ to an export-oriented sector. Even given the strong elite consensus around trade liberalisation in Chile, the interconnections between sectoral interest groups, domestic politics and trade negotiations remain relevant, and deserving of analytical attention.

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23

SAUNDERS, CAROLINE, and SELIM CAGATAY. "TRADE AND THE ENVIRONMENT: ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF GLOBAL DAIRY TRADE LIBERALISATION." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 06, no. 03 (September 2004): 339–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333204001766.

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This paper presents a partial equilibrium model of dairy sector international trade which has been extended to include physical dairy production systems and their effect on water quality. This combined model, LTEM (Lincoln Trade and Environment Model), is then used to simulate the effects of liberalisation policies on trade flows, dairy production systems and groundwater nitrate levels across different countries. The results show expected variation in price and production impacts, but also varying effects on groundwater quality between and within countries. More specifically, whilst liberalisation lowers dairy production in the EU and reduces the EU nitrate pollution slightly, the balancing production increases elsewhere lead to marginally higher pollution in other countries. This is of policy relevance given contemporary debates about the likely net environmental effect of further trade liberalisation.

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24

Iqbal, Javed, Misbah Nosheen, and Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi. "Trade Shocks and Labour Adjustment: Evidence from Pakistan’s Manufacturing Industries." Pakistan Development Review 54, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 197–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v54i3pp.197-214.

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The present study is an attempt to explore the impact of trade liberalisation on employment and wages of production and non-production workers in large scale manufacturing industries of Pakistan. We use a sample of 18 industrial establishments with a time series data covering a period 1970-71 to 2005-06. In order to account for endogeniety problem, this study uses the Generalised Method of Moments (GMM). The study comes up with the findings that trade liberalisation has significantly negative impact on employment of both production and non-production workers. On the other hand, trade liberalisation has a significantly positive impact on wages of production workers, but it has no significant impact on wages of non-production workers. The negative impact of trade is attributed to the high protection given to most of the inefficient industries in the post liberalisation period. On the other hand, reduction in non-production worker employment is not unexpected as in case of developing country like Pakistan, trade liberalisation is supposed to displace capital intensive industries that employ most of the non-production (skilled) workers. Keywords: Production Worker, Non-production Workers, Trade, Employment, Wages

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25

Siddiqui, Rizwana, and A. R. Kemal. "Remittances, Trade Liberalisation, and Poverty in Pakistan: The Role of Excluded Variables in Poverty Change Analysis." Pakistan Development Review 45, no. 3 (September 1, 2006): 383–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v45i3pp.383-415.

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This paper explores the impact of two shocks, trade liberalisation policies and decline in remittances, on welfare and poverty in Pakistan. It begins by reviewing the economy, which reveals that during the Nineties although import tariffs were reduced by 55 percent, poverty however remained higher in this period than in the Eighties. At the same time, Pakistan has experienced a slow down in the inflow of remittances, which reduces the incomes of households and puts pressure on the exchange rate resulting in reduction in the inflow of imports despite a reduction in import duties. Thus, in the absence of the effects of decline in remittances, the analysis of the impact of trade liberalisation policies may render biased results. This study overcomes this constriction and analyses the impact of trade liberalisation policies in the absence and presence of decline in remittances in a CGE framework with all the features necessary for trade policy analysis with poverty and remittances linkages. The simulation results show that a decline in remittances reduces the gains from trade liberalisation. The negative impact of remittance decline dominates the positive impact of trade liberalisation in urban areas. But, the positive impact of trade liberalisation dominates the negative impact of a decline in remittances in the case of rural areas. Poverty rises in Pakistan as a whole. It shows that the decline in remittance inflows is a major contributory factor in explaining the increase in poverty in Pakistan during the Nineties.

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26

Pacheco-López, Penélope, and Anthony P. Thirlwall. "HAS TRADE LIBERALISATION IN POOR COUNTRIES DELIVERED THE PROMISES EXPECTED?" PANORAMA ECONÓMICO 4, no. 8 (April 26, 2017): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.29201/pe-ipn.v4i8.86.

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Trade liberalisation has not lived up to its promises. But the basic logic of trade –its potential to make most, if not all, better off– remains. Trade is not a zero-sum game in which those who win do so at the cost of others; it is, or at least can be, a positive-sum game, in which everybody is a winner. If that potential is to be realised, first we must reject two of the long-standing premises of trade liberalisation: that trade liberalisation automatically leads to more trade and growth, and that growth will automatically “trickle down” to benefit all. Neither is consistent with economic theory or historical experience (Stiglitz, 2006).

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27

Lloyd, Peter J. "Sector-Based Negotiations in APEC and the WTO." International Area Review 3, no. 1 (June 2000): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/223386590000300102.

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This paper looks at the APEC process of trade liberalisation and, in particular, at the Early Voluntary Sector Liberalisation approach to industrial trade liberalisation and facilitation. It also examines the GATTAVTO experience with sector-based negotiations. The experience in both APEC and the GATTAVTO is that sector-based negotiations make it more difficult to achieve trade-offs in negotiations. The paper finds that the EVSL proposal is very limited in its scope and likely benefits, and the experiment should not be repeated.

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28

Loots, Elsabe. "Globalisation and economic growth in South Africa: Do we benefit from trade and financial liberalisation?" South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 6, no. 2 (June 30, 2003): 218–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v6i2.3311.

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This article investigates whether the process of globalisation, through trade and financial liberalisation, benefits economic growth in emerging market economies in general and in South Africa in particular. The analysis of trade openness and liberalisation in emerging market economies reveals that trade volume has a relative small impact on GDP per capita, while trade liberalisation led to an approximate 50 per cent increase on GDP per capita. The analysis of the financial dimension showed that capital account openness is associated with a 34 per cent increase in real GDP per capita growth over the period, while financial liberalisation seems to have a dramatic impact of approximately 136 per cent. In South Africa approximately 98 per cent of the current growth performance in the country can be explained by the forces of globalisation.

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29

Klimczak, Łukasz. "Trade Liberalisation and Export Performance of the Western Balkans." MONTENEGRIN JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 12, no. 2 (May 20, 2016): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/1800-5845.2016/12-1/3.

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30

Yasmin, Bushra, and Aliya H. Khan. "Trade Liberalisation and Labour Demand Elasticities: Empirical Evidence for Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 44, no. 4II (December 1, 2005): 1067–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v44i4iipp.1067-1089.

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Trade has predominantly contributed in the development of world economies for more than mere agricultural development and industrialisation. Trade involves many regions across the globe. The more the regions involved, the more will be the benefits. Trade is an interaction between economies for the exchange of goods, services, skills, knowledge and expertise, which is required for bringing in the desired changes like increase in the availability of choices, reduction of extreme poverty, and enhancement of physical and mental capability. As the wave of market oriented moves has spread over the economic sphere, global trend has also been witnessed in the liberalisation of capital account, foreign exchange, credit, domestic consumption and trading sector of many countries. The concept, which has been predominantly emphasised by the economies, is that of “trade liberalisation”, which has become the key element of any development policy since late 1970s after the fundamental change in the economic policy at global level. The concept of trade liberalisation stems from Neo-liberalism thinking that has advocated market oriented economic reforms for social order and economic prosperity that aims to improve efficiency and stability in the economy. Trade liberalisation process can be defined in many different ways. In the words of Krueger (1978), “any policy, which reduces the anti export bias will lead towards liberalisation of trade and reduction in import license premium is the fundamental step towards liberalised trade regime”.

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31

Bashir, Zulfiqar. "The Impacts of Economic Reforms and Trade Liberalisation on Agricultural Export Performance in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 42, no. 4II (December 1, 2003): 941–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v42i4iipp.941-960.

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Economic reforms and trade liberalisation policies have been widely adopted in developing countries in recent years. Pakistan is no exception. This paper focuses on the effects of economic reform policies on the agricultural export performance. A number of studies have investigated the effects of trade liberalisation on export growth in developing countries, and have reached inconclusive results. Some studies have identified positive effects of trade liberalisation on export performance [Krueger (1997); Bleaney (1999); and Ahmed (2002)], others confirmed an insignificant or even a negative relationship [Greenaway, et al. (1994); Jenkins (1996) and Greenaway, et al. (2002)]. There are number of reasons for conflicting conclusions including different researchers have used different indicators for liberalisation and different methods to analyse the effect; difference in the extent of liberalisation studies; most studies have analysed scenarios rather than evaluating the effects, and so on.

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32

Chile, Love, and D. Talukder. "Agricultural trade liberalisation and price volatility in Bangladesh and Tanzania: a comparative analysis." Africanus: Journal of Development Studies 44, no. 2 (January 30, 2015): 15–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/0304-615x/70.

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This paper examines the impacts of agricultural trade liberalisation on the welfare of smallholder farmers in Bangladesh and Tanzania. Using secondary data for the pre and postliberalisation periods for two main agricultural crops from Bangladesh (rice) and Tanzania (maize) we analysed the correlation between domestic and international prices of rice and maize to investigate impacts of agricultural trade liberalisation on price stability/volatility and food security with a view to analysing the economic benefits of trade liberalisation for smallholder farmers. To understand price volatility, we used the Huchet-Bourdon (2011) method to estimate the coefficient of variation of the level of prices (CV) and the corrected coefficient of variation (CCV). We found that the values of both CV and CCV for consumer price in the postliberalisation period were quite large, suggesting greater volatility of consumer price of both crops. We further found that productivity growth did not necessarily lead to income gains for smallholder farmers in either country due to price volatility and the lack of market integration. This study illustrates the contradictory outcomes of agricultural trade liberalisation. We recommend complementary policy interventions to achieve enhanced welfare outcomes from agricultural trade liberalisation.

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33

Permani, Risti. "The Impacts of Trade Liberalisation and Technological Change on GDP Growth in Indonesia: A Meta Regression Analysis." Global Economy Journal 11, no. 4 (December 2011): 1850242. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1782.

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Twelve selected studies investigating effects of trade liberalisation in Indonesia resulting in 25 point estimates are included in the Meta Regression Analysis to assess the growth-enhancing effects of trade liberalisation and technological change. Given high variation across studies, this study finds no robust evidence of the positive impacts of a tariff cut on economic growth rates. However, it finds robust evidence of the growth-enhancing effects of technological change. This study also finds that studies which are published assuming increasing return to scale, focusing on non-agricultural sectors, using pre-1997 databases and with more disaggregated sectors tend to report higher growth effects of trade liberalisation. Compared to results reported by Indonesian researchers, non-Indonesian academic researchers report lower growth effects of trade liberalisation. Overall, this study suggests that providing assistance to developing countries to improve their productivity might be a better approach to multilateral negotiations than putting pressures on these countries to remove their trade barriers.

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34

Azhar, Usman, Samina Khalil, and Mohsin Hasnain Ahmed. "Environmental Effects of Trade Liberalisation: A Case Study of Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 46, no. 4II (December 1, 2007): 645–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v46i4iipp.645-655.

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Within today’s global economy countries now trade more intensively and frequently than in the past. Trade has become an increasingly important global economic activity, with annual trade volumes increasing sixteen fold over the last fifty years and the ratio of world exports to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) now approaching twenty percent. With this recent acceleration of global trade, countries throughout the world have benefited from more investment, industrial development, and employment and income growth. Other positive effects include increased mobility of capital, increased ease of movement of goods and services (and information) across national borders as well as the diffusion of global norms and values, the spread of democracy and international environmental and human rights agreements. Critics of trade liberalisation argue that these much-acclaimed advantages of trade liberalisation (and globalisation) often underrate the impact of globalisation on widening the economic gap between the North and the South. Over the years, attention has been given to the advantages of trade liberalisation and globalisation to the detriment of the disadvantages. The major disadvantage that is always swept under the rug is the environmental problem. Recently, however, there has been an increasing concern over the potential negative impacts of trade liberalisation, particularly on the environmental and natural resources of developing countries.

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35

Derado, Dražen. "THE EFFECTS OF TRADE LIBERALISATION AMONG THE SOUTH EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES." Tourism and hospitality management 12, no. 1 (May 2006): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20867/thm.12.1.1.

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Trade liberalisation brings long-term benefits. Nonetheless, in order to be able to realise those benefits, a creation of a competitive economic structure is required, which would make it possible to successfully participate in the international division of labour. Building from this fact, this paper analyzes the effects of trade liberalisation between the SEEC. To that end, a method of intra-industry trade has been applied on the example of Croatia, in order to establish dynamic effects of changes in trade flows. Low level of trade integration and weak midterm growth prospects in inter-sectoral trade represent the biggest threat for the countries in the Region. The threat could be manifested through rising adjustment costs, as a consequence of trade liberalisation, and could, therefore, jeopardize economic stability. Low level of trade integration poses a problem even from the aspect of the policy of international community towards South East Europe in the framework of the Stability Pact.

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36

Oberti, Martina. "THE OTHER SIDE OF TRADE LIBERALISATION." Amsterdam Law Forum 13, no. 1 (March 23, 2021): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.37974/alf.401.

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37

Gnangnon, Sèna Kimm. "Multilateral Trade Liberalisation and Financial Openness." Economic Affairs 38, no. 3 (October 2018): 325–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecaf.12310.

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38

Bressie, Kent, Michael Kende, and Howard Williams. "Telecommunications trade liberalisation and the WTO." info 7, no. 2 (April 2005): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14636690510587199.

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39

Rattso, J., and R. Torvik. "Zimbabwean trade liberalisation: ex post evaluation." Cambridge Journal of Economics 22, no. 3 (May 1, 1998): 325–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a013719.

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40

Feridhanusetyawan, Tubagus, and Mari Pangestu. "INDONESIAN TRADE LIBERALISATION: ESTIMATING THE GAINS." Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 39, no. 1 (April 2003): 51–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00074910302008.

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41

SGreenaway, David. "Does Trade Liberalisation Promote Economic Development?" Scottish Journal of Political Economy 45, no. 5 (November 1998): 491–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9485.00109.

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42

Yamazawa, Ippei. "APEC's Trade Liberalisation and the WTO." Australian Economic Review 30, no. 1 (March 1997): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8462.00009.

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43

Panitchpakdi, Supachai. "Global Trade Liberalisation: Coordination and Coherence." Australian Economic Review 34, no. 1 (March 2001): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8462.00173.

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44

Wickramasinghe, J. W. "Internal Contradictions in Trade Liberalisation Models." South Asian Survey 1, no. 2 (September 1994): 263–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097152319400100205.

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45

Bleaney, Michael, and David Fielding. "Investment, trade liberalisation and structural adjustment." Journal of Development Studies 32, no. 2 (December 1995): 175–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220389508422410.

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46

Brittan, Sir Leon. "How to Make Trade Liberalisation Popular." World Economy 18, no. 6 (November 1995): 761–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.1995.tb00330.x.

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47

Park, Innwon, and Soonchan Park. "Regional Liberalisation of Trade in Services." World Economy 34, no. 5 (May 2011): 725–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2011.01350.x.

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48

Vass, A. "Trade liberalisation threatens public health systems." BMJ 323, no. 7321 (November 10, 2001): 1090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.323.7321.1090h.

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49

Falvey, Rod, David Greenaway, and Joana Silva. "Trade liberalisation and human capital adjustment." Journal of International Economics 81, no. 2 (July 2010): 230–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2010.04.003.

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50

Wang, Yu-Ter, Bih-Jane Liu, and Pan-Long Tsai. "Trade Policy and Economic Integration in a Cournot Duopoly Model." Pakistan Development Review 43, no. 3 (September 1, 2004): 239–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v43i3pp.239-251.

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Abstract:

This paper investigates the policy and welfare implications of forming an economic region in the context of a Cournot duopoly model. Some theoretical results are obtained. First, the economic region lowers the external tariff (against non-partner countries) less than its pre-integration level when a sufficiently large subsidy on the imports from the partner is carried out. Second, economic integration reduces the non-partner country’s welfare. Third, although the region still gains from integration even under some partial trade liberalisation regimes, complete trade liberalisation within the region leads to higher regional welfare. Finally, trade liberalisation within the region improves the welfare of the world as a whole.

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