Academic literature on the topic 'Trade diversion'

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Journal articles on the topic "Trade diversion"

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Haveman, Jon, and David Hummels. "Trade Creation and Trade Diversion." Journal of Transnational Management Development 3, no. 2 (July 15, 1998): 47–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j130v03n02_03.

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Baumann, Renato. "Integration and trade diversion." CEPAL Review 1993, no. 51 (December 31, 1993): 133–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/a32d30a9-en.

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Becker, Kip, and Marlene De La Cruz Suarez. "Trade Creation and Trade Diversion for Mercosur." Journal of Euromarketing 10, no. 2 (October 16, 2001): 67–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j037v10n02_04.

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ABDEL-LATIF, ABLA M., and JEFFREY B. NUGENT. "COUNTERTRADE AS TRADE CREATION AND TRADE DIVERSION." Contemporary Economic Policy 12, no. 1 (January 1994): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7287.1994.tb00407.x.

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Freckleton, Marie, and Patrice Whitely. "Can trade agreements among small countries create trade?" International Journal of Development Issues 19, no. 2 (April 16, 2020): 205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-06-2019-0110.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of a regional trade agreement among a group of small island developing states on trade creation and trade diversion. Design/methodology/approach An augmented gravity model and panel data are used to estimate the trade creation and trade diversion effects. The generalized method of moments technique is used to account for possible endogeneity. Country pair and time fixed effects are also included. Findings The regional trade agreement had a positive effect on intra-regional trade creation, but there was no significant diversion of imports from extra-regional trade partners. Practical implications Small developing economies can benefit from regional trade agreements (RTAs) among themselves. The trade diversion effects of such agreements are likely to be limited. Originality/value To the best of authors’ knowledge, this is the only paper which investigates the impact of RTAs among small island developing states.
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Cheong, Juyoung, Do Won Kwak, and Kam Ki Tang. "Can Trade Agreements Curtail Trade Creation and Prevent Trade Diversion?" Review of International Economics 23, no. 2 (November 27, 2014): 221–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/roie.12162.

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Ramasamy, Bala. "Trade Diversion in an ASEAN Free Trade Area." Asean Economic Bulletin 12, no. 1 (July 1995): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1355/ae12-1b.

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Chandra, Piyush. "Trade Destruction and Trade Diversion: Evidence from China." China & World Economy 25, no. 3 (May 2017): 31–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cwe.12199.

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Patterson, Seymour. "Trade creation and trade diversion and transport costs." Atlantic Economic Journal 13, no. 4 (December 1985): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02304034.

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Parai, Amar K. "Trade creation, trade diversion and elastic labor supply." Mathematical Social Sciences 16, no. 2 (October 1988): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-4896(88)90049-2.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Trade diversion"

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Gopalakrishnan, Nithin. "Trade Creation or Diversion? An ASEAN Perspective." Thesis, Jönköping University, Internationella Handelshögskolan, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-49789.

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The objective of this paper is to assess the bilateral exports from an origin to a destination, in the context of countries belonging to the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN), and whether or not the ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (AFTA) leads to trade creation or trade diversion, or both. To study this, a panel gravity model is employed with 135 countries, from 2000-2014, using a Poisson Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood method (PPML). To study the impact of AFTA on trade creation/diversion, a set of three dummy variables are used, denoting whether the origin country belongs to ASEAN, whether the destination country belongs to ASEAN and finally, whether both origin and the destination countries belong to ASEAN. Along with AFTA, five other Regional Trade Agreements (RTA) are also taken into account. The main finding of this paper is that there is no pure trade creation nor pure trade diversion due to AFTA, but rather a significant export trade creation, that is, ASEAN’s exports to the rest of the world is positive and significant. Future policy implications could include measures to strengthen the regional economic cooperation amongst the members of ASEAN.
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Lindbom, Anton, and Ibteesam Hossain. "The European Union’s effect on Swedish trade : A study of trade diversion and trade creation." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Economics, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-955.

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This Bachelor thesis investigates if the Swedish trade has faced trade diversion and or trade creation after entering the European Union (EU). This is done by analyzing Sweden’s trade pattern of goods before and during the membership using a selected time-period of 1985-2004.

To be able to investigate if Sweden has faced trade diversion and trade creation we apply the Soloaga and Winters model (2000) which is based on the gravity model of trade and we modify it to fit our purpose. By using the modified version we run a pooled panel data regression where we divide the time-period into two groups, a before (1985-1994) and during (1995-2004) EU membership group and we included eight different variables to estimate trade diversion and creation. After running the pooled panel data, we could conclude that Sweden has faced 44 percent trade diversion by diverting its trade from non-members to member states in the EU. Sweden has also increased its trade to EU member states by 106 percent implying trade creation. However since we have not included an exchange rate variable these figure cannot be used as direct percentages to estimate trade diversion and creation, they are instead used as a point of reference.

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Denna kandidatuppsats undersöker huruvida Sveriges handel har påverkats av handelsomfördelning och eller en handelsökning efter medlemskapet i den Europeiska Unionen (EU). Detta gör vi genom att analysera Sveriges handelstrend under 1985-2004.

Till vår hjälp i vår undersökning av Sveriges handelsutveckling under de senaste 20 åren har vi använt Soloaga och Winters (2000) regressionsmodell som är baserad på gravitations modellen för handel men vi har modifierat den till att passa vårt syfte. Genom denna modifierade modell har vi gjort en poolad paneldata analys där vi delar upp vår tids period i två grupper, en före- och en under EU grupp och vi inkluderade åtta variabler i modellen. Sammanfattningsvis har vi kommit fram till att Sverige har påverkats av en 44 procentig handelsomfördelning då handeln har skiftat från icke medlemsstater till medlemsstater. Sverige har även ökat sin handel med EU länderna med 106 procent vilket pekar på att Sverige även har påverkats av en handelsökning. Dessa siffror måste dock ses som en utgångspunkt och inte exakta siffror för handelsomfördelning och handelsökning då vi ej inkluderat en variabel som mäter valutakurs förändringar i vår regressionsmodell

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Duong, Xuan Vinh. "ASEAN - China Free Trade Area : A quantitative study of Trade diversion and Trade creation effects on ASEAN - China trade flows." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Economics, Finance and Statistics, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-15348.

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The Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) and China have a long history of trading with each other. They are economic partners as well as competitors for many years. In order to push their economic relationship to a higher level, in November 2002, ASEAN and China signed the initial framework agreement, determined on establishing the ASEAN - China Free Trade Area (ACFTA) among the eleven countries by 2010 for the ASEAN-6 (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand) and by 2015 for the transitional economies of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam (the CLMV). There are fears that China’s rapid development recently will encourage ASEAN’s exports to flow into its giant domestic market instead of among the members countries. Also the benefits of the Free Trade Agreement are still unclear. The Thesis uses three gravity models and the panel data of 11 countries from 1992 to 2009 to test two hypotheses: trade diversion (that expanded trade with China will reduce intra-trade within ASEAN) and trade creation (that ACFTA will boost up bilateral trade between ASEAN and China).
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Jordan, Steven Earl. "The Impacts of Food Safety Fears and Policy on International Trade: Trade Creation, Diversion, and Depression as a Result of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/74430.

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In December of 2003, the U.S. Secretary of Agriculture announced the presence of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) within a cow in the state of Washington. The announcement prompted the cessation of beef imports by the largest traditional beef trading partners with the United States, resulting in immediately realized losses to the U.S. industry. This thesis evaluates the short- and long-term impact this discovery and subsequent policies had on the global beef market. We utilize market share analysis to examine the loss realized by the U.S. over a 13-year time frame, then employ a log-linear gravity model with fixed effects to quantify the changes in global export and import values and quantities using a novel bilateral trade database spanning 16 years. We find that the policies implemented immediately on discovery of the single BSE case were often slow to be rescinded even though additional related cases of BSE were not found in the United States. We also find that the removal of said policies does not guarantee full reentry of U.S. beef products, even after a lag of several years. Finally, we find that both traditional and newly emerging suppliers of beef and beef products contributed to the slow reentry of U.S. beef within critical markets. The losses and implications of the aforementioned policies detailed within this thesis suggests a different approach be undertaken by regulators should another similar threat to the U.S. food supply emerge in the future.
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Larsson, Ronnie. "Förändringar i Sveriges handelsmönster med u-länderna efter det svenska inträdet i EU." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-745.

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Background: A large part of the daily political and economic debate in Sweden concerns the EU. One question that has been debated since the beginning of European integration is whether trade is created as a consequence of integration and, ifso, how great are the gains related to the increased trade. An equally important but maybe less debated question is whether countries outside the union are affected by the increased European integration. Is increased European integration made at the cost of countries outside the EU?

Purpose: The purpose of this study is, by calculating trade creation and trade diversion, to evaluate if a number of developing countries’ trade with Sweden has decreased after Sweden’s membership in the European Union.

Limitations: The study is limited to the years 1990-1999, and not all developing countries are included in the study. All developed countries are also omitted from the study.

Method: The empirical material consists of calculations of consumption shares for Sweden, partner countries and third countries. The method is called residual imputation, meaning that the actual evolution of the trade is compared with a hypothetical, calculated one. These calculations where made for three groups of countries, divided after GDP/capita.

Conclusions: On the aggregated level, and for the two least poor groups of countries, there is no evidence that these countries have seen their shares decreased as a consequence of Sweden entering the EU. The poorest group of countries has, however, not been able to maintain the same level of exports to Sweden after the membership.

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Polášek, Petr. "Trade Effects of the East Enlargement in the CEECs." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-10318.

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The thesis analyses the effect of the Eastern enlargement on goods flows into four CEECs. In the beginning, the Eastern enlargement and numerous related economic effects are briefly characterised. After that it focuses on trade diversion and trade creation effects, starting with a concise discussion of the traditional customs union theory and followed by the explanation of the choice of the estimation method. A gravity model applied on a panel data set is then used to model the import flows into the EU15 and the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. The results showed that a careful choice of the model specification and estimating technique is needed and the model that controlled for four sources of unobserved heterogeneity (time, country pair, importer, and exporter specific characteristics) was chosen. Based on this model's results, we could expect a significant increase of imports from EFTA into these countries but aggregately we should not expect any trade diversion as no further redirecting of import flows from the rest of the world is predicted. Eventually, some of the real trade flow developments (territorial and commodity structures and revealed comparative advantages of selected regions) are described.
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Assarsson, Johanna. "The Impacts of the European Union - South Africa Free Trade Agreement." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-6380.

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In 2000 “the European Union and South Africa Free Trade Agreement” was established with

the aim to gradually increase the amount of duty-free agricultural and industrial products to

each market. The aim of this paper is to investigate if South Africa benefits from the EU-SA

Free Trade Agreement and also what impacts this agreement has on South Africa’s trade with

Southern Africa and the rest of the world. The result from the study indicates that South

Africa benefits from the agreement in terms of improve trade. The result also shows that

South Africa’s trade with some Southern African countries has been negative effected by the

agreement but it is difficult to state if this is caused by the agreement or not. The rest of the

world has not been negatively affected by the agreement.

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Liu, Tianshu, and tianshu liu@rmit edu au. "Empirical Analysis of the Impact of Regional Trade Agreements for Australia and China." RMIT University. Economics, Finance and Marketing, 2008. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080428.094213.

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The thesis concentrates on measuring the benefits and losses of implementing regional trade agreements. In particular, the thesis analyses trade flow changes, foreign direct investment inflow changes, industrial total factor productivity changes and specific commodity trade flow changes in Australia and China. Four empirical studies are undertaken. Firstly, the thesis introduces the gravity model to estimate the effect of regional trade agreements on trade flow changes, focusing on thirty-nine countries and areas from seven regional trade agreements during 1980-2004. The results show that there are trade creation and trade diversion effects for various memberships. The results further show that China experiences an export creation effect for its APEC membership while Australia has an import diversion effect for its CER membership. When trade between Australia and China is considered, Australia's CER membership impedes its trade with China. However, both Australia and China benefit from attending APEC jointly to enlarge their bilateral trade. Secondly, a modified gravity model is undertaken to test the impact of regional trade agreements on foreign direct investment inflows to Australia and China. It uses the same regional trade agreements to that of the trade flow study for the period of 1980 to 2004 for Australia and 1985 to 2004 for China. The results show that CER members tend to strengthen their bilateral foreign direct investment cooperation after the implementation of CER trade and investment liberalization. Thirdly, the impact of regional trade agreements is examined on industrial total factor productivity growth. The findings show that industries with comparative trading advantages in both Australia and China tend to improve their total factor productivity upon liberalizing trade both bilaterally and multilaterally. However, industries with comparative disadvantages need more protection against severe foreign competition. It uses data from 1974-75 to 2004-05 for the Australian market sector analysis, from 1968-69 to 1990-2000 for the Australian manufacturing industry analysis, and from 1987 to 2003 for the Chinese industry analysis. Finally, the thesis investigates the impact of regional trade agreements on bilateral commodity trade between Australia and China from 1979 to 2004. A similar gravity model to that of the trade flow study is used, introducing an additional GDP per capita variable to capture the effect of increasing consumers' income on their consumption of particular goods and products type based on product and production characteristics. Both the one-digit and some detailed four-digit commodity classifications described in the Standard International Trade Classification are considered. The results show that participation in regional trade agreements is an important factor that affects Australia's major commodity trade with China. The major contribution of this thesis is the investigation of issues on trade flows and foreign direct investment specifically in Australia and China, together with the studies of the effect of regional trade agreements on industrial total factor productivity improvement and specific commodity trade changes. Due to the increasing pursuit of bilateral and regional economic cooperation in Australia and China, the results of this thesis are of particular importance to both countries in their foreign trade and economic strategies.
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Oduor, Jacob. "Impacts of real exchange rate misalignments on trade creation and diversion within regional trading blocs: the case of COMESA." Aachen Shaker, 2008. http://d-nb.info/98953278X/04.

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Hector, Tobias, and David Olsson. "EU-medlemskaps påverkan på bilaterala handelsflöden." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-177166.

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The different ways countries trade with each other have developed during the years but the purpose, free exchange in goods and services, remains intact. The main idea of trade between countries is that both parties gain from the exchange. The European Union is the world’s biggest trading block, and in the form of a customs union there are mainly two different ways in which it theoretically can affect bilateral trade flows, namely by trade diversion or by trade creation. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze how the European Union affects the bilateral trade flows both within the union, as well as with countries outside of it. In order to examine these effects a quantitative method will be used where a regression analysis is applied based on a gravity model, observing the years 2000–2019. The results indicate a significant positive effect of EU-membership on both trade flows with different member countries, as well as with countries without a membership. The estimations from the different regressions indicate that the bilateral trade flows between member countries increases with around 33%–40%, while bilateral trade flows with countries outside of the union increases with around 3%.
Länders sätt att handla med varandra har utvecklats genom åren men syftet, fritt utbyte av varor och tjänster, är intakt. Grundidén till handel mellan länder är att båda tjänar på utbytet. Europeiska unionen är världens största handelsblock, och som en tullunion så finns det framförallt två effekter detta kan ge på länders bilaterala handel, antingen handelsfrämjande eller handelsomfördelande. Syftet med denna uppsats är att analysera hur den europeiska handelsunionen påverkar den bilaterala handeln dels med andra medlemsländer, dels med länder utanför handelsunionen. För att undersöka dessa effekter används en kvantitativ metod där en regressionsanalys genomförs med hjälp av en gravitationsmodell, där de observerade åren är år 2000–2019. Resultatet av denna studie visar ett positivt signifikant samband mellan bilateral handel med både andra medlemsländer såväl som länder utanför unionen. Estimeringarna från de olika regressionerna indikerar att den bilaterala handeln ökat mellan EU-medlemmar med cirka 33%–40% och med cirka 3% med länder utanför unionen.
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Books on the topic "Trade diversion"

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Krueger, Anne O. Trade creation and trade diversion under NAFTA. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1999.

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Tarr, David G. Regional integration under VERs: When trade diversion is unambiguously beneficial. Washington, DC (1818 H St., NW, Washington 20433): Country Economics Dept., World Bank, 1992.

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Desai, P. V. M. Trade creation through trade diversion: A mechanism for promoting Indian capital goods exports to developing countries. Bombay: Export-Import Bank of India, 1985.

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Levine, Ross. Migration, spillovers, and trade diversion: The impact of internationalization on stock market liquidity. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2003.

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Levine, Ross. Migration, spillovers, and trade diversion: The impact of internalization on stock market liquidity. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2003.

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Giesler, Ron. Solvent reclamation project: Final report : Industrial Waste Diversion Program. [Toronto]: Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy, 1996.

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Bayoumi, Tamim A. Is regionalism simply a diversion?: Evidence from the evolution of the EC and EFTA. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1995.

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Board, California Integrated Waste Management. A comprehensive analysis of the Integrated Waste Management Act diversion rate measurement system: Final report to the Legislature. Sacramento: California Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Waste Management Board, 2001.

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Board, California Integrated Waste Management. A comprehensive analysis of the Integrated Waste Management Act diversion rate measurement system: Final report to the Legislature. Sacramento: California Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Waste Management Board, 2001.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Crime. Diversion of prescription drugs to illegal channels and Dangerous Drug Diversion Control Act: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Crime of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, Ninety-eighth Congress, first and second sessions, on H.R. 4698 ... June 29, 1983, and February 22, 1984. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Trade diversion"

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Banalieva, Elitsa R. "Trade Creation/Diversion." In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Strategic Management, 1–2. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-94848-2_753-1.

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Banalieva, Elitsa R. "Trade Creation/Diversion." In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Strategic Management, 1759–60. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-00772-8_753.

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Nevin, Edward. "Trade Creation and Trade Diversion." In The Economics of Europe, 64–75. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20923-1_7.

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Wang, Qiong, Eli P. Fenichel, and Charles A. Perrings. "Border Inspection and Trade Diversion: Risk Reduction vs. Risk Substitution." In Health and Animal Agriculture in Developing Countries, 119–34. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7077-0_7.

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Liu, Chundi. "Game Analysis on Trade Diversion Effect of China’s Anti-dumping." In LISS 2012, 995–98. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32054-5_139.

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Grubel, Herbert. "Effects on the Rest of the World: Trade Diversion, Creation and Wealth." In The European Community after 1992, 29–44. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12048-2_2.

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Darma, Wahyudi Setia, and Fithra Faisal Hastiadi. "Trade Creation and Trade Diversion Effects of the ASEAN-China FTA, ASEAN-Korea FTA, and ASEAN-India FTA Implementation on the Export of Indonesia’s Food and Beverages Industry Products." In Globalization, Productivity and Production Networks in ASEAN, 147–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16510-9_6.

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Rioux, Michèle, and Felipe Verdugo. "Digital Trade and Cultural Policy Nexus." In Audiovisual Industries and Diversity, 119–35. London ; New York : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Routledge studies in media and cultural industries ; 4: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429427534-7.

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Bromley, Richard G. "Trace fossil assemblages, diversity and facies." In Trace Fossils, 208–53. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2875-7_10.

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de Dios Marcer, Josep Maria. "Is Everything Marketable in International Trade? Public Health Issues in International Trade of Wildlife." In Biological Diversity and International Law, 101–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72961-5_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Trade diversion"

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Xiao, Zheng, Zheng Chui-Yong, and Zhao Min. "Research on the Optimization of Water Resource for the First Phase of the Central Route of the South-north Water Diversion Project." In 2014 International Conference on Economic Management and Trade Cooperation (EMTC 2014). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/emtc-14.2014.26.

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Vidma, Konstantin, Samuel Edward Bremner, Sophia Ziyat, Daryl Choo, Patrice Abivin, and Temiloluwa Iyenoma Yusuf. "Low-Temperature Diverter Improves Operational Efficiency and Well Performance in Offshore Application." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31246-ms.

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Abstract Near-wellbore diversion during acid fracturing or matrix acidizing is widely used to improve reservoir coverage and to save time spent on zonal isolation. It is particularly useful in offshore operations where efficiency is crucial. Diversion is typically achieved by dynamic placement of degradable solid particulates into perforations, wormholes, and/or fractures to divert the treatment fluid to understimulated zones. The diverting material must maintain integrity and mechanical strength during the operation before degrading at the downhole temperature in the presence of stimulation fluids. Whereas currently used materials work very well in a wide temperature range, at temperatures below 140°F (60°C), finding an appropriate diverting material that balances the trade-offs between surface shelf-life, stability during treatment, and fast downhole degradation is a challenge. This paper presents a novel low-temperature diverter that pushes the degradable diverter temperature limit down to 70°F (21°C). The new material was deployed in a matrix acidizing job performed on an injector well in the North Sea. Field deployment was preceded by an extensive laboratory testing program to verify diversion efficiency and acceptable degradation. The novel diverter was deployed in a restimulation treatment of a 10-year-old injection well where BHT was reduced to 70°F (21°C) due to long term injection of cold water. An acidizing treatment was designed to incorporate 4 diversion pills of the novel diversion material. All diversion pills were placed without extra operational time or operational issues. All four pills showed an instant pressure response of more than 250 psi as well as a sustained pressure increase of more than 100 psi, providing an indication of effective fluid diversion. The well was switched to injection mode less than 36 hours after the end of treatment without any flowback, providing a tremendous gain in operational efficiency. The post-treatment injection rate increased by 150% for several days, demonstrating significant and fast diverter degradation, despite the low temperature. The injection rate later stabilized at more than twice the pretreatment injectivity. The results demonstrate the viability of the novel low-temperature diverter in wells with BHT of 70 to 140°F (21 – 60 °C).
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Setia Darma, Wahyudi, and Fithra Faisal Hastiadi. "Trade Creation and Trade Diversion Effects of the ASEAN-China FTA, ASEAN-Korea FTA, and ASEAN-India FTA Implementation on the export of Indonesia's Food and Beverages Industry Products." In 2nd International Conference on Indonesian Economy and Development (ICIED 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icied-17.2018.18.

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Schreiner, B. Deneys J., Fernando Tejero, David G. MacManus, and Christopher Sheaf. "Robust Aerodynamic Design of Nacelles for Future Civil Aero-Engines." In ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-14470.

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Abstract As the growth of aviation continues it is necessary to minimise the impact on the environment, through reducing NOx emissions, fuel-burn and noise. In order to achieve these goals, the next generation of Ultra-High Bypass Ratio engines are expected to increase propulsive efficiency through operating at reduced specific thrust. Consequently, there is an expected increase in fan diameter and the associated potential penalties of nacelle drag and weight. In order to ensure that these penalties do not negate the benefits obtained from the new engine cycles, it is envisaged that future civil aero-engines will be mounted in compact nacelles. While nacelle design has traditionally been tackled by multi-objective optimisation at different flight conditions within the cruise segment, it is anticipated that compact configurations will present larger sensitivity to off-design conditions. Therefore, a design method that considers the different operating conditions that are met within the full flight envelope is required for the new nacelle design challenge. The method is employed to carry out multi-point multi-objective optimisation of axisymmetric aero-lines at different transonic and subsonic operating conditions. It considers mid-cruise conditions, end-of-cruise conditions, the sensitivity to changes in flight Mach number, windmilling conditions with a cruise engine-out case and an engine-out diversion scenario. Optimisation routines were conducted for a conventional nacelle and a future aero-engine architecture, upon which the aerodynamic trade-offs between the different flight conditions are discussed. Subsequently, the tool has been employed to identify the viable nacelle design space for future compact civil aero-engines for a range of nacelle lengths.
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Oveis Gharan, Shahab, Shervan Fashandi, and Amir K. Khandani. "Diversity-Rate Trade-off in Erasure Networks." In IEEE INFOCOM 2010 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/infcom.2010.5462025.

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De Maio, Antonio, Marco Lops, and Luca Venturino. "Diversity-Integration Trade-offs in MIMO Detection." In 2008 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory Conference. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isit.2008.4595055.

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Ansari, Mehdi, Alireza Bayesteh, and Amir K. Khandani. "Diversity-Multiplexing Trade-off in Z-channel." In 2007 10th Canadian Workshop on Information Theory. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cwit.2007.375691.

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Ahmad, Nawaz. "ETHNIC DIVERSITY, STRESSFUL LIVING ENVIRONMENT AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE." In 40th International Academic Conference, Stockholm. International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.20472/iac.2018.040.001.

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Ansari, Mehdi, Alireza Bayesteh, and Amir K. Khandani. "Diversity-Multiplexing Trade-Off In Ad-Hoc Networks." In 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isit.2007.4557650.

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Falcon-Cardona, Jesus Guillermo, Hisao Ishibuchi, and Carlos A. Coello Coello. "Exploiting the Trade-off between Convergence and Diversity Indicators." In 2020 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ssci47803.2020.9308469.

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Reports on the topic "Trade diversion"

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Krueger, Anne. Trade Creation and Trade Diversion Under NAFTA. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w7429.

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Russ, Katheryn, and Deborah Swenson. Trade Diversion and Trade Deficits: The Case of the Korea-U.S. Free Trade Agreement. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w25613.

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Carter, Colin, and Sandro Steinbach. Trade Diversion and the Initiation Effect: A Case Study of U.S. Trade Remedies in Agriculture. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w24745.

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Levine, Ross, and Sergio Schmukler. Migration, Spillovers,and Trade Diversion: The Impact of Internationalization on Stock Market Liquidity. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w9614.

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Grossman, Gene, and Giovanni Maggi. Diversity and Trade. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w6741.

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Rauch, James, and Vitor Trindade. Neckties in the Tropics: A Model of International Trade and Cultural Diversity. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w11890.

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Prysyazhna-Gapchenko, Julia. VOLODYMYR LENYK AS A JOURNALIST AND EDITOR IN THE ENVIRONMENT OF UKRAINIAN EMIGRATION. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.50.11094.

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In this article considered Journalistic and editorial activity of Volodymyr Lenika (14.06.1922–02.11.2005) – one of the leading figures of Ukrainian emigration in Germany. First outlined basic landmarks of his life and creation. Journalistic and editorial activity of Volodymyr Lenik was during to forty years out of Ukraine. In the conditions of emigration politically zaangazhovani Ukrainians counted on temporality of the stay abroad and prepared to transference of the created charts and instituciy on native lands. It was or by not main part of conception of liberation revolution of elaborate OUN under the direction of Stepan Banderi, and successfully incarnated in post-war years. Volodymyr Lenik, executing responsible commissions Organization, proved on a few directions of activity, which were organically combined with his journalistic and editorial work. As an editor he was promotorom of creation and realization of models of magazines «Avangard», «Krylati», «Znannia», «Freie Presse Korespondenz», newspapers «Shliakh peremogy». As a journalist Volodymyr Lenik left ponderable work, considerable part of which entered in two-volume edition «Ukrainians on strange land, or reporting, from long journeys». Subject of him newspaper-magazine publications directed on illumination of school, youth, student, cultural, scientific problems, organization and activity of emigrant structures, political fight of emigration, to dethronement of the antiukrainskikh Moscow diversions and provocations. Such variety of problematic of works of V. Lenika was directed in the river-bed of retaining of revolutionary temperament in the environment of diaspore, to bringing in of it to activity in public and political life. Problematic of him is systematized publicism and journalistic appearances, which was inferior realization of a few important tasks, namely to the fight for Ukrainian independence in new terms, cherishing and maintainance of national identity, counteraction hostile soviet propaganda. On an example headed Volodymyr Lenikom a magazine «Knowledge» some aspects are exposed him editorial trade.
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