Academic literature on the topic 'Trade credit provision'

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine whether the level of financial credit available in a country influences the level of trade credit provided to customers.Design/methodology/approachThe authors examine the association between the supply of trade credit and the availability of country-level private financial credit using multivariate regression models that account for country-level heterogeneity, macroeconomic conditions and firm-specific characteristics. The data set is a pooled sample of publicly traded firms incorporated in 66 countries.FindingsSupporting the re-distributional view of trade credit, robust results suggest that suppliers incorporated in countries with increased access to financial credit provide increased trade credit to their customers. Further results indicate significant differences in trade credit usage across geographical regions. Consistent with existing research using samples of US firms, the use of trade credit is correlated with firm-level measures of financial constraints and product market dynamics.Originality/valueThe authors provide one of the first studies to examine differences in trade credit extension across a large number of countries.

This study focuses on a a dual-channel supply chain that consists of a capital-constrained brick-and-mortar retailer and a manufacturer, where a manufacturer can simultaneously sell products through a traditional retail channel and a direct online channel. Supplementary pricing strategy and competitive pricing strategy are simulated in our model, and we find that the former one is the better choice for the manufacturer when the retailer suffers capital constraints. In our analysis, the capital constraint on retailer could mitigate the price competition between two channels, and it may be beneficial to the manufacturer under certain conditions. Our findings show that the manufacturer should strategically provide trade credit to retailers rather than unconditionally provide it. We present two trade-credit strategies (trade credit with positive interest rate and trade credit with zero interest rate) and suggest that the manufacturer should choose an appropriate trade-credit strategy according to the initial capital of the retailer. To guide the manufacturer when and how to provide trade credit, we conduct several numerical simulations based on our results and further plot out a graph to direct the manufacturer to an appropriate strategy of trade credit.

PurposeExisting studies that documented the effect of financial distress on trade credit provisions did not include measures financial constraint. It is possible that financial distress is tie to financial constraints, and both financial distress and financial constraints mutually reinforce each other in their effects on trade credit provision. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of financial constraint and financial distress on trade credit provisions in the UK FTSE 350 listed firms.Design/methodology/approachThis study employs panel data in the estimation of the determinants of accounts payables and accounts receivables of the UK FTSE 350 firms from 2009 to 2017.FindingsThis study finds that financial distress has significant positive effect on accounts payables and a significant negative effect on accounts receivables. Financial constraints have significant negative effect on accounts payables and a significant positive effect on accounts receivables.Practical implicationsTrade creditor desiring to maintain an enduring product-market relationship grant more concessions to customer in financial distress. The amount of trade credit that sellers provide to financially constrained firm is an increasing function of the buyer's creditworthiness. The urgent cash needs of financially distressed firms lead them to sell trade receivables to factoring company leading to reduction in trade receivables. Firm facing external financing constraints increase trade credit to customers in anticipation of cash flow inflow to enhance liquidity.Originality/valueThis study shows that financial distress and financial constraints mutually reinforce each other in their effects on trade credit provisions, and firm's financing condition contributes to divergence in trade credit policies.

The scientific and practical publications and regulatory sources for essence credit policy of the firm are analyzed. Based on the analysis it was concluded that there is no unified approach to the content of the term «company credit policy». The credit policy of the firm as a set of principles and methods for management of accounts receivable and the provision of trade credit to buyers; management of payables and bank credits as the main sources of borrowed working capital; management of free cash in the form of giving commercial loans to other companies and opening bank deposits examined.

Contexte et problématique Le monde évolue maintenant à une vitesse fulgurante. Les plus importants de ces changements se produisent dans les domaines politique et technologique. Les changements géopolitiques ont rapproché la politique et les entreprises. Les bouleversements politiques modifient sans cesse les circonstances dans lesquelles les individus, les sociétés et les entreprises évoluent, ce qui ne crée pas des marchés totalement isolés de la politique. La politique façonne et contraint les marchés par le biais de ses règles, normes et institutions. Les régimes commerciaux, les sanctions et les lois nationales, par exemple, modifient l'environnement des entreprises. Les revers tumultueux, tels que les guerres et les révolutions, et d'autres événements mineurs, tels que l'activisme social menacent toujours les entreprises. Par conséquent, les entreprises sont obligées de planifier et d'agir au-delà de leur environnement immédiat et étroit. La signification du risque politique a changé. Il y a quelques décennies, le risque politique pouvait se résumer en actions gouvernementales, telles que des réglementations liées à l'industrie. Aujourd'hui, cependant, les gouvernements ne sont plus le seul arbitre. Le risque politique du XXIe siècle a un sens plus large et plus complexe. Une guerre civile en Syrie entraîne une crise de réfugiés en Europe. Une manifestation anti-chinoise au Vietnam entraîne les ruptures de stock dans l'industrie du vêtement en Amérique du Nord. Rice et Zegart (2018) définissent le risque politique du XXIe siècle comme «la probabilité qu'une action politique puisse affecter de manière significative une entreprise». Les actions politiques soulignent donc l'impact croissant des facteurs générateurs de risques en dehors des institutions gouvernementales. Sur les marchés qui se caractérisent par une forte concurrence, les entreprises doivent prendre en compte tous les risques engendrés par les acteurs politiques, les journalistes, les militants dans la société civile, de réalisateurs de documentaires, etc. Historiquement, les révolutions, la nationalisation étaient au cœur du risque politique. Aujourd'hui les entreprises multinationales considèrent ce risque en tenant compte de plusieurs aspects. L'environnement politique du XXIe siècle constitue un important facteur externe d'incertitude pour les entreprises. Il peut donc limiter ou favoriser leurs possibilités de croissance et leur survie. Cette thèse aborde la relation entre le risque politique dans sa nouvelle définition et les décisions financières des entreprises. Jusqu'à présent, les études de recherche antérieures ne portaient que sur les mesures du risque politique au niveau des pays ou des secteurs d'activités en l'absence de mesures directes. Cette thèse retrace la façon dont le risque politique peut influer sur le comportement des entreprises américaines, en utilisant une nouvelle mesure de ce risque. Ma thèse est une compilation de trois études sur le risque politique et les choix financiers des entreprises. Dans mon premier article, j'examine l'effet du risque politique au niveau de l'entreprise sur les encaisses de trésorerie des entreprises. Le deuxième chapitre traite comment le risque politique affecte les crédits commerciaux inter-firmes. Dans le troisième chapitre, une nouvelle mesure du risque politique est développée et son effet sur les choix d'investissement et de financement des entreprises sera examiné
The world is now changing with lightening speed. The greatest of those changes are occurring in the political and technological spheres. Geopolitical shifts have brought politics and business closer together. Political upheavals are incessantly reshaping the circumstances in which individuals, societies, and companies operate, which doesn't make markets in total isolation from politics. Politics molds and constrains markets through its rules, norms, and institutions. Trade regimes, sanctions, and national laws, for instance, shape businesses' environment. Tumultuous reverses, such as wars and revolutions, and other minor events, such as social activism and cyber threats, still take firms by surprise. Therefore, firms are forced to plan and act beyond their immediate environment. The meaning of political risk has changed. A few decades ago, political risk could be summarized in governmental actions, such as industry-related regulations or assets seizing in dictatorships. Today, however, governments are no longer the only arbiter. The twenty-first-century political risk has a broader and more complicated meaning. A civil war in Syria results in a refugee crisis in Europe. An anti-Chinese protest in Vietnam fuels stock-outs in the clothing industry in America. Rice and Zegart (2018) define the twenty-first-century political risk as “the probability that a political action could affect a company in significant ways.” Put in the most elemental terms, political actions emphasize the growing impact of risk generators outside army barracks and party headquarters. In today's competitive markets, firms need to consider all risks engendered by the widening array of global political actors, journalists, social activists, documentary filmmakers, etc. Historically, revolutions, nationalization, seizure of assets were the political risk chorus. However, for the modern-day global firms consider this risk on much more and more aspects. Thus, companies, and particularly international firms see the market as a global place and they plan their strategies accordingly. SeaWorld story, among many others, points out that firms can be dramatically blindsided by political actions of small groups of people and the power of individuals charged by connective technologies. The twenty-first-century political environment is an important external factor of uncertainty for firms. It can, therefore, constrain or foster their growth opportunities and survival. This thesis addresses the relationship between the modern-day politics and corporate financial decisions. So far, prior research studies have only focused on country-level and sector-level measures of political risk in the absence of direct ones. This dissertation, instead, traces through the ways in which political risk can affect U.S. firms' behaviour, using a new firm-level proxy to measure the risk. My dissertation is a three-paper compilation of studies related to political risk and corporate finance. In my first paper, I examine the effect of firm-level political risk on corporate cash holdings and cash management. The second paper investigates whether firm-level political risk affects trade credit provision. Finally, the third paper tackles the issues in measurement of political risk and examines the effect of the novel political risk measure on corporate investment and financing decisions

This chapter introduces the role of banks in financing international trade through documentary credits, demand guarantees, and standby credits. What is interesting is that with the exception of the UN Convention on Independent Guarantees and Stand-by Letters of Credit, all the instruments examined consist of rules promulgated by two non-lawmaking institutions and given effect by contractual incorporation into banking documents. The chapter depicts the unique legal characteristics of independent bank payment undertakings before going on to describe the principal features of documentary credits and demand guarantees and key provisions of the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (UCP 600), the Uniform Rules for Demand Guarantees (URDG 758), and the ICC Uniform Rules for Contract Bonds (URCB), all produced by the International Chamber of Commerce. The Rules on International Standby Practices (ISP98), issued by the Institute of International Banking Law and Practice, are also briefly described.

Investment in capital, both physical and financial, and innovation in its uses are often considered the linchpins of modern economic growth, while credit and credit markets now seem to determine the wealth—as well as the fate—of nations. This book asks whether it always thus, and whether the Roman economy—large, complex, and sophisticated as it was— looked anything like today’s economies in terms of its structural properties. Through consideration of the allocation and uses of capital and credit and the role of innovation in the Roman world, the contributors to this volume go to the heart of the matter. How was capital in its various forms generated, allocated, and employed in the Roman economy? Did the Romans have markets for capital goods and credit? Did investment in capital lead to innovation and productivity growth? The authors consider multiple aspects of capital use in agriculture, water management, trade, and urban production, and of credit provision, finance, and human capital in different periods of Roman history, in Italy and elsewhere in the Roman world. Using many different types of written and archaeological evidence, and employing a range of modern theoretical perspectives and methodologies, the contributors, an international team of historians and archaeologists, have produced the first book-length contribution to focus exclusively on (physical and financial) capital in the Roman world, a volume that is aimed at experts in the field as well as at economic historians and archaeologists specializing in other periods and places.

This chapter explores frequently neglected aspects of the vexed question of complying presentation in letter of credits operations from the perspective of Anglo-American law and a pragmatic appreciation of the International Chamber of Commerce’s codes of banking practice. In particular, it considers the existence and extent of the classes of ICC print material permissible as an aid in ascertaining the proper legal meaning and effect of a clause in the UCP 600 that lacks sufficient clarity, or even worse, if the UCP clause in dispute makes no express provision on the point at issue. The discussion then evaluates the nature of a clause in a credit calling for a draft drawn on the applicant; the legal effect of an unstipulated document in a presentation under the credit; and the rights of the beneficiary when determining the bank to which to tender documents for payment.

This concluding chapter summarizes the book's findings and arguments. It goes beyond the legacy of post-2008 austerity to address more recent events. This includes a preliminary assessment of the intersections between the austerity agenda and the experience of the COVID-19 pandemic and its associated economic crisis. The 2020 COVID-19 crisis of reproduction and accumulation is in itself not easily comparable to 2008 given that the latter was largely concerned with credit, banking, and international trade. However, both crises reveal the failures of the neoliberal and austerity models of public provision and labour practices. The chapter thus looks at possible alternatives and ways ahead.

For governance, investment, and the shipment and sale of Atlantic goods the overseas Dutch depended on the United Provinces. The West India Company, which maintained its slave trade monopoly until the 1730s, provided the umbrella for most activities in the Dutch Atlantic world, although Suriname and Berbice were ruled by separate entities in which the WIC was only a partner. In mid-century, the Dutch Guiana colonies offered Dutch investors attractive opportunities, which led to the transfer of tremendous amounts of credit. An artificial boom followed, which failed to produce high profits and ended in a credit crisis which would thwart the further plantation growth of Suriname. Cash crops from Suriname and the other New World colonies were carried in massive quantities to the Dutch Republic, while the Dutch slave trade not only provisioned the Dutch colonies, but also those of other empires.

The 2008 financial crisis was followed by a global economic downturn, a credit crunch, and a reduction in cross-border lending, trade finance, and foreign direct investment, which adversely affected businesses around the world. The consequent increase in the number of firm insolvencies in the corporate sector highlights the need for commercial bankruptcy laws to liquidate efficiently unviable firms and reorganize viable ones, so as to maximize the total value of proceeds received by creditors, shareholders, employees, and other stakeholders. India's weak insolvency regime, its significant inefficiencies, and systematic abuse are some of the reasons for the distressed state of credit markets in India today. The Code promises to bring about far-reaching reforms with a thrust on creditor driven insolvency resolution. It aims at early identification of financial failure and maximizing the asset value of insolvent firms. The Code also has provisions to address cross-border insolvency through bilateral agreements and reciprocal arrangements with other countries.

The business of payments and the provision of payment instruments have a rich history, which can be drawn upon in a discussion of standardization. In the middle-ages, for example, the mere existence of a wide variety of foreign and local coins led to a flourishing business of money exchange offices and cashiers in the Netherlands. Malpractices of some of these firms, mostly in the form of physical tampering with coins and alloy, resulted in government regulation on a municipal and province level. Yet, as these type of regulations where hard to enforce, the Amsterdam municipal government decided in 1609 to establish a municipal exchange bank, ‘de Amsterdamse Wisselbank’, originally as a government monopolist. The motivation for doing so was to prevent the regular price-increases of the good coins, to eliminate confusion to the public and to facilitate trade by providing good coins. Later on, in 1621, the regulations were adapted to the actual business practice and private cashiers were allowed – under certain conditions – to conduct business in the city of Amsterdam (van den Berge, 1939, p 34). The example shows us how a diversity of specifications and a diversity of payment instruments, will lead to the development of separate companies which make money by reducing the confusion for their consumers. It illustrates that the abuse of technological know-how and abilities for the sake of increased economic benefits by a few private companies may lead to government intervention for the sake of public interest. Furthermore it indicates that strong market powers may prevail, even in the case of restricted government regulation. As such the example contains all relevant issues with respect to IT-standardization: • can it be assumed that the market will standardize if necessary? • what role should governments play in this process? • does the end-user play a role in this process? In this chapter, I will examine the above standardization issues with respect to the retail payment instruments, developed and in use since the beginning of this century. In this time frame bank notes and coin have been widely available to the public as a basic (and standardized) payment instrument. I will however not include these instruments in this study and limit myself to a study of the standardization of noncash payment instruments that have been available to the consumer. These payment instruments can be seen as the technical means with which consumers effect money transfers to each other. Examples of payment instruments are the forms for credit transfers or in-payments, the debit- or credit cards or home-banking software. It is my opinion that, given the availability of cash an alternative payment instrument, the standardization processes of noncash payment instruments can be seen as the ‘pure’ result of market forces. The study of this process, applied to different types of instruments within one application and industry domain, will hopefully provide additional insight.

The difference in the countries to which both the seller and the buyer belong in the commercial exchanges has increased the discrepancy in the laws and rules that govern the conduct of the most important banking count approved for the settlement of such exchanges, which is the documentary credit process, as a result of the different economic, banking and financial systems from the other, so there was a need to unify These customs and customs are in a unified form, which is called today the unified rules and customs of documentary credit, which are applied to the conduct of documentary credit contracts at the global level. Therefore, we consider it necessary to make an amendment in the Iraqi law regarding the organization of the documentary credit process, because the articles related to the provisions of documentary credits are not sufficient in themselves to indicate all the problems that may result from it due to developments in international trade.