Relevant bibliographies by topics / Trade diversion effect

Academic literature on the topic 'Trade diversion effect'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Trade diversion effect"

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Freckleton, Marie, and Patrice Whitely. "Can trade agreements among small countries create trade?" International Journal of Development Issues 19, no. 2 (April 16, 2020): 205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-06-2019-0110.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of a regional trade agreement among a group of small island developing states on trade creation and trade diversion. Design/methodology/approach An augmented gravity model and panel data are used to estimate the trade creation and trade diversion effects. The generalized method of moments technique is used to account for possible endogeneity. Country pair and time fixed effects are also included. Findings The regional trade agreement had a positive effect on intra-regional trade creation, but there was no significant diversion of imports from extra-regional trade partners. Practical implications Small developing economies can benefit from regional trade agreements (RTAs) among themselves. The trade diversion effects of such agreements are likely to be limited. Originality/value To the best of authors’ knowledge, this is the only paper which investigates the impact of RTAs among small island developing states.
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Xiang, Hongjin, Zheng Zhan, and Mingyong Lai. "The trade destruction effect and trade diversion effect of RMB appreciation." Frontiers of Economics in China 6, no. 3 (August 19, 2011): 479–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11459-011-0143-3.

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Deng, Chuang. "Analysis of Trade Diversion Effect Under Sino-us Trade Friction - Taking Developing Countries and Developed Countries As Examples." E3S Web of Conferences 275 (2021): 01031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127501031.

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Under the background of sino-us trade friction, what kind of trade diversion effect will china produce to the third country market. Based on the monthly import and export data of China and its 11 major trading partners from January 2014 to December 2019, this paper analyzes the trade diversion of sino-us trade frictions to China’s neighboring countries by using the double-difference and panel quantile methods, and through the selection of developing countries and developed countries as a control group for the spillover effects of trade transfer analysis. Empirical analysis: under the background of China’s trade frictions, China’s imports and exports to the United States have been significantly negatively affected, the trade conflict between China and the United States has a significant trade diversion effect on the third country, and the spillover effect on the developing country is larger and longer-term than that on the developed country.
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Jošić, Hrvoje, and Maja Bašić. "Trade creation and trade diversion effects from Croatia’s CEFTA and EU membership." Ekonomski pregled 72, no. 4 (2021): 489–521. http://dx.doi.org/10.32910/ep.72.4.1.

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This paper provides a detailed empirical study of trade creation and trade diversion effects arising from Croatia's two regional trade agreements, the Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) and the European Union (the EU). It offers a foundation for discussion about future trade policies in terms of benefits and drawbacks from those regional trade agreements. Croatia’s imports, exports and total trade flows with 180 trading partner countries were examined for the period of 2000 – 2016. Cross-country panel regression using gravity model of international trade assessed pooled OLS, fixed and random effects, as well as more robust Tobit and PPML estimator models. The random effects model found positive effects of Croatia-CEFTA integration evident in trade creation in imports, exports and total trade flows. Croatia-EU integration exhibits no significant effect of trade creation in neither imports, exports nor total trade flows. Nonetheless, there is a trade diversion effect in cases of imports and total trade flows. In the Tobit model CEFTA created trade in imports, exports and total trade flows, while the EU diverted trade in imports and total trade flows. Finally, the robust PPML estimator found that: (1) CEFTA membership created trade in imports, exports and total trade flows, and (2) the EU membership diverted trade in imports and exports, and created trade in total trade flows.
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Gaurav, Kumar, and Nalin Bharti. "Some Common Lessons from Uncommon FTAs." South Asia Economic Journal 20, no. 1 (March 2019): 138–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1391561418824479.

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The present study endeavours to observe the trade creation and trade diversion effects of three free trade agreements (FTAs) in Asia, namely, India–Japan CEPA (IJCEPA), India–Sri Lanka FTA (ISFTA), and India–Bhutan FTA (IBFTA). The article aims to evaluate three uncommon FTAs that include developing–developed, developing–developing and developing–least developed countries. The objective is to evaluate the effects of these FTAs on exports and draw lessons for both the contracting parties and for other economies to commence FTAs that promote trade liberalization. This paper also aims to debunk the myth that FTAs between developing-least developed countries is not beneficial for the developing or least developed counterpart. The study applies augmented gravity model to capture the trade creation and trade diversion effects. The results confirm that ISFTA and IBFTA have trade creation effect, while in case of IJCEPA, there is trade diversion. These bilateral agreements can open the ways for multilateral trade liberalization in the long-run. JEL : F10, F13, F14
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Nawaz Hakro, Ahmed, and Syed Hasanat Shah. "Economic Rationale, Trade Impact and Extent of Antidumping – A Case Study of Pakistan." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 79–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2007.v12.i1.a4.

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This paper has analyzed the economic and political justification, trade impact and extent of antidumping measures initiated by Pakistan. Screening models for anti-predatory behaviour, Herfindahl-Hireshmann Index (HHI) for concentration and descriptive statistical measures are used to test the antidumping (AD) behaviour. The results are consistent with the earlier literature that AD duties have both a trade reduction and diversion effect. It is evident from the results in half of the cases studied that an economic rationale has been followed in the application of AD duties in Pakistan. Although the number of AD cases is limited, Pakistan has emerged as one of the intensive users of AD, relative to its total import share. It is also evident from the fact that intensive use of AD reduces trade and increases trade barriers, similarly, trade diversion reduces the chances of trade reduction. The key message emerging from this research is that trade diversion persists and in some cases trade diversion is substantial and it offsets the effect of AD measures on named countries to the benefit of non-named countries.
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Mareta, Bernadheta Mia Tri. "The Impact of ASEAN-Korea Free Trade Agreements on Indonesian Export of Manufacturing Goods." ETIKONOMI 17, no. 2 (August 10, 2018): 161–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/etk.v17i2.7342.

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Along with an attempt to promote the export performance of manufacturing goods, the number of investigation about the potential benefit or harm of free trade agreements is still weak in Indonesia. This paper highlights the effect of ASEAN-Korea Free Trade Agreement (AKFTA) on Indonesian export of manufacturing products since AKFTA as one of the significant initiatives in Southeast Asia is expected to boost Indonesian export. By using augmented gravity models with panel data, this paper investigates the presence of trade creation and trade diversion effects on Indonesian export with 20 trading partners, covering a 26-year period from 1990-2015. Fixed effects with least square dummy variable (LSDV) models are applied to tackle the endogeneity problems of FTA by controlling the unobserved heterogeneity. The results showed that trade diversion outweighs trade creation effects in almost all categories, confirming a decrease in export from member to non-member countries.DOI: 10.15408/etk.v17i2.7342
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Ji, Seongtae, and JeongHo Yoo. "A study on the changes of agricultural import structure according to implementation of FTAs in South Korea." Journal of Korea Trade 22, no. 1 (March 5, 2018): 2–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jkt-01-2018-0001.

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Purpose South Korea has signed and implemented 15 free trade agreements (FTAs) with 52 countries. More than 80 percent of imports of agricultural products came from FTA partner countries in 2015. We can say that South Korea entered the era of an opening in agricultural import sector. It means that FTA is an important factor in causing changes in agricultural imports. As a result of the implementation of the FTA, tariff cuts and other changes in trade conditions could lead to an increase in imports of agricultural products from FTA partner country or diversity of partners. South Korea has implemented 15 FTAs so far, each with a different period of implementation, different scale of trade, and different major trade items. This means that each FTA will have a different size and type of impact on the changes in the import structure. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to analyze how the FTA actually affected agricultural imports and what type of impact each FTA had. Especially, the authors focused on the effects of trade creation and diversion to analyze the patterns of structural changes in the import of agricultural products according to the implementation of FTAs. Design/methodology/approach In this study, the authors analyzed both trade creation and trade diversion effect through the poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood method based on the previous research gravity model of Magee (2008, p. 353) and Yang and Martinez-Zarzoso (2014, p. 144). The biggest improvement compared to the standard gravity model is that all variables such as GDP, population, and distance are removed. This model cannot be regarded as a gravity model because the basic parameters of gravity model such as GDP, population, distance are excluded, but it can be said that the fixed effect variables replace the basic parameter of the gravity model. Findings According to the analysis, the authors found that the effects of trade creation were apparent in the early stages of FTA implementation before 2011 and the effect of the trade transition was seen in the mid-FTA transition period after 2011. The authors also clarified the pattern of structural changes in the agricultural imports of each FTAs. It is shown that the change in agricultural import structures was more apparent in major FTAs like the Korea-ASEAN, Korea-EU, and Korea-US FTA. In other words, the effects of trade creation and trade diversion in these FTAs were found to be statistically significant. Research limitations/implications The limitations of this study are as follows. First, as multiple FTAs are implemented simultaneously, the effects of individual FTA can be offset. Second, the FTA effect of each item was not reflected, because it was analyzed based on the amount of imports by country. Third, the effect of the trade between the partners was not reflected. Therefore, future studies need to add or supplement these limitations. Practical implications This paper demonstrated through an empirical analysis that the FTA directly affects changes in agricultural import structure. And it proved that the period of FTA implementation, items imported from FTA partner countries, and the size of imports affected the structure of agricultural imports. Of course, changes in the domestic consumption patterns, changes in the supply and demand, conditions of quarantine inspection, and preference of importers are also factors that affect the structure of agricultural imports. It is expected that the effect of trade creation and the effect of trade diversion in agricultural import will be more significant when tariff rates are further decreased due to FTA implementation and domestic demand of agricultural product rises as a result of an economic recovery. As the FTA directly affects changes in agricultural imports, it should be carefully dealt with when signing a new FTA or improving the existing ones. And appropriate measures should be taken to minimize damages to the domestic agricultural sector due to changes in the import structure of agricultural products. Originality/value This paper fulfils an identified need to do research what kinds of effect occurred after FTA implementation in the agricultural sector. An empirical analysis was conducted on the effects of trade creation and diversion of agricultural products, based on the actual results of bilateral trade between the 50 major importers of agricultural products, including the 30 FTA partner countries.
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Jungu Kang, Seung-jin Shim, and 김태진. "Trade Creation and Diversion Effect of Korea-China FTA on Service Trade in Value Added." KUKJE KYUNGJE YONGU 23, no. 1 (March 2017): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17298/kky.2017.23.1.001.

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Tien, Thinh Bui, and Hung Tran Van. "Assessing economic development through trade relations and educational markets integration (the case of Vietnam within ACFTA)." E3S Web of Conferences 210 (2020): 13016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021013016.

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This paper applies the gravity model of trade with panel database to assess the impact of ACFTA on the export and import of ACFTA’s members from 2001 to 2018. The database was taken from World Bank Database, International Trade Center and CEPII Research and Expertise on The World Economy. The estimation results review that ACFTA has positive trade creation and trade diversion effect on the export of all ACFTA’s members including Vietnam, ACFTA does play a pivotal role in the intra – regional export and extra – regional export of Vietnam and other ACFTA’s members. Furthermore, within the scope of the paper, compared to other FTA of ASEAN, the magnitude of trade creation of ACFTA is considerably large. This is consistent with the fact that China is gradually becoming a fundamental trade partner with ASEAN and Vietnam in particular. Contrary to the positive effect of ACFTA on members’ export, the estimation results show that ACFTA is causing negative trade diversion effect on the import of ASEAN members within ACFTA including Vietnam. This is in line with the fact that ASEAN and Vietnam in particular have been running trade deficit with China since 2010 at the expense of import from other trading partners, and the trade deficit has been increasing since ACFTA came into full effect.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Trade diversion effect"

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Lindbom, Anton, and Ibteesam Hossain. "The European Union’s effect on Swedish trade : A study of trade diversion and trade creation." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Economics, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-955.

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This Bachelor thesis investigates if the Swedish trade has faced trade diversion and or trade creation after entering the European Union (EU). This is done by analyzing Sweden’s trade pattern of goods before and during the membership using a selected time-period of 1985-2004.

To be able to investigate if Sweden has faced trade diversion and trade creation we apply the Soloaga and Winters model (2000) which is based on the gravity model of trade and we modify it to fit our purpose. By using the modified version we run a pooled panel data regression where we divide the time-period into two groups, a before (1985-1994) and during (1995-2004) EU membership group and we included eight different variables to estimate trade diversion and creation. After running the pooled panel data, we could conclude that Sweden has faced 44 percent trade diversion by diverting its trade from non-members to member states in the EU. Sweden has also increased its trade to EU member states by 106 percent implying trade creation. However since we have not included an exchange rate variable these figure cannot be used as direct percentages to estimate trade diversion and creation, they are instead used as a point of reference.

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Denna kandidatuppsats undersöker huruvida Sveriges handel har påverkats av handelsomfördelning och eller en handelsökning efter medlemskapet i den Europeiska Unionen (EU). Detta gör vi genom att analysera Sveriges handelstrend under 1985-2004.

Till vår hjälp i vår undersökning av Sveriges handelsutveckling under de senaste 20 åren har vi använt Soloaga och Winters (2000) regressionsmodell som är baserad på gravitations modellen för handel men vi har modifierat den till att passa vårt syfte. Genom denna modifierade modell har vi gjort en poolad paneldata analys där vi delar upp vår tids period i två grupper, en före- och en under EU grupp och vi inkluderade åtta variabler i modellen. Sammanfattningsvis har vi kommit fram till att Sverige har påverkats av en 44 procentig handelsomfördelning då handeln har skiftat från icke medlemsstater till medlemsstater. Sverige har även ökat sin handel med EU länderna med 106 procent vilket pekar på att Sverige även har påverkats av en handelsökning. Dessa siffror måste dock ses som en utgångspunkt och inte exakta siffror för handelsomfördelning och handelsökning då vi ej inkluderat en variabel som mäter valutakurs förändringar i vår regressionsmodell

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Liu, Tianshu, and tianshu liu@rmit edu au. "Empirical Analysis of the Impact of Regional Trade Agreements for Australia and China." RMIT University. Economics, Finance and Marketing, 2008. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080428.094213.

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The thesis concentrates on measuring the benefits and losses of implementing regional trade agreements. In particular, the thesis analyses trade flow changes, foreign direct investment inflow changes, industrial total factor productivity changes and specific commodity trade flow changes in Australia and China. Four empirical studies are undertaken. Firstly, the thesis introduces the gravity model to estimate the effect of regional trade agreements on trade flow changes, focusing on thirty-nine countries and areas from seven regional trade agreements during 1980-2004. The results show that there are trade creation and trade diversion effects for various memberships. The results further show that China experiences an export creation effect for its APEC membership while Australia has an import diversion effect for its CER membership. When trade between Australia and China is considered, Australia's CER membership impedes its trade with China. However, both Australia and China benefit from attending APEC jointly to enlarge their bilateral trade. Secondly, a modified gravity model is undertaken to test the impact of regional trade agreements on foreign direct investment inflows to Australia and China. It uses the same regional trade agreements to that of the trade flow study for the period of 1980 to 2004 for Australia and 1985 to 2004 for China. The results show that CER members tend to strengthen their bilateral foreign direct investment cooperation after the implementation of CER trade and investment liberalization. Thirdly, the impact of regional trade agreements is examined on industrial total factor productivity growth. The findings show that industries with comparative trading advantages in both Australia and China tend to improve their total factor productivity upon liberalizing trade both bilaterally and multilaterally. However, industries with comparative disadvantages need more protection against severe foreign competition. It uses data from 1974-75 to 2004-05 for the Australian market sector analysis, from 1968-69 to 1990-2000 for the Australian manufacturing industry analysis, and from 1987 to 2003 for the Chinese industry analysis. Finally, the thesis investigates the impact of regional trade agreements on bilateral commodity trade between Australia and China from 1979 to 2004. A similar gravity model to that of the trade flow study is used, introducing an additional GDP per capita variable to capture the effect of increasing consumers' income on their consumption of particular goods and products type based on product and production characteristics. Both the one-digit and some detailed four-digit commodity classifications described in the Standard International Trade Classification are considered. The results show that participation in regional trade agreements is an important factor that affects Australia's major commodity trade with China. The major contribution of this thesis is the investigation of issues on trade flows and foreign direct investment specifically in Australia and China, together with the studies of the effect of regional trade agreements on industrial total factor productivity improvement and specific commodity trade changes. Due to the increasing pursuit of bilateral and regional economic cooperation in Australia and China, the results of this thesis are of particular importance to both countries in their foreign trade and economic strategies.
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Duong, Xuan Vinh. "ASEAN - China Free Trade Area : A quantitative study of Trade diversion and Trade creation effects on ASEAN - China trade flows." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Economics, Finance and Statistics, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-15348.

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The Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) and China have a long history of trading with each other. They are economic partners as well as competitors for many years. In order to push their economic relationship to a higher level, in November 2002, ASEAN and China signed the initial framework agreement, determined on establishing the ASEAN - China Free Trade Area (ACFTA) among the eleven countries by 2010 for the ASEAN-6 (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand) and by 2015 for the transitional economies of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam (the CLMV). There are fears that China’s rapid development recently will encourage ASEAN’s exports to flow into its giant domestic market instead of among the members countries. Also the benefits of the Free Trade Agreement are still unclear. The Thesis uses three gravity models and the panel data of 11 countries from 1992 to 2009 to test two hypotheses: trade diversion (that expanded trade with China will reduce intra-trade within ASEAN) and trade creation (that ACFTA will boost up bilateral trade between ASEAN and China).
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Polášek, Petr. "Trade Effects of the East Enlargement in the CEECs." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-10318.

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The thesis analyses the effect of the Eastern enlargement on goods flows into four CEECs. In the beginning, the Eastern enlargement and numerous related economic effects are briefly characterised. After that it focuses on trade diversion and trade creation effects, starting with a concise discussion of the traditional customs union theory and followed by the explanation of the choice of the estimation method. A gravity model applied on a panel data set is then used to model the import flows into the EU15 and the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. The results showed that a careful choice of the model specification and estimating technique is needed and the model that controlled for four sources of unobserved heterogeneity (time, country pair, importer, and exporter specific characteristics) was chosen. Based on this model's results, we could expect a significant increase of imports from EFTA into these countries but aggregately we should not expect any trade diversion as no further redirecting of import flows from the rest of the world is predicted. Eventually, some of the real trade flow developments (territorial and commodity structures and revealed comparative advantages of selected regions) are described.
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Belling, Abler Rebecca Alicia. "Trace metal effects on ectomycorrhizal growth, diversity, and colonization of host seedlings." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27402.

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Ectomycorrhizal fungi are essential to seedling establishment in disturbed sites. This dissertation examines the effects of trace metals and soil disturbance on ectomycorrhizal fungi in the laboratory and the field. The first experiment assessed Cu and Zn impact on growth of three ectomycorrhizal species in pure culture. Suillus granulatus and Pisolithus tinctorius were more tolerant to Cu than Paxillus involutus, however, none of the species grew at 250 ppm Cu. Suillus granulatus had the highest Zn tolerance, followed by Paxillus involutus and Pisolithus tinctorius. Sectoring observed in Suillus granulatus was deemed spontaneous and not involved in metal tolerance.

The second experiment examined the adsorption of copper and zinc to acidic Uchee fine loamy sand. Contrary to expectations, the soil adsorbed up to 667 ppm Cu and 238 ppm Zn. Adsorption occurred mainly in the non-crystalline fraction of the soil. This analysis is a new approach in mycorrhizal research, and the crucial need for such tactics is discussed.

The third experiment surveyed ectomycorrhizae on a mine reclamation project in Wise County, Virginia. Pinus strobus trees planted 1, 8, 13, and 25 years prior to the experiment were sampled. Colonization was lower than in well developed soils, but occurred on all seedlings. Increased colonization and a late stage mycobiont (Tuber) occurred on roots taken from the 25 year old subsite. A new observation was made of Suillus americanus on one year old seedlings. Lack of species overlap among sites suggests localized inoculum sources.

The last experiment explored Pinus strobus and Pinus virginiana seedlings naturally regenerating on acidic, bare-mineral soil exposed by a road cut in Floyd County, Virginia. Ectomycorrhizal colonization ranged between 30 to 80 percent. Wide variation among individual samples suggests patchy inoculum distribution. Scleroderma citrinum, a common early-stage fungus, was dominant throughout. Other early stage genera included Rhizopogon, Pisolithus, and Thelephora. Mid to late stage genera including Suillus and Lactarius were identified. Cenococcum, often a dominant taxon, was a minor taxon here. The unusual presence of the ericoid mycobionts Hymenoscyphus and Oidiodendron is discussed. These results suggest that native inoculum can be an important resource for seedling recruitment.
Ph. D.

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Peeva, Aleksandra. "Political Goals, Economic Constraints: Explaining the Motivation and Effects of Economic Sanctions." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/19473.

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Diese Dissertation untersucht ökonomische Sanktionen im Kontext der empirischen politischen Ökonomie. Obwohl sie aus drei unabhängigen Kapiteln besteht, ist das übergeordnete, verbindende Ziel dieser Forschungsarbeit ein Gesamtverständnis der Motivation und der Effekte von Sanktionen anzubieten, getragen von der generellen Idee der Wechselwirkungen zwischen ökonomischen Anreizen und politischen Zielen. Meine Forschung zeichnet die ökonomischen Restriktionen ab, mit denen sich die politischen Entscheidungsträger im Bereich der internationalen Beziehungen auseinandersetzen.
This dissertation explores economic sanctions in an empirical political economy context. While consisting of three independent papers, it aims at providing a holistic understanding of the motivation and effects of sanctions in particular, and the interplay between economic incentives and political goals in general. My research delineates the economic constraints that policymakers encounter in the field of international relations.
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Chen, Yi-ying, and 陳怡頴. "A Study on the Economic Effect of the Agreement between New Zealand and Taiwan on Economic Cooperation (ANZTEC):Perspective of Trade Diversion Effect." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/22t2q2.

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碩士
國立中央大學
企業管理學系
103
With the analysis of the import and export trade data between Taiwan and New Zealand, the present study aims to discuss the effects on the industry and the policies on its trade diversion effect after ANZTEC worked out on Dec., 1st, 2013. The data resource of the present study is from the Global Trade Atlas, an online trade data system of the world’s merchandise trade statistics. The period of the data selected for the analysis is from Jan., 2008 to Feb., 2015, total 86 months. The data, classified with HS Code, was analyzed via T-Test, Time Series Forecasting, and other methods. The results showed that after ANZTEC worked out, the film, TV, and music industry were potential but not profitable, the steel industry was greatly beneficial, and finally, the export of other industries such as generally increased but their import of NZ decreased. To conclude, metal product manufacturing (excluding mechanic equipment), food processing industry, and furniture manufacturing were the potential export industries from Taiwan to New Zealand.
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Kabamba, Georges Bukasa. "The importance of bilateral agreements on trade flows: a case of the Trade Development and Cooperation Agreement (EU-SA TDCA)." Diss., 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/26799.

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This study analysed the intricacies of trade flows imbibed in the EU-SA TDCA. It assessed the trade creation and trade diversion effects of this bilateral trade agreement – using the top 10 selected commodity exports. This follows the report on the Harmonised System (HS) at the 2-digit codes. A Gravity Model Approach on bilateral trade flows is grounded on panel data models for the period 2000-2017 between South Africa as exporter country and the twenty EU countries (EU-20) as importer country-block out of the twenty-eight countries (EU-28). The study reports that the EU-SA TDCA enhanced significant trade expansion and trade creation effects. Mixed results for GDPs and GDPPKs for both South Africa and the EU countries were reported, but the overall results showed that the bilateral agreement do affect South African commodity exports more negatively, albeit with few positive effects from the EU countries in particular. Besides, ICTSA does have a negative effect on commodity exports, while the South African REER has the positive effect on export models. Lastly, the distance as a proxy of transportation costs negatively affects South Africa’s exports, while common colonial relationship and English as common official language have both a positive effect on exports. The findings imply that trade policies should focus on adequate telecommunication tools, alongside fair trade practices allowing South Africa to integrate with the global market, promote economic growth as well as enhance competitive advantage in most sectoral trades.
Business Management
M. Com. (Business Management (International Business and Finance))
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Lenia, Sambo Filza, and 李曼華. "Effects of Regional Economic Integration in SADC: Perspectives from Trade Creation and Trade Diversion." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/yx6246.

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碩士
東吳大學
國際經營與貿易學系
107
Abstract This work aims to measure the economic performance of the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) countries and the level of intra-regional trade, which potential economic gains and costs the SADC free trade agreement (FTA) group brings about. Even though SADC countries economic structure reflects great heterogeneity, with the countries divided into two groups: those that rely on agriculture, and those that rely on mineral resources, our results, shown that the export structures among SADC countries are quite similar, resulting revealed comparative advantage in similar commodity groups. The revealed comparative advantage (RCA) results for the 11 regions (aggregated in 9 individual countries and 2 groups) and the SADC grouping, for 13 commodity group sectors in 1992, 1995, 1998, and 2005, shows a trade creation effect between SADC 9 and South Africa in the case of group 15 (hard coal and lignite). And for the other 3 new members (Mauritius, Rest of South Central Africa, and Madagascar) the results do not assume the condition (RCA>1), for benefiting commodity group or trade creation. Indeed, SADC countries present comparative advantages, and also comparative disadvantages in similar goods, especially 39 (other transport equipment), and 41 (machinery and equipment). Keywords: Southern Africa Development Community (SADC), regional trade agreements (RTAs), revealed comparative advantage (RCA), trade creation (TC), trade diversion (TD).
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Huang, Sheng Yuan, and 黃聖元. "The Trade Diversion Effects of the Rules of Origin of ACFTA on Taiwanese Textile Export." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/09937902707628535559.

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碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
應用經濟研究所
97
China and ASEAN formally signed a free trade agreement (ACFTA) in November 29, 2004. ACFTA began a phased implementation of tariff reduction schedule from July 1, 2005. In this paper, we used trade data from 2005 to 2007, provided by World Trade Atlas of HS classification system, and China with the ASEAN preferential tariff MFN tariff data and information textile to explore the trade diversion effects of ACFTA on Taiwan's textile export, and e- specially focus on ACFTA ROOs effects of intermediate goods. Empirical results reveal as follows: (1) to China and the ASEAN region, Taiwan's overall textile will be influenced by ACFTA preferential tariff, and a significant negative effect of the trade diversion. (2) and through preferential rules of origin, Taiwan's fiber and yarn goods (upper stream) export to China and the ASEAN region, will be influenced by ACFTA preferential tariff of fabric goods (middle stream), and a significant negative effect on indirect trade diversion. (3) In contrast, the overall textile goods in China export to the ASEAN region have a significant positive impact which benefit from preferential tariffs. (4) However, the overall textile goods in ASEAN export to China are not due to preferential tariff, while the export trade has a significant positive impact.
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Books on the topic "Trade diversion effect"

1

Chudzińska, Ewa. Genetic diversity of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) as an expression of adaptation to heavy industrial pollution: A case study of the population from Miasteczko Śląskie = Zróżnicowanie genetycne sosny zwyczajnej (Pinus sylvestris L.) jako wyraz adaptacji do silnych zanieczyszczeń przemysłowych : na przykładzie populacji z Miasteczka Śląskiego. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, 2013.

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Nigro, Giampiero, ed. Il commercio al minuto. Domanda e offerta tra economia formale e informale. Secc. XIII-XVIII / Retail Trade. Supply and demand in the formal and informal economy from the 13th to the 18th century. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-751-7.

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La distribuzione dei beni di consumo nell’Europa medievale e moderna era multiforme e coinvolgeva spazi e attori diversi. Nelle fiere e nei mercati, nelle botteghe più o meno grandi delle città si vendeva ogni tipo di derrate alimentari e di oggetti necessari alla vita quotidiana. Erano anche innumerevoli i piccoli ambulanti che tenevano banco per strada, i contadini che raggiungevano la città per offrire i prodotti dei loro orti o del pollaio, della caccia o della raccolta spontanea, passando di casa in casa. Mercanti ambulanti percorrevano con le loro balle e casse anche le vie meno frequentate, raggiungendo villaggi e frazioni disperse. Una grande molteplicità di attori economici che concorrevano assieme a raggiungere ogni tipo di consumatore, dai più agiati ai più umili. L’obiettivo del progetto di ricerca è stato quello di comprendere l’organizzazione economica e l’evoluzione di queste diverse forme di commercio al minuto. Sul piano dei risultati, i contributi raccolti in questo volume costituiscono la risposta storiograficamente più aggiornata ad alcune delle questioni proposte, come l’analisi dei legami tra le diverse scale spaziali (dalla bottega alle reti europee di mercanti ambulanti), del commercio formale e informale tra regola e pratica, della circolazione dei beni fra città e campagna, delle tensioni fra gli attori di questi scambi, le loro rivalità e i loro accordi, ma anche le attese dei consumatori e le esigenze dello stato, e degli effetti sull’organizzazione istituzionale e dei mestieri della distribuzione nel periodo compreso fra il Medioevo e il XVIII secolo.
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J, Gaisford, ed. The trade diversion effects of NAFTA. Aberystwyth: University of Wales, Aberystwyth, Dept. of Economics, 1995.

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4

King, Elisabeth, and Cyrus Samii. Diversity, Violence, and Recognition. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197509456.001.0001.

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When considering strategies to address violent conflict, an enduring debate concerns the wisdom of recognizing versus avoiding reference to ethnic identities. This book asks: Under what conditions do governments manage internal violent conflicts by formally recognizing different ethnic identities? Moreover, what are the implications for peace? Introducing the concept of “ethnic recognition,” and building on a theory rooted in ethnic power configurations, the book examines the merits, risks, and trade-offs of publicly recognizing ethnic groups in state institutions as compared to not doing so, in terms of sought-after outcomes such as political inclusiveness, the decline of political violence, economic vitality, and the improvement of democracy. It draws on both global cross-national quantitative analysis of post-conflict constitutions, settlements, and institutions since 1990, as well as in-depth qualitative case studies of Burundi, Rwanda, and Ethiopia. Findings show that recognition is adopted about 40 percent of the time and is much more likely when the leader is from the largest ethnic group, as opposed to an ethnic minority. On average, countries that adopt recognition go on to experience less violence, more economic vitality, and more democratic politics, and countries under plurality ethnic rule drive these effects. These findings should be of great interest to social scientists studying peace, democracy, and development, and of practical relevance to policymakers attempting to make these concepts a reality around the world.
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Catherine A, Rogers. Ethics in International Arbitration. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198713203.001.0001.

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International arbitration is a remarkably resilient institution, but many unresolved and largely unacknowledged ethical quandaries lurk below the surface. Globalization of commercial trade has increased the number and diversity of parties, counsel, experts, and arbitrators, which have in turn, led to more frequent ethical conflicts just as procedures have become more formal and transparent. The predictable result is that ethical transgressions are increasingly evident and less tolerable. Despite these developments, regulation of various actors in the system — arbitrators, lawyers, experts, third-party funders, and arbitral institutions — remains ambiguous and often ineffectual. This book systematically analyses the causes and effects of these developments as they relate to the professional conduct of arbitrators, counsel, experts, and third-party funders in international commercial and investment arbitration. This work proposes a model for effective ethical self-regulation, meaning regulation of professional conduct at an international level and within existing arbitral procedures and structures. The work draws on historical developments and current trends to propose analytical frameworks for addressing existing problems and reifying the legitimacy of international arbitration into the future.
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Below, Amy. Latin American Foreign Policy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.253.

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Latin American foreign policy has drawn the attention of scholars since the 1960s. Foreign policy–related literature began to surge in the 1980s and 1990s, with a focus on both economic and political development. As development in the region lagged behind that of its northern neighbors, Latin American had to rely on foreign aid, largely from the United States. In addition to foreign aid, two of the most prevalent topics discussed in the literature are trade/economic liberalization and regional economic integration (for example, Mercosur and NAFTA). During and after the Cold War, Latin America played a strategic foreign policy role as it became the object of a rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union hoping to expand their power and/or contain that of the other. This role was also explored in a considerably larger body of research, along with the decision of Latin American nations to diversify their foreign relations in the post–Cold War era. Furthermore, scholars have analyzed different regions/countries that have become new and/or expanded targets of Latin American foreign policy, including the United States, Canada, Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. Despite the substantial amount of scholarship that has accumulated over the years, a unified theory of Latin American foreign policy remains elusive. Future research should therefore focus on the development of a theory that incorporates the multiple explanatory variables that influence foreign policy formulation and takes into account their relative importance and the effects on each other.
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Leung, Janny H. C. Shallow Equality and Symbolic Jurisprudence in Multilingual Legal Orders. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190210335.001.0001.

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This book offers a critical perspective to the proliferation of official multilingualism in the contemporary world. Through diachronic and synchronic comparisons, it shows that official multilingualism has become a norm in the political management of linguistic diversity, but actual practices vary according to sociohistorical contexts and current power dynamics. It explains such convergences and divergences using a theory of symbolic jurisprudence, which posits that official language law has served chiefly as a discursive resource for a range of political and economic functions, such as ensuring stability, establishing legitimacy, balancing rival powers, and harnessing trade opportunities. The book goes on to examine the practical impact of official multilingualism on public institutions and legal processes and the application of linguistic equality—frequently asserted in multilingual polities—on the ground. The study shows that serious pursuit of linguistic equality calls for elaborate administrative effort in public institutions and carries a potential to clash with existing legal practices (from legal drafting and interpretation, to language rights in trial proceedings). However, such changes—however extensive—hardly ever disrupt the status quo. The book further argues that linguistic equality as proclaimed and practiced in many polities today is shallow in character, and must not be confused with popular conceptions of equality. The book concludes that both symbolic jurisprudence and shallow equality are components of a policy of strategic pluralism that underlies official multilingualism. Although official multilingualism can legitimately be used to pursue collective goals, it runs the underlying risks of disguising substantive inequalities and displacing more progressive efforts in social change.
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Frank, Ackerman, and Tufts University. Global Development and Environment Institute., eds. The changing nature of work. Washington, D.C: Island Press, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Trade diversion effect"

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Liu, Chundi. "Game Analysis on Trade Diversion Effect of China’s Anti-dumping." In LISS 2012, 995–98. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32054-5_139.

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Grubel, Herbert. "Effects on the Rest of the World: Trade Diversion, Creation and Wealth." In The European Community after 1992, 29–44. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12048-2_2.

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Haque, Ziaul, and Mujeebur Rahman Khan. "Introduction." In Handbook of invasive plant-parasitic nematodes, 1–17. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247367.0001.

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Abstract This chapter introduces some plant-parasitic nematodes and discusses their agricultural importance. It describes nematode diversity and the effects of global agricultural trade on nematode spread. It defines invasive plant-parasitic nematodes and presents the assessment criteria for a nematode as an invasive species. Invasiveness ratings (scores) are proposed for categorizing low, medium and highly invasive nematodes. Tabulated data are also given on crop losses caused by plant-parasitic nematodes to different agricultural crops.
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Darma, Wahyudi Setia, and Fithra Faisal Hastiadi. "Trade Creation and Trade Diversion Effects of the ASEAN-China FTA, ASEAN-Korea FTA, and ASEAN-India FTA Implementation on the Export of Indonesia’s Food and Beverages Industry Products." In Globalization, Productivity and Production Networks in ASEAN, 147–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16510-9_6.

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Michałek, Jan Jakub. "Ewolucja metod analizy skutków integracji handlowej." In Modele w ekonomii. Księga jubileuszowa Profesora Wojciecha Maciejewskiego. University of Warsaw Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323546375.pp.62-81.

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The theory of economic integration dates back to the mid-20th century. In the 1970s, initial empirical studies on the effects of economic integration appeared during the first stage of the functioning of the customs union in the European Economic Community. Researchers mostly highlighted the customs union’s static effects: trade creation, trade expansion, and trade diversion. The gravity model of trade became the basic econometric model for the ex-post analysis of the effects of economic integration, usually implying the positive impact of the integration on the trade flow. However, the expansion of integration and the trade negotiations created a need for the ex-ante analysis of the effects of such activities. To this end, the simulation models were developed, in particular computable general equilibrium (CGE) models. Such models allow for the analysis of how the economy might react to the changes; however, their complexity limits their usability in public discourse.
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Abe, Ethel N., Isaac Idowu Abe, and Olalekan Adisa. "Future of Work and Its Implication on Employee Well-Being in the 4IR Era." In Research Anthology on Changing Dynamics of Diversity and Safety in the Workforce, 1–21. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-2405-6.ch001.

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Capitalist corporations seek ever-new opportunities for trade and gain. As competition intensifies within markets, profit-seeking corporations innovate and diversify their products in an unceasing pursuit of new market niches. The incessant changes and unpredictable nature of capitalism often leads to insecurity regarding job loss. Job insecurity has been empirically proven to have negative effects on individuals and organisations. It associates to reduced job satisfaction and decreased mental health. A longitudinal Swedish study showed an indirect effect of trust on job satisfaction and mental health of employees. The advent of AIs, humanoids, robotics, and digitization present reason for employees to worry about the future of their work. A recent study conducted by the McKinsey Global Institute reports that by 2030, a least 14% of employees globally could need changing their careers as a result of the rapid rate of digitization, robotics, and advancement in artificial intelligence disruptions in the world of work.
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Abe, Ethel N., Isaac Idowu Abe, and Olalekan Adisa. "Future of Work and Its Implication on Employee Well-Being in the 4IR Era." In Advances in Human Resources Management and Organizational Development, 113–32. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3347-5.ch008.

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Capitalist corporations seek ever-new opportunities for trade and gain. As competition intensifies within markets, profit-seeking corporations innovate and diversify their products in an unceasing pursuit of new market niches. The incessant changes and unpredictable nature of capitalism often leads to insecurity regarding job loss. Job insecurity has been empirically proven to have negative effects on individuals and organisations. It associates to reduced job satisfaction and decreased mental health. A longitudinal Swedish study showed an indirect effect of trust on job satisfaction and mental health of employees. The advent of AIs, humanoids, robotics, and digitization present reason for employees to worry about the future of their work. A recent study conducted by the McKinsey Global Institute reports that by 2030, a least 14% of employees globally could need changing their careers as a result of the rapid rate of digitization, robotics, and advancement in artificial intelligence disruptions in the world of work.
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8

Giménez, Luis. "Phenotypic Plasticity and Phenotypic Links in Larval Development." In Developmental Biology and Larval Ecology, 285–309. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190648954.003.0010.

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Marine crustaceans show a suite of phenotypically plastic responses to the environment, with some restricted to the larval phase and others transcending life history boundaries, linking life phases or generations. Maternal effects include the effects of allocation of reserves into eggs as well as effects of the embryonic environment on tolerance to low salinity or larval body mass. Within the larval phase, there is a diversity of plastic responses involving changes in body size, growth, and developmental rate; they can occur within the molt cycle, involve several molting stages, or result in the development of alternative pathways characterized by the different larval stages. In feeding larvae, the effects of stressors on body mass may be attenuated by delayed development; however, in nonfeeding larvae (e.g., barnacle cyprids), delayed metamorphosis reduces juvenile body size and habitat selectivity. Also, larval food limitation and increased temperatures away from the optimum lead to reduced body mass during metamorphosis. Overall, many of these responses are adaptive and lead to the maintenance of basic functions at the expense of morphogenesis and growth. Some plastic responses that lead to changes in size during metamorphosis can also have consequences for juvenile size growth and survival. These “latent effects” appear to represent forms of developmental trade-offs and may have important ecological and evolutionary consequences. Larval plasticity, by generating phenotypic variation, may influence the capacity to compete, capture resources, tolerate stressors, and, ultimately, may affect recruitment dynamics. In addition, plastic responses linking life history stages also result in genetic links and hence drive the evolution of crustaceans with complex life cycles.
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Thomas, Misty S., and Lucretia O. Tripp. "The Impact of Culturally Responsive Teaching on Underrepresented Students Persistence in STEM." In Culturally Responsive Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 164–92. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9989-0.ch008.

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There is a consistent economic need to increase diversity in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) disciplines and to increase diversity in groups of STEM professionals graduating from colleges and universities in our nation. However, research notates that minoritized populations such as women and/or persons of color, continue to be underrepresented in STEM disciplines. Furthermore, literature suggests that teachers who implement culturally responsive instructional strategies in the classroom positively impact and empower students to develop positive attitudes towards STEM, hence aiding in an increase in the recruitment and retainment of underrepresented groups in STEM disciplines or STEM-related careers. This book chapter will trace research and provide culturally responsive teaching strategies, lesson plan adaptation strategies, and instructional practices that can be used in STEM classrooms in an effort to positively influence underrepresented student's decisions to persist in STEM careers and/or STEM-related fields.
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Thomas, Misty S., and Lucretia O. Tripp. "The Impact of Culturally Responsive Teaching on Underrepresented Students Persistence in STEM." In Research Anthology on Culturally Responsive Teaching and Learning, 770–92. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9026-3.ch042.

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There is a consistent economic need to increase diversity in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) disciplines and to increase diversity in groups of STEM professionals graduating from colleges and universities in our nation. However, research notates that minoritized populations such as women and/or persons of color, continue to be underrepresented in STEM disciplines. Furthermore, literature suggests that teachers who implement culturally responsive instructional strategies in the classroom positively impact and empower students to develop positive attitudes towards STEM, hence aiding in an increase in the recruitment and retainment of underrepresented groups in STEM disciplines or STEM-related careers. This book chapter will trace research and provide culturally responsive teaching strategies, lesson plan adaptation strategies, and instructional practices that can be used in STEM classrooms in an effort to positively influence underrepresented student's decisions to persist in STEM careers and/or STEM-related fields.
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Conference papers on the topic "Trade diversion effect"

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Setia Darma, Wahyudi, and Fithra Faisal Hastiadi. "Trade Creation and Trade Diversion Effects of the ASEAN-China FTA, ASEAN-Korea FTA, and ASEAN-India FTA Implementation on the export of Indonesia's Food and Beverages Industry Products." In 2nd International Conference on Indonesian Economy and Development (ICIED 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icied-17.2018.18.

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Abdel-Rahim, Yousef M. "Generalized A/C and H/P Transcritical R744 Compressor Performance in Wet and Dry Regions." In ASME 2004 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2004-65165.

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Performance of the compression process of Carbon Dioxide (R744) in (A/C) and (H/P) systems depends on many factors related to fluid properties, equipment design and process parameters. Diversity of these factors represents a difficulty to have an overall-view of the hidden capabilities and limitations of the compression process. Thus, it is hard to apply any appropriate design optimization methods for the compressors, specifically for two reasons: (1) when the compression starts from the wet or saturation region and commences through the transcritical dry region of the fluid and (2) when the compressor works at off-design operating point during its working life-time. In an answer to these two points, the present paper utilizes the first and second laws of thermodynamics augmented by Monte-Carlo method to investigate, expose and discuss the compression performance (e.g. final temperature and pressure, work and size of compressor and second law efficiency) starting randomly from the wet/saturation region to the transcritical dry region of R744. The study shows that initial temperature has a greatly decreasing effect on compressor specific displacement volume per unit work and to a less extent on size of compressor, while its effects on all other parameters are insignificant. Initial pressure has similar expected trends as those of the initial temperature due to their linear relationship in the wet region. Final to initial temperature ratio has increasing effects on both final pressure and work of compressor and decreasing effects on both second law efficiency and specific displacement volume per unit work. The method presented here could open many ways for further theoretical design optimization applications of the compressor and hence greatly limits the trade-off methods that are usually adopted in the selection of such units.
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Abdel-Rahim, Yousef M. "Monte-Carlo Parametric Performance Analysis of A/C and H/P Transcritical R744 Compressor." In ASME 2005 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2005-76238.

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Thermal engineers usually face two kinds of problems: design of new systems, where multiple alternatives for each composing unit of the system can fulfill the design requirements and/or assessment of exiting systems, where they usually work at off-the-design conditions due to deterioration of their efficiencies. The present paper addresses possible solutions to such problems via the Monte-Carlo method (MCM) applied to compressors as major units in airconditioning (A/C) and heat pump (H/P) systems having Carbon Dioxide (R744) as working fluid. Diversity of the effects of system design, process parameters and fluid properties within and across the saturation line hinders an overall-view of hidden capabilities and limitations of the compressors. Thus, it is hard to apply any appropriate optimization methods for their better design, besides the difficulty in assessing their performance along their working lifetime. In an answer to the above two points, the present paper utilizes the powerful MCM to investigate and expose the effects on compressor performance of all controlling parameters, randomly selected from their variation ranges within and across wet/saturation region to the transcritical dry region of R744. For each selected set of parameters, a complete analysis is calculated to determine the performance of the compressor. This process is repeated about 500 times to randomly cover the variation spaces of the parameters. The study reveals that MCM can fairly handle the parametric design and evaluation study of compressor performance. It shows that the initial temperature has a greatly decreasing effect on compressor specific displacement volume per unit work and to a less extent on size of compressor, while its effects on all other parameters are insignificant. Initial pressure has similar expected trends. Final to initial temperature ratio has increasing effects on both final pressure and work of compressor and decreasing effects on both second law efficiency and specific displacement volume per unit work. The application of MCM to the parametric compressor performance presented here could open many ways for further theoretical design optimization and experimental justification of the compressors and hence greatly limits the trade-off methods that are usually adopted in the selection of such units.
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Kesler, John K., Monique F. Stewart, Debra M. Chappell, and Lloyd Parker. "Railroad Industry Workforce Assessment—Next Steps: Working Together to Shape the Rail Workforce of the 21st Century." In 2011 Joint Rail Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2011-56055.

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Since 2009, the Obama Administration’s focus on rebuilding the nation’s infrastructure and creating jobs has generated a tremendous amount of investment in transportation related initiatives. Championed by U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) Secretary, Ray LaHood, these initiatives have spanned the transportation industry including a portion being allocated to rail. At the 2010 ASME Joint Rail Conference (JRC), Kevin Kesler, Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) Chief of Equipment and Operating Practices Division shared insight into FRA’s tentative workforce development activity (FRA-WDT). This effort is being conducted as part of the larger USDOT National Transportation Workforce Strategy Initiative, which endeavors to identify and report workforce challenges and commonalities across all modes of transportation and discuss strategies to address those issues. Since that presentation, the FRA Workforce Development Team (FRA-WDT) has identified six railroad industry specific challenges and submitted them for incorporation in the USDOT Framework for a National Transportation Workforce Strategy: 1. Aging railroad workforce – highlighting need for knowledge transfer. 2. Workforce diversity – shortages of women and minorities in the rail workforce. 3. Overall image of the rail industry – declining and stagnant technologically. 4. Need for national training standards for freight rail craft and trade positions. 5. Work-life balance issues – attrition among employees with less than five years of service. 6. Availability of suitable metrics to constantly monitor the collective railroad workforce. These issues were derived from independent research as well as interviews conducted with representatives from across the railroad industry (i.e. Class I railroads, short line and regional railroads, labor unions, associations, academia, and FRA staff). Thus, FRA is interested in continuing the dialog and information exchange with railroad industry stakeholders as a means to strategize about these workforce concerns that impact each facet of the industry. An initial set of approaches to each challenge has been identified, which includes partnering with industry stakeholders. Full details and additional insight into the analysis will be shared in the paper.
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Reports on the topic "Trade diversion effect"

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Carter, Colin, and Sandro Steinbach. Trade Diversion and the Initiation Effect: A Case Study of U.S. Trade Remedies in Agriculture. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w24745.

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