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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 5 March 2023

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1

Hou, Liyan. "Explaining trade flows and determinants of bilaterial trade." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/719/.

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This thesis provides the empirical analyses for international trade flows and the determinants of bilateral trade. The main modelling framework used in this thesis is gravity model, so firstly, a detailed literature review for the gravity trade model is given. The three empirical studies analyze the role of main determinants of international trade flows in details, including cultural similarities, geographical factors and trade costs. Our findings are summarized as follows. First, the gravity model works well with aggregate data as well as disaggregated data. The core gravity factors and the cultural similarities are the major determinants of China’s bilateral trade. Moreover, China has great export potential with its neighbour countries in Asia, and considerable import potential with most of its trade partners. On the other hand, China’s export potential is still in the labour and resource intensive, low- and middle-level skill-intensive product groups. Second, we combine log-linear and non-linear estimation techniques, including Tobit estimation to analyze the role of geographical distance on trade. The findings indicate that the absolute value of the distance coefficient decreases over time, which give a reasonable explanation for “missing globalization puzzle”. Finally, by estimating a modified gravity equation of panel data for China, Japan and Korea over 16 years, we find that transport costs have a significant influence on regional trade flows in Northeast Asia.
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2

Byers, Darren A. "Baltic trade flows, a gravity analysis." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ36346.pdf.

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3

Tan, K.-W. "A quantitative analysis of trade flows." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377742.

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4

Andersson, Martin. "Disentangling Trade Flows : Firms, Geography and Technology." Doctoral thesis, Jönköping : Jönköping International Business School, Jönköping University, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-647.

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5

Kalbasi, Hassan. "Trade flows and comparative advantage for Iran." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1995. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7004.

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This thesis has three objectives. First, the thesis evaluates the alternative indirect methods of measuring or identifying Iran's comparative advantage through revealed trade performance. Secondly, it seeks to identify Iran's export potential by considering similar and comparable economies. Thirdly, it explores the potential volume and direction of fran's trade flows by using a gravity model. The thesis primarily provides a review and an evaluation of the theory and empirical robustness of the law of comparative advantage. The application of indirect methods proves to be useful in identifying Iran's activities of comparative advantage. Alternative indices of revealed trade performance are used to measure Iran's revealed comparative advantage (RCA) for non-oil exports. The results based on these three measurements are found to be consistent, and also show that Iran has export characteristics which reflect the endowments of this natural-resourceabundant developing country. Iran's exports tend to lie in natural-resource-intensive goods, mostly agricultural products, and generally labour-intensive products. Relatively weak export performance is identified in capital-intensive and humancapital- intensive products. Upon determining the commodities in which Iran has a revealed comparative advantage, the thesis investigates how Iran's export composition may be expected to evolve in future. Export similarity indices and the revealed export performance of comparator countries are used to identify the scope for intra- and inter-industry export diversification. Finally, a gravity model is estimated in order to compare the actual and potential volume and direction of Iran's trade. The results show that Iran's current actual trade is larger than that predicted by the model. The current 'over-trade' figures arise from fran's oil exports to a few industrial countries. Actual trade with the developing countries as a whole is by contrast lower than predicted.
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6

El, Yaman Souraya. "Essays on international trade and factor flows." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.436918.

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7

Andersson, Jesper, and Linn Sundqvist. "The effects of the EU-Mexico Free Trade Agreement on trade flows." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-37556.

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This bachelor thesis examines the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between Mexico and the countries that resembles the European Union(EU) prior to the expansion in 2004, hereafter(EU15). The purpose is to analyze the effects of the FTA between the trading parties and investigate whether the FTA has resulted in positive effects on export volumes. The model includes 16 countries and is estimated with panel data between the years 1997-2016. We apply a gravity model as econometric framework and perform two regressions, one with fixed effects and one with random effects. Our results suggest that export volumes from Mexico to the EU on an aggregated level have increased for Mexico and the EU has increased. However, in contrast to previous estimates, our results show that the FTA have generated negative effects on trade creation between the trading parties.
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8

Query, Jason. "The Impact of Transportation Costs and Trade Barriers on International Trade Flows." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/19256.

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Because trade is seen as welfare improving for society, governments have long employed their policy-making powers to increase trade levels. In recent years, no strategy has been more employed by policy makers than free trade agreements. As free trade agreements become more popular, world tariff levels rapidly approach zero. Given this, policy makers must look to other methods to encourage trade. I examine how non-tariff trade barriers impact international trade levels. By better understanding these trade barriers, policy makers will be able to make more informed decisions. To better understand non-tariff trade barriers, I begin with well-known impediments to trade, including the border effect, transportation costs, and the trade creation and trade diversion effects of regional trade agreements. I then demonstrate and examine heterogeneity in these trade costs. In Chapter II I examine the often-studied border effect, the notion that regions trade more intra-nationally than internationally. I demonstrate that smaller regions are less attractive to foreign trading partners than their larger counterparts. Fixed costs of crossing an international border, as well as more effective marketing methods, mean economically larger U.S. states or Canadian provinces see a smaller border effect. In Chapter III I look at how transportation costs incurred within the exporting country impact trade levels. Using a unique instrumental variable strategy, I show that the cost of getting a good to a port is a significant hindrance to trade. Finally, in Chapter IV I show that the benefits of joining the European Union are heterogeneous across countries. This means that while the E.U. may be beneficial on average, it may not be beneficial for individual countries.
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9

Altvater, Christoph, and Nils Kottmann. "Exchange Rate Volatility and Trade : An Empirical Analysis of Sweden's Bilateral Trade Flows." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-19020.

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The purpose of this paper is to test empirically how well three alternative model formulations manage to explain the effect of exchange rate volatility on Sweden’s bilateral trade flows with 15 of its important trading partners. We test this through multiple time series analyses using aggregate data from the OECD, SCB, and Riksbank. None of the models is able to describe Sweden’s bilateral trade flows systematically for the period between February 1995 and October 2011. It is found that the volatility measured with the GARCH method has a significant effect in nine out of the thirty investigated cases. In five cases, we find a negative relationship, while four cases display a positive effect of exchange rate volatility on bilateral trade flows. These mixed results are in line with previous research. Swedish exports seem to be more affected by exchange rate volatility than Swedish imports. In addition, we find some evidence that the volatilities of vehicle currencies have an effect on Swedish bilateral trade flows.
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10

Duong, Xuan Vinh. "ASEAN - China Free Trade Area : A quantitative study of Trade diversion and Trade creation effects on ASEAN - China trade flows." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Economics, Finance and Statistics, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-15348.

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The Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) and China have a long history of trading with each other. They are economic partners as well as competitors for many years. In order to push their economic relationship to a higher level, in November 2002, ASEAN and China signed the initial framework agreement, determined on establishing the ASEAN - China Free Trade Area (ACFTA) among the eleven countries by 2010 for the ASEAN-6 (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand) and by 2015 for the transitional economies of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam (the CLMV). There are fears that China’s rapid development recently will encourage ASEAN’s exports to flow into its giant domestic market instead of among the members countries. Also the benefits of the Free Trade Agreement are still unclear. The Thesis uses three gravity models and the panel data of 11 countries from 1992 to 2009 to test two hypotheses: trade diversion (that expanded trade with China will reduce intra-trade within ASEAN) and trade creation (that ACFTA will boost up bilateral trade between ASEAN and China).
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11

Eisenschmidt, Jens. "Capital Flows and Trade in an Integrated World." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2006. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:14-1141325673463-46218.

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The world we live in is increasingly integrated. For the work of economists, increasing international integration bears a significant importance. The present thesis is essentially a work on International Economics. As such it is no exception in that it consists of different chapters, all of which address different issues in the field. The first two chapters are theoretical in nature, whereas the third is empirical. The last chapter provides a technical reference to mathematical problems encountered in the first chapter. The first chapter is concerned with one of the negative effect of international trade: terms-of-trade uncertainty. It asks (and answers) the question why economic agents in practice fail to (completely) hedge away foreign price uncertainty in the presence of well-developed forward markets, even though theoretically they should obtain a full-hedge. The second chapter explores some of the effects international capital flows bring to a country that opens up its capital account. The third chapter describes the evolution of international capital flows and trade flows over that last decade. The last chapter is concerned with the existence of explicit demand schedules under expected utility maximization when the random variable is nonlinearly transformed
Die Welt in der wir leben ist durch zunehmende Integration in fast allen Bereichen des Lebens gekennzeichnet. In der ökonomischen Sphäre wird diese zunehmende Integration auch oft mit dem Begriff Globalisierung beschrieben. Zwei Hauptmerkmale der Globalisierung sind dabei zunehmende internationale Kapital- und Handelsströme. Die vorliegende Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit ausgesuchten Teilaspekten dieser Phänomene. "Warum sichern sich die Wirtschaftssubjekte in der Praxis nur unvollständig gegenüber Wechselkursrisiken ab, obwohl sie theoretisch eine vollständige Absicherung wählen sollten?", "Welchen Einfluß hat die Herkunft von Kapital auf die Ökonomie?" sowie "Wie ist der empirische Befund zur Entwicklung von Handels- und Kapitalströmen in der letzten Dekade?" sind Fragen denen die vorliegende Arbeit nachgeht. Ein Kapitel mit Ergebnissen zur Existenz von expliziten Nachfragefunktionen unter Erwartungsnutzenmaximierung bei zugrundeliegender nichtlinearer Transformation der Zufallsvariablen (eine Fragestellung die im Rahmen der Bearbeitung von Kapitel 1 auftaucht) beschliesst die Arbeit
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12

Eisenschmidt, Jens. "Capital Flows and Trade in an Integrated World." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universität Dresden, 2005. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A24673.

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The world we live in is increasingly integrated. For the work of economists, increasing international integration bears a significant importance. The present thesis is essentially a work on International Economics. As such it is no exception in that it consists of different chapters, all of which address different issues in the field. The first two chapters are theoretical in nature, whereas the third is empirical. The last chapter provides a technical reference to mathematical problems encountered in the first chapter. The first chapter is concerned with one of the negative effect of international trade: terms-of-trade uncertainty. It asks (and answers) the question why economic agents in practice fail to (completely) hedge away foreign price uncertainty in the presence of well-developed forward markets, even though theoretically they should obtain a full-hedge. The second chapter explores some of the effects international capital flows bring to a country that opens up its capital account. The third chapter describes the evolution of international capital flows and trade flows over that last decade. The last chapter is concerned with the existence of explicit demand schedules under expected utility maximization when the random variable is nonlinearly transformed.
Die Welt in der wir leben ist durch zunehmende Integration in fast allen Bereichen des Lebens gekennzeichnet. In der ökonomischen Sphäre wird diese zunehmende Integration auch oft mit dem Begriff Globalisierung beschrieben. Zwei Hauptmerkmale der Globalisierung sind dabei zunehmende internationale Kapital- und Handelsströme. Die vorliegende Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit ausgesuchten Teilaspekten dieser Phänomene. "Warum sichern sich die Wirtschaftssubjekte in der Praxis nur unvollständig gegenüber Wechselkursrisiken ab, obwohl sie theoretisch eine vollständige Absicherung wählen sollten?", "Welchen Einfluß hat die Herkunft von Kapital auf die Ökonomie?" sowie "Wie ist der empirische Befund zur Entwicklung von Handels- und Kapitalströmen in der letzten Dekade?" sind Fragen denen die vorliegende Arbeit nachgeht. Ein Kapitel mit Ergebnissen zur Existenz von expliziten Nachfragefunktionen unter Erwartungsnutzenmaximierung bei zugrundeliegender nichtlinearer Transformation der Zufallsvariablen (eine Fragestellung die im Rahmen der Bearbeitung von Kapitel 1 auftaucht) beschliesst die Arbeit.
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13

Mensah, Isaac <1986&gt. "Three essays in international trade and capital flows." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/15027.

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The thesis embodies three chapters addressing three research questions in international trade and capital flows. The first chapter, titled "The Euro's effect on trade: An analysis of “old” and “new” EMU members provides new empirical evidence of the "euro effect" on bilateral trade flows by shedding light on the experience of “new” EMU members. The study covers the period 1988-2015. Our results show a positive but statistically insignificant euro's effect on bilateral trade. That notwithstanding, the “euro effect” is positive for the “new” EMU members. We also find an increase in the concentration of exports between “new” and “old” EMU members. In the second chapter titled "The impact of FDI on output growth volatility: A country-sector analysis", we analyse the relationship between FDI and output growth volatility by focusing on the manufacturing sector of OECD countries for the period 1990-2015. We find a positive and statistically significant relationship between inward FDI stock and sectoral output volatility. Our results also indicate that high capital-intensive sectors have larger volatility than low capital-intensive sectors. These results are robust to the use of different definitions of output volatility. Moreover, we find consistent results when we exploit information on FDI targeting practices. The third chapter, titled “Trade liberalisation and its impact on income distribution in Ghana”, uses a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model to study the impact of trade liberalisation on income of households using 2013 Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) for Ghana. We find that import tax reduction negatively affects the income and consumption of rural-farm households. We also find further losses in crop capital rent and demand for labour. We, instead, show that trade liberalisation benefits urban households in terms of growth in income and consumption.
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14

Björkman, Lina, and Maria Ullgren. "Political Trade : A study of the relationship between bilateral trade flows and regime type." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-355249.

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In this study we examine how bilateral trade flows are affected by regime type. Previous research with the aim to investigate the effect of regime type on bilateral trade has primarily used a binary definition of democracy, and findings have indicated that democracies trade more extensively with other democracies. In this thesis, we add to the existing literature by disaggregating regime types, defining liberal democracies, electoral democracies and authoritarian regimes, and adopt the well-proven methodology of the gravity model of trade in OLS regressions. We use trade data adopted from IMF in the years 2004 and 2014 covering 162 countries. Data on the main explanatory variable, regime type, is defined in accordance with democracy indicator Freedom House’s methodology. Results show that pairs consisting of two liberal democracies have the highest values of trade flows, compared to other combinations of trading regime type-pairs. However, due to methodological discrepancies and ambiguous estimates, the relationship between regime type and trade flows remains uncertain.
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15

Nilsson, Désirée. "Essays on Trade Flows, Demand Structure and Income Distribution." Doctoral thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-780.

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This doctoral dissertation consists of four individual essays and an introductory chapter. The common features of the four separate essays are that they analyse international trade flows focusing on the role of demand structures. The first essay uses a gravity model to detect the effects of income-dependent differences in preferences within a country on the export and import of different types of goods. The second essay analyses the effect of income-dependent differences in preferences within a country on the likelihood of firms selecting that particular destination for their exports. The third essay explores the globalisation of Swedish exports during the period 1965-2000. The last essay investigates the changes in production and export structures of the OECD countries and relates these changes to the development of export market shares for these countries.
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16

Nilsson, Désirée. "Essays on trade flows, demand structure and income distribution /." Jönköping : Jönköping International Business School [Internationella handelshögsk. i Jönköping], 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-780.

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17

Poole, Jennifer Pamela. "Mobility and information flows in international trade and investment." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2007. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3277677.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2007.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed October 10, 2007). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 104-109).
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18

Levchenko, Andrei A. 1977. "Essays on trade and capital flows in developing countries." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/29429.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
This thesis is a collection of essays on the effects of trade and capital flows in developing countries. Chapter 1 starts with the observation that institutions - contract enforcement, property rights, investor protection, and the like - have received a great deal of attention in recent years. I propose a simple model of international trade in which institutional differences are modeled within the Grossman-Hart-Moore framework of contract incompleteness. I show that doing so yields several surprising conclusions. Institutional differences imply, among other things, that the less developed country may not gain from trade, and factor prices may actually diverge as a result of trade. Then I test empirically whether institutions act as a source of trade, using data on 1998 US imports disaggregated by country and industry. The empirical results provide evidence of "institutional content of trade:" institutional differences are an important determinant of trade flows. Chapter 2 focuses instead on capital flows. Recent empirical evidence demonstrates that in developing countries, financial liberalization is associated with an increase in consumption volatility. In this chapter I seek to rationalize the evidence by linking it to two important features of developing countries. First, domestic financial markets are underdeveloped. Second, access to international markets is not available to all members of society. I show that in this environment, opening up to international markets reduces the amount of risk sharing attained at home and can raise the volatility of consumption.
(cont.) financial development. In our model, a country's financial development arises endogenously as an outcome of domestic demand for external finance. If poor countries import financially dependent goods rather than produce them domestically, financially intensive sectors shrink in the poor country, demand for external finance decreases and the domestic financial system deteriorates. We test our model using data on financial development for a sample of 77 countries. We find that trade openness is associated with faster financial development in wealthier countries, and with slower financial development in poorer ones.
by Andrei A. Levchenko.
Ph.D.
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19

Lopez, Forero Maria Margarita. "Essays on international trade, capital flows and financial frictions." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01E030/document.

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Cette thèse aborde différents sujets ayant trait aux liens entre l’économie réelle et l’économie financière au sein de l’économie internationale. Trois essais abordent ces liens selon différentes perspectives aussi bien micro que macro-économiques. Le premier chapitre, co-écrit avec Jean-Charles Bricongne et Sebastian Franco-Bedoya, évalue l’arbitrage proximité-concentration avec des entreprises multi-produits afin d’identifier le type de lien (complémentarité ou substituabilité) entre les exportations et les IDE. Tandis que les modèles d’IDE horizontal prédisent qu’IDE et exportations se substituent du fait de l’arbitrage proximité-concentration, une majorité d’études empiriques met en évidence leur complémentarité. [...]Le deuxième chapitre examine empiriquement le rôle du développement financier dans l’évolution du produit marginal du capital (MPK) dans 50 pays et sa relation avec leurs besoins de finance externe, en lien avec leur production manufacturière durant la période 1995-2008. En se fondant sur des données sectorielles au niveau des pays, les résultats de ce chapitre montrent que la spécialisation dans des secteurs intensifs en finance externe contribue de manière positive au MPK des pays développés et de manière négative dans les pays en développement. Cette relation devient légèrement positive uniquement lorsque le système financier est suffisamment développé dans ces derniers ; ces pays étant généralement caractérisés par des systèmes financiers largement moins efficaces en comparaison avec des pays développés. [...] Le troisième chapitre, co-écrit avec Jean-Charles Bricongne et Fabrizio Coricelli étudie la transmission des chocs mondiaux pendant la Grande Récession et son impact sur l’emploi français. En particulier, nous examinons le rôle du crédit commercial (ou inter-entreprises) dans la propagation des chocs transfrontaliers. En se fondant sur un sous-échantillon des entreprises importatrices économiquement actives sur la période 2004-2009, nos résultats suggèrent que des entreprises ayant de forts liens commerciaux avant la crise avec les pays qui ont le mieux résisté aux chocs économiques, ont eu une meilleure performance au niveau de la croissance de l’emploi entre 2008 et 2009. Cet effet varie considérablement en fonction de l’intensité du crédit commercial. Une forte dépendance au crédit commercial avant la crise s’est traduite par une vulnérabilité plus forte aux chocs imprévus pour les entreprises, pour lesquelles l’impact négatif de la crise a été exacerbé. Cet effet a été intensifié pour les entreprises ayant des liens commerciaux importants avec les pays les plus affectés par des chocs. A l’inverse, l’effet négatif de la crise a été atténué lorsque les relations commerciales étaient plus fortes avec des pays où les chocs ont été les moins sévères. Suggérant par conséquent, que le crédit commercial a été une source alternative de financement pour les entreprises françaises importatrices lors de la crise, du moment où leurs fournisseurs internationaux leur ont permis de surmonter les contraintes financières liées aux chocs imprévus en leur accordant un délai de paiement plus important. Les résultats de cette analyse contribuent au débat dans la littérature sur le rôle du financement du commerce international dans le ralentissement de l’activité économique réelle à travers les frontières
Two particular concerns in international economics motivate this research: I. How are real and financial activities related to each other in a globalized economy? II. What role do financial frictions play in this relationship ? Three essays look at these questions from different perspectives. The first chapter, in collaboration with Jean-Charles Bricongne and SebastianFranco-Bedoya, revises the old question on the relation between FDI and exports on French firms, where theory seems to be at odds with empirical findings. Most FDI and most trade take place between rich markets, where the horizontal investment type is expected to happen. In this sense, empirical studies have almost invariably found a complementarity relation while standard Horizontal FDI models predict substitutability between FDI and exports given the proximity-concentration trade-off. [...]The second chapter empirically examines how external financial needs measured at the sector level- and financial development at the country level interact to shape the aggregate marginal product of capital of a country (MPK) and its foreign direct investment inflows (FDI). First, using new available data we construct annual aggregate MPK for 50 developing and developed countries during 1995-2008; we use industry-level data to construct an annual country-level measure of external financial dependence and assess its effects on MPK conditional on the level of financial development. Our findings imply that financial development seems to be a necessary condition -and certainly not a sufficient one- in order for production in financially dependent sectors to positively affect aggregate MPK in developing countries. Second, using bilateral FDI inflows in developing countries between 2001 and 2010, we analyze how external financial dependence and financial development determine FDI in flows in developing countries. [...]The third chapter, joint research with Jean-Charles Bricongne and Fabrizio Coricelli, studies the transmission of global shocks during the Great Recession and its impact on French employment. Particularly, we explore the role of trade credit in the propagation of cross-border shocks. Using a sub-sample of importing enterprises that were active over 2004-2009,our findings imply that strong pre-crisis sourcing ties with countries that were more resilient to the global crisis, translated into better performance in terms of employment growth over 2008-2009. This effect dramatically varies with trade credit intensity. Strongly relying on trade credit made firms more vulnerable to unanticipated shocks, for which the adverse impact of the crisis was exacerbated. This effect intensified among firms with important sourcing ties with severely shocked countries. While the negative effect of the crisis was mitigated when sourcing relations with countries subject to milder shocks were stronger. Supporting, therefore, the hypothesis that trade credit was an alternative source of financing for enterprises during the crisis, where implicitly borrowing from suppliers helped importers overcoming financial constraints. Our contribution to the literature adds to the debate on the role of trade finance in explaining the real economic downturn across borders
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Makochekanwa, Albert. "An econometric analysis of Botswana’s sectoral export trade flows." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25165.

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21

Naqvi, Kaukab Hassan. "Dynamics and determinants of bilateral trade flows of Pakistan." Kyoto University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/144515.

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Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(経済学)
甲第11848号
経博第225号
新制||経||203(附属図書館)
23628
UT51-2005-N682
京都大学大学院経済学研究科経済システム分析専攻
(主査)教授 森棟 公夫, 教授 柴田 章久, 教授 西山 慶彦
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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22

Mbogela, Cosmas Simon. "Trade openness : an African perspective : examining the determinants of trade openness and bilateral trade flows for the African countries." Thesis, University of Hull, 2015. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:11314.

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This research entails an empirical examination of the determinants of trade openness in Africa and the determinants of bilateral trade flows between Africa and the BRIC and OECD member countries. Besides, the study examines the impacts of trade openness on the economic growth in Africa. Before all this is done, the study surveys the updated empirical data on the African economy and trade to give a state of the art on the economic development processes in the African continent. Recognising the role of international trade in the global economic growth and considering the marginalisation of Africa in the world trade, this study highlighting important factors that are relevant for policy makers in the African countries to consider in order to boost-up their trade levels. It is also an attempt to empirically examine and provide explanations on the relatively lower trade levels that these countries have been experiencing ever since their political independence. The study has been done with panel data analysis methods in order to capture the relationships between the variables of interest over an extended time periods and disentangle the time invariant country specific effects that are very relevant particularly in examining bilateral trade flows. Econometric estimations of the coefficients for the regressors were made through the application of either random effects or fixed effects models, a selection of which is based on Hausman test. Where necessary the study has made use of instrumental variable estimation techniques like the 2SLS, Hausman Taylor and System GMM. Among others, this research contributes to the existing literature by examining the importance of private sector and the role of the ever- increasing mobile phone subscriptions in the African countries, in enhancing intra African bilateral trade flows. The facilitation of the private sector through provision of credits can enhance intra and inter African trade as well as boosting up the efforts to diversify African exports composition and export market destinations.
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Chua, Swee Teen. "Capital mobility, trade, growth and the environment." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324971.

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Söderström, Jannice. "Cultural Distance : An Assessment of Cultural Effects on Trade Flows." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Economics, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-1339.

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This thesis will investigate trade patterns among 77 selected countries and how these pat-terns may be affected by cultural attributes such as similarities in culture, institutions, common border, language, and such cultural characteristics. A cultural- and institutional distance measure will be calculated using the Pythagorean Theorem to assess the various cultural and institutional differences among countries. In more economic terms, a Euclid-ian space between the countries’ scores on each cultural and institutional index is calculated into one measure.

By the use of the gravity model an econometric analysis will be performed with 12 included variables in order to come to a conclusion if, and to what extent, various cultural distance measures affect trade flows. Due to scarce data availability in some of the variables the analysis is bound to the selected 77 partner countries and one time period ranging from 2003-2005. The dependent variable, and the trade flow considered in this thesis, is exports among the included countries.

The results from the performed regressions show excellent results where all variables are significant and are shown to have an effect on trade flows. Moreover, the result indicates that being similar when it comes to cultural attributes is indeed preferential for the trade partners. That is, trade increase when countries cultural affinities are large.

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Corlu, Anil. "Income Inequality and Trade Flows: A Country Study for 2001." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-9212.

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This paper tests the relationship between income inequality and trade flows. The model is based upon Helena Bohman and Désirée Nilsson (2007) and Mitra Trindade and Dalgin (2008). This paper will set up gravity model for 50 countries which includes, income distribution, population, average individual income level and GINI variable as distribution of disposable income as an explanatory variables. Results confirm that when income inequality increases in the exporting country, export of necessities increase and export of luxuries decrease. Income distribution also shows expected effect on trade flows in the importing country. When income inequality increases in the importing country, import of necessities decrease and import of luxuries increase.
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Abdul, Karim Mohamed Azhar. "Essays on the measurement of marginal intra-industry trade and adjustment." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251429.

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Cheng, I.-Hui. "Three essays on political economy, trade and international economic integration." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314295.

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Lundin, Jesper. "The Gravity of Liberation : An analysis of Hong Kong's trade flows." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-30331.

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June 1 1997. After 155 years under British rule, Hong Kong was reunited with its ancient roots, China. The administrative power shifted. What happened then? In this paper we analyze how Hong Kong’s trade flows changed after the liberation. We conduct our analysis with main focus on the trade predicting factors of Gravity, Institutional quality and Hong Kong’s relationship to China. We have found that trade flows did not significantly change much, however, Hong Kong’s attitude towards its trade partners’ institutional quality seem to have. Further, Hong Kong seem to have embraced the reunification with China and is now more dependent of its new ruler, in terms of trade, than before.
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Ferng, Li-Kung. "Dynamic strategic monetary policies, the trade balance, and international capital flows." The Ohio State University, 1989. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1272297267.

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Herédia, Caldeira Cabral Manuel de. "Factor content of vertical and horizontal intra-industry trade : endowments and requirements as determinants of matched trade flows." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.410419.

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31

Van, de Winkel Tijl. "Trade liberalisation and the impact of regional trade flows on the mark-ups in South African manufacturing industries." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5680.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 45-48).
Since the mid-1990s South Africa has made considerable progress in opening up its trade regime.This study presents estimates of average mark-ups for the manufacturing industries over the period 1970-2002 and further analyses the impact of trade liberalisation and regional trade flows on the internal competitiveness of South African manufacturing industries between 1988 and 2002. While several international studies have analysed the impact of trade flows, few have analysed the impact of trade liberalisation using tariff data.
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Skřivánek, Michal. "Ocenění podniku LIPOVICA trade s.r.o." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-15902.

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Business valuation of micro trading company LIPOVICA trade s.r.o; main business activity of the company is selling and distribution of aluminum radiators on the markets in the Czech and Slovak republic. The valuation is based on discounted cash flows method, economic value added method, capitalization of profits method and simple liquidation method.
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Fischer, Manfred M., and Börje Johansson. "Opening Up International Trade in Eastern European Countries. Consequences for Aggregate Trade Flows in the Rhine-Main-Danube Area." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 1994. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4191/1/WSG_DP_4094.pdf.

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34

Grande, Adrian. "Gini in the bottle : Does income inequality (Gini) affect trade flows (bottle)?" Thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-145923.

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Consumer studies are well known to assume non-homothetic preferences in their models, as the demand for a good can not be determined by assuming a single representative consumer. The question of how to include non-homothetic preferences into an empirical model for international trade is of importance as if not, the model exclude the demand side reason for trade. And does the effect look different regarding different types of goods. A significant share of countries GDP and the economic growth of a country is relying on trade; hence this question could be of great interest in order to determine trade policies. This thesis endeavoured to estimate the effect of income inequality in both exports and imports regarding one good classified as a luxury and necessity respectively. To accomplish this a Gravity model of trade that includes income distribution is conducted on the basis of an article by Mitra and Trindade(2005). Fixed effect analyses was implemented in order to analyse the data. Data on exports for the years 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2008-2011 gathered from the OECD databank was used in the study together with data on GDP per capita, Gini and population size provided by The World Bank Group. The analyses is based on the estimates of 41 countries. The results of the analyses point toward a possible negative relationship between a greater inequality in the exporting country yields less exports of luxury goods.
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Kavussanos, Manolis George. "An empirical examination of bilateral seaborne trade flows in the world economy." Thesis, City University London, 1992. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/8017/.

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The aim of this thesis is to construct a disaggregated econometric model of the pattern of bilateral seaborne trade flows. Commodities are classified into 5 categories according to the type of ship used in their transportation. Exports and imports are classified into 30 regions, according to the major sea-lanes used by ships. An understanding of the determinants of trade f lows at this level of disaggregation is important for shipowners. The use of disaggregated data also helps in the estimation of the price elasticities of traded goods, an issue of more general interest to exporters and policy makers. Our theoretical model borrows the ideas of multistage budgeting from consumer demand theory. The total imports of each importing region are allocated amongst their trade partners, depending on relative prices and trends in tastes. Our econometric implementation of the model uses the very general Constant Ratio of Elasticities of Substitution Homogeneous (CRESH) functional form. This encompasses the CES, LES, Cobb-Douglas and Leontief forms, more commonly used in trade models. Empirical implementation of the model has resulted in elasticity estimates which are much higher than those estimated in earlier trade models. This indicates a high degree of competition in international markets. The pattern of these elasticities suggest that importing regions establish a few trade partners internationally for the main bulk of their imports, while the proportion of their imports allocated to the remaining trade partners, is highly sensitive to relative prices.
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Smolka, Marcel [Verfasser], and Wilhelm [Akademischer Betreuer] Kohler. "Essays on International Trade and Factor Flows / Marcel Smolka ; Betreuer: Wilhelm Kohler." Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1164017918/34.

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Vallejo, Hernán Eduardo. "World-wide analysis of bilateral trade flows : pattern, performance and commercial openness." Thesis, University of London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322142.

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Paley, Jeremy. "Fear of food the effect of food scares on international trade flows /." CONNECT TO ELECTRONIC THESIS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1961/6440.

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39

Barua, Suborna. "The impacts of climate change on trade and foreign direct investment flows." Thesis, Federation University Australi, 2019. http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/171400.

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A growing body of climate economics research suggests that climate change affects production, prices, distribution structures, investments and national income. Studies further describe international trade and climate related investments as key activities in climate impact mitigation and adaptation. However, despite its increasing relevance, the empirical link between climate change and international trade and investment remains largely unexplored. This thesis investigates the climate change impacts on trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) flows using static and dynamic panel estimations covering 102 countries. The modelling uses temperature and precipitation variability to separately evaluate changes in international trade from 1962 to 2014, and in FDI inflows from 1995 to 2014. The trade impacts estimations consider exports of total merchandise, agriculture and six agricultural sectors; while controlling for income, comparative advantage, productivity, domestic and trade policies, and climate zones. The FDI impacts modelling evaluates total and sectoral inflows, while controlling for income, market size, infrastructure, openness, financial development, the global financial crisis and climate zones. Results show that climate change significantly affects both exports and FDI inflows. In particular, temperature affects merchandise exports, negatively at the global and developing country level, and positively in high-income countries. Agricultural exports are negatively affected by temperature. At the sectoral level, oil-seeds and dairy are mostly affected. Precipitation effects are limited and mostly negative for agriculture. The FDI world aggregate flows respond mostly positively to both temperature and precipitation, and static estimations indicate a FDI positive response in developing countries. Furthermore, FDI sectoral estimations indicate a differentiated response. Findings could inform the formulation of trade and investment policies, at the national and global level, in consideration to the differential impacts of climate change across sectors, regions and economic status. Furthermore, these estimates could be used in projections considering climate change as a determinant of trade and investment flows.
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40

Gabrielsson-Kjäll, Frida, and Maria Ädel. "The Impact of the EU GSP Agreement on the Andean Countries' Trade Flows." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Economics, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-12342.

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The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the impact of the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) agreement on the export from the Andean Community (AC) to the European Union (EU) between the years 1995 to 2000. The GSP agreement enables developing countries to face lower- or no tariffs when exporting to developed countries. According to Ricardian theory, Heckscher-Ohlin theory, and New Trade theory decreased trade barriers tend to have a positive effect on trade. When analyzing the trade flow between these countries using the gravity model the outcome is found to be consistent with the theories i.e the results show that the GSP agreement implemented in 1995 has had a positive impact on trade.

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Bertho, Fabien. "The impact of liner shipping trade and competition regulations on the market structure, maritime transport costs and seaborne trade flows." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2012. http://spire.sciences-po.fr/hdl:/2441/7o52iohb7k6srk09mit038srm.

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J’évalue l’impact des réglementations commerciales et concurrentielles dans transport maritime de ligne sur la structure du marché, les coûts de transport et le commerce maritime. D’abord, je quantifie le niveau global des Barrières Commerciales (BC) dans le secteur du transport maritime de ligne en construisant un Indice de Restriction du Commerce des Services (IRCS). Cet indicateur est inclus dans une analyse économétrique en deux étapes. Les BC sont susceptibles d’influencer le commerce maritime à travers les Coûts de Transport Maritime (CTM). Ainsi, j’évalue l'impact des BC sur les CTM, puis l'impact des CTM sur le commerce maritime. Je montre que les BC ont un impact positif sur les CTM et que les CTM ont un impact négatif sur le commerce maritime. Ainsi, les BC ont un impact indirect négatif sur le commerce maritime. Je montre aussi qu’en plus d’affecter négativement le commerce maritime à travers les CTM, la distance a un impact positif direct sur le commerce maritime. Ensuite, j’évalue l'impact des barrières réglementaires à l'entrée sur la structure du marché et les CTM. D’abord, j’évalue l'impact de la réglementation sur la structure du marché. Puis, j’évalue l'impact de la structure du marché sur les CTM. Je montre que la présence de conférences maritimes n’a pas d’impact sur le nombre de compagnies sur les routes alors que la présence d'accords de discussion a un impact positif. De plus, lorsqu’elles atteignent un seuil, les BC ont un impact négatif sur le nombre de compagnies. En outre, je montre les BC affectent les CTM à travers la structure du marché et les coûts marginaux. Enfin, je montre que les compagnies maritimes de ligne exercent un pouvoir de marché
This dissertation aims at assessing the impact of liner shipping trade and competition regulations on the market structure, prices, and seaborne trade flows. To quantify the overall level of trade restrictions in the liner shipping sector, I construct an original Service Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI). The original STRI is included in a two-stage econometric analysis. Since barriers to trade are likely to influence seaborne trade through maritime transport costs (MTCs), in a first stage, I assess the impact of trade restrictions on MTCs. And, in a second stage I assess the impact of MTCs on seaborne trade flows. I show that barriers to trade affect positively MTCs and that MTCs affect negatively seaborne trade flows. Thus, barriers to trade have an indirect and negative impact on seaborne trade flows. Furthermore, I show that distance affects positively MTCs. The results also suggest that besides affecting negatively seaborne trade through MTCs, distance affect directly and positively seaborne trade. I assess the impact of regulatory barriers to entry on the market structure and MTCs. In a first stage, I assess the impact of regulations on the market structure. In a second stage, I assess the impact of the market structure on MTCs. I show that the presence of maritime conferences does not affect the number of carriers on routes while the presence of discussion agreements does. Moreover, when they reach a critical level, barriers to trade limit the number of carriers. Furthermore, I show barriers to trade affect MTCs through the market structure and marginal costs. Finally, I show that shipping exercise a market power even though this effect is small
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Habtu, Besrat, and Intisar Ahmed. "The effect of Mercosur on trade : How have Mercosur effected trade between member countries?" Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-38808.

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This thesis examines whether there is an effect of the Mercosur free trade agreement on export and import between member countries. The study uses an extended gravity model framework on a panel data between the years 1975 to 2017 for 34 countries, including the member countries. Two different regressions were run using OLS and country fixed effect. A Linder effect was also added to the regressions to further understand the impact on trade. The results show a significantly positive effect of the FTA on imports. The FTA yielded insignificant and significantly negative result for OLS and FEM respectively on exports.
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43

Muller-Plantenberg, Nikolas. "Essays on the dynamic interaction of trade and capital flows and exchange rates." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2005. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2681/.

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The notion that trade and capital flows drive exchange rates is widespread in the financial press but receives scant attention in economic research. The flow market model of the exchange rate has fallen out of fashion in the 1970s, at a time when stock-oriented approaches, such as monetary and portfolio balance models, gained prominence. However, given the limited empirical success of mainstream exchange rate models over the past decades, it may be time for a reassessment of the flow market approach. The aim of this work is to demonstrate how balance of payments imbalances influence the demands for different currencies in the foreign exchange markets over time. A dynamical system approach is used to assess how international payments evolve for different sets of assumptions regarding the joint dynamic behaviour of various balance of payments components. An important finding is that while the different components of the balance of payments affect international payment flows directly in a given country, they also determine the accumulation of foreign assets and liabilities in that country, or its international investment position. However, the international investment position itself gives rise to international payments, for instance when foreign debt becomes due and is repaid or when interest payments on the existing debt stock are made. The dynamical system approach is further applied to topics such as currency crises and the exchange rate performance of commodity exporters. Two empirical essays on the important case of Japan confirm the above hypotheses. The first essay builds a vector error correction model for the nominal exchange rate and the current account in Japan. The model allows for a Markov-switching stochastic trend in the current account. The model is capable of producing the strong cycles of the current account and the gradual adjustment of the exchange rate, which can both be observed in the Japanese data. Bayesian estimation proceeds using an innovative Gibbs sampling procedure. The second essay estimates the maturity structure of Japan's foreign lending. It constructs an explicit measure of cross-border payment flows across Japanese borders, based on the estimated maturity structure of Japan's foreign lending. The simulated cross-border payment flows are shown to closely follow the movements of the Japanese exchange rate. An additional empirical essay considers the reverse question of how the current account is influenced by exchange rate fluctuations. Based on German and Japanese data, it is shown that strong exchange rate movements have tended to influence the trend of the current account, rather than its level as is typically assumed in the literature.
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Nähle, Thomas. "Exchange Rates and Trade : The Impacts of the Euro on bilateral Export Flows." Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Internationella Handelshögskolan, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-26981.

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The purpose of this paper is to investigate how exports are affected by exchange rate risk, by analyzing the effects of the European monetary union (EMU) on exports. This is achieved by using a gravity model for nine EMU and nine non-EMU countries for the time period from 1996 to 2012. Total export values are first analyzed before the change in exports is investigated. The main finding is that the EMU membership does not affect export flows for the sample countries when time dummies are included in the model. Missing time effects to capture business cycles might be an explanation while previous researches find a positive currency union effect on trade. The variables influencing exports are the size and location of the countries rather than the currency union. The second approach investigates the influence of the currency union on changes in exports. A negative effect for the dummy variables for EU and EMU on changes in exports is found. The negative effect is unexpected and further research is needed to explain this. The time invariant distance measures in this model are not able to explain variation in exports, while the size still has a significant impact. The results suggest that the currency union does not increase export of member countries.
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45

Brenton, P. A. "An application of consumer demand theory to the modelling of bilateral trade flows." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376078.

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46

Zhang, Ji. "The evolution of trade flows between Portugal and China : an inter-industry approach." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/12503.

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Mestrado em Economia Internacional e Estudos Europeus
Depois da política de reforma e abertura, durante as últimas 3 décadas, a China foi o principal país com crescimento mais rápido ao nível mundial, sendo que a taxa de crescimento média tem sido superior a 10%. E a China tornou se o maior país em termos de comércio internacional e o segundo maior em termos de economia ao nível mundial. Por outro lado, depois de ter juntado à União Europeia, apesar da grande recessão em 2008/2009 e a crise da Zona Euro entre 2010 e 2013, a economia Portuguesa tem tido um crescimento significante nas últimas décadas. Além disso, o comércio entre Portugal e China também expandiu muito. O crescimento do comércio entre os dois países foi muito significante. O objectivo deste investigação é os fluxos comerciais entre Portugal e a China, sobretudo nas cadeias globais de valor. A União Europeia é o maior parceiro comercial da China com um valor anual mais ou menos 521 biliões Euros em 2015. Portugal, sendo um membro da União Europeia, tem um papel muito importante no comércio bilateral. Esta pesquisa envolve a análise dos fluxos comerciais de valor grosso total e valor grosso por sectores e da especialização vertical em cadeias globais de valor para explicar as principais características da evolução dos fluxos comerciais entre si. Foi decidido usar o Leontief Input-Output Model e o Vertical Specialization para a análise da base de dados do World Input-Output Database (WIOD).
After the policy of reform and opening-up, during the last 3 decades, China was the world?s fastest-growing major country, with growth rate averaging over 10%. And China has become the biggest country of international trade and the second biggest economy in the world. On the other hand, after joining the European Union, despite of the great recession of 2008/2009 and the Euro Zone crisis between 2010 and 2013, the Portuguese economy has a significant growth in the last few decades. In addition, the trade between Portugal and China also expanded a lot. The growth of trade between two countries was very significant. The object of this investigation is the trade flows between Portugal and China particularly in the global value chains. As we know, the European Union is the biggest trade partner of China with the annual value about 521 billion Euros in 2015. Portugal, as a member of the European Union, plays an important role in the bilateral trading. This research involves the analysis of the trade flows in total gross value and gross value by sectors and the vertical specialization in global value chains, in order to explain the main characteristics of the evolution of trade flows between them. It is decided to use the Leontief Input-Output Model and the Vertical Specialization for the analysis of the data from the World Input-Output Database (WIOD).
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Mthembu, Nokwazi Nombulelo Adora, and M. Z. Shamase. "Bilateral trade flows between South Africa and the BRICS member states, 2011 – 2015." Thesis, University of Zululand, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10530/1802.

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A dissertation submitted to the Department of History in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the Faculty Arts at the University of Zululand, 2018.
Bilateral trade flows among the BRICS member states thus far have contributed mutually between the progressions of each country and continue to. Nevertheless, South Africa‘s economy does not allow it to continue lagging behind its alliance partners. South Africa needed to be robust when it comes to the trade agreements with the group, since South Africa‘s economy has been scrabbling in growth in the past few years. With South Africa‘s economy still experiencing pressure from the global economic slowdown and domestic structural bottlenecks including labour unrest, unemployment remains high especially among young Africans and income inequality has increased. Economic growth has been volatile as the country has had to cope with the consequences of global crises. With all of these challenges the country is facing, one can only ask about where the aid of the BRIC countries is. Conversely, South Africa‘s role as the member of BRICS still remains cognisance. The bilateral flows of BRICS countries still remain largely influenced by the gains of China, however with time, the export and import performance continue increasing the volume of trade of each BRICS country, which also alone increases each country‘s economic activities like the FDI and the in-flow and out-flows of imports and exports industry.1 The BRICS countries today present an opportunity as new growth poles in a multi-polar world. As demonstrated during the global crisis when they played a pivotal role by recovering fast from the crisis; more than just that, the BRICS countries as a unit carry the capacity of changing the world on account of both the threats and the opportunities they present economically, socially and politically.2 Analysts and international agencies suggest and advice that investors should pay careful attention to the opportunities offered by BRICS member states and the impact and influence they carry globally.
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Buhre, Louise. "The Dynamics of Trade Affinities : An Assessment of the Globalization of the European Continent." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Economics, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-1340.

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This thesis is an assessment of the dynamics of trade affinities and how they have influenced trade flows in the European continent. The focus is how trade affinities have altered over a time span of four time periods stretching from the 1970s up to today and how these alterations have influenced globalization.

A total of 41 countries belonging to the European continent have been selected. Furthermore four variables were selected to represent trade affinities; distance, border, colony, and language. These have been selected as they are generally believed to be static and thus should not change over time. Also, this thesis aims to show the separate influence of each trade affinity as other papers usually estimate trade affinities as one collective variable.

By the use of a gravity model 9 variables are tested in order to determine their influence on trade flows. This is done through a regression with a log-log equation where the dependent variable is Export and the affinity variables are estimated as dummy variables.

The regression is divided into four time periods in order to more easily determine how the trade affinity variables have altered in influence on trade flows in Europe. The first time period represent an average of the time period 1974-1976, the second 1984-1986, the third 1994-1996 and the fourth 2004-2006.

The regression results illustrate that the majority of the selected variables are significant but most importantly that the trade affinity variables are proven to have altered over the time periods. The performance of a Wald estimation gives an indication that trade affinities are in fact dynamic although the results are not entirely significant for all variables.

Based on the results, it is apparent that trade affinities still have a significant effect on trade flows in the European continent. Although, their effects have altered to become less significant in some cases while others have become stronger they all jointly share the attributes of affecting trade. These alterations can in turn be interpreted as dependent on the globalization process of the European continent. As globalization has progressed some affinities have decreased in influence while others have regained new importance.

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Mangano, Clifford Anthony. "Exchange rates, refinery flexibility, and international petroleum flows." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184945.

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The study analyses the relative separation of the effects of changes in a nation's dollar exchange rate and crude oil's dollar price on a country's short-run crude oil derived demand. It examines the role of the dollar exchange rate on domestic and international petroleum flows and discusses the short-run inefficiencies that occur due to adjustment times in a country's domestic petroleum market. A four-equation, structural model of a country's short-run petroleum demand function for its two petroleum flows (crude oil and imported product) was used. Using the translog function, estimates of direct and indirect dollar exchange rate effects were estimated. To account for the role of a nation's refinery industry on international petroleum flows, a measure of the industry's flexibility was developed. The industry is said to be flexible when it can alter its inputs' naturally occurring product fractions to more closely meet the country's final demand. The index developed in this study measures the industry's increase in its output product slate's weighted average API, relative to the weighted average API of its crude oil and feedstocks inputs, adjusted for the crude oil's naturally occurring product fractions.
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Fransson, Sara, and Ida Emanuelsson. "The Effect of Environmental Regulations on Trade Flows : A Study of the European Union." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Economics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-572.

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The purpose of this thesis is to investigate if the trade flows within the European Union are affected by the environmental policies within the union. An environmental sensitivity index (IESP) is used as explanatory variable, with export and import shares respectively as dependent variables. The trade flow data is collected from the OECD database for the years 1995 to 1998, and is used in a regression analysis together with IESP data from the same years. The analysis covers 15 European Union member countries. The result from the regression analysis shows a positive relationship between IESP and trade flows. However, our values did not turn out to be significant, much due to the low number of observations and too few explanatory variables.


Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka om handelsflödena inom den Europeiska Unionen påverkas av miljöpolitiken inom unionen. Ett index som mäter miljökänslighet (IESP) används som förklarande variabel, med export respektive import som beroende variabler. Data om handelsflöden är hämtade från OECDs databas och täcker åren 1995-1998. Dessa data används i en regressionsanalys tillsammans med IESP data från samma period. Analysen täcker 15 medlemsländer från den Europeiska Unionen. Resultaten från regressionsanalysen pekar på ett positivt samband mellan handelsflöden och IESP. Tyvärr blev våra värden ej signifikanta, mycket beroende på för få observationer och förklarande variabler.

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