Relevant bibliographies by topics / Trade cost

Academic literature on the topic 'Trade cost'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Trade cost"

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Kwon, Obin, Seunghyun Lee, and Jaeho Son. "Advanced Time-Cost Trade-Off Model using Mixed Integer Programming." Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 16, no. 6 (November 30, 2015): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.6106/kjcem.2015.16.6.053.

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Emanuel, Ezekiel J. "The Cost-Coverage Trade-off." JAMA 299, no. 8 (February 27, 2008): 947. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.299.8.947.

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Fang, Ling, and Shamim Shakur. "Impact of trade cost on China-EU agri-food trade." Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies 16, no. 3 (June 27, 2018): 259–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14765284.2018.1482089.

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Csordas, Helga. "Calendars in Time-Cost Trade-Off." Periodica Polytechnica Architecture 50, no. 1 (April 16, 2019): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppar.13257.

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In project management, there are two main operation problems. Scheduling and cost optimisation. These are interrelated and have mathematically proven solutions for the basics. However, in case of applying arbitrary calendars, there may be generated such effects in scheduling that make the known time-cost trade-off model unusable. In consideration of these effects, this paper aims to apply known algorithms that have been successful for other problems.
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Hofmann, Ekkehard, and Georg von Wangenheim. "Trade secrets versus Cost Benefit Analysis." International Review of Law and Economics 22, no. 4 (December 2002): 511–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0144-8188(02)00117-5.

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Casey, Ed, and Desiree Davis. "9.1.1 Trade Study Cost Analysis Model." INCOSE International Symposium 16, no. 1 (July 2006): 1206–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2334-5837.2006.tb02807.x.

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Redman, Quentin, and George Stratton. "4.7.4 Putting Cost in the Cost verses Performance Trade-Off." INCOSE International Symposium 11, no. 1 (July 2001): 1096–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2334-5837.2001.tb02415.x.

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HUH, IN, and INKOO LEE. "MEASURING TRADE COSTS FROM RELATIVE PRICES: THE ROLE OF LOCATION AND GOODS CHARACTERISTICS." Singapore Economic Review 59, no. 05 (November 9, 2014): 1450041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590814500416.

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This paper estimates the trade costs from international relative prices, and studies the economic determinants of implied trade costs. We find that the magnitude of trade costs depends on the characteristics of both the type of good and set of locations under examination. In particular, it is found that higher non-traded input share and trade barriers, and lower tradability of goods lead to a larger trade cost, as does a lower proximity of geographic distance between locations.
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Konieva, Tetiana. "Justification of sale terms as a way to minimize the cost of trade credit." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 17, no. 3 (October 7, 2020): 360–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.17(3).2020.27.

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The individual and implicit nature of the trade credit cost can provoke its increase, and, as a result, violate payment discipline and negative influence on the business price.This research is dedicated to improving the sale terms definition to minimize the cost of trade credit. The methods for determining the cost of trade credit of a particular company are proposed to apply, considering the results of the comparative analysis of other enterprises from the same industry. Based on the example of Ukrainian food processing enterprises, it was revealed that 66% of them for the period 2013–2018 had an aggressive policy, and in 44% of the cases, it was connected with the growing role of trade credit. Minimum (23 days) and average (79 days) days payable outstanding, defined in the industry, were equated, respectively, to discount period and payment delay. Considering and comparing the cost of trade credit with alternative financial resources, the marginal level of the discount was determined. Considering the rate of short-term credit, according to the failed discount method, this level is 2.7% for 2018; toward the effective annual rate method – 2.48%. In the case of the overdraft, the marginal discount is 2.9% and 2.66%, respectively.When the actual discount is equal or below this level, the buyer attracts trade credit instead of bank loans. Discount higher than marginal, longer discount period, and cheap alternative financing sources provide early payments, positive financial results, and make trade credit free of charge.
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MIROUDOT, SÉBASTIEN, JEHAN SAUVAGE, and BEN SHEPHERD. "Measuring the cost of international trade in services." World Trade Review 12, no. 4 (May 14, 2013): 719–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745613000049.

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AbstractWe present a new dataset of international trade costs in services sectors. Using a theory-based methodology combined with data on domestic shipments and cross-border trade, we find that trade costs in services are much higher than in goods sectors: a multiple of two to three times in many cases. Trade costs in services have remained relatively steady over the last ten years, whereas trade costs in goods have fallen overall at an impressive rate. We show that even in a regional grouping that has done much to promote a single market in services–the EU–there remains considerable heterogeneity in trade costs across countries. Our findings generally suggest an important role for future policy reforms to reduce the regulatory burdens facing services sectors and facilitate trade in services.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Trade cost"

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Sundararajan, Mukund. "Trade-offs in cost sharing /." May be available electronically:, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.

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Jung, Munhee. "Is free trade free of environmental cost?" Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/59295.

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The impact of international trade on the environment has been the field of focus since the 1970’s. There have been a number of empirical studies exploring the environmental consequence of free trade but the results are mixed and only a few environmental indicators have been used in place of the total environmental impact. In this study, I used combined environmental cost data which converted environmental impact indicators into US$ terms (the data is taken from World Bank database). Also, by taking advantage of panel data (observations from 60 countries over 25 years) and (two-way) fixed effects model, I attempted to reduce the threat of endogeneity problem. Most importantly, environmental impact which is filtered through the trade induced changes of economic activity was analyzed in parallel with unfiltered through effects. And the results revealed that trade openness reduces national level environmental cost rather than increasing it. Meanwhile, income related technique effect was found to be underperforming and when the full sample was split into four income groups, the income-environment relationship appeared to be closer to N-shape as opposed to the inverted U-shaped environmental kutznets curve hypothesis.
Science, Faculty of
Resources, Environment and Sustainability (IRES), Institute for
Graduate
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Iordache, Ancuta. "Performance-cost trade-offs in heterogeneous clouds." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1S045/document.

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Les infrastructures de cloud fournissent une grande variété de ressources de calcul à la demande avec différents compromis coût-performance. Cela donne aux utilisateurs des nombreuses opportunités pour exécuter leurs applications ayant des besoins complexes en ressources, à partir d’un grand nombre de serveurs avec des interconnexions à faible latence jusqu’à des dispositifs spécialisés comme des GPUs et des FPGAs. Les besoins des utilisateurs concernant l’exécution de leurs applications peuvent varier entre une exécution la plus rapide possible, la plus chère ou un compromis entre les deux. Cependant, le choix du nombre et du type des ressources à utiliser pour obtenir le compromis coût-performance que les utilisateurs exigent constitue un défi majeur. Cette thèse propose trois contributions avec l’objectif de fournir des bons compromis coût-performance pour l’exécution des applications sur des plates-formes hétérogènes. Elles suivent deux directions : un bon usage des ressources et un bon choix des ressources. Nous proposons comme première contribution une méthode de partage pour des accélérateurs de type FPGA dans l’objectif de maximiser leur utilisation. Dans une seconde contribution, nous proposons des méthodes de profilage pour la modélisation de la demande en ressources des applications. Enfin, nous démontrons comment ces technologies peuvent être intégrées dans une plate-forme de cloud hétérogène
Cloud infrastructures provide on-demand access to a large variety of computing devices with different performance and cost. This creates many opportunities for cloud users to run applications having complex resource requirements, starting from large numbers of servers with low-latency interconnects, to specialized devices such as GPUs and FPGAs. User expectations regarding the execution of applications may vary between the fastest possible execution, the cheapest execution or any trade-off between the two extremes. However, enabling cloud users to easily make performance-cost trade-offs is not a trivial exercise and choosing the right amount and type of resources to run applications accordingto user expectations is very difficult. This thesis proposes three contributions to enable performance-cost trade-offs for application execution in heterogeneous clouds by following two directions: make good use of resources and make good choice of resources. We propose as a first contribution a method to share FPGA-based accelerators in cloud infrastructures having the objective to improve their utilization. As a second contribution we propose profiling methods to automate the selection of heterogeneous resources for executing applications under user objectives. Finally, we demonstrate how these technologies can be implemented and exploited in heterogeneous cloud platforms
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Duan, Shuwen. "International Trade Costs and the Intensive and Extensive Margins of Agricultural Trade." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/50497.

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This dissertation describes two essays in empirical international trade, focusing on trade costs and the pattern of trade along the intensive and extensive margins. In the first essay, I study the barriers that impede international trade. In the second paper, I examine the growth of U.S. agricultural trade in detail describing how U.S. agriculture and food trade has expanded along the margins. The first chapter introduces a relatively straightforward, yet empirically powerful, manipulation of the gravity equation. The gravity model has been dubbed the work horse model of empirical trade, and thus is a suitable foundation from which to derive an indirect measure of largely unobservable 'iceberg' trade costs. In this paper, I solve a sector level version of the gravity equation and study the pattern of agricultural trade costs and factors that impede world agricultural trade growth over a long time series, 1986-2011. In addition, I estimate sector-specific elasticity of substitution which is a key parameter in the computation of trade cost. In the second essay, I examine the growth of world and U.S. agricultural exports along the intensive and extensive margins of international trade over the period 1986 to 2010. The purpose of this essay is to decompose the growth of world and U.S. agricultural trade using qualitative methods from the marketing literature (i.e., market expansion grids) but modified to fit bilateral trade relationships and a theoretical index to measure the margins of trade at a single point in time. In addition, we examine often overlooked channels by which U.S. agricultural exports have expanded using very detailed agricultural product lines. Using information related to the pattern of a trade rather than trade volume itself, I estimate how much starting a trade relationship with a new partner or in a new product variety matters to agricultural trade growth and then conclude with a set of stylized facts to inform current theory.
Ph. D.
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Hafizoglu, Ahmet Baykal. "Discrete Time/cost Trade-off Problem In Project Scheduling." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608469/index.pdf.

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In project scheduling, the activity durations can often be reduced by dedicating additional resources. Time/Cost Trade-off Problem considers the compromise between the total cost and project duration. The discrete version of the problem assumes a number of time/cost pairs, so called modes, and selects a mode for each activity. In this thesis we consider the Discrete Time/Cost Trade-off Problem. We first study the Deadline Problem, i.e., the problem of minimizing total cost subject to a deadline on project duration. To solve the Deadline Problem, we propose several optimization and approximation algorithms that are based on optimal Linear Programming Relaxation solutions. We then analyze the problem of generating all efficient solutions, and propose an approach that uses the successive solutions of the Deadline Problem. Our computational results on large-sized problem instances have revealed the satisfactory behavior of our algorithms.
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Chinanuwatwong, Santi. "Scheduling overtime in construction using time-cost trade-off /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Singh, Alex. "A risk-transaction cost trade-off model for index tracking." Thesis, KTH, Matematisk statistik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-143807.

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This master thesis considers and evaluates a few different risk models for stock portfolios, including an ordinary sample covariance matrix, factor models and an approach inspired from random matrix theory. The risk models are evaluated by simulating minimum variance portfolios and employing a cross-validation. The Bloomberg+ transaction cost model is investigated and used to optimize portfolios of stocks, with respect to a trade off between the active risk of the portfolio and transaction costs. Further a few different simulations are performed while using the optimizer to rebalance long-only portfolios. The optimization problem is solved using an active-set algorithm. A couple of approaches are shown that may be used to visually try to decide a value for the risk aversion parameter λ in the objective function of the optimization problem. The thesis concludes that there is a practical difference between the different risk models that are evaluated. The ordinary sample covariance matrix is shown to not perform as well as the other models. It also shows that more frequent rebalancing is preferable to less frequent. Further the thesis goes on to show a peculiar behavior of the optimization problem, which is that the optimizer does not rebalance all the way to 0 in simulations, even if enough time is provided, unless it is explicitly required by the constraints.
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Connolly, Margaret Julia. "Nurse Practitioners: Limiting the Trade-Off between Quality and Cost." Thesis, Boston College, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/2627.

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Thesis advisor: Christopher Maxwell
Though much research has been done on the subject of substituting nurse practitioners for physicians as health care providers, both analytic methods and results have been inconsistent. Various studies have shown nurse practitioners to provide equivalent or improved care especially in primary care settings. However, no consensus has been reached on whether or not and under what conditions this substitution is economically efficient. Because of variation in productivity and substitution rates, the economic viability of nurse practitioners must be assessed on a department specific basis, taking into account differences in nurse practitioners’ job descriptions.One specific area this economic efficiency could be assessed in is in the diagnosis of ear infections. A study conducted through the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey showed that 15% of pediatric visits included a diagnosis of middle ear infection (Freid, 1998). If employed properly, nurse practitioners could be used to achieve significant cost savings in this area.This thesis is intended to address the economic efficiency of nurse practitioners as compared to physicians in diagnosing ear infections. First nurse practitioner quality in this specific area will be assessed by comparing nurse practitioner diagnosis error rates to physician error rates based on surveys asking both types of providers to provide diagnoses based on tympanic membrane images collected through previous telemedicine visits. Next the economic practicality of employing nurse practitioners in this field will be assessed in terms of the relative costs of these errors, measured as the cost of unnecessary prescriptions in the case of overdiagnosis and the cost of an unnecessary follow-up visit in the case of underdiagnosis
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2012
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: College Honors Program
Discipline: Economics Honors Program
Discipline: Economics
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Wang, Haifeng. "The reduction cost of GHG from ships and its impact on transportation cost and international trade." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 242 p, 2010. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1997524141&sid=5&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Pelc, Krzysztof J. "The cost of wiggle-room on the use of flexibility in international trade agreements /." Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2009. http://worldcat.org/oclc/463166578/viewonline.

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Books on the topic "Trade cost"

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Courouau, J.-L. Capital cost and operative cost trade-offs in wastewater minimization. Manchester: UMIST, 1993.

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Wassenhove, Luk N. van. Trade-offs?: What trade-offs? Fontainebleau: INSEAD, 1991.

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Florida. Office of Program Policy Analysis and Government Accountability. Estimating the cost of state regulatory programs and activities: Possible approaches. [Tallahassee, Fla.]: The Office, 1999.

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Leahy, Dermot. Strategic trade policy with domestic cost asymmetries. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1997.

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Dunham, Denis Ferrol. Food cost review, 1985. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1986.

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Gorte, Ross W. What are below-cost timber sales? [Washington, D.C.]: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1994.

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Wassenhove, L. N. van. Trade-offs?: What trade-offs? : (competence and competitiveness in manufacturing strategy). Fontainebleau: INSEAD, 1993.

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Marapao, Richard N., and Catherine G. Abulog. Federal regulatory costs: Estimates and analysis. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2011.

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The political economy of international trade: U.S. trade law, policy, and social cost. Lanham, Md: Lexington Books, 2006.

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Bolaky, Bineswaree. Trade, regulations, and growth. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Trade cost"

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Merrigan, Kathleen A. "Trade-Offs." In True Cost Accounting for Food, 235–43. New York : Routledge, 2021. | Series: Routledge studies in food, society and the environment: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003050803-16.

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Brewster, Chris, and Stephen Connock. "Management and the trade unions." In Industrial Relations: Cost-effective Strategies, 140–54. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003193043-8.

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Hu, Guangyu. "Cost of International Trade Development." In The Cost of Development in China, 379–91. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4175-4_25.

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Thakkar, Jitesh J. "Project Time–Cost Trade-Off." In Project Management, 237–57. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3695-3_8.

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Waxman, Leonard. "Comparative Cost Advantages and Changes in Costs." In Questions and Answers on Finance of International Trade, 13–18. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4966-9_3.

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Greenaway, David, and Chris Milner. "Domestic Resource Cost Analysis." In Trade and Industrial Policy in Developing Countries, 98–114. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22782-2_6.

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Golpîra, Hêriş, Heibatolah Sadeghi, and Syed Abdul Rehman Khan. "Time –Cost Trade-off Optimal Approaches." In Application of Mathematics and Optimization in Construction Project Management, 119–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81123-5_5.

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Ulusoy, Gündüz, and Öncü Hazır. "The Time/Cost Trade-off Problems." In Springer Texts in Business and Economics, 141–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61423-2_5.

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Diederichs, Bernd A. "Efficiency and cost management for exhibitors, visitors and exhibitions." In Trade Show Management, 353–63. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-05658-4_25.

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Mandal, Biswajit, and Sugata Marjit. "Transaction Cost, Technology Transfer, and Mode of Organization." In Trade, Globalization and Development, 51–62. India: Springer India, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1151-8_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Trade cost"

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Redman, F., and George Stratton. "Putting Cost in the Cost Verses Performance Trade-Off." In 38th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2002-4042.

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MacNeal, Bruce. "Cost Modeling for Comm Trade Studies." In SpaceOps 2012. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2012-1270342.

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Dakuginow, Sambu, Roland Apides, Efren Lacap, and Mark J. Berg. "Optimizing thermal performance-cost trade-off." In ISMA '97 International Symposium on Microelectronics and Assembly, edited by Yong Khim Swee, HongYu Zheng, and Ray T. Chen. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.280582.

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Roughgarden, Tim, and Mukund Sundararajan. "New trade-offs in cost-sharing mechanisms." In the thirty-eighth annual ACM symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1132516.1132528.

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Schrier, Nicolaas. "Air Cargo Cost Reductions in International Trade." In 13th International Forum for Air Cargo and International Air Cargo 1986 Exposition (1986). 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/861148.

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Paschall, Robert K. "Nuclear thermal propulsion engine cost trade studies." In Proceedings of the tenth symposium on space nuclear power and propulsion. AIP, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.43223.

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Xin-Yi, Chen. "The Model of Cost Optimization in Sales Process." In 2014 International Conference on Economic Management and Trade Cooperation (EMTC 2014). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/emtc-14.2014.29.

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Wehn, Norbert. "Flexibilty/cost trade-off in wireless baseband processing." In 2009 17th IFIP International Conference on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI-SoC). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vlsisoc.2009.6041318.

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Shu, Zhang, Zhu Jing, and Cao Li-juan. "Openness of agriculture market, trade-induced adjustment cost and China's agriculture trade policy after WTO." In 2010 International Conference on Management Science and Engineering (ICMSE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmse.2010.5719886.

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Leventis, P., J. Costello, Mark Chan, Michael Chan, D. Lewis, B. Nouban, G. Powell, B. Vest, M. Wong, and R. Xia. "Cyclone /spl trade/: a low-cost, high-performance FPGA." In CICC Custom Integrated Circuits Conference. IEEE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cicc.2003.1249357.

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Reports on the topic "Trade cost"

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Dirk Gombert, Steve Piet, Timothy Trickel, Joe Carter, John Vienna, Bill Ebert, and Gretchen Matthern. Combined Waste Form Cost Trade Study. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/946848.

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Miller, R. L., J. D. Galambos, S. W. Haney, L. J. Perkins, and J. Mandrekas. Tokamak Physics Experiment (TPX) cost and performance trade studies using supercode. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10193809.

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Research Institute (IFPRI), International Food Policy. Food crisis and export taxation: The cost of noncooperative trade policies. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/9780896292499_12.

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Murray, Brian, Richard Newell, and William Pizer. Balancing Cost and Emissions Certainty: An Allowance Reserve for Cap-and-Trade. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w14258.

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Irwin, Douglas. The Welfare Cost of Autarky: Evidence from the Jeffersonian Trade Embargo, 1807-1809. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w8692.

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Kolev, Dobrin, and Thomas Prusa. Dumping and Double Crossing: The (In)Effectiveness of Cost-Based Trade Policy Under Incomplete Information. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w6986.

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Edwards, Eric, Oscar Cristi, Gonzalo Edwards, and Gary Libecap. An Illiquid Market in the Desert: Estimating the Cost of Water Trade Restrictions in Northern Chile. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w21869.

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Strawser, Larry D. Conflicts in East-West Trade and Technology Transfer (1949-1989): Were Export Controls Worth the Cost? Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada328916.

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Perez, Andres, Enzo Sauma, Francisco Munoz-Espinoza, and Benjamin Hobbs. Gains from Trade versus the Cost of Transmission: The Economic Effects of Interregional Trading of Renewable Energy Certificates in the WECC. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1762084.

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Wylde, Emily. Value For Money of Social Assistance in FCAS: Considerations, Evidence, and Research Priorities. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/basic.2022.022.

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Value for Money (VfM) is an essential tool for balancing difficult policy and programme decisions and the trade-offs between the ‘5 Es’ of economy, efficiency, effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and equity. While many of the conceptual approaches to VfM and methods for estimation are similar in regular development programming for social protection and humanitarian cash and food assistance, these literatures have so far evolved in fairly distinct silos. There has been relatively little work so far to bring the two strands together. In fragile and conflict-affected settings, the gaps are especially great. A lack of cost and basic programme implementation data hinders understanding of economy and efficiency, while gaps in robust evidence on outcomes and impacts further impede an analysis of effectiveness and, crucially, the trade-offs between the ‘5Es’. The research agenda presented here emphasises the need to build the evidence base on both costs and benefits, and to use it more intentionally for better adaptive management of programmes and policy support.
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