Academic literature on the topic 'Trade contracts (Collective), France'
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Journal articles on the topic "Trade contracts (Collective), France"
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Borucki, Alex. "Trans-imperial History in the Making of the Slave Trade to Venezuela, 1526-1811." Itinerario 36, no. 2 (August 2012): 29–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115312000563.
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The last two decades have witnessed an unprecedented expansion of knowledge about the transatlantic slave trade, both through research on specific sections of this traffic and through the consolidation of datasets into a single online resource: Voyages: The Transatlantic Slave Trade Database (hereafter Voyages Database). This collective project has elucidated in great detail the slave trading routes across the Atlantic and the broad African origins of captives, at least from their ports of embarkation. However, this multi-source database tells us little about the slave trading routes within the Americas, as slaves were shipped through various ports of disembarkation, sometimes by crossing imperial borders in the New World. This gap complicates our understanding of the slave trade to Spanish America, which depended on foreign slavers to acquire captives through a rigid system of contracts (asientos and licencias) overseen by the Crown up to 1789. These foreign merchants often shipped captives from their own American territories such as Jamaica, Curaçao, and Brazil. Thus, the slave trade connected the Spanish colonies with interlopers from England, France, the Netherlands, Portugal (within the Spanish domain from 1580 to 1640), and eventually the United States. The importance of the intra-American slave trade is particularly evident in Venezuela: while the Voyages Database shows only 11,500 enslaved Africans arriving in Venezuela directly from Africa, I estimate that 101,000 captives were disembarked there, mostly from other colonies. This article illuminates the volume of this traffic, the slave trading routes, and the origins of slaves arriving in Venezuela by exploring the connections of this Spanish colony with the Portuguese, Dutch, British, and French Atlantics. Imperial conflicts and commercial networks shaped the number and sources of slaves arriving in Venezuela. As supplies of captives passed from Portuguese to Dutch, and then to English hands, the colony absorbed captives from different African regions of embarkation.
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Kjellberg, Anders. "The Shifting role role of unions in the social dialogue." European Journal of Workplace Innovation 6, no. 2 (March 5, 2021): 220–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.46364/ejwi.v6i2.807.
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The article deals with the declining union density and shrinking coverage of collective agreements in most EU/EES countries, in particular in Eastern Europe and Greece. In many countries, international organizations pushed through “structural reforms” weakening trade unions. The result is declining union density and decreased capacity to conclude sectoral collective agreements and avoid downwards derogations at company level. Even in some core eurozone countries have governments without much of social dialogue carried through “internal devaluation” to restore competitiveness. High union density (Finland) or high union mobilization capacity (France) could not prevent this development. The economic performance of a country and degree of globalization, including the absence of a national currency, appear to be more important. The Swedish (and Nordic) model of self-regulation, resting on negotiations between the labour market parties, contrasts sharply to French state regulation with its high frequency of state extension of collective agreements and minimum wages set by the state. Union density in Sweden is still among the highest in the world but has declined considerably the last twenty years, in particular among the rapidly growing share of foreign-born blue-collar workers. As a small, strongly export-dependent country dominated by large transnational groups, Swedish economy is very influenced by globalization. This has shifted the balance of power to the advantage of employers, and by that circumscribed the unions’ efforts to achieve developing jobs and improved working environment.
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Kovačević, Aleksandar. "Decent work at local digital platforms in Serbia." Politička revija, no. 00 (2023): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/pr77-44233.
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In this study, we examine the concept of decent work on local digital platforms in Serbia. So, this article focuses on the research topic of whether labour done on local digital platforms may be classified as "decent work." Labour digitization and the digital economy are novel phenomena that need in-depth examination. We begin with the concept of the digital economy as a basis for the development and expansion of digital labour. This new economy is characterised by knowledge and the use of various smart tools, as well as the crossing of national borders, and so on. Nowadays, we may talk about the gig economy, which is defined by short-term employment on online platforms or labour via mobile applications. These developments resulted in the establishment and growth of a worldwide digital labour market marked by non-standard forms of employment, insecure labour agreements, and the involvement of third-party intermediaries between employees and clients. There are considerable efforts to alter employment legislation throughout Europe. Co-regulation, which involves several players in the decision-making process, is one possible option. The Directive on Improving Working Conditions in Platform Work, which is now in the process of adoption, is perhaps the most important document at the EU level. It is worth mentioning the practices of the European Union's Court of Justice, national courts in Spain, the Netherlands, Italy, and Germany, as well as national regulations in both Italy and France that establish the right to disconnect. We must also acknowledge the work of international and national trade union federations, such as the European Trade Union Confederation. So, the most pressing issue in this study is finding decent work in the digital labour market. A decent work index comprises many indicators. With statistical and legal indicators, the International Labour Organisation discusses 10 core aspects of decent work. According to an early study, there is no decent work on digital platforms due to bogus self-employment, which occurs when certain entrepreneurs work for only one company. The reasons for this phenomenon are reduced expenses and employers' lack of accountability. This is also an aspect of digital labour in Serbia. To assess the gig economy in Serbia, we use the online labour index and the gigmeter. According to the online labour index, Serbia is among the top 15 nations in the world in terms of the number of digital employees, accounting for 1.4% of the global total. Software development is the most frequent occupation. According to the gigmeter, the most frequent employment is creative and multimedia. The most crucial duty is to figure out how many digital employees there are in Serbia. According to the most conservative estimate, Serbia has almost 90,000 digital employees. Almost two-thirds of digital employees in Serbia are in hidden employment. Now we can talk about doing decent work on digital platforms in Serbia. To assess decent work, we apply the Fair Work Principles. Fair pay, fair conditions, fair contracts, fair management, and fair representation re among these principles. Every platform can be scored with a basic and an extra point, for a total of 10 points. The study incorporates five platforms: Uradi-zaradi, Glovo, Wolt, Car: Go, and Mr.D. According to the Fairwork rating, Uradi-zaradi and Wolt met the most requirements but received just a passing grade. The Public Policy Centre performed extensive research on decent work to find that it does not exist on digital platforms. The most essential motivation for digital labour is a high wage, which comes at the price of a long working week. This study determined that neither platform satisfies the passing standard and makes some recommendations for improving working conditions on local platforms. First, the practice of bogus self-employment must be stopped. Second, labour legislation must be revised. Third, the right to collective bargaining must be extended to digital workers. This can be done by a strong trade union movement that can find a way to safeguard digital employees without jeopardising traditional workers' rights.
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Carluccio, Juan, Denis Fougère, and Erwan Gautier. "Trade, Wages and Collective Bargaining: Evidence from France." Economic Journal 125, no. 584 (May 1, 2015): 803–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12262.
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Aleinieh, Tarek Kadour, and Laura Zoboli. "Increasing standardization for smart(er) contracts." Uniform Law Review 26, no. 3 (August 1, 2021): 583–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ulr/unab022.
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Abstract Legal standardization traditionally played an important role in contractual relations. With technological and commercial development and expansion of trade from the individual and collective levels to internationalization, it became necessary to create a set of standards to keep pace with this development and facilitate the contractual process. Although smart contracts are considered a leap in the contractual relationship, it cannot be overlooked that these contracts share many characteristics with traditional contracts. To gain a greater position in the global market, smart contracts also need to be well functioning and efficient. In this context, the article tackles the phenomenon of legal standardization and identifies the main weaknesses of smart contracts—to answer two crucial questions: how can these contracts be smarter, and how should we employ standardization to ensure their efficiency?
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Giulia, Giulia, and Giovanni Orlandini. "THE ITALIAN WAY TO INTERNAL DEVALUATION AND SOCIAL ACTORS’ STRATEGIES AGAINST AUSTERITY AND THE FLEXIBILIZATION OF THE LABOUR MARKET." Revista Direito das Relações Sociais e Trabalhistas 4, no. 2 (October 10, 2019): 129–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.26843/mestradodireito.v4i2.159.
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Introduction: the Italian way to internal devaluation; 1.a Precarization of labour and weakening of trade union action at company level (amendment of dismissal law); 1.b Circumvention of the CCNL by means of exceptional employment contracts; 1.c Downward competition on labour costs by means of outsourcing and value chains; 1.d Promotion of decentralized collective bargaining and its power to derogate from the law and freezing of collective bargaining in the public sector; 2. The trade union(s) strategies; 2.a Bargaining strategy; 2.b Judicial strategy; 2.c Confrontational strategy; 3. New challenges for workers and new challenges for their organization(s); 3.a Italian trade unions’ strategies; 3.b Alternative experiences of (and in favour of) precarious workers; 4. Anti-austerity protests: the involvement of trade unions and social movements; 5. Concluding remarks; Bibliography.
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Giraud, Baptiste. "The changing face of union action put to the test by neo-liberal reforms in France." Tempo Social 32, no. 1 (April 15, 2020): 137–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/0103-2070.ts.2020.164063.
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This article reviews how French trade union are coping with the neo-liberal policies since the early 1980s. It shows their divergent reactions, and how these liberal reforms are implemented in a context of transformation of trade union action: the use of strikes is more difficult at the same time as the relationship between trade unions and collective bargaining is transformed in a logic of depoliticizing their strategies of action. These developments did not prevent a resurgence of strikes in the 2000s. It reveals the limits of the trade unions’ power of political influence, that implies the use of collective action. However, strikes have declined further in recent years, revealing the weakening of trade union mobilisation power.
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Tuckman, Alan, and Christopher Finnerty. "Individual contracts, collective bargaining and trade unionism: a case for the union voice." Personnel Review 27, no. 6 (December 1998): 448–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00483489810238895.
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Sáenz-Segura, F., R. A. Schipper, D. Miranda, and J. M. Chaves. "Modelling price scenarios for sustainable collective action and farm production: pepper in El Roble settlement, Costa Rica." Journal on Chain and Network Science 15, no. 1 (January 2015): 39–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jcns2015.x001.
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Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) is considered a non-traditional cash crop for enhancing local development in Costa Rica and a suitable activity for small farmers. Trade of pepper has been done by using contractual agreements between producers and processors, which provides at least three functions: insurance, incentives and information. Contracts also require a high level of commitment from contracting parties to keep the equity, efficiency, and sustainability of the trade relationship. The shift of trade conditions from a competitive to a monopsony market encouraged a group of farmers to start an association that aims to bulk and process pepper from members. Breaching contracts by members of the association endanger this effort of sustainable entrepreneurship. This usually happens when temporary market conditions yield higher procurement prices by other competitors. This situation is also worsened by the lack of proper information on production and processing costs between the contracting parties, and then, the disagreement on the procurement price fixation and payment conditions. By using a mixed integer linear optimization model, we aim to identify the ‘best’ price of fresh pepper traded between both parties. We make use of primary information from 12 different farms on production costs and from the association on processing costs. The model incorporates minimum required net margins for all contracting parties, while modelling the net margins of each party, the amount of traded fresh pepper and preferred contract possibilities, given different fresh pepper price scenarios. At lower prices, some of the farmers that supply pepper, do this to just break-even. At higher prices, more is supplied by more farmers. Under monopsony conditions and individual contracts between parties, it is in the interest of the buyer to offer higher fresh pepper prices in order to buy and process more pepper, up to the point that the marginal costs of buying more pepper are equal to the marginal benefits of that extra pepper. This is because the processor has fixed costs, next to variable costs. Higher volumes reduce the average total costs of processing per kg of pepper, and thereby increase profit. When group contracts are possible, thus under bilateral monopoly conditions – farmers acting as ‘one’ seller and the processor as the only buyer – more fresh pepper is supplied at higher prices than under monopsony conditions as more farmers would have higher surpluses. At the same time the processor would have a higher profit than using individual contracts.
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Yatskevych, Ivan. "Reforming Legislation on Collective Labour Relations Engaging Trade Union as a Party." NaUKMA Research Papers. Law 6 (February 15, 2021): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.18523/2617-2607.2020.6.57-72.
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The paper covers problematic issues of reforming the legislation on collective labour relations with the participating trade union representing the interests and defending the rights of employees, consisting in a workers’ collective, during collective bargaining, concluding a collective agreement, holding a social dialogue on the local level. The article contains an analysis of a draft legislation such as draft laws On Labour, On Amending Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine (Regarding Certain Issues of Trade Unions’ Activity), On Amending the Law of Ukraine On Collective Agreements and Contracts in order to reveal the main trends of the proposed drafts, their scientific analysis, and producing own conclusions regarding impact of these draft laws upon the efficiency of the trade unions movement in Ukraine.The study of the proposed amendments to certain legislative acts as well as corresponding conclusions are made in observance of the current trends in the development of judicial application of legislative provisions on the preferential right of a unit trade union to represent a collective’s interests during collective bargaining regarding concluding or amending a collective agreement at an enterprise or institution. The paper contains a discussion on problematic (from a perspective of legal exercising and research) issues of the current legislative provisions on the safeguarding implementation of trade unions competence conformity to the Constitution of Ukraine, ILO Convention No. 87, and the recent case-law.The accordance of principles of rule of law and legality, representation, and efficient representing of workers’ collective interests during the in-court dispute resolution regarding representing the collective of workers and accession to an effective collective agreement is highlighted.In the conclusion it is stated that there is a negative trend on further deterioration of the trade unions’ position as representatives of labour collectives empowered with representative and defensive functions in relations with employers. Besides that, it is stressed that adoption and implementation of the argued legislative initiatives will eventually cause deepening the crisis of trade unionism and deteriorating of social standards. It will make a negative impact on a person’s social security in the state. There are grounds to assert forming case-law acknowledging works councils as equally authorized representatives of the workers’ collective in collective bargaining. In the meantime, the practice of rejection of new trade union’s units to join an effective collective agreement within the employer’s enterprise persists. It is concluded with the necessity to improve the system of normative safeguards for the trade unions activity and creating an efficient mechanism for countering abuse of rights, including safeguarding provisions, by parties of collective labour relations.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Trade contracts (Collective), France"
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Caldwell, Terrence. "An Overview and Comparative Analysis of the Collective Bargaining Agreements in the NBA, NFL, and MLB." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2010. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/62.
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Kuhfuss, Laure. "Contrats agro-environnementaux : évaluation et dispositifs innovants en France." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON10026/document.
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Les Mesures agro-environnementales territorialisées (MAEt) ont été introduites en France pour la programmation 2007-2013 de la Politique Agricole Commune (PAC). La perspective de la réforme de la PAC offre l'opportunité de proposer des pistes d'amélioration de ces mesures. Cette thèse évalue dans une première partie ce dispositif MAEt avec une attention particulière portée aux enjeux de lutte contre les pollutions de l'eau d'origine agricole. Nous étudions dans le premier chapitre la décentralisation croissante du dispositif agro-environnemental, le ciblage et l'adaptation aux territoires à enjeux prioritaires. Cette analyse est illustrée par les résultats d'une enquête menée à l'échelle nationale auprès des agriculteurs éligibles et des agents responsables de la mise en œuvre des MAEt, avec deux focus sur l'Eure et Loir et le Languedoc-Roussillon. Ces analyses complémentaires nous permettent d'apporter des éléments d'explication au trop faible taux d'adoption des mesures de réduction d'intrants. Dans le deuxième chapitre nous estimons avec des méthodes économétriques d'évaluation des effets de traitement si ces mesures, basées sur une auto-sélection des participants, permettent effectivement de réduire l'utilisation d'herbicides par les viticulteurs engagés dans la région Languedoc-Roussillon. La seconde partie de la thèse propose deux dispositifs innovants qui pourraient améliorer l'acceptabilité des MAE par les agriculteurs. Nous étudions dans le chapitre 3 l'effet de l'introduction d'une dimension collective dans les contrats, par la méthode de modélisation des choix appliquée au cas des viticulteurs du Languedoc Roussillon. Cette dimension collective se concrétise par un ‘bonus' monétaire versé à chaque viticulteur engagé à condition qu'un objectif de surfaces engagées soit atteint collectivement. Pour finir, nous analysons dans le chapitre 4 la possibilité d'utiliser des appels à projets pour allouer les contrats agro-environnementaux, sur la base de l'expérience pilote menée par l'Agence de l'Eau Artois-Picardie. Ce mécanisme laisse aux agriculteurs la liberté d'adapter le cahier des charges et les montants des mesures en fonction de leur propre consentement à recevoirTerritorialized agri-environmental measures (MAEt) were introduced in France for the 2007-2013 Common Agricultural Policy program. The forthcoming CAP reform is an opportunity to improve the design of existing agri-environmental schemes. The first part of this thesis assesses this scheme (MAEt), with special attention paid to water pollution issues. In the first chapter we analyse theadvantages and limits of the partial decentralization of decision-making in the setting-up of agrienvironmentalprojects and of improved targeting through the identification of eligible priority areas.This analysis is illustrated by the results of a national survey conducted with eligible farmers andagents in charge of the implementation of the scheme and by two case studies conducted in Eure etLoir and Languedoc-Roussillon. These surveys help us to identify the reasons for the too low adoptionrates of pesticides reduction measures by farmers. In the second chapter, we estimate the impact ofherbicide reduction measures adopted by winegrowers in the Languedoc-Roussillon region using atreatment effects approach. The second part of the thesis proposes two innovative designs aiming atincreasing the acceptability of agri-environmental measures by farmers. In chapter 3 we study theintroduction of a collective dimension in the contracts. This collective dimension relies on a monetary‘bonus’ paid to each farmer who has signed a contract, provided that the proportion of landcollectively enrolled in the agri-environmental scheme reaches a predefined threshold. We finallyanalyse in chapter 4 the possible use of reverse auctions for the allocation of agri-environmentalcontracts, on the basis of the pilot experiment implemented by the Water Agency in Artois-Picardie.This mechanism enables farmers to adapt the practices they commit to and the payment that they receive to their own willingness to accept
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Armillei, Valentino. "La négociation extra-syndicale des accords collectifs d’entreprise : essai sur l’expression de la volonté de la partie salariale." Thesis, Paris 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA020040.
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Appelé pour une large part à se construire sur l’accord collectif d’entreprise, le droit du travail ne peut pas faire l’économie du débat tenant à l’identification de la partie salariale à ce type d’accord. Si l’accord collectif s’est forgé sur le modèle d’une négociation conduite avec les syndicats, leur carence ou leur absence, conjuguées à la nécessité ou à la volonté d’utiliser les nouvelles opportunités offertes par l’accord, imposent la reconnaissance d’autres acteurs. La notion d’accord collectif d’entreprise en ressort profondément troublée, notamment lorsque la collectivité des salariés intervient par voie référendaire pour créer ou valider l’accord collectif. Mais parce que le référendum ne répond pas au modèle de l’accord collectif négocié, une nouvelle summa divisio émerge entre accords collectifs négociés et accords collectifs d’adhésion, dont le régime diffère parfois sensiblement. Insuffisant pour retisser les liens entre les syndicats et les salariés, le référendum se développe en même temps que s’accroît l’intervention d’autres représentants, directement élus par la collectivité des salariés, donc bénéficiant d’une forte légitimité, à tel point que les accords issus de négociations conduites avec eux sont de même nature que ceux conclus avec les syndicats…Largely shaped upon collective bargaining agreement, labour law cannot afford to bypass the debate relating to the identification of the employees party to these agreements. If the collective bargaining agreement was built upon a model of negotiation with the unions, the lack or absence of the latter, combined with the necessity or desire to use the new opportunities offered by the agreement, dictates the acknowledgement of other protagonists. The notion of collective bargaining agreement comes out deeply altered. Employees intervene by way of referendum to create or validate the agreement. But because the referendum does not follow the model of the negotiated collective agreement, a new summa divisio emerges between negotiated agreements and adherence agreements, the regime of which sometimes differs lightly from the former. Insufficient to forge bonds between unions and employees, the referendum develops at the same time as the intervention of other representatives, directly elected by the employees, thus benefitting from a strong legitimacy, to the extent that the agreements resulting from negotiations conducted with them are of the same nature as those concluded with unions
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Charbonnel, Lionel. "La hiérarchie des normes conventionnelles : contribution à l’analyse normativiste du contrat." Thesis, Avignon, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AVIG2023/document.
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La hiérarchie des normes est une notion commune du langage juridique. Les conventions, à l’instar de la Constitution à l’égard de la loi, peuvent-elle entretenir entre elles des relations hiérarchiques ? Trois éléments feraient obstacle à cette hypothèse. L’effet relatif des conventions, l’identité de nature juridique de ces actes et, enfin, le fait que les conventions ne soient pas des règles de Droit mais des actes d’exécution du droit.Lever un à un ces obstacles qui ne sont pas rédhibitoires et démontrer que le contrat est une règle de Droit, autorise alors à admettre théoriquement cette hypothèse. L’étude du droit positif permet ensuite de confirmer que des conventions peuvent entretenir des rapports hiérarchiques. Tel est le cas du contrat de société à l’égard des conventions de la société contractante ou bien encore du mandat à l’égard du contrat projeté.Il est alors possible d’étudier les conditions dans lesquelles un lien de nature hiérarchique peut apparaître. Les conditions préalables à cette mise en ordre supposent une pluralité d’actes et la nature conventionnelle de ceux-ci. Les « éléments constitutifs » du lien hiérarchique supposent eux que la convention qui occupe la place de norme supérieure soit impérative à l’égard des parties à la seconde conventionThe hierarchy of norms is a common notion of juridical language. Can contracts, like the Constitution regarding law, organize into a hierarchy? Three elements would put an obstacle in the way of this assumption. The relative effect of contracts, the juridical identity of theses acts and, finally, the fact that contracts are not rules of law but acts of law enforcement.Raising these obstacles one by one, obstacles that are not totally unacceptable, and demonstrating that the contract is a rule of law, allows then to theoretically admit this possibility. The study of substantive law confirms afterwards that cont can be organized into a hierarchy. This is the case of the society contract regarding the conventions of the contracting society, and of the mandate with the contract that is planned.It is then possible to study the conditions under which a hierarchical link can appear. The prerequisites for this hierarchical organization require a plurality of acts and their contractual nature. The "making up elements" of the hierarchical link are based on the assumption that the contract that holds the higher norm is with regard to the parties of the second contract
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Zavyalova-Delhomme, Vera. "Partenariat social et droit des conventions et accords collectifs de travail en droit Russe : analyse critique et comparée à la lumière du droit du travail français." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM1017.
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Cette recherche propose une analyse critique, à la lumière du droit français, de la négociation collective et, plus largement du partenariat social en Russie. Seront présentés tous les aspects du droit de la négociation collective dans une perspective comparative : la nature juridique de l'accord collectif et de la convention collective, leur place dans la hiérarchie des normes, les acteurs du partenariat social (syndicats, organisations patronales, Etat). Sont également examinés les principes applicables à la procédure de négociation collective. Dans ce cadre, est étudiée l'effectivité de la norme collective négociée à travers son évolution dans le temps et le contrôle de son application par les parties et le juge. Cette recherche fait ressortir les défectuosités du droit russe. La qualité de source du droit n'a été reconnue à la norme collective négociée que récemment. Sa nature juridique et sa place dans la hiérarchie des normes restent ambiguës. Les acteurs de la négociation collective n'ont découvert ce procédé démocratique qu'après la chute de l'URSS. La faiblesse des acteurs rejaillit sur le contrôle de la norme collective négociée, imparfait à ce stade. Le manque d'indépendance et d'efficience de la justice sociale russe est un autre obstacle à l'effectivité de ce contrôle. La doctrine russe reste encore marquée par le dogme de l'autorité de l'acte de gouvernement hérité de l'époque soviétique. Pour mettre en lumière ces défectuosités du droit contemporain, l'histoire du droit français et du droit russe sont convoquées pour comprendre les dynamiques évolutives qui parfois ont été mises en perspective avec des recherches sociologiques et des données économiquesThis study proposes a critical analysis of collective bargaining, and, more generally, of the development of social partnership in post-Soviet Russia, from the perspective of French law. All aspects of collective bargaining are presented comparatively, including the legal nature of the collective agreement, its place in the hierarchy of norms, the actors of the social dialog such as trade unions, employers' unions, the Federal State or the subjects of the Russian Federation. The principles of collective bargaining procedure are also examined. Within this framework, the effectiveness of the negotiated social norm, as well as the control of its application by the parties involved and the court are presented in their evolutionary development. The study identifies multiple imperfections in Russian law where the negotiated social norm was only recently recognized as a source of law. Its legal nature and its place in the hierarchy of norms remain uncertain. The actors of collective bargaining have discovered this democratic procedure only after the Soviet Union's collapse. However, the actors' limited access to power impacts the control of the social norm. This control is thus flawed. Relative inefficiency of social justice in Russia is an important impediment to the effectiveness of this control. Russian researches are still being marked by the dogma of the authority of the governmental norm inherited from the Soviet period. In order to demonstrate these shortcomings of the present day Russian law in their dynamic the historical overview of the French and Russian systems of law is included, sometimes sociological research and economic data are used to support the argument
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Ghis, Malfilatre Marie. "Santé sous-traitée. Ethnographier les mobilisations contre les risques du travail dans l'industrie nucléaire en France (1968-2018)." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEH176.
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Cette thèse étudie les mobilisations contre les risques du travail dans l’industrie nucléaire en France entre 1968 et 2018. Elle éclaire la dynamique des actions syndicales et des processus d’alertes internes aux exploitants nucléaires. L’enquête s’articule autour de deux séquences impulsées respectivement depuis le Commissariat à l’énergie atomique (CEA) et l’entreprise Électricité de France (EDF).La controverse autour des conditions de travail dans l’industrie nucléaire et du recours à des salariés d’entreprises sous-traitantes pour les opérations les plus exposées aux dangers de la radioactivité remonte aux années 1970. Elle ne cesse, depuis cette époque pionnière, de revenir sur le devant de la scène, sans toutefois susciter d’action publique à même de résoudre les problèmes soulevés. Cette controverse est alimentée par les enquêtes menées directement par les travailleurs de ce secteur et certains de leurs représentants syndicaux de la CFDT et de la CGT, avec le relais de médecins du travail, de scientifiques, de journalistes d’investigation et d’élus politiques. La thèse décrit les activités de problématisation du travail et du recours à la sous-traitance dans le nucléaire et rend compte de leur infélicité récurrente. Elle entend contribuer à mieux comprendre la faible visibilité sociale des enjeux de santé au travail et, plus largement, les processus d’émergence de publics mobilisés en démocratie et les logiques qui leur font obstacle.La démarche est d’ethnographie historique. Elle combine des observations et des entretiens, avec une plongée dans les archives. Elle étudie l’expérience du travail exposé aux risques dans cette industrie, la constitution du problème de la santé au travail sur différentes scènes, les parcours de personnes affectées ou concernées par ce problème et les phases successives de sa dynamique de publicisation et de confinementThis thesis studies the mobilizations against occupational risks in the French nuclear industry between 1968 and 2018. It sheds light on the dynamics of trade union actions and warning processes among the nuclear operators. The survey focuses on two episodes fostered by the Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique for the first one, and by the company Électricité de France (EDF) for the second one.In the 1970's, a controversy arose about working conditions in nuclear industry and the using of employees of subcontracting companies for the operations that were most exposed to radioactive hazards. Since then, it has been constantly re-appearing but has never generated public action able to solve the problem. Surveys done directly by workers of this industry and some of their union representatives (of the CFDT and CGT trade unions) contribute to this controversy. They find support from labour doctors, scientists, investigative journalists, and elected politicians. The thesis describes the processes of problematization of labour and recourse to subcontractors in nuclear industry. It depicts its recurring failures. It helps understanding why the issues in occupational health do not gain more social visibility and, more broadly, how do mobilized publics emerge in democracies and which kind of hurdles does this emergence have to face.Historical ethnography is the chosen approach. It combines observations, interviews and work in the archives. It studies the experience of working with the radioactive hazards in this industry, the formation of the public issue of occupational health in several landscapes, life paths of affected or involved persons. It sheds light on the dynamics of the problem, that is gradually publicized and then confined
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Raduget, Nicolas. "Les acteurs et les voies de la mise en valeur du patrimoine alimentaire de la Touraine des années 1880 à 1990." Thesis, Tours, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUR2016/document.
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Cette étude entend observer l'intérêt pour les spécialités alimentaires de Touraine et leur mise en valeur par une multitude d'acteurs. Elle part de la fin du XIXe siècle, qui a vu se développer un régionalisme incluant la gastronomie, et s’arrête à la fin du suivant, au moment où la notion de patrimoine se généralise et prend sa forme actuelle. La réflexion sur l’émergence de ce patrimoine alimentaire est au coeur d'une vision large croisant la thématique agricole, la dynamique régionaliste – tant sur le plan de l'action politique que sur celui de registres culturels multiformes –, et l'identité touristique du « jardin de la France ». Les acteurs impliqués construisent une identité régionale par la promotion des centres d'intérêt touristique et oeuvrent pour soutenir l'attractivité locale. Les comportements évoluent dans le temps, allant de la démarche qualitative à la dynamique commerciale à outrance, d’un intérêt marqué pour le « terroir » à un certain détachementThis study aims at observing the interest in Touraine food specialities and how they were promoted by various players. Starting from the 1880s, with the appearance of regionalism (an integral part of which is gastronomy), our study ends in the late 20th century, when the notion of heritage becomes widespread and gets its current form. Thanks to the meeting of the agricultural theme, regionalist dynamics (politically and culturally speaking), and the tourist identity of the “Garden of France,” the emergence of food heritage is reflected on. All involved players build up a regional identity through the promotion of centres of tourist interest and set their sights on sustaining local attractiveness. The behavioural evolution throughout the period is observed, ranging from qualitative approach to excessive commercial drive; from strong interest in “terroir” to a certain detachment from it
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Bianco, Alessandro. "Le contrat de franchise : contribution à une analyse relationnelle." Thesis, Poitiers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014POIT3012.
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Le contrat de franchise organise la transmission d'un savoir-faire et prépare la réitération d'un succès commercial. Compte tenu de la nature complexe de la prestation caractéristique, les parties au contrat deviennent au fil du temps des véritables partenaires, si bien que le contrat de franchise acquiert une dimension relationnelle. Malgré cette spécificité, le droit français appréhende encore le contrat de franchise en utilisant le modèle cognitif classique offert par la théorie générale du contrat. Une telle démarche risque d'ignorer la réalité des problèmes que les partenaires peuvent rencontrer, ce qui peut conduire à l'application de solutions inadaptées. La proposition d'une analyse relationnelle vise à réduire un tel risque. En se fondant principalement sur les travaux de la doctrine nord-américaine, l'analyse relationnelle séduit de plus en plus les juristes français notamment parce que les raisonnements proposés sont souvent compatibles avec le droit positif. En envisageant le contrat de franchise grâce à la grille de lecture fournie par l'analyse relationnelle, il devient possible d'appréhender l'intégralité du contexte dans lequel ce contrat s'insère et de proposer des règles de droit en harmonie avec les besoins et préoccupations des partenaires contractuelsThe franchise agreement organizes the transmission of trade secrets and business plans. Given the complex nature of this performance , the contracting parties over time become true partners , so that the franchise agreement acquires a relational dimension. Despite the existence of a relational dimension, French contract law still rule the franchise agreement using the standard cognitive model offered by classic contract theory. Such an approach risks ignoring the real problems that partners can meet , which may lead to the application of inappropriate solutions. The proposal for a relational analysis aims to reduce such a risk. Based largely on the work of the North American contract law doctrine , the relational analysis is attracting more and more French scholars especially because the proposed arguments follow the French legal system's evolution. The relational analysis allows us to understand the franchise agreement's context and propose solutions in harmony with the needs and concerns of contractual partners
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Terral, Pierre-Marie. "Le Larzac, de la lutte paysanne à l'altermondialisme. Entre histoire et mémoire (1971-2010)." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON30027.
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En 1971, le plateau du Larzac, jusque-là inconnu, accède à une notoriété inattendue lorsqu’est annoncée l'extension du camp militaire situé en son cœur. Les agriculteurs locaux s'engagent dans une protestation, qui durant une décennie (1971-1981), mobilise autour d'eux un large et hétéroclite mouvement, dynamisé par les comités Larzac ayant essaimé dans toute la France. La victoire de 1981 ne signifie pas la fin de l'activisme de cette population renouvelée. Au contraire, durant les trois décennies qui suivent, le Larzac militant s'engage dans l'aménagement foncier de son territoire, mais aussi dans le syndicalisme agricole et dans des réseaux de solidarité internationale qui mènent à l'altermondialisme. Avec l'émergence de José Bové, trait d’union entre les deux périodes, le Larzac revient au devant de la scène. Ses actions spectaculaires se situent dans une certaine continuité de la lutte initiale, dont les acteurs perpétuent la mémoire. Le souvenir de ce passé poursuit son cheminement légendaire, bien au-delà des limites du plateau…In 1971, the plateau of Larzac, up to then unknown, reaches an unexpected renown when the extension of the military camp located in its heart is announced. The local farmers enter into a protest, which during one decade (1971-1981), mobilizes around them a wide and disparate movement, instigated by the Larzac committees having spread in all France. The victory of 1981 does not mean the end of the activism of this renewed population. On the contrary, during the three following decades, the activist Larzac begins the improvement of land of its territory, but also the agricultural trade unionism and networks of international solidarity which lead to the altermondialism. With the emergence of the figure of José Bové, bridging the gap between the two periods, Larzac returns in the lime light. Its spectacular actions are in a certain continuity of the initial fight, whose actors perpetuate the memory. The memory of this past continues its legendary advance, well beyond the limits of the plateau…
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Allard, Baptiste. "L'action de groupe : étude franco-américaine des actions collectives en défense des intérêts individuels d'autrui." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB128.
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Le débat maintenant ancien que mènent les juristes français autour de l'action de groupe est marqué par une contradiction importante : alors que les class actions américaines, systématiquement évoquées, semblent exercer une influence déterminante sur leurs réflexions, elles restent largement méconnues. Suscitant l'espoir autant que la crainte, l'exemple des class actions peut expliquer à la fois l'arrivée de l'action de groupe dans l'ordre juridique français, les hésitations législatives et doctrinales qui l'ont précédée et les défauts qui affectent tant les textes entrés en vigueur que ceux encore en projet. D'un côté, l'intérêt porté en France aux class actions est l'expression d"une insatisfaction à l'égard du droit français, particulièrement du droit de la responsabilité civile. Les class actions sont alors envisagées comme une solution possible à un problème donné, à savoir l'absence en droit français d'un outil efficace pour appréhender les situations dans lesquelles un grand nombre de personnes subit des dommages individuels rattachables à un fait unique (ou une série de faits identiques). De l'autre, le mécanisme sur lequel les class actions s'appuient suscite fréquemment la perplexité, voire l'hostilité. Reposant sur une présomption de consentement de la part des membres du groupe représentés (« opt-out »), elles seraient contraires aux règles traditionnelles de la procédure civile française, réputée éminemment individualiste. Le rôle central confié aux avocats américains encouragerait en outre les actions illégitimes sans bénéfice réel pour les personnes représentées. Dans cette perspective, un examen approfondi des conditions historiques dans lesquelles les class actions sont apparues aux États-Unis et des règles qui les encadrent, confronté à l'étude de l'ensemble des actions pour autrui existant en droit français, est le moyen de vérifier la légitimité des espoirs et des craintes qui structurent le débat français. Ses enseignements, nombreux, permettent de proposer une vue d'ensemble des principes cardinaux d'organisation des actions de groupe dans l'optique de la construction d'un régime efficace, quelle que soit la tradition juridique concernée. La pertinence de cette approche reste entière au regard des limites sérieuses qui caractérisent l'action de groupe introduite en France en 2014. En premier lieu, la comparaison des droits français et américain révèle la très grande diversité des schémas procéduraux envisageables, en fonction des demandes formulées dans le cadre de ces actions et des buts assignés à la procédure envisagée, qui dérivent eux-mêmes souvent des fonctions réparatrices, compensatoires ou punitives attribuées au droit de la responsabilité civile. En second lieu, il relativise le caractère exceptionnel de la présomption de consentement tout en confirmant que l'efficacité des actions de groupe dépend pour une large part des conditions dans lesquelles est défini le groupe de personnes qui subit les effets de la décision de fond rendue à l'issue de la procédure. En troisième lieu, il fait apparaître l'importance de la dimension économique de ces actions. Dans la mesure où elles permettent la défense des intérêts individuels d'autrui, elles exigent une prise en compte de la réalité des incitations et des moyens propres à chaque acteur de la procédure, notamment celui qui l'initieThe French debate on collective actions is characterised by a central contradiction: while US class actions almost systematically serve as the starting point of discussions among French lawyers, they remain widely unknown to them. Being a reason for hope, admiration as well as fear, the American model of class actions can explain why the introduction of collective actions in French law was decided, why it was delayed for so long, and the many flaws of the resulting legislation
Books on the topic "Trade contracts (Collective), France"
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Das, Kalyan. Labour contracts and work agreements in tea plantations of Assam. Noida: V.V. Giri National Labour Institute, 2002.
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Natali, David. The role of trade unions in the pension reforms in France and Italy in the 1990's: New forms of political exchange? Badia Fiesolana, San Domenico (FI): European University Institute, 2003.
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Aguiton, Christophe. Le retour de la question sociale: Le renouveau des mouvements en France. Lausanne: Editions Page deux, 1997.
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Aguiton, Christophe. Le Retour de la question sociale: Le renouveau des mouvements sociaux en France. Lausanne: Ed. Page deux, 1997.
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Rudé, George F. E. The crowd in history: A study of popular disturbances in France and England, 1730-1848. London: Serif, 1995.
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L' industrie du charbon en France. Genève, Suisse: Institut international d'études sociales, 1986.
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Jones, Alison, and Brenda Sufrin. 7. Article 102 TFEU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198723424.003.0007.
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All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter discusses the following: the meaning of ‘abuse’ in Article 102; types of conduct that may constitute an abuse; dominance and abuse in different markets; general issues in respect of abuses concerning prices; predatory pricing; margin squeeze; exclusive purchasing (single branding) contracts, and discount and rebate schemes; tying and bundling; refusal to supply; other exclusionary practices; discrimination contrary to Article 102(c); exploitative abuses; refusal to supply, export bans and other conduct hindering inter-member state trade; and abuse and collective dominance.
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Bôaviagem, Aurélio Agostinho da, Eugênia Cristina Nilsen Ribeiro Barza, Francisco Antônio de Barros e. Silva Neto, and Paul Hugo Weberbauer. Integração regional, Globalização e Direito Internacional - Volume 3. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-469-2.
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This book is the fruitful result of the extensive research conducted by the Research Group Regional Integration, Globalization and International Law by its members and colleagues from the Faculty of Law of Recife. The scholars have dedicated their research to develop a comprehensive study on relevant topics of International Law, in particular from the perspective of regional arrangements and globalization. As the Research Group has three fields of research, the papers have been divided into three parts accordingly. In Part 1, the articles address topics with respect to regional integration, focusing on the European Union and the MERCOSUR agreements. In Part 2, the papers deal with matters derived from the phenomenon of globalization, which demand international disciplines, such as the environment, consumer relations, cooperation and movement of goods and persons. Finally, in Part 3, the articles concentrate on the current and relevant discussions about international governance of several topics, such as foreign investment, trade, space exploitation, intelectual property, contracts, commerce and arbitration. That being said, this collective work is essential for professionals and scholars from the legal and related fields to deepen their knowledge on debates dominating the study of International Law and its diversities.
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Jarvis, Katie. Politics in the Marketplace. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190917111.001.0001.
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Politics in the Marketplace integrates politics, economics, and gender to ask how the Dames des Halles invented notions of citizenship through everyday trade during the French Revolution. As crucial food retailers, traditional representatives of the Third Estate, and famed leaders of the march on Versailles, these Parisian market women held great revolutionary influence. This work innovatively interweaves the Dames’ political activism and economic practices to reveal how marketplace actors shaped the nature of nascent democracy and capitalism through daily commerce. Parisians struggled to overhaul the marketplace and reconcile egalitarian social aspirations with free market principles. While haggling over new price controls, fair taxes, and acceptable currency, the Dames and their clients negotiated economic and social contracts in tandem. The market women conceptualized a type of economic citizenship in which individuals’ activities such as buying goods, selling food, or paying taxes positioned them within the collective social body and enabled them to make claims on the state. They insisted that their commerce served society and demanded that the state pass favorable regulations to reciprocate. The Dames also drew on their patriotic work as activists and their gendered work as republican mothers to compel the state to provide practical currency and assist indigent families. Thus, the Dames’ notion of citizenship portrayed useful work, rather than gender, as the cornerstone of civic legitimacy. Consequently, Politics in the Marketplace challenges the interpretation that the Revolution launched an inherently masculine trajectory for citizenship. It calls on scholars to rethink the relationship among work, gender, and embryonic citizenship.
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Pestieau, Pierre, and Mathieu Lefebvre. Unemployment and Poverty. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817055.003.0013.
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This chapter emphasizes the role of unemployment insurance and labour market policies. Starting from the recent evolution of unemployment in the European countries, it presents the main aspects of unemployment insurance systems and shows the disparities in terms of generosity and coverage among the countries. The trade-off between flexibility and protection of employees is presented and the example of the Danish flexicurity is put into perspective with recent reforms introduced in France or Germany that push for more activation and experience rating. The chapter then surveys the recent changes in the nature of European employment such as the case of deported workers or the increase of jobs related to new technologies. These changes exert pressure on the poorest workers and call for controls of work contracts.
Book chapters on the topic "Trade contracts (Collective), France"
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"Contracts, Competition, and Corruption, 1923‚Äì25." In Britain, France and the Naval Arms Trade in the Baltic, 1919 -1939, 65–101. Routledge, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203495018.ch4.
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"New Contracts, New Competition, New Corruption, 1926‚Äì32." In Britain, France and the Naval Arms Trade in the Baltic, 1919 -1939, 120–40. Routledge, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203495018.ch6.
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Arnold, John H. "Negotiations of the Faith." In The Making of Lay Religion in Southern France, c. 1000-1350, 381–429. Oxford University PressOxford, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192871763.003.0010.
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Abstract The elaboration of the Christian faith as lay religion was played out within a social landscape that contained other additional resources and cultural demands. In southern France this social landscape was marked by a number of important features: a widespread ‘civic’ sensibility which extended well beyond the larger settlements; a notarial culture that provided relatively broad access to mechanisms of law and archiving that were authoritative but also somewhat flexible and responsive in their documentary forms; and a strong vein of mercantile practice, that operated through agreements, contracts, and often collective negotiations. These informed the ways in which the laity negotiated their experience of Christianity. In certain areas they pushed back against some of the demands of the Church, most often when these conflicted too strongly with other areas of material life; but in others, the nature of the negotiations and collective actions aimed to forge an enlarged space for lay engagement with Christian piety. These issues are explored through an analysis of various ‘contracts’ and agreements drawn up between local communities and their priests; through an examination of the evidence for religious confraternities in southern France from the twelfth century onward; and finally through a close examination of a body of wills made in Puigcerdà between 1294 and 1310.
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Codogno, Lorenzo, and Giampaolo Galli. "Egalitarianism and labour." In Meritocracy, Growth, and Lessons from Italy's Economic Decline, 172–87. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192866806.003.0009.
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Abstract A powerful egalitarian drive—the opposite of meritocracy—has guided trade unions’ action. Nationwide collective contracts in each sector account for the bulk of the average wage and do not allow for differentiation in line with productivity developments in companies or territories. Specific company-level contracts are not used, except for a few medium- to large companies, usually accounting for a relatively small proportion of overall wages. In practice, they can only add to national contracts and never derogate from them. Whether national or local, collective agreements do not only fix a minimum wage, but they fix wages for all categories of workers, whether blue or white collared. Various laws introduced over the past two decades have provided fiscal incentives to firms and workers who agreed to set up company-level contracts to increase productivity instead of relying on national contracts. The results have been disappointing so far, and the proportion of productivity-related add-ons is relatively tiny. All this has critical implications. Companies have few margins with which to legally reward the more productive workers and almost no possibility of punishing unproductive workers. And there is no relation between wages and productivity across regions of Italy, which is one of the causes of high unemployment in the South because both productivity and the cost of living are lower in that area. In addition, trade unions have always tried to protect the worker on the job instead of in the market; skilling, reskilling, and active labour market policies have been neglected.
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Bresson, Alain. "The Institutions of the Domestic Market." In The Making of the Ancient Greek Economy, translated by Steven Rendall, 225–59. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691183411.003.0009.
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This chapter examines the institutions of the domestic market system in the Greek city-states. It begins with a discussion of private property in relation to trade, noting that, in the framework of the kind of collective appropriation constituted by the city-state, citizens were free to use their property as they wished. It then considers the city-states' law and legal practices relating to transactions, with particular emphasis on the law of sale and contracts, before exploring the agora as a legal space and as a marketplace connected with other official places of exchange that were also institutionalized. The chapter goes on to describe buying and selling in the agora, legal constraints on the agora, supervision of contracts and production, and the authority of the agoranomoi (magistrates). It concludes with an analysis of informational asymmetry and guarantee of sales in commercial trade, along with price control policies for commodities on sale.
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Hobbs, Simon. "Salò, Or the 120 Days of Sodom and Ilsa, the Wicked Warden: Fascism, Pornography and Disgust." In Cultivating Extreme Art Cinema, 88–113. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474427371.003.0005.
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This chapter examines Salò, Or the 120 Days of Sodom and Ilsa, the Wicked Warden. Although both films use Fascist imagery to comment on the corrupting nature of power, they continue to enjoy very different cultural reputations. In order to explore this, the chapter firstly examines the BFI’s special edition Blu-ray release of Pasolini’s film, discussing the way the product employs exploitation tactics over the more established art film marketing directives expected from a highbrow company. Exploiting the film’s more transgressive attributes, the analysis shows how in-text extremity can be externally commercialised. Thereafter, the chapter investigates Ilsa, the Wicked Warden’s appearance within Anchor Bay’s ‘Jess Franco Collection’. Considering whether the auteur branding successfully redeems the lowbrow reputation of both film and filmmaker, the chapter highlights the ways lowbrow distributors use highbrow approaches to legitimise their texts. Ultimately, the chapter suggest that although the BFI trade off notions of disgust, the product presents Pasolini’s film as an artistically challenging experience rather than mere exploitation. In contrast, the chapter asserts that Anchor Bay’s attempt to legitimise Franco’s film is undone be the consistent centralisation of sexually explicit content.
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Vinković, Mario. "Croatia: Reality of Labor Protection : At the Crossroads of Individual and Collective Labor Law." In Fundamentals of Labor Law in Central Europe, 183–203. Central European Academic Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54171/2022.nj.fullce_9.
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The chapter is focused on understanding collective agreements and collective bargaining in the Republic of Croatia, as well as the relationship between individual employment contracts and collective agreements through both theoretical and dogmatic approaches to the subject matter. The data on the coverage of workers by collective agreements is intended to provide insight into the reality of the application and scope of collective agreements, but also to highlight the risks of the part of the population in the labor market that does not benefit from their direct or indirect protection. According to available data, more than 50% of workers in the Republic of Croatia are covered by collective agreements. However, the insufficiently reliable records and the fact that there is still no comprehensive national register of all concluded and valid collective agreements are problematic. Special attention is paid both to the open issues de lege lata and to the phenomena that have characterized the development of Croatian labor law from the independence of the state to the recent events during the pandemic COVID-19 and the announced adoption of the new Labor Act, the fourth in the last twenty-seven years. Since in the process of transformation of employment relationships and fragmentation of the labor market certain institutions of labor law become particularly important, the legitimate question arises not only about the influence of trade unions on the relevant processes, but also about their ability to assert themselves as generators of social dialogue focused on vulnerable groups of workers and consolidation of membership. The author has tried to avoid a purely normative analysis and focus on the sociolegal discourse and methodological pluralism in terms of content structure and approach.
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Bensimon, Fabrice. "‘Driven from his native land to seek employment under a foreign despotism’." In Artisans Abroad, 171–206. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198835844.003.0006.
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Abstract This chapter addresses migrants’ history of political engagement. When they emigrated, British workers were confronted with political situations that could be very different from those they experienced in Britain. Adjusting could be a challenge. However, far from being a docile population, British workers knew how to market their skills in individual or collective negotiations. In iron or machinery, they bargained on the length of their employment and of the working day, on their wages and the refund of their travel expenses, and on the quality of housing for them and their families. These demands were sometimes accompanied by different forms of rebellion, especially against discipline, rules, or shrinking wages. When they were present on the Continent in large numbers, migrants also set up friendly societies and masonic lodges. In France, some founded trade unions and organised strikes, at a time when both were forbidden in France. In the 1840s, during the Chartist movement, France was the only country outside Britain where branches were set up. The Chartist Northern Star was read aloud in a linen workshop in Brittany, thus echoing Scottish working-class practices of the collective reading of radical texts. Focusing on the rare case of a British insurgent in Paris, the chapter also considers how ‘British’ political opinions could translate in the context of a French revolution.
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Marinkovic, Milica. "UGOVOR O PREVOZU U FRANCUSKOM GRAĐANSKOM ZAKONIKU OD 1804. GODINE." In XXI vek - vek usluga i uslužnog prava: [Knj. 13], 45–55. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xxiv-13.045m.
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In the paper, the author provides an analysis of transport contracts in Napoleon's Civil Code from 1804. The contract of carriage was one of the subtypes of the contract of hire, which is why it is close to what we call today a contract for the provision of services. The norms of the Civil Code that regulate this contract mostly concerned the responsibility of the carrier. Using primarily the Civil Code itself, but also other sources and literature that was created from the 19th to the 21st century, the author gives a broader picture of the transport contract, as well as the responsibilities of the contracting parties and the importance of this contract for the accelerated development of trade and economy in general in nineteenth-century France.
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Lake, David A. "Hierarchy in Western Europe." In Indirect Rule, 141–62. Cornell University Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501773730.003.0006.
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This chapter looks into the international politics of opportunism, hierarchy, and resistance in Western Europe. It covers the formation and workings of international hierarchy and resistance to the United States. The Pax Americana was structured around a set of international regimes, especially in trade, finance, human rights, and collective security. The chapter explains how the US allies had considerable leeway in following the rules that limited the foreign policy options available to Western Europeans, referencing the impossibly high costs of direct rule and worries about domestic rule on the continent. It then provides an overview on how France explicitly resisted US dominion.
Reports on the topic "Trade contracts (Collective), France"
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O’Reilly, Jacqueline, and Rachel Verdin. Measuring the size, characteristics and consequences of digital work. Digital Futures at Work Research Centre, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20919/whfq8202.
Full textAbstract:
This working paper provides a summary assessment of the existing literature and data on digital forms of employment internationally. It illustrates the variability in how it is defined, how it is growing and what kind of risks are associated with these developments. Evaluation of these types of jobs is divided. On one hand, optimists point to the attractions and relative ease in finding employment on digital platforms; on the other hand, more critical perspectives argue that these employment contracts can result in exclusion from social protection systems. The evidence indicates that while overall a relatively small proportion of all employment digital work is growing, both on platforms as well as adoption amongst more traditional companies. The characteristics of digital workers can vary by region and occupation. Overall, they tend to be predominantly younger and more likely male, with a growing number of women albeit in particular occupations. Skills and earnings levels vary but the key issues of disputes is around pay, conditions and employment status. The consequences of this form of work for those with lower skilled digital employment can undermine their social citizenship: they lack comparable employment rights, or when unemployed entitlement to adequate social protection. The potential polarisation effects of digital exclusion and deficits will severely hamper the wider benefits of transparency offered by these technologies. During the pandemic these trends have become more apparent. The imbalance of bargaining power and regulatory governance to bridge gaps in citizenship entitlements undermines the collective potential of policy makers and trade unions to address these challenges. Nevertheless, there is emerging evidence of innovative challenges and contestation of these gaps by both union organisations and national regulators attempts to adapt social protection