Journal articles on the topic 'Trade creation effect'
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Freckleton, Marie, and Patrice Whitely. "Can trade agreements among small countries create trade?" International Journal of Development Issues 19, no. 2 (April 16, 2020): 205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-06-2019-0110.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of a regional trade agreement among a group of small island developing states on trade creation and trade diversion. Design/methodology/approach An augmented gravity model and panel data are used to estimate the trade creation and trade diversion effects. The generalized method of moments technique is used to account for possible endogeneity. Country pair and time fixed effects are also included. Findings The regional trade agreement had a positive effect on intra-regional trade creation, but there was no significant diversion of imports from extra-regional trade partners. Practical implications Small developing economies can benefit from regional trade agreements (RTAs) among themselves. The trade diversion effects of such agreements are likely to be limited. Originality/value To the best of authors’ knowledge, this is the only paper which investigates the impact of RTAs among small island developing states.
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Jošić, Hrvoje, and Maja Bašić. "Trade creation and trade diversion effects from Croatia’s CEFTA and EU membership." Ekonomski pregled 72, no. 4 (2021): 489–521. http://dx.doi.org/10.32910/ep.72.4.1.
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This paper provides a detailed empirical study of trade creation and trade diversion effects arising from Croatia's two regional trade agreements, the Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) and the European Union (the EU). It offers a foundation for discussion about future trade policies in terms of benefits and drawbacks from those regional trade agreements. Croatia’s imports, exports and total trade flows with 180 trading partner countries were examined for the period of 2000 – 2016. Cross-country panel regression using gravity model of international trade assessed pooled OLS, fixed and random effects, as well as more robust Tobit and PPML estimator models. The random effects model found positive effects of Croatia-CEFTA integration evident in trade creation in imports, exports and total trade flows. Croatia-EU integration exhibits no significant effect of trade creation in neither imports, exports nor total trade flows. Nonetheless, there is a trade diversion effect in cases of imports and total trade flows. In the Tobit model CEFTA created trade in imports, exports and total trade flows, while the EU diverted trade in imports and total trade flows. Finally, the robust PPML estimator found that: (1) CEFTA membership created trade in imports, exports and total trade flows, and (2) the EU membership diverted trade in imports and exports, and created trade in total trade flows.
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Lee, Jong Ha, and Jaeguk Song. "Technological Innovation and Job Creation Effect of Technology Trade." Journal of Korean Public Policy 19, no. 4 (December 30, 2017): 69–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.37103/kapp.19.4.4.
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Lee, Hyun-Hoon and Hur,Jung. "APEC’s Bogor Goals and Trade Creation Effect within APEC." KUKJE KYUNGJE YONGU 20, no. 3 (September 2014): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17298/kky.2014.20.3.001.
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Taguchi, Hiroyuki, and Don Chalani Imasha Rubasinghe. "Trade Impacts of South Asian Free Trade Agreements in Sri Lanka." South Asia Economic Journal 20, no. 1 (February 25, 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1391561418822203.
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This article aims to examine the trade effects of the South Asian Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) with a focus on Sri Lanka, by applying a gravity trade model. The study targets the following three FTAs: the SAFTA, the India–Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement (ISFTA), and the Pakistan–Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement (PSFTA). The outcomes of the gravity trade model estimation suggested that the trade creation effects were identified in the ISFTA, while those were not verified in the SAFTA and that the PSFTA had the trade creation effects only on the Sri Lankan imports. Those results seem to reflect the differentials in the preferential tariff rates. In particular, ISFTA could have the predominant positive effects on Sri Lankan trade flows due to its lowest preferential tariff rates, and thus the SAFTA effect might be crowded out at the current stage of Sri Lankan trade. JEL: F13, F14, O53
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Gaurav, Kumar, and Nalin Bharti. "Some Common Lessons from Uncommon FTAs." South Asia Economic Journal 20, no. 1 (March 2019): 138–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1391561418824479.
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The present study endeavours to observe the trade creation and trade diversion effects of three free trade agreements (FTAs) in Asia, namely, India–Japan CEPA (IJCEPA), India–Sri Lanka FTA (ISFTA), and India–Bhutan FTA (IBFTA). The article aims to evaluate three uncommon FTAs that include developing–developed, developing–developing and developing–least developed countries. The objective is to evaluate the effects of these FTAs on exports and draw lessons for both the contracting parties and for other economies to commence FTAs that promote trade liberalization. This paper also aims to debunk the myth that FTAs between developing-least developed countries is not beneficial for the developing or least developed counterpart. The study applies augmented gravity model to capture the trade creation and trade diversion effects. The results confirm that ISFTA and IBFTA have trade creation effect, while in case of IJCEPA, there is trade diversion. These bilateral agreements can open the ways for multilateral trade liberalization in the long-run. JEL : F10, F13, F14
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Jo, Seung-Gyu. "NON-UNIFORM STRATEGIC TRADE POLICY AND AGGREGATE PROFIT CREATION EFFECT." Scottish Journal of Political Economy 57, no. 5 (September 1, 2010): 644–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9485.2010.00534.x.
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Khan, Ashfaque H. "Employment Creation Effects of Pakistan's Exports." Pakistan Development Review 30, no. 4II (December 1, 1991): 865–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v30i4iipp.865-877.
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During the past two decades, an increasing number of developing countries have sought to pursue export -oriented trade and industrial policies as against the import -substitution strategy of industrialization.1 It has been argued that production for the world market not only restores the momentum of industrial growth but it leads to efficient resource allocation, greater capacity utilization, permits the exploitation of economies of scale, generates technological improvement in response to competition abroad and, most importantly, creates productive employment opportunities for a labour-surplus country [Balassa (1978), p. 180). This paper is not concerned with the merits or otherwise of export -oriented trade and industrialization policies rather we concentrate on the most important contribution of outward looking or export-oriented policy, i.e., its employment creation effects. It has been argued that an increased level of activity in the export sector gives rise to dynamic external economies of scale besides having its own direct effect. For example, an increase in exports creates jobs for workers directly engaged in the production of the export commodities. This being the direct effect, an increase in exports also creates employment via the linkage effect, multiplier effect and foreign exchange effect.2 A large number of studies over the last two decades have attempted to measure the direct and indirect contributions of exports in employment creation in developing countries.3 Almost all studies have used static input-output analysis to quantify the contribution of exports in employment generation.
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Jungu Kang, Seung-jin Shim, and 김태진. "Trade Creation and Diversion Effect of Korea-China FTA on Service Trade in Value Added." KUKJE KYUNGJE YONGU 23, no. 1 (March 2017): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17298/kky.2017.23.1.001.
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Kim, Sangkyom, and Innwon Park. "Trade Facilitation and a Northeast Asian Free Trade Arrangement." International Area Review 8, no. 1 (March 2005): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/223386590500800103.
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What will be the most efficient way of building a regional trade arrangement (RTA) in a globalizing world, especially for countries in Northeast Asia? We strongly suggest that the RTA should stress trade facilitation rather than following common guidance on tariff reduction. In order to support our argument, we attempted to analyze the net trade creation effect of trade facilitation among the countries in Northeast Asia including China, Korea, and Japan by using a survey analysis and a Gravity analysis. We found that each of the four trade facilitation indices we consider (customs procedures, standards and conformity, business mobility, information and communication technology) shows significantly positive effects on bilateral trade between the three Northeast Asian countries.
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Mareta, Bernadheta Mia Tri. "The Impact of ASEAN-Korea Free Trade Agreements on Indonesian Export of Manufacturing Goods." ETIKONOMI 17, no. 2 (August 10, 2018): 161–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/etk.v17i2.7342.
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Along with an attempt to promote the export performance of manufacturing goods, the number of investigation about the potential benefit or harm of free trade agreements is still weak in Indonesia. This paper highlights the effect of ASEAN-Korea Free Trade Agreement (AKFTA) on Indonesian export of manufacturing products since AKFTA as one of the significant initiatives in Southeast Asia is expected to boost Indonesian export. By using augmented gravity models with panel data, this paper investigates the presence of trade creation and trade diversion effects on Indonesian export with 20 trading partners, covering a 26-year period from 1990-2015. Fixed effects with least square dummy variable (LSDV) models are applied to tackle the endogeneity problems of FTA by controlling the unobserved heterogeneity. The results showed that trade diversion outweighs trade creation effects in almost all categories, confirming a decrease in export from member to non-member countries.DOI: 10.15408/etk.v17i2.7342
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Jie, Han, and Tian Zhihong. "The effect of trade creation in China-Asean free trade area based on the gravity model." Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 38, no. 6 (June 25, 2020): 7061–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-179784.
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Ji, Seongtae, and JeongHo Yoo. "A study on the changes of agricultural import structure according to implementation of FTAs in South Korea." Journal of Korea Trade 22, no. 1 (March 5, 2018): 2–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jkt-01-2018-0001.
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Purpose South Korea has signed and implemented 15 free trade agreements (FTAs) with 52 countries. More than 80 percent of imports of agricultural products came from FTA partner countries in 2015. We can say that South Korea entered the era of an opening in agricultural import sector. It means that FTA is an important factor in causing changes in agricultural imports. As a result of the implementation of the FTA, tariff cuts and other changes in trade conditions could lead to an increase in imports of agricultural products from FTA partner country or diversity of partners. South Korea has implemented 15 FTAs so far, each with a different period of implementation, different scale of trade, and different major trade items. This means that each FTA will have a different size and type of impact on the changes in the import structure. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to analyze how the FTA actually affected agricultural imports and what type of impact each FTA had. Especially, the authors focused on the effects of trade creation and diversion to analyze the patterns of structural changes in the import of agricultural products according to the implementation of FTAs. Design/methodology/approach In this study, the authors analyzed both trade creation and trade diversion effect through the poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood method based on the previous research gravity model of Magee (2008, p. 353) and Yang and Martinez-Zarzoso (2014, p. 144). The biggest improvement compared to the standard gravity model is that all variables such as GDP, population, and distance are removed. This model cannot be regarded as a gravity model because the basic parameters of gravity model such as GDP, population, distance are excluded, but it can be said that the fixed effect variables replace the basic parameter of the gravity model. Findings According to the analysis, the authors found that the effects of trade creation were apparent in the early stages of FTA implementation before 2011 and the effect of the trade transition was seen in the mid-FTA transition period after 2011. The authors also clarified the pattern of structural changes in the agricultural imports of each FTAs. It is shown that the change in agricultural import structures was more apparent in major FTAs like the Korea-ASEAN, Korea-EU, and Korea-US FTA. In other words, the effects of trade creation and trade diversion in these FTAs were found to be statistically significant. Research limitations/implications The limitations of this study are as follows. First, as multiple FTAs are implemented simultaneously, the effects of individual FTA can be offset. Second, the FTA effect of each item was not reflected, because it was analyzed based on the amount of imports by country. Third, the effect of the trade between the partners was not reflected. Therefore, future studies need to add or supplement these limitations. Practical implications This paper demonstrated through an empirical analysis that the FTA directly affects changes in agricultural import structure. And it proved that the period of FTA implementation, items imported from FTA partner countries, and the size of imports affected the structure of agricultural imports. Of course, changes in the domestic consumption patterns, changes in the supply and demand, conditions of quarantine inspection, and preference of importers are also factors that affect the structure of agricultural imports. It is expected that the effect of trade creation and the effect of trade diversion in agricultural import will be more significant when tariff rates are further decreased due to FTA implementation and domestic demand of agricultural product rises as a result of an economic recovery. As the FTA directly affects changes in agricultural imports, it should be carefully dealt with when signing a new FTA or improving the existing ones. And appropriate measures should be taken to minimize damages to the domestic agricultural sector due to changes in the import structure of agricultural products. Originality/value This paper fulfils an identified need to do research what kinds of effect occurred after FTA implementation in the agricultural sector. An empirical analysis was conducted on the effects of trade creation and diversion of agricultural products, based on the actual results of bilateral trade between the 50 major importers of agricultural products, including the 30 FTA partner countries.
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Susanto, Dwi, C. Parr Rosson, and Flynn J. Adcock. "Trade Creation and Trade Diversion in the North American Free Trade Agreement: The Case of the Agricultural Sector." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 39, no. 1 (April 2007): 121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800022793.
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This paper examines the effect of the U.S.-Mexico trade agreement under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The results suggest that U.S. agricultural imports from Mexico have been responsive to tariff rate reductions applied to Mexican products. A one percentage point decrease in tariff rates is associated with an increase in U.S. agricultural imports from Mexico by 5.31% in the first 6 years of NAFTA and by 2.62% in the last 6 years of NAFTA. U.S. imports from Mexico have also been attributable to the pre-NAFTA tariff rates. Overall, the results indicate that the U.S-Mexico trade agreement under NAFTA has been trade creating rather than trade diverting.
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Nur Mahdi, Naufal, Suharno, and Rita Nurmalina. "TRADE CREATION DAN TRADE DIVERSION ATAS PEMBERLAKUAN ACFTA TERHADAP PERDAGANGAN HORTIKULTURA INDONESIA." Buletin Ilmiah Litbang Perdagangan 15, no. 1 (July 15, 2021): 51–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.30908/bilp.v15i1.489.
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Abstrak
Dampak positif seharusnya diperoleh subsektor hortikultura Indonesia atas implementasi ASEAN-China Free Trade Agreement (ACFTA). Namun demikian, subsektor hortikultura Indonesia belum memberikan kinerja yang berarti ketika impor produk hortikultura meningkat melalui tahapan penurunan tarif ACFTA dalam program The Early Harvest Program (EHP). Studi ini meneliti keragaan impor hortikultura Indonesia dengan menggunakan deskriptif analisis. Studi ini juga menganalisis daya saing produk hortikultura negara ASEAN-5 dengan China serta dampak kreasi perdagangan dan diversi perdagangan atas pemberlakuan ACFTA terhadap impor produk hortikultura Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode RSCA (Revealed Symetric Comparative Advantage) dan metode ekonometrik melalui pendekatan model gravitasi dengan data panel dari tahun 2001-2018. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa berdasarkan nilai RSCA, Indonesia tidak berdaya saing pada kedua jenis produk hortikultura tersebut. Model gravitasi juga menunjukkan bahwa negara anggota ACFTA mampu memanfaatkan perjanjian regional ini dengan ditandai tingginya nilai impor hortikultura Indonesia terutama dari China. Ini menandakan bahwa pelaksanaan ACFTA telah menciptakan efek penciptaan perdagangan dengan meningkatkan perdagangan intra-regional antara negara anggota ACFTA, namun tidak menyebabkan pengalihan perdagangan dengan negara non-anggota (perdagangan dengan negara non anggota tidak mengalami penurunan). Oleh karena itu, diperlukan langkah kebijakan peningkatan daya saing melalui perbaikan komponen manajerial dan teknologi seiring terbukanya pasar di kawasan ini bagi UMKM Indonesia.
Kata Kunci: Data Panel, Daya Saing, Integrasi Ekonomi, Model Gravitasi, RSCA
Abstract
The positive impact of the implementation of the ASEAN-China Free Trade Agreement (ACFTA) on the indonesia’s horticulture sub-sector should be obtained. However, the Indonesian horticulture sub-sector has not shown significant performance when import of horticultural products has increased through the ACFTA tariff reduction stages in The Early Harvest Programm (EHP). This study examines the performance of Indonesian horticultural imports using descriptive analysis. It also analyzes the competitiveness of horticultural products of ASEAN-5 countries with China as well as the impact of trade creation and trade diversion of the implementation of ACFTA on imports of Indonesian horticultural products. It uses the RSCA (Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage) index and the gravity model using panel data from 2001-2018. It shows that Indonesia is not competitive in both types of horticultural products (RSCA <0). The gravity model also indicates that ACFTA member countries have taken advantage of this regional agreement, marked by the high value of Indonesian horticultural imports, especially from China. This shows that the implementation of the ACFTA has created a trade creation effect by increasing intra-regional trade between ACFTA member countries, but has not led to a diversion of trade with non-member countries (trade with non-member countries has not decreased). Therefore, it is necessary to make policy strategies to increase competitiveness through improvements in managerial and technological components in line with the opening of the market in this region to Indonesian MSMEs.
Keywords: Competitiveness, Economic Integration, Gravity Model, Panel Data, RSCA
JEL Classification: F15, F17, Q17
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Tien, Thinh Bui, and Hung Tran Van. "Assessing economic development through trade relations and educational markets integration (the case of Vietnam within ACFTA)." E3S Web of Conferences 210 (2020): 13016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021013016.
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This paper applies the gravity model of trade with panel database to assess the impact of ACFTA on the export and import of ACFTA’s members from 2001 to 2018. The database was taken from World Bank Database, International Trade Center and CEPII Research and Expertise on The World Economy. The estimation results review that ACFTA has positive trade creation and trade diversion effect on the export of all ACFTA’s members including Vietnam, ACFTA does play a pivotal role in the intra – regional export and extra – regional export of Vietnam and other ACFTA’s members. Furthermore, within the scope of the paper, compared to other FTA of ASEAN, the magnitude of trade creation of ACFTA is considerably large. This is consistent with the fact that China is gradually becoming a fundamental trade partner with ASEAN and Vietnam in particular. Contrary to the positive effect of ACFTA on members’ export, the estimation results show that ACFTA is causing negative trade diversion effect on the import of ASEAN members within ACFTA including Vietnam. This is in line with the fact that ASEAN and Vietnam in particular have been running trade deficit with China since 2010 at the expense of import from other trading partners, and the trade deficit has been increasing since ACFTA came into full effect.
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Jordaan, Andre Cillie, and Patrick Kanda. "Analysing the trade effects of the EU-SA & SADC trading agreements: a panel data approach." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 14, no. 2 (June 6, 2011): 229–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v14i2.56.
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This study investigates the trade effects of the EU-SA and SADC preferential trade agreements of which South Africa is a member. Using a panel data estimation of the gravity model of bilateral trade and based on data from 1994 to 2008, the study finds the EU-SA preferential trade agreement to have a significant trade expansion effect. The study further reveals that an informative conclusion on trade effects of the SADC preferential trade agreement can only be reached once the agreement has been fully operational. The study also recommends that trade policy in South Africa should increasingly be geared towards broad-based multilateral liberalisation. In addition, South Africa should promote regional economic stability and development through supporting regional trade agreements initiatives. Keywords: Trade creation, trade diversion, preferential trade agreement, panel data estimation, gravity model of bilateral trade
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Candau, Fabien, Geoffroy Guepie, and Julie Schlick. "Moving to autarky, trade creation and home market effect: an exhaustive analysis of regional trade agreements in Africa." Applied Economics 51, no. 30 (February 14, 2019): 3293–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2019.1566691.
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Peri, Giovanni, and Francisco Requena‐Silvente. "The trade creation effect of immigrants: evidence from the remarkable case of Spain." Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique 43, no. 4 (October 18, 2010): 1433–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5982.2010.01620.x.
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Admassu, Samuel. "An empirical analysis of the trade-creation effect of African regional economic communities." Empirical Economics 56, no. 3 (December 21, 2017): 843–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00181-017-1382-7.
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Mukherjee, Deeparghya. "Services traded for intermediate and final usage." Journal of Economic Studies 45, no. 3 (August 13, 2018): 459–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-11-2016-0237.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate and assess the trends of bilateral services trade in the world segmented by trade for final consumption and intermediate usage across several service sectors. The differential trends, if any, are studied while examining the role of free trade agreements which have a chapter on services trade as well as the role of services trade restrictions. The study unravels differences across service sectors in this respect. Design/methodology/approach The author uses an augmented gravity model to address the above using OECD- World Trade Organization (WTO) TiVA data for bilateral trade in intermediates and final products (October 2015 release) and World Bank Services Trade Restrictions Index (STRI). The poisson pseudo maximum likelihood estimation technique is used in light of the structure of the data. Trade creating and diverting effects are identified controlling for time and country-time specific effects. The following sectors are specifically looked at: total business sector services, computer and related services, financial intermediation, post and telecommunication, transport and storage, R&D and other business services, hotels and restaurants, construction, and wholesale and retail trade. Findings First, services free trade agreements (FTAs) have had a trade creating impact with no trade diverting impact for services trade in aggregate with stronger effects on services traded for intermediate usage. Second, financial intermediation and post and telecommunication have been left unaffected by services FTAs. While no trade diversion is concluded for any sector, R&D and other business services, transport and storage and wholesale retail trade show maximum trade creation effects in response to FTAs. Third, trade restrictions of mainly OECD countries are responsible for lowering exports for most sectors. Finally, in terms of policy implications, at a general level, the author does not find a significant difference in the author’s results for services traded for intermediate usage or final consumption except for a stronger effect of FTAs on intermediate services trade. Hence, the policies to foster services trade on both counts are concluded to be the same and deal with behind-the-border policies of domestic industrial policy reforms like national treatment of foreign firms, licensing requirements, FDI policies, etc. Research limitations/implications Statistics for services trade are limited. The data are only available for the years 1995, 2000, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011. Additionally, the conclusions on services trade restrictions are based on statistics for 2011 alone, since this is the only year for which the statistics are available. A complete time series for the entire sample period would increase robustness of the study with a better time variant version of the trade restrictiveness variable. Finally, in the construction of the OECD-WTO-TiVA database of a world IO table, there may have been approximations in constructing statistics for services traded for intermediate usage and final consumption. The results remain sensitive to the same but this is the best possible statistics available for the purposes. Originality/value This is the first study which looks at services trade segmented by trade for final consumption and intermediate usage taking advantage of the available data for a number of service sectors. The role of restrictions is also studied for the first time segmented by trade in intermediates and final consumption. The stronger effects of FTAs on intermediate services trade as well as financial intermediation and post and telecommunication services being insulated from effects of FTAs are important findings, especially since services are mainly thought to be traded for final consumption. Similar trends of results for services traded for intermediate usage and final consumption and restrictions affecting exports from exporter countries and imports by importer countries highlight the importance of behind-the-border domestic policies in facilitating or inhibiting services trade on both counts and more importantly for intermediate usage which, in turn, would improve goods tradability.
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Akhter, Naseem, and Ejaz Ghani. "Regional Integration in South Asia: An Analysis of Trade Flows Using the Gravity Model." Pakistan Development Review 49, no. 2 (June 1, 2010): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v49i2pp.105-118.
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The study deals with trade benefits from the free trade agreement of the SAARC countries. It assesses the trade potential and trade creation with member and non-member countries. The gravity model has been used to measure the bilateral trade flows and to assess the trade effect for member and non-member countries. Two analyses estimate the gravity model. The first analysis is based on crosssectional data to capture the trade effect individually each year; and the second analysisutilises the pooled data to measure the overall trade effects and trade flows for the period 2003 to 2008. The results from the two approaches show that estimated coefficients are consistent with the model assumptions. Both analyses show that the regional trade agreement of the SAARC countries could divert the trade for member countries as well as for the non-member countries. However, trade volume will increase only if the major partners (Pakistan, India, and Sri Lanka) sign regional trade agreements. JEL classification: F15 Keywords: Trade; Regional Integration; Gravity Model
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Du, Qunyang, Danqing Deng, and Jacob Wood. "Differences in Distance and Spatial Effects on Cross-Border E-Commerce and International Trade." Journal of Global Information Management 30, no. 2 (July 2022): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jgim.20220301.oa6.
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Distance and space are important factors affecting international trade, but they have different effects on cross-border e-commerce (CBE) due to the creation of the Internet. This study utilizes spatial autocorrelation, the multi-dimension gravity model and the Spatial Durbin model to conduct an comparative analysis of international trade and CBE within one-belt one-road (BR) countries. Our study obtained several key findings. Firstly, the spatial autocorrelation effect which exists in international trade does not exist in CBE. Secondly, the geographical distance effect of CBE is not significant, which is different from that of international trade. Thirdly, CBE is affected by GDP, culture, policy and institution distances which is not entirely consistent with international trade. Finally, the Spatial Durbin model shows that the spillover effect of CBE and international trade are both significant in the inverse distance weight matrix. These findings provide not only important theoretical contributions but also a practical guide for Government policy makers of the BR and CBE.
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Boachie, Micheal Kofi, Martin Ruzima, and Mustapha Immurana. "The Concurrent Effect of Financial Development and Trade Openness on Private Investment in India." South Asian Journal of Macroeconomics and Public Finance 9, no. 2 (March 19, 2020): 190–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2277978720906049.
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This article examines the role of financial development and trade openness in promoting private investment in India. We use data (1960– 2013) from the World Development Indicators database. After checking the time series properties of the data, we employ auto-regressive distributed lag (ARDL) estimation technique to investigate the impact of the concurrent existence of financial development and trade openness on private investment and whether the effect of financial development is dependent on the level of openness. The results show that, independently, financial development and trade openness have significant positive effects on India’s private sector investment, in both the long run and the short run. However, the effect of the interaction between financial development and trade openness on private investment is significantly negative, suggesting that the effect of financial development on private investment depends on the level of openness. Therefore, we conclude that care should be taken in the design of policies that allow for the coexistence of financial development and trade openness if India aims at promoting private sector capital formation for job creation. JEL Classification: E22, E44, F10, F60
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Jagdambe, Subhash, and Shaikh Mohd Mouzam. "Evaluating the Trade, Revenue and Welfare Implication of Plantation Crops under ASEAN–India FTA." Journal of Asian Economic Integration 1, no. 2 (September 2019): 224–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2631684619882864.
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This article examines the impact of ASEAN–India Free Trade Agreement on India’s special products categories, namely, coffee, tea and pepper based on partial equilibrium model. The Software for Market Analysis and Restrictive Trade (SMART) model has been used to estimate the trade creation (TC) and trade diversion (TD) effect, revenue effect and welfare effect for the above-mentioned commodities. The results from the SMART simulation analysis indicate that the increase in trade for both the scenarios is mainly driven by TC rather than TD. Further, the study also assesses how the total trade effect is distributed across the major ASEAN countries for each commodity and found that Indonesia and Vietnam are the biggest gainers in terms of TC effect in both the scenarios. JEL Classification: F13, F15, Q1
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Agung, Arjun Saka, Zulkarnain Ishak, Imam Asngari, and Abdul Bashir. "The effect of ASEAN-korea free trade agreement (AKFTA) on Indonesia trade: a gravity model approach." Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan 17, no. 1 (July 12, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.29259/jep.v17i1.8916.
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The aim of this research is to analyze the effect of ASEAN Korea Free Trade Agreement (AKFTA) on Indonesia Trade with gravity model approach using panel data. This research is using Hausman and Chow test to choose the best between the Fixed Effect model (FEM) and Random Effect Model (REM). The test result shows that REM is the best model choosen to analyze the effect from GDP per capita, Exchange rate, distance and AKFTA Policy to the import from 14 AKFTA country economies to Indonesia. The result from R2 shows that the variation of independent variables (GDP per capita, Exchange rate, distance and AKFTA Policies) affected the variation of dependent variable (Import) as 54 percent. Meanwhile, from the gravity theory, the trade among AKFTA economies to Indonesia has bring positive impact as the distance has positive sign and lead to form trade creation. The variable of dummy policy has negative and significantly affected the import.
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Aituar, A., and A. Akhmedyarova. "The effect of non-tariff barriers reduction on trade of Kazakhstan." Economics: the strategy and practice 16, no. 2 (July 12, 2021): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.51176/1997-9967-2021-2-62-70.
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This article examines the impact of non-tariff barriers (NTBs) reduction on Kazakhstan’s trade due to the creation of the Eurasian Customs Union (ECU) in 2010. The assessment of the effect of NTBs reduction was carried out using a dynamic gravity model and econometric PMG method. The synchronization of the system of phytosanitary norms and the approval of a unified system of customs regulation have reduced the cost of trade. These innovations have reduced NTBs between ECU countries, which should increase trade flows between countries.According to the model’s estimates, the reduction in NTBs increased Kazakhstan’s imports from the ECU countries by 33% but did not have a significant impact on exports to these countries. That is, on average, Kazakhstani producers benefited less from joining the ECU than producers in other CU countries. These results confirm the findings of reports of international organizations that because of the creation of the ECU, non-tariff barriers between countries have significantly decreased. Unfortunately, Kazakh producers have not been able to take full advantage of the benefits of joining the ECU, and although NTBs between countries have decreased, total exports to ECU countries have not increased. At the same time, the reduction of barriers between countries allowed entrepreneurs from other countries to increase their exports to Kazakhstan (Kazakhstan’s imports) by 33 percent.
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Yao, Xing, Yongzhong Zhang, Rizwana Yasmeen, and Zhen Cai. "The impact of preferential trade agreements on bilateral trade: A structural gravity model analysis." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 30, 2021): e0249118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249118.
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Trade agreements are thought to raise trade integration, but existing preferential trade agreements (PTAs) are insufficient in measuring market access of products. This study develops a product-based coverage index of PTAs using the World Trade Organization (WTO) preferential trade agreements and calculates bilateral trade measures using the EORA multi-regional input-output (MRIO) tables covering 189 countries worldwide over the period 1990–2015; the structural gravity model is employed to test how PTAs affect bilateral trade. Our findings show that countries sharing a common PTA could boost the trade volume compared to those without PTAs, supporting the trade creation effect. However, the trade promotion effect of the product-based coverage index of PTAs is significant only if the member countries are low-and middle-income countries. Further, the wide range of product liberalization brought by PTAs can promote global production networks by stimulating the trade of intermediate goods. Our results are important for understanding the market access effect of PTAs with the increasing development of trade integration and global value chains (GVCs).
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Jijian, Gu, Feng Lipeng, He Liyan, and Zhong Heng. "Estimation of the Impact of the New International Land and Sea Trade Channel on the Development of the Trade Potential of 8 Domestic Provinces and Cities." E3S Web of Conferences 214 (2020): 03024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021403024.
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The new international land and sea trade channel is an important part of China’s “The Belt and Road Initiative” going south, with Chongqing as the operating center, and 7 provinces and cities such as Guangxi, Guizhou, and Gansu as key nodes. Gravity Model of Trade is adopted to analyze the issue of trade creation effect and trade transfer effect in the flow of China-ASEAN trade in detail. According to the theoretical trade value calculated by the export gravity model, the actual trade value was divided by the theoretical value to calculate the trade potential coefficient, which has been applied to measure the trade potential of export of 8 provinces and cities to the ten ASEAN countries. It is concluded that trading partners are in different types ranging from “potential remodeling”, “potential expansion” to “great potential”, and heterogeneity tests are performed to prove the self-consistency of the effect measurement. Further, it is proposed that to further develop trade relations, we must develop positive factors to promote export trade, stimulate trade needs of partner countries, and actively develop trade market countermeasures.
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HUR, JUNG, and HYUN-HOON LEE. "APEC HAS INDEED CREATED INTRA-REGIONAL TRADE: A SYSTEMATIC EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS." Singapore Economic Review 62, no. 05 (December 2017): 1077–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590815501039.
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The Asia–Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum, whose approach is voluntary and non-binding in open regionalism, has been criticized for its alleged failure to develop a rapid liberalization process and to contribute to a greater level of intra-regional trade in the APEC region. Nonetheless, we find that APEC has been contributing to intra-regional trade creation, particularly in trade in manufactured goods as compared to trade in non-manufactured goods. This finding is robust to the various fixed-effect models and the first-differencing models which are applied to the gravity equation.
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Gurova, I. "Theoretical model of the Trade integration in the CiS region." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 1 (January 20, 2014): 130–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2014-1-130-143.
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The paper analyzes the main tenets of economic integration theory in order to reveal the features of the CIS regional integration and propose approaches of its theoretical model development. Quantitative methods have been used to assess the effects of creation and trade diversion, the relationship between bilateral exports, investment and technology exchange. It is established that the integration of the CIS deviates from the traditional model. At the lower stage it is accompanied by deepening cooperation in various sectors that have an effect on trade integration. Thus in contrast to the model of the European Union, it is a “non-linear” one. It is argued that the integration policy in the CIS region must be changed: more attention should be paid to the investment and trade agenda instead of trade.
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Burfisher, Mary E., Sherman Robinson, and Karen Thierfelder. "The Impact of NAFTA on the United States." Journal of Economic Perspectives 15, no. 1 (February 1, 2001): 125–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.15.1.125.
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We describe the main economic arguments posed for and against the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) during the U.S. policy debate. To evaluate these arguments, we analyze recent trade data and survey post-NAFTA studies. We find that both the U.S. and Mexico benefit from NAFTA, with much larger relative benefits for Mexico. NAFTA also has had little effect on the U.S. labor market. These results confirm the consensus opinion of economists at the time of the debate. Finally, studies find that trade creation greatly exceeds trade diversion in the region under NAFTA, especially in intermediate goods.
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Lingzhi, Zhang. "Research on Import and Export Trade Based on China's FDI to Central Asian Countries." International Journal of Innovation and Economic Development 7, no. 1 (2021): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.71.2001.
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Based on China’s FDI and import and export trade data with Central Asian countries from 2011 to 2019, this article studies whether and how China’s investment in Central Asian countries affects import and export trade. The analysis methods of this article include descriptive statistics and empirical analysis, which are used to describe the relationship and trend of China’s FDI to Central Asian countries and import and export trade. In the empirical analysis, this paper chooses the panel data linear regression model. Through regression analysis of FDI-import and FDI-export, we test the impact of China’s FDI changes in Central Asian countries on import and export trade. The research results show that China’s FDI to Central Asian countries has a significant trade promotion effect on import and export trade, and the growth of China’s FDI to Central Asian countries will effectively drive the growth of import and export trade. China’s FDI in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan has a strong trade creation effect. China’s FDI in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan has a strong trade substitution effect. China should strengthen economic and trade cooperation with Central Asian countries and expand the scale of FDI. Each country should reduce trade barriers, expand investment fields, and provide favorable policy support for expanding the scale of FDI.
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Zhou, Min. "The Efficacy of Regional Trade Agreements, 1958-2006: The Effect of Institution Creation on Market Expansion." Sociological Forum 30, no. 3 (September 2015): 721–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/socf.12189.
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Amir, Faizal, and Idah Zuhroh. "THE IMPACTS OF AFTA-COMMON EFFECTIVE PREFERENTIAL TARIFFS ON THE TRADE DIVERSION AND TRADE CREATION OF SYNTHETIC RUBBER AND FACTICE FROM OIL IN INDONESIA." Muhammadiyah International Journal of Economics and Business 1, no. 1 (December 10, 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/mijeb.v1i1.7299.
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Rubber and its products are one of the exported commodities listed in Indonesia’s ten primary exported commodities (Ministry of Trade 2015). Different from other rubber products, the impor of synthetic rubber and factice from oil have increased significantly since the establishment of the AFTA-CEPT with approximately 7 thousand registered products in the Inclusion List (IL) in 2002. This study aimed to analyze the competitiveness of synthetic rubber and factice krom oil among the members of AFTA countries and analyze the impacts of trade creation and Trade diversion on the implementation of the CEPT-AFTA on synthetic rubber and factice oil krom Indonesia, particularly in the 11 countries of origin of imports during the period from 2001 to 2013 by using a gravity model, which was analyzed using static data panel. Based on the results of RCA (Revealed Comparative Advantage), the competitiveness of synthetic rubber and factice oil from Indonesia is very low among four ASEAN countries, while Thailand is the top exporting countries in ASEAN region. The results of the panel data analysis showing variables which have positive influence are Indonesia’s real GDP and real GDP of the country of origin of imports, while variables with negative effect are economic distance and Indonesia’s real exchange rate compared to the country of origin of imports. The implementation of AFTA-CEPT brought against Trade diversion and creation of synthetic rubber and factice oil from Indonesia will have impacts on the existence of trade creation because part of the domestic production of synthetic rubber Ana factice oil from Indonesia will be replaced with imports from member countries and there is on trade diversion.
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Dugiel, Wanda. "Transatlantyckie partnerstwo w dziedzinie handlu i inwestycji - wsparcie czy zagrożenie dla wielostronnych porozumień międzynarodowych?" Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego. Studia i Prace, no. 1 (November 23, 2015): 117–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/kkessip.2015.1.6.
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The article analyzes the benefits and costs of establishing the Transatlantic Partnership in the field of trade and investment for the United States, the European Union and third countries, in the context of theory of economic integration and WTO regulations. The following factors that increase the strength of the beneficial trade creation effect were analyzed: the place of the United States and the European Union in world trade, the importance of intra-regional trade in total trade, the share of sectors in the integration process, the level of customs duties before integration. The negative impact of TTIP for third countries was also examined. A The TIPP and WTO agreements were compared, particularly the attempts to regulate investor-state disputes in TTIP.
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Самоховец, М. П., and Е. А. Гречишкина. "ЄВРАЗІЙСЬКИЙ ЕКОНОМІЧНИЙ СОЮЗ: ЄВРАЗІЙСЬКИЙ ЕКОНОМІЧНИЙ СОЮЗ: РОЗВИТОК ВЗАЄМНОЇ ТОРГІВЛІ ДЕРЖАВ-ЧЛЕНІВ." TIME DESCRIPTION OF ECONOMIC REFORMS, no. 2 (July 20, 2020): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/cher.2020.2.04.
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The study of mutual trade of the EAEU member states is relevant from the point of view of its improvement in order to achieve the macroeconomic effect of the EAEU creation. The purpose of the article is to study the economic indicators of mutual trade between the EAEU member states and to identify the main trends and prospects for trade relations development in the EAEU integration environment. The object of the study is trade relations between the EAEU member states. Methods used in the study. The study was conducted using official statistics of the EAEU for 2014–2018 and is based on economic comparisons and systematization. The development of cooperative ties within the EAEU, an extensive list of program and reporting documents was studied. Research hypothesis. Mutual trade of the EAEU member states has positive development trends. Statement of the main material. Significant changes in the dynamics of trade relations and their regulation in Belarus, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Armenia are associated with the creation of the EAEU. The analysis of indicators of mutual trade between the EAEU member states showed that the Russian Federation occupies a leading position in mutual trade, and the Russian market is main market for goods from other EAEU member states. Trends indicate that the benefits of integration within the EAEU are not fully realized. Originality and practical value. Further development of EAEU trade relations is seen in the context of regional economic integration. Development on a cooperative basis will save the costs of the EAEU member countries and take advantage of the specialization of the countries. Conclusion. Intensification of mutual trade of the EAEU member states is possible by stimulating consumer and industrial demand, increasing the export of high-tech products and diversifying exports
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Vorona, Anastasiуa, Lyudmila Kopteva, and Anna Trushevskaya. "The Eurasian economic union: trends and prospects for development in digital economy." E3S Web of Conferences 210 (2020): 13025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021013025.
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Currently the Eurasian Economic Union defines its main tasks as the creation of an image of the significant center for the development of international trade, enhancement of mutually beneficial partnership with member states and other countries, the creation of new formats for international cooperation. At the present days the Eurasian Economic Union is filled with real economic content. Multilateral projects are being implemented, primarily in key sectors of the economy, that are energy and transport. In the long run, the formation of a monetary union is possible. Development of currency integration, as a component of economic unity, presupposes the process of implementing a coordinated policy of the EAEU countries, as well as the creation and functioning of the organizations performing interstate currency regulation. In the article the dynamics of the main economic indicators of the Eurasian Economic Union functioning is considered. The data on the trade turnover of the EAEU member countries for 2019 is provided. The main directions of EAEU cooperation with third countries and integration associations are revealed, with particular attention being paid to the creation of free trade zones with Vietnam and Singapore. In the context of the organization and functioning of interstate unions, each of the member states of such unions, while ensuring their own security, also needs to manage both the threats to the security of other partners that have an indirect adverse effect and the threats that directly impact the whole union. The directions of digital transformation of the economies of the Eurasian Economic Union member states are considered. The problematic aspects of its functioning are highlighted.
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Nazli, Ansa, Rehana Siddiqui, and Imran Hanif. "Trade Reforms and Productivity Growth in Manufacturing Industries of Pakistan." Review of Economics and Development Studies 4, no. 2 (December 30, 2018): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/reads.v4i2.404.
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Trade has significant influence on total factor productivity (TFP) growth. There is lack of research at level in Pakistan This paper investigates to what extent trade liberalization affects productivity growth employing endogenous growth model. Using DEA-Malmquist index to panel data in the first step we examine TFP growth, and decompose it into technological change and efficiency change. We found technological change is the key source of improvement in productivity growth. In the second step, we employ generalized method of moments (GMM) to assess the effect of trade liberalization on productivity growth and its components. We found trade liberalization, and other variables have substantial effect on productivity growth through the channels of learning by doing, knowledge spillovers, technology diffusion, and transformation. The results also support the hypothesis that human capital plays a crucial role in the creation, promotion, and absorption of technology. The study emphasis on the need to invest in human capital with the latest and scientific education to nurture human skills.
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Sarmiento-Rojas, Jorge-Andrés, Juan Sebastian Gonzalez-Sanabria, and Carlos Gabriel Hernández Carrillo. "Analysis of the impact of the construction sector on Colombian economy." Tecnura 24, no. 66 (October 1, 2020): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14483/22487638.16194.
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Objective: Construction is one of the fastest growing and most important economic sectors worldwide, mainly due to its impact on job creation, trade in materials and the creation of essential infrastructure for social development. However, the behavior of the global market has recently been immersed in an environment of economic and political uncertainty, causing trade and industrial production to show signs of vulnerability. Despite the unfortunate ones established in the global economy, there will be moderate growth in rankings of developing countries like Colombia in different sectors.
Methodology: Consequently, this research focused on analyzing the construction sector starting from its historical impact on Colombian economic development and its relationship with external phenomena, to the evaluation of macroeconomic indicators, supply and demand for capital goods, infrastructure and job creation through the formulation of projects in this sector, which are differential for having a public investment effect in the construction of houses and civil works.
Results and conclusions: Likewise, deduce a weak recovery in the general market in relation to the factors surrounding the construction sector, evaluate and focus trends and the impact on the formulation of construction projects in the Colombian economy.
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Gnangnon, Sena Kimm. "Impact of trade facilitation reforms on tax revenue." Journal of Economic Studies 44, no. 5 (October 9, 2017): 765–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-03-2016-0054.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the empirical literature of the macroeconomic effect of trade facilitation reforms by examining the impact of the latter on tax revenue in both developed and developing countries. The relevance of the topic lies on the fact that at the Bali Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2013, Trade Ministers agreed for the first time since the creation of the WTO (in 1995) on an Agreement to facilitate trade around the world, dubbed Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA). The study considers both at-the-border and behind-the border measures of Trade Facilitation. Design/methodology/approach To conduct this study, the authors rely on the literature related to the structural factors that explain tax revenue mobilization. The authors mainly use within fixed effects estimator. The analysis relies on 102 countries (of which 23 industrial countries) over the period 2004-2007 (based on data availability). A focus has also been made on African countries, within the sample of developing countries. Findings The empirical analysis suggests evidence of a positive and significant effect of trade facilitation reforms on non-resources tax revenue, irrespective of the sample of countries considered in the analysis. Research limitations/implications This finding should contribute to dampening the fear of policymakers in developing countries, including Africa that the implementation of the TFA would entail higher costs, without necessarily being associated with higher benefits. An avenue for future research would be to extend the period of the study when data would be available. Originality/value To the best of the authors knowledge, this study had not been performed in the literature of the determinants of tax revenue mobilization, although fact-based analysis was performed.
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Nenadyshina, Tatyana. "The WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement: Background of Development and Prospects for the Russian Federation." Moscow University Economics Bulletin 2020, no. 1 (February 27, 2020): 181–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.38050/01300105202019.
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This article presents analysis of the creation background of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA). The author identifies the main incentives for the development of trade facilitation measures and their inclusion on the Doha negotiations agenda. We summarized and described the major effects expected from full implementation by the WTO member states and the Russian Federation, in particular, of the Agreement the consideration centered round. We also note that the Agreement has a direct impact on the development of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) law. We argue that at present the greatest potential effect from the implementation of the TFA provisions will be achieved through the application of trade facilitation measures in line with the development of unified approaches in their implementation in the EAEU member states. The main areas of the implementation are: Single Window mechanism, harmonization of control procedures and collaboration of state regulatory bodies, information exchange of state regulatory bodies within the framework of common processes. Some provisions under the Agreement can effectively contribute to the development of national initiatives, for example, the development of transit potential in the Russian Federation.
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Olufemi Amos, Akinbola, Issa Abdulraheem, and Brimah Aminu Nassir. "Commercial Policy’s Trade Facilitation Effects on Cost of Operations as Determinants of Multinational Corporations Employability." Scholedge International Journal of Management & Development ISSN 2394-3378 4, no. 11 (March 28, 2018): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.19085/journal.sijmd041101.
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This study examined commercial policy’s trade facilitation effects on employability of multinational corporations in Nigeria considering whether trade facilitation(TF), has a significant effect on the multinational Corporations employability expressed in cost of operation (COP). The study adopted cross sectional research design and considered 5 multinational corporations in the food and beverage and conglomerate sub-sector in Nigeria based on random sampling technique by employing primary data. The sample size constituted the lower, middle and senior level staff of the multinational Corporations at their headquarters and plants to achieve the objectives of this study based on the hypothesis that was formulated. Both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were employed. The statistical tools used included cross tabulations, Mean, Regression and Correlation analysis with the aid of SPSS computer packages. The results showed that trade facilitation (TF) have significant effect on cost of operation (at P=0.000). In conclusion, the study reflected that each of the performance indicators under consideration related with commercial policy and employability implies the need for compliance by multinational corporations to be ensured as governmental follow up in areas of trade facilitation is pertinent to employment creation. The study recommends that; government is encouraged to continue to play her regulatory, facilitating and participatory roles to foster an enabling operating environment as it will contribute towards firm competitiveness in the domestic and global marketplace.
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Pawlak, Karolina. "Znaczenie wymiany bilateralnej w handlu zagranicznym produktami rolno-spożywczymi UE i USA." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 17(32), no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 199–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2017.17.2.39.
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The aim of the paper was to assess the importance of the bilateral turnover to the EU and the US foreign trade in agri-food products in 2001-2016, as well as to define the possibilities of its development after signing the TTIP Agreement. The research is based on the data from the ComExt Database in the resources of the Statistical Office of the European Union (Eurostat) and the USDA Foreign Agricultural Service's Global Agricultural Trade System. It was proved that in 2001-2016 the EU and the US were important trade partners for each other, but the value of bilateral trade in agri-food products remained relatively small, largely due to low complementarity of the Polish and American agriculture and the resulting minor demand for agricultural products from the temperate zone in the US. These products are made in the US, usually at a lower cost, and they are the export surplus of this country. The way to intensify the EU-US bilateral trade may be to develop a transatlantic free trade area, resulting in a strong effect of trade creation between the TTIP parties, with a limited impact on the relationship with other trading partners.
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Salam, Aziza Rahmaniar, and Bambang Sumarjono. "KAJIAN HARMONISASI TARIF BEA MASUK DALAM KAITANNYA DENGAN PENGEMBANGAN INDUSTRI ORIENTASI EKSPOR." Buletin Ilmiah Litbang Perdagangan 1, no. 1 (January 23, 2018): 68–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.30908/bilp.v1i1.294.
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Dalam rangka untuk mendorong pengembangan industry dalam negeri , pemerintah telah menerbitkan berbagai kebijakan antara lain kebijakan tariff bea masuk. Kebijakan tariff bea masuk ini mengacu pada komitmen internasional (WTO, APEC, AFTA, ASEAN-CHINA) maupun nasional . Pada saat ini Indonesia menerapkan program Harmonisasi Tarif Bea Masuk yang dimulai sejak 1 Januari 2005. Program ini diharapkan dapat mendorong peningkatan daya saing produk dalam negeri, Untuk itu perlu dilakukan kajian harmonisasi tariff bea masuk dalam kaitannya dengan pengembangan industry orientasi ekspor, khususnya industry keramik yang dalam beberapa tahun terakhir mendapat tantangan yang cukup besar dalam meningkatkan daya saingnya.Data yang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah data primer dan data sekunder. Selanjutnya data-data tersebut diolah dan dianalisis untuk melihat tingkat daya saingnya berdasarkan trend ekspor, ISP, RCA, dan AR. Selain itu juga dilihat dampak harmonisasi tariff bea masuk terhadap kinerja industry, trade creation, trade diversion, penerimaan pemerintah dari tariff, dan welfare.Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa Program Harmonisasi tariff bea masuk ini ternyata cukup efektif untuk mengendalikan impor produk keramik saniter dan tableware yang diindikasikan dengan adanya penurunan volume impor masing-masing sebesar-12,7% dan-20,8%. Namun demikian, harmonisasi tariff bea masuk tahun 2005 berdampak pada trade creation effect sebesar –US$ 8,4 juta, bertambahnya penerimaan negara sebesar US$ 2,7 juta, namun menimbulkan dampak berkurangnya welfare sebesar US$ 1 juta.
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Zhang, Jiaming, and Xiangrong Deng. "Interest rate liberalization and bank liquidity creation: evidence from China." China Finance Review International 10, no. 4 (March 18, 2020): 377–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cfri-06-2019-0081.
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PurposeThis study aims to empirically analyze how interest rate liberalization affects bank liquidity creation, and investigate whether the relationship between them is linear.Design/methodology/approachBased on panel data on 145 banks in China over the period 1997–2015, this paper regresses the econometric model by conducting feasible generalized least square estimation.FindingsThe regression results show that, first, interest rate liberalization has a nonlinear impact on bank liquidity creation, and the relationship between them is inverted U-shaped. In other words, as interest rate liberalization progresses, bank liquidity creation increases first, and then decreases. Second, through the mediation effect tests, this study found that interest rate liberalization affects bank liquidity creation through bank risk-taking. That is, interest rate liberalization leads to changes in bank risk-taking, thus resulting in changes in bank liquidity creation.Research limitations/implicationsThe effect of interest rate liberalization on bank liquidity creation is nonlinear, so promoting interest rate liberalization faces a trade-off because excessive bank liquidity creation may lead to asset price bubbles, while insufficient bank liquidity creation may inhibit economic growth.Practical implicationsInterest rate liberalization has a significant impact on bank liquidity creation; therefore, bank liquidity creation should be added to the objective function of the regulator that determines interest rate liberalization reform in China.Social implicationsInterest rate liberalization has a direct impact on bank risk-taking, so the consequences of interest rate liberalization should be included in the framework of macro-prudential supervision.Originality/valueInterest rate liberalization is one of the most important financial reforms in China, yet its potential impact on firm-level bank liquidity is little explored. This paper attempts to fill the gap.
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Mishchenko, I. V., E. G. Shustova, and I. V. Milkina. "Cross-border territories development as an indicator of the integration processes effectiveness." Upravlenie 7, no. 4 (January 27, 2020): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/2309-3633-2019-4-113-122.
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The development of cross-border territories and the impact of integration processes on them has been considered in the article. The creation of the Eurasian Economic Union becomes an impetus for the development of both the member states of the organization and their individual territories. This integration formation is relatively young, but today it creates a common market for the movement of goods, services, labor and capital. That is the cross-border territories, as bridges between countries, which feel the effect of the processes taking place in the common economic space: the trade turnover between the countries increases, as well as the inflow of investment and labor.The study is aimed at identifying the effect of integration processes on the development of two cross – border areas-Altai territory (Russian Federation) and East Kazakhstan region (Republic of Kazakhstan). The analysis showed, that the mutual trade turnover has increased between the countries and these territories; there is a good foundation for the development of cooperation in production. However, other indicators of socio-economic development have a negative trend. The outflow of population from these territories continues. The territories do not attract a significant amount of investment.The measures to increase the attractiveness of the Altai territory and East Kazakhstan region within the Eurasian Economic Union have been offered: strengthening production ties through the creation of industrial clusters; the inclusion of territories in the implementation of the project “economic belt of the silk road”; the use of the natural potential of the territories for the creation and development of joint tourist destinations. The measures proposed in the article will strengthen cooperation between cross-border territories, create favorable conditions for increasing the integration effect in these territories, developing infrastructure and cooperating in the main sectors of the border countries, strengthening financial ties and attracting investment.
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Kheyfets, B. "Prospects of BRICS institutionalization." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 8 (August 20, 2015): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2015-8-25-42.
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The article discusses the features and stages of institutionalization of BRICS that becomes a real player in world politics and economics. There are 4 models of further institutionalization of BRICS, which will be combined with each other. A promising model that involves the creation of new BRICS institutions, providing a multiple effect on the development of the association, is noted. Among such institutions BRICS Bank for International Settlements and the Free Trade and Investments Zone of BRICS are offered.
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Kovalenko, Maria I. "Foreign Trade of Russia and German States 1815–1837: Analysis of Import and Export Statistic." Economic History 17, no. 1 (April 24, 2021): 22–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2409-630x.052.017.202101.022-033.
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Introduction. Customs transformation was proceeded very actively in Russia and German states after the end of Napoleon Wars because of the essential need of changes in trade organization. Traditionally the researchers of this period are focused on the political aspects of reforms, however, its economical effect stays out of investigation. This article aims to provide a deep analysis of import and export of Russia and German states. The goal is to give a detailed characteristic of main goods and the overview of trade trends in the mentioned period. Methods. The basic methodology for this work is complex comparative analysis of local and foreign statistics sources and classical historical-systematical method. Results. In the study there were identified the main trade goods of export and import: wooden, potash and rye were mostly exported from Russia to German states, silk was the main subject imported from Prussia to Russia. There are also presented the dynamic changes in trade relations during the mentioned period. Discussion and Conclusion. The trade between Russia and German states was stable during the studied period, the creation of German Zollverein positively affected the dynamics of connections development. The results of this research open new perspectives for further investigation of trade connections and relations in German area.
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Rimmer, Matthew. "The Chilling Effect: Investor-State Dispute Settlement, Graphic Health Warnings, the Plain Packaging of Tobacco Products, and the Trans-Pacific Partnership." Victoria University Law and Justice Journal 7, no. 1 (June 11, 2018): 76–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15209/vulj.v7i1.1044.
Full textAbstract:
Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) poses significant challenges in respect of tobacco control, public health, human rights, and sustainable development. Two landmark ISDS rulings provide procedural and substantive guidance on the interaction between ISDS and tobacco control. The ISDS action by Philip Morris against Uruguay in respect to graphic health warnings raised important procedural and substantive issues. The ISDS matter between Philip Morris and Australia over the plain packaging of tobacco products highlighted matters in respect of abuse of process. In the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), there was a special exclusion for tobacco control measures in respect of ISDS. There was also a larger discussion about the role of general public health exceptions. In the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA), there was a debate about the application of ISDS to intellectual property rights. In the European Union, there has been discussion of the creation of an international investment court. In the renegotiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), there has even been calls to abolish ISDS clauses altogether from both Republicans and Democrats. This article concludes there is a need to protect tobacco control measures implementing the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control 2013 from further investor and trade challenges.