Academic literature on the topic 'Trade contracts (Collective)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Trade contracts (Collective)"
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Sáenz-Segura, F., R. A. Schipper, D. Miranda, and J. M. Chaves. "Modelling price scenarios for sustainable collective action and farm production: pepper in El Roble settlement, Costa Rica." Journal on Chain and Network Science 15, no. 1 (January 2015): 39–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jcns2015.x001.
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Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) is considered a non-traditional cash crop for enhancing local development in Costa Rica and a suitable activity for small farmers. Trade of pepper has been done by using contractual agreements between producers and processors, which provides at least three functions: insurance, incentives and information. Contracts also require a high level of commitment from contracting parties to keep the equity, efficiency, and sustainability of the trade relationship. The shift of trade conditions from a competitive to a monopsony market encouraged a group of farmers to start an association that aims to bulk and process pepper from members. Breaching contracts by members of the association endanger this effort of sustainable entrepreneurship. This usually happens when temporary market conditions yield higher procurement prices by other competitors. This situation is also worsened by the lack of proper information on production and processing costs between the contracting parties, and then, the disagreement on the procurement price fixation and payment conditions. By using a mixed integer linear optimization model, we aim to identify the ‘best’ price of fresh pepper traded between both parties. We make use of primary information from 12 different farms on production costs and from the association on processing costs. The model incorporates minimum required net margins for all contracting parties, while modelling the net margins of each party, the amount of traded fresh pepper and preferred contract possibilities, given different fresh pepper price scenarios. At lower prices, some of the farmers that supply pepper, do this to just break-even. At higher prices, more is supplied by more farmers. Under monopsony conditions and individual contracts between parties, it is in the interest of the buyer to offer higher fresh pepper prices in order to buy and process more pepper, up to the point that the marginal costs of buying more pepper are equal to the marginal benefits of that extra pepper. This is because the processor has fixed costs, next to variable costs. Higher volumes reduce the average total costs of processing per kg of pepper, and thereby increase profit. When group contracts are possible, thus under bilateral monopoly conditions – farmers acting as ‘one’ seller and the processor as the only buyer – more fresh pepper is supplied at higher prices than under monopsony conditions as more farmers would have higher surpluses. At the same time the processor would have a higher profit than using individual contracts.
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Yatskevych, Ivan. "Reforming Legislation on Collective Labour Relations Engaging Trade Union as a Party." NaUKMA Research Papers. Law 6 (February 15, 2021): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.18523/2617-2607.2020.6.57-72.
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The paper covers problematic issues of reforming the legislation on collective labour relations with the participating trade union representing the interests and defending the rights of employees, consisting in a workers’ collective, during collective bargaining, concluding a collective agreement, holding a social dialogue on the local level. The article contains an analysis of a draft legislation such as draft laws On Labour, On Amending Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine (Regarding Certain Issues of Trade Unions’ Activity), On Amending the Law of Ukraine On Collective Agreements and Contracts in order to reveal the main trends of the proposed drafts, their scientific analysis, and producing own conclusions regarding impact of these draft laws upon the efficiency of the trade unions movement in Ukraine.The study of the proposed amendments to certain legislative acts as well as corresponding conclusions are made in observance of the current trends in the development of judicial application of legislative provisions on the preferential right of a unit trade union to represent a collective’s interests during collective bargaining regarding concluding or amending a collective agreement at an enterprise or institution. The paper contains a discussion on problematic (from a perspective of legal exercising and research) issues of the current legislative provisions on the safeguarding implementation of trade unions competence conformity to the Constitution of Ukraine, ILO Convention No. 87, and the recent case-law.The accordance of principles of rule of law and legality, representation, and efficient representing of workers’ collective interests during the in-court dispute resolution regarding representing the collective of workers and accession to an effective collective agreement is highlighted.In the conclusion it is stated that there is a negative trend on further deterioration of the trade unions’ position as representatives of labour collectives empowered with representative and defensive functions in relations with employers. Besides that, it is stressed that adoption and implementation of the argued legislative initiatives will eventually cause deepening the crisis of trade unionism and deteriorating of social standards. It will make a negative impact on a person’s social security in the state. There are grounds to assert forming case-law acknowledging works councils as equally authorized representatives of the workers’ collective in collective bargaining. In the meantime, the practice of rejection of new trade union’s units to join an effective collective agreement within the employer’s enterprise persists. It is concluded with the necessity to improve the system of normative safeguards for the trade unions activity and creating an efficient mechanism for countering abuse of rights, including safeguarding provisions, by parties of collective labour relations.
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Tuckman, Alan, and Christopher Finnerty. "Individual contracts, collective bargaining and trade unionism: a case for the union voice." Personnel Review 27, no. 6 (December 1998): 448–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00483489810238895.
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Aleinieh, Tarek Kadour, and Laura Zoboli. "Increasing standardization for smart(er) contracts." Uniform Law Review 26, no. 3 (August 1, 2021): 583–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ulr/unab022.
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Abstract Legal standardization traditionally played an important role in contractual relations. With technological and commercial development and expansion of trade from the individual and collective levels to internationalization, it became necessary to create a set of standards to keep pace with this development and facilitate the contractual process. Although smart contracts are considered a leap in the contractual relationship, it cannot be overlooked that these contracts share many characteristics with traditional contracts. To gain a greater position in the global market, smart contracts also need to be well functioning and efficient. In this context, the article tackles the phenomenon of legal standardization and identifies the main weaknesses of smart contracts—to answer two crucial questions: how can these contracts be smarter, and how should we employ standardization to ensure their efficiency?
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Melnychuk, N. "PECULIARITIES OF TERMINATION OF LABOR CONTRACT WITH THE LEADER OF LEGAL ENTITY ON REQUEST OF ELECTIVE BODY OF PRIMARY TRADE UNION ORGANIZATION." Social Law, no. 2 (April 27, 2019): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.37440/soclaw.2019.02.09.
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The article discusses some aspects of the process of termination of the employment contract with the head of the enterprise, institution or organization at the request of the elected body of primary trade union organization (trade union representative). It is noted that the requirement to terminate the employment contract with the director does not terminate employment contract by itself, but obliges the employer to terminate it. Carried out the analysis of the distinctive features of the consideration of the proposal of the trade union body regarding the termination of the employment contract with the head of the legal entity on the Draft Labor Code. The innovations of the bill are recognized as justified, timely, such that they correspond to the modern level of development of labor relations and called upon to balance the interests of the parties to the employment contract. A number of features that need improvement have been identified, namely: 1) consolidation of the obligation to consider the representation of the trade union for its validity; 2) the need to assess the severity of violations of labor legislation, collective agreements and contracts, the Law of Ukraine "On Trade Unions, their Rights and Guarantees"; 3) Elimination of the obligation of the employer to appeal against the requirement of the primary trade union organization (trade union representative) as a condition for stopping the execution. The author of the article notes that the determination of the nature of the violation by the head of the enterprise, institution, organization of labor legislation will contribute to the effectiveness of sanctioning legal norms, and the abolition of the obligation of the employer to appeal the requirement of the primary trade union organization (trade union representative) to the court will make it possible to prevent abuse of their rights by the trade unions.
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Giulia, Giulia, and Giovanni Orlandini. "THE ITALIAN WAY TO INTERNAL DEVALUATION AND SOCIAL ACTORS’ STRATEGIES AGAINST AUSTERITY AND THE FLEXIBILIZATION OF THE LABOUR MARKET." Revista Direito das Relações Sociais e Trabalhistas 4, no. 2 (October 10, 2019): 129–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.26843/mestradodireito.v4i2.159.
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Introduction: the Italian way to internal devaluation; 1.a Precarization of labour and weakening of trade union action at company level (amendment of dismissal law); 1.b Circumvention of the CCNL by means of exceptional employment contracts; 1.c Downward competition on labour costs by means of outsourcing and value chains; 1.d Promotion of decentralized collective bargaining and its power to derogate from the law and freezing of collective bargaining in the public sector; 2. The trade union(s) strategies; 2.a Bargaining strategy; 2.b Judicial strategy; 2.c Confrontational strategy; 3. New challenges for workers and new challenges for their organization(s); 3.a Italian trade unions’ strategies; 3.b Alternative experiences of (and in favour of) precarious workers; 4. Anti-austerity protests: the involvement of trade unions and social movements; 5. Concluding remarks; Bibliography.
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Lanyasunya, Andrew Ropilo. "The nature of employment contracts and the kind of benefits that are enjoyed by security guards from Samburu community working in Nairobi." Editon Consortium Journal of Business and Management Studies 4, no. 1 (December 5, 2022): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.51317/ecjbms.v4i1.439.
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This study established the nature of employment contracts and the kind of benefits that are enjoyed by security guards from the Samburu community working in Nairobi. The study adopted a survey design, and data was collected through questionnaires, which were applied to 200 security guards who had been randomly selected from 5 administrative clusters in Nairobi. The findings indicated that security guards were not properly contracted with the right documentation, did not enjoy social security benefits, lacked information about trade unions, and were not enjoying their right to collective bargaining. The study focused on particular employee welfare issues to determine the extent to which their rights were granted. The issues were job contraction and employment benefits, as well as employee exposure to knowledge about trade unions. In examining these issues, the study looked at the following indicators, which provided evidence for granting or non-granting of employee rights: shelter, diet and investments made by the employees; existence of job contracts, insurance cover, retirement benefit plan and health cover as well as membership to a trade union. It recommended that the Government of Kenya should enforce a proper job contraction for security guards, as well as have them accorded all the employment benefits stipulated by labour laws; the trade union movement in Kenya should reach out to security guards; and that the parliament should come up with legislation which will prohibit engagement of security guards outside the employment of duly registered security companies.
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Brigden, Cathy. "Unions and Collective Bargaining in 2009." Journal of Industrial Relations 52, no. 3 (June 2010): 321–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185610365634.
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With the global financial crisis posing an ongoing threat to job security, more positive experiences of trade unions were often overshadowed in 2009. The passage and commencement of the Fair Work Act finally brought Work Choices to an end, or so it seemed until leadership change in the federal Liberal Party revived debate over individual contracts at the end of the year. The still difficult relationship between the unions and the Rudd federal government was in evidence throughout the year, and was underlined at the ACTU Congress. The return of Telstra and the major banks to the bargaining table with unions demonstrated a significant shift in the collective bargaining and industrial relations landscape in 2009. Occupational health and safety issues confronting unions included further developments concerning James Hardie and asbestos, workplace fatalities in the Pilbara and harmonization of occupational health and safety laws.
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Duraj, Tomasz. "Powers of Trade Union Activists Engaged in Self-Employment – Assessment of Polish Legislation." Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica 95 (March 30, 2021): 83–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0208-6069.95.08.
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The objective of the foregoing article is an analysis of the rights which the Polish legislature granted to self-employed trade union activists after the extension of coalition rights to these persons. In this regard, the trade union law extended to self-employed persons working as sole traders protection, which until 2019 was reserved exclusively for employees. Pursuant to the amendment of July 5, 2018, self-employed trade union activists were granted – based on international standards – the right to non-discrimination on the basis of performing a trade union function, the right to paid leaves from work, both permanent and ad hoc in order to carry out ongoing activities resulting from the exercise of a trade union function, and the protection of the sustainability of civil law contracts which form the legal basis for the services provided. the exercise of a trade union function, and the protection of the sustainability of civil law contracts which form the legal basis for the services provided. The author positively assesses the very tendency to extend employee rights to self-employed persons acting as union activists. However, serious doubts are raised by the scope of privileges guaranteed to non-employee trade union activists and the lack of any criteria differentiating this protection. Following the amendment of the trade union law, the legislator practically equates the scope of rights of self-employed trade union activists with the situation of trade union activists with employee status. This is not the right direction. This regulation does not take into account the specificity of self-employed persons, who most often do not have such strong legal relationship with the employing entity as employees. The legislature does not sufficiently notice the distinctness resulting from civil law contracts, which form the basis for the provision of work by the selfemployed the separateness resulting from civil law contracts, which constitute the basis for the performance of work by the self-employed. According to the author, the scope of rights guaranteed de lege lata to self-employed union activists constitutes an excessive and unjustified interference with the fundamental principle of freedom of contract on the basis of civil law employment relations (Art. 3531 of the Civil Code). From the point of view of international standards, it would be enough to ensure the right of these persons to non-discrimination on the basis of performing a trade union function; the right to unpaid temporary leaves from work in order to perform current activities resulting from the performed trade union function; the right to high compensation in the event of termination of a civil law contract with a self-employed trade union activist in connection with the performance of his functions in trade union bodies and full jurisdiction of labour courts in cases arising from the application of trade union law provisions. The disadvantage of the regulation at issue is also that Polish collective labour law does not in any way differentiate the scope of the rights and privileges guaranteed to self-employed trade union activists, ensuring the same level of protection for all. In that area, it appears that the legislature de lege ferenda should differentiate the scope of that protection by referring to the criterion of economic dependence on the hiring entity for which the services are provided.
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Hepple, Bob. "Labour Law in an Era of Globalisation. Edited by Joanne Conaghan, Richard Michael Fischl, and Karl Klare. [Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. xxxii, 534 and (Index) 12pp. Hardback. £60. ISBN 0–19–924247–X.]." Cambridge Law Journal 61, no. 3 (December 11, 2002): 715–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197302281787.
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The conception of Labour law as a distinctive branch of legal studies was a product of the late 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. The underlying theories (such as British collective laissez faire and US industrial pluralism) and the categories of legal thinking (such as “employee” and “contract of employment”) were shaped in industrialised nation states where the typical subjects of the law were Fordist manufacturing companies employing full-time male workers in life-time jobs on standardised contracts often regulated by collective agreements with trade unions. That “classical” model of labour law is plainly untenable in the post-industrial 21st century world in which union density and collective bargaining coverage have dramatically declined, and the “contract of employment” has lost much of its analytical value as paid work is increasingly performed outside conventional employment relationships. The feminisation of the workforce is now an irreversible fact, with profound consequences for the division between “work” and “family”, between paid and unpaid work, and between “jobs” and “careers”. Perhaps, the most important changes are those resulting from modern globalisation: the liberalisation of trade and investment, the domination of transnational companies (TNCs), the growth of a worldwide networked society, and increasing global competition. A major consequence of this is the reduced power of nation states to regulate labour within their own borders or migration across frontiers, the growth of complex multivalent legal orders with murky boundaries between supranational, transnational, national and workplace legal norms, and the prevalence of “soft” law such as corporate codes of conduct.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Trade contracts (Collective)"
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Caldwell, Terrence. "An Overview and Comparative Analysis of the Collective Bargaining Agreements in the NBA, NFL, and MLB." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2010. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/62.
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Sonnerby, Per. "Contract-theoretic analyses of consultants and trade unions." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Economic Research Institute, Stockholm School of Economics (EFI), 2007. http://www2.hhs.se/efi/summary/734.htm.
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Lafargue, Marie. "Les relations de travail dans l'entreprise transnationale." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0279.
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L’entreprise transnationale s’impose comme un pouvoir économique puissantdans le contexte de mondialisation. Dénuée de personnalité morale, elle n’est appréhendéeque partiellement par les droits internes. En dehors du droit supranational qui présente descarences et n’assure qu’une régulation partielle, les relations de travail dans l’entrepriseglobalisée restent largement appréhendées par les droits nationaux et les paradigmes dudroit du travail n’ont guère évolué pour s’ajuster à leur singularité. La nature du droit quisaisit ces rapports n’est donc pas commensurable à leur réalité transnationale.L’insuffisance du cadre d’analyse actuel oblige alors à dépasser le doublecloisonnement des systèmes juridiques et des personnes morales afin de développer dessolutions globales. Une analyse tant positiviste que prospective du droit révèle l’existenced’un processus d’adaptation en cours, celui-ci devant toutefois être renforcé et étendu.Il s’agit donc de mettre en place un principe d’ajustement du droit à ces relations de travail,lequel révèle l’identité du transnational : la transnationalité est une expression du pluralisme.L’adaptation du droit suppose, d’une part, que l’entreprise soit recomposée en tantqu’organisation et qu’elle soit mise en synergie avec les autres acteurs de la gouvernancemondiale. Le mouvement d’adéquation implique, d’autre part, qu’un droit global, « postmoderne» et pluraliste, reposant sur un socle de droits fondamentaux, voit le jour. Ainsi,c’est au prix de ces évolutions que l’on parviendra à une régulation adaptée des relations detravail dans l’entreprise transnationale ainsi qu’à l’émergence d’un droit social de lamondialisationTransnational companies now stand as leading economic powers in aglobalisation context. Stripped of any legal personality, they are only partly bound by thenational laws. Aside from supranational law, which is incomplete provides only partialregulation, labour relations within globalised companies remain largely bound by nationallaws while the paradigms of labour law have barely evolved in order to adjust to theirsingularity. The nature of the law that governs those professional relations is therefore notcommensurate to their transnational reality.The deficiencies of the current framework for analysis thus compel researchers to gobeyond the twofold boundaries of legal systems and legal entities in order to develop suitableglobal solutions. A positivist, forward-looking analysis of the law reveals the existence of anadaptation process that is already underway but which must also be extended andstrengthened.It is therefore a matter of establishing a legal adjustment principle within those labourrelations, which reveals the identity of the transnational: transnationality is an expression ofpluralism. Legal adaptation assumes, on the one hand, that companies be reconstructed asorganisations and that a synergy be established with other players in the field of globalgovernance. The alignment trend implies, on the other hand, the birth of a "post-modern",pluralist global law, resting on a foundation of fundamental rights. It is thus at the cost of suchdevelopments that an adapted regulation of labour relations will be achieved withintransnational companies, together with the emergence of a globalised social law
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Mallangi, Siva Sai Reddy. "Low-Power Policies Based on DVFS for the MUSEIC v2 System-on-Chip." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-229443.
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Multi functional health monitoring wearable devices are quite prominent these days. Usually these devices are battery-operated and consequently are limited by their battery life (from few hours to a few weeks depending on the application). Of late, it was realized that these devices, which are currently being operated at fixed voltage and frequency, are capable of operating at multiple voltages and frequencies. By switching these voltages and frequencies to lower values based upon power requirements, these devices can achieve tremendous benefits in the form of energy savings. Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) techniques have proven to be handy in this situation for an efficient trade-off between energy and timely behavior. Within imec, wearable devices make use of the indigenously developed MUSEIC v2 (Multi Sensor Integrated circuit version 2.0). This system is optimized for efficient and accurate collection, processing, and transfer of data from multiple (health) sensors. MUSEIC v2 has limited means in controlling the voltage and frequency dynamically. In this thesis we explore how traditional DVFS techniques can be applied to the MUSEIC v2. Experiments were conducted to find out the optimum power modes to efficiently operate and also to scale up-down the supply voltage and frequency. Considering the overhead caused when switching voltage and frequency, transition analysis was also done. Real-time and non real-time benchmarks were implemented based on these techniques and their performance results were obtained and analyzed. In this process, several state of the art scheduling algorithms and scaling techniques were reviewed in identifying a suitable technique. Using our proposed scaling technique implementation, we have achieved 86.95% power reduction in average, in contrast to the conventional way of the MUSEIC v2 chip’s processor operating at a fixed voltage and frequency. Techniques that include light sleep and deep sleep mode were also studied and implemented, which tested the system’s capability in accommodating Dynamic Power Management (DPM) techniques that can achieve greater benefits. A novel approach for implementing the deep sleep mechanism was also proposed and found that it can obtain up to 71.54% power savings, when compared to a traditional way of executing deep sleep mode.Nuförtiden så har multifunktionella bärbara hälsoenheter fått en betydande roll. Dessa enheter drivs vanligtvis av batterier och är därför begränsade av batteritiden (från ett par timmar till ett par veckor beroende på tillämpningen). På senaste tiden har det framkommit att dessa enheter som används vid en fast spänning och frekvens kan användas vid flera spänningar och frekvenser. Genom att byta till lägre spänning och frekvens på grund av effektbehov så kan enheterna få enorma fördelar när det kommer till energibesparing. Dynamisk skalning av spänning och frekvens-tekniker (såkallad Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling, DVFS) har visat sig vara användbara i detta sammanhang för en effektiv avvägning mellan energi och beteende. Hos Imec så använder sig bärbara enheter av den internt utvecklade MUSEIC v2 (Multi Sensor Integrated circuit version 2.0). Systemet är optimerat för effektiv och korrekt insamling, bearbetning och överföring av data från flera (hälso) sensorer. MUSEIC v2 har begränsad möjlighet att styra spänningen och frekvensen dynamiskt. I detta examensarbete undersöker vi hur traditionella DVFS-tekniker kan appliceras på MUSEIC v2. Experiment utfördes för att ta reda på de optimala effektlägena och för att effektivt kunna styra och även skala upp matningsspänningen och frekvensen. Eftersom att ”overhead” skapades vid växling av spänning och frekvens gjordes också en övergångsanalys. Realtidsoch icke-realtidskalkyler genomfördes baserat på dessa tekniker och resultaten sammanställdes och analyserades. I denna process granskades flera toppmoderna schemaläggningsalgoritmer och skalningstekniker för att hitta en lämplig teknik. Genom att använda vår föreslagna skalningsteknikimplementering har vi uppnått 86,95% effektreduktion i jämförelse med det konventionella sättet att MUSEIC v2-chipets processor arbetar med en fast spänning och frekvens. Tekniker som inkluderar lätt sömn och djupt sömnläge studerades och implementerades, vilket testade systemets förmåga att tillgodose DPM-tekniker (Dynamic Power Management) som kan uppnå ännu större fördelar. En ny metod för att genomföra den djupa sömnmekanismen föreslogs också och enligt erhållna resultat så kan den ge upp till 71,54% lägre energiförbrukning jämfört med det traditionella sättet att implementera djupt sömnläge.
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Urbisaglia, Gianluca. "Relazioni sindacali e rapporti di lavoro nel contesto economico-produttivo del settore agricolo." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11562/981995.
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L'obiettivo principale di questo lavoro di ricerca è quello di fornire il quadro e la qualità delle tutele offerte per il lavoro subordinato dalla specifica normativa giuslavoristica e dalla contrattazione collettiva di lavoro, alla luce dell'evoluzione economico-produttiva del settore agricolo. La Thesis che si vuole dimostrare è che nel settore primario le tutele scaturenti dalla normativa legale e pattizia dei rapporti di lavoro subordinato e il sistema di relazioni sindacali non risultano appropriati al sistema economico-produttivo né corrispondono alle esigenze di tutela dei lavoratori, dei datori di lavoro e delle strutture collettive del sistema padronaleThe study explores and discusses the specific national framework of Labour Law and Labour relations system in the agricultural sector. The study reveals that the country has a quite exhaustive structure of labour legislation and collective bargaining but practically the labour laws and contractual protections are inappropriate in terms of effective tutelage of workers' needs and does not reflects the evolution of the agricultural sector and its heterogenity of products and markets. The CAP and particular Italian agro-industrial legislation have contributed to all this
Books on the topic "Trade contracts (Collective)"
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Das, Kalyan. Labour contracts and work agreements in tea plantations of Assam. Noida: V.V. Giri National Labour Institute, 2002.
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Moore, Sian. The content of new voluntary trade union recognition agreements 1998-2002. London: Dept. of Trade and Industry, 2004.
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Idubor, Richard. Employment and trade dispute law in Nigeria. Akure: Sylva Publishers, 1999.
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Panitch, Leo. The assault on trade union freedoms: From wage controls to social contract. Toronto, Ont: Garamond Press, 1993.
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Wooden, Mark. The changing nature of bargaining structures and the consequences for management and trade unions. Adelaide: National Institute of Labour Studies, 1999.
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Fossum, John A. Labor relations: Development, structure, process. 7th ed. Boston: Irwin/McGraw-Hill, 1999.
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Fossum, John A. Labor relations: Development, structure, process. 5th ed. Homewood, IL: Irwin, 1992.
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Fossum, John A. Labor relations: Development, structure, process. 6th ed. Chicago: Irwin, 1995.
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Forschungsinstitut für Wirtschaftsverfassung und Wettbewerb (Cologne, Germany), ed. Tarifautonomie und Kartellrecht: Referate einer FIW-Veranstaltung. Köln: Heymann, 1990.
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Drongelen, J. van. Vakverenigingsvrijheid, het recht op collectief onderhandelen, mededingingsrecht. Zutphen: Uitgeverij Paris, 2009.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Trade contracts (Collective)"
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Bogle, Stephen. "Freedom to Contract in the Seventeenth Century." In Contract Before the Enlightenment, 203—C8N107. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192884961.003.0009.
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Abstract Grotius’ concept of freedom to contract provides a crucial point of comparison to Stair’s theory. Stair can be seen as providing a Calvinist reworking of Grotius’s account of contracting. Stair ultimately understood liberty or freedom as how man brought glory to God. Importantly, for Stair this did not translate into a civil power of the church or ecclesiastical authority to monitor or regulate individual contracts, because that would be harmful and unnecessary. Stair saw man’s liberty to contract as coexisting with Calvinist social organization; individual liberty at the contracting level did not challenge the need for overall social and religious discipline at the collective level. Stair shares Grotius’ concern with the promotion of commerce and trade through free contract, but this is not the core of Stair’s theorizations. It is important to register how far Stair’s theologically based contractual ideas depart from Grotian natural law; and this takes on added significance as we trace the influence of Stair’s contract jurisprudence into the Enlightenment theories of commercial society in the eighteenth century.
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Codogno, Lorenzo, and Giampaolo Galli. "Egalitarianism and labour." In Meritocracy, Growth, and Lessons from Italy's Economic Decline, 172–87. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192866806.003.0009.
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Abstract A powerful egalitarian drive—the opposite of meritocracy—has guided trade unions’ action. Nationwide collective contracts in each sector account for the bulk of the average wage and do not allow for differentiation in line with productivity developments in companies or territories. Specific company-level contracts are not used, except for a few medium- to large companies, usually accounting for a relatively small proportion of overall wages. In practice, they can only add to national contracts and never derogate from them. Whether national or local, collective agreements do not only fix a minimum wage, but they fix wages for all categories of workers, whether blue or white collared. Various laws introduced over the past two decades have provided fiscal incentives to firms and workers who agreed to set up company-level contracts to increase productivity instead of relying on national contracts. The results have been disappointing so far, and the proportion of productivity-related add-ons is relatively tiny. All this has critical implications. Companies have few margins with which to legally reward the more productive workers and almost no possibility of punishing unproductive workers. And there is no relation between wages and productivity across regions of Italy, which is one of the causes of high unemployment in the South because both productivity and the cost of living are lower in that area. In addition, trade unions have always tried to protect the worker on the job instead of in the market; skilling, reskilling, and active labour market policies have been neglected.
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Bresson, Alain. "The Institutions of the Domestic Market." In The Making of the Ancient Greek Economy, translated by Steven Rendall, 225–59. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691183411.003.0009.
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This chapter examines the institutions of the domestic market system in the Greek city-states. It begins with a discussion of private property in relation to trade, noting that, in the framework of the kind of collective appropriation constituted by the city-state, citizens were free to use their property as they wished. It then considers the city-states' law and legal practices relating to transactions, with particular emphasis on the law of sale and contracts, before exploring the agora as a legal space and as a marketplace connected with other official places of exchange that were also institutionalized. The chapter goes on to describe buying and selling in the agora, legal constraints on the agora, supervision of contracts and production, and the authority of the agoranomoi (magistrates). It concludes with an analysis of informational asymmetry and guarantee of sales in commercial trade, along with price control policies for commodities on sale.
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Vinković, Mario. "Croatia: Reality of Labor Protection : At the Crossroads of Individual and Collective Labor Law." In Fundamentals of Labor Law in Central Europe, 183–203. Central European Academic Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54171/2022.nj.fullce_9.
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The chapter is focused on understanding collective agreements and collective bargaining in the Republic of Croatia, as well as the relationship between individual employment contracts and collective agreements through both theoretical and dogmatic approaches to the subject matter. The data on the coverage of workers by collective agreements is intended to provide insight into the reality of the application and scope of collective agreements, but also to highlight the risks of the part of the population in the labor market that does not benefit from their direct or indirect protection. According to available data, more than 50% of workers in the Republic of Croatia are covered by collective agreements. However, the insufficiently reliable records and the fact that there is still no comprehensive national register of all concluded and valid collective agreements are problematic. Special attention is paid both to the open issues de lege lata and to the phenomena that have characterized the development of Croatian labor law from the independence of the state to the recent events during the pandemic COVID-19 and the announced adoption of the new Labor Act, the fourth in the last twenty-seven years. Since in the process of transformation of employment relationships and fragmentation of the labor market certain institutions of labor law become particularly important, the legitimate question arises not only about the influence of trade unions on the relevant processes, but also about their ability to assert themselves as generators of social dialogue focused on vulnerable groups of workers and consolidation of membership. The author has tried to avoid a purely normative analysis and focus on the sociolegal discourse and methodological pluralism in terms of content structure and approach.
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Kur, Annette, and Martin Senftleben. "Collective Marks and Certification Marks." In European Trade Mark Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199680443.003.0010.
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It is a defining feature of ‘ordinary’, individual trade marks that they indicate a single commercial source. Collective marks and certification marks, by contrast, are meant to signify membership in an association, or a particular quality, or compliance with other, specific conditions. Furthermore, while an individual mark’s quality function, that is, consumer expectations with regard to the quality level and the consistency of product characteristics, is in most cases only indirectly protected, meaning that competitors or members of the public cannot request sanctions under trade mark law in case that quality changes occur (see Chapter 7, sections 7.2.3 and 7.6.4.4.2), collective marks and certification marks risk losing their validity when the standards they are meant to indicate are neglected.
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Hyams, Oliver. "Collective Obligations Where There Is A Tupe Transfer." In Employment Aspects of Business Reorganisations, 155–70. Oxford University PressOxford, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199271191.003.0007.
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Abstract This chapter is primarily concerned with the obligations of TUPE transferors and transferees in relation to the provision of information to, and consultation with, the representatives of affected employees or, where there are no such representatives, the employees themselves. It is also concerned with the effect of a TUPE transfer on any collective agreement made by or on behalf of the transferor with a trade union which is recognised by the transferor in respect of any employee whose contract of employment is preserved by regulation 4(1).
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Banfield, Paul, Rebecca Kay, and Dean Royles. "Managing Employee Relations." In Introduction to Human Resource Management. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hebz/9780198702825.003.0010.
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This chapter examines the management of employee relations. It emphasizes the importance of maintaining good relations with employees, which can be achieved through involvement, engagement, and effective communication and consultation. It considers the importance of the psychological contract at work and how to manage this to support organizational objectives. The chapter also evaluates the contemporary role of trade unions and discusses how to manage effective union relationships through partnership. It also presents the difference between consultation and collective bargaining, and explains how to avoid disruption due to collective disputes. Lastly, it encourages the application of key theoretical and conceptual contributions to the analysis of individual and collective behaviour.
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Siegel, Neil S. "Interstate Commerce, Foreign Commerce, and Related Principles." In The Collective-Action Constitution, 171–228. Oxford University PressNew York, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197760963.003.0006.
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Abstract Chapter 5 of The Collective-Action Constitution leverages collective-action reasoning to explain the origins of the Interstate Commerce Clause, to critique the US Supreme Court’s formal distinctions in many cases interpreting this clause, and to identify a functional replacement: the distinction between collective and individual action by states. In partial contrast to the Court, this chapter reads the Interstate Commerce Clause textually and structurally as authorizing federal legislation that helps address a multistate collective-action problem caused by interstate spillovers with economic effects. Under this approach, Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) and all important decisions from 1937 to the 1990s are correctly decided. A collective-action approach also explains why the contemporary Court has decided most of its Interstate Commerce Clause cases correctly, albeit for reasons other than what its doctrine states. The chapter next questions the categorical nature of the Court’s anti-commandeering principle and defends the Court’s dormant commerce doctrine, including its two exceptions. The chapter then leverages collective-action logics to illuminate the Founding history and scope of the Foreign and Indian Commerce Clauses. The states must act collectively, not individually, to act effectively in their commercial relations with other nations. Moreover, “Commerce” in these clauses should be interpreted how it is structurally best understood in interstate-commerce cases: to include interactions and affairs outside markets in addition to trade and other economic activities. Finally, this chapter discusses the constitutional principle that valid federal law supersedes conflicting state law (preemption), which flows directly from a collective-action account of the Constitution.
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Lehndorff, Steffen. "A fragile triangle: collective bargaining systems, trade unions and the state in the EU." In The Changing Politics and Policy of Austerity, 63–81. Policy Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447359517.003.0004.
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The weakening of collective bargaining systems has been one of the top priorities within the so-called “new economic governance” at EU level over the past decade. Based on the Stability and Growth Pact and its tightening in the course of the Euro zone crisis, decentralisation and fragmentation of collective bargaining geared to promote labour cost-based competitiveness has become common standard in the “country-specific recommendations” within the “European Semester”. This approach has been pushed forward most vigorously in Southern Europe. Quite surprisingly, however, the outcomes of these attacks differ substantially across countries. The paper describes the different dynamics of collective bargaining systems in Spain, Italy and Greece over recent years and gives some tentative explanations for these differences, pointing primarily at contrasting trade union approaches. Further, the paper addresses the potentials of the state at national and EU levels to act as a stabilizer, rather than a driver of weakening collective bargaining systems. Given the stark contrasts in industrial relations practices across EU countries, it suggests practical steps to be taken towards a turnaround in EU policy approaches to collective bargaining within the framework of the “European Semester”, following the logic of an enabling state aimed at fostering social equity.
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Jacobsen, Ane Edslev. "We pay, we act?" In The Politics of Revenue Bargaining in Africa, 60–82. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192868787.003.0003.
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Abstract Fiscal contract theory proposes that governments’ need for taxation can foster revenue bargaining and government accountability through popular collective action, tax resistance, and political pressure. This chapter investigates this potential micro-level taxation-collective action link among small-scale revenue providers—women informal market traders—in seven markets in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The study shows that taxation can motivate collective organizing and action among the traders through experiences of economic hardship and lack of reciprocity, but also shows that the traders experience significant power-related barriers to collective action constraining their capacity for collective engagement. Nonetheless, women in some markets display a greater capacity for collective action. This is the case in markets where a trader or an external organization deliberately acts as a cultivator of social trust, community, and organizational capabilities among the women. This supports the women’s collective engagement and, in some instances, their collective attempts to bargain with local authorities.
Conference papers on the topic "Trade contracts (Collective)"
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Deynekli, Adnan. "Payment against Documents in International Trade." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.01164.
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As compared to internal trade, international trade involves several risks, which can be specified as commercial, physical, political and legal risks. Cash against documents (documentary collection) is a type of payment method applied to reduce the legal risks in a transaction. This payment method is a reassuring way for the Importer, since he is not under any obligation to make a payment before examining the document and confirming its conformance to the terms of order. Cash against documents is more reliable than cash against goods (open account) on the one hand, but less reliable than letters of credit on the other hand. Cash against document is one of the most commonly used payment methods in international trade as it offers a cost-effective and simple system and processes faster than cash against goods. Rules regarding cash against documents are governed by International Commerce Chamber Brochure no. 522 (Uniform Rules for Collection-URC), which is a set of guiding principles with a non-statutory character. There is no specific regulation exists on cash against documents in Turkish Law. In order to apply the rules on cash against documents in a transaction, “documentary collection/cash against documents clause” should be incorporated into the text of contract. Parties to a documentary collection are the Principal (seller/exporter/drawer), the Remitting Bank, the Collecting Bank and the Drawee (buyer/importer).
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Uribe, Natalia, and Diana Carolina Gutierrez. "Clothing consumption practice and its impact on the transformation of “public space”. Vía primavera, El Poblado, Medellín." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.6081.
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Clothing consumption practice and its impact on the transformation of “public space”. Vía primavera, El Poblado, Medellín. Diana Carolina Gutiérrez A, Natalia Uribe Lemarie1. 1Arquitecture and Design School. Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana. Circular 1 No. 70-01 Bloque 10, Medellín-Colombia E-mail: dianaguti456@gmail.com, natalia.uribelemarie@upb.edu.co Telephone: +573113313512, +573002348456 Keywords (3-5): Space organization, Fashion consumption, exclusion and inclusion processes. Conference topics and scale: Urban form and social use of space Via Primavera is a fashion district in El Poblado neighborhood that has become a public referent of city life in Medellin – Colombia; a space that is shown as inclusive and accessible to all types of collectives. This paper is part of a research which purpose is to understand the connection between the public space with its moral and physical organization and the exclusion processes that the clothing conspicuous consumption generates in Via Primavera. The analysis of this connection is subjected to a mutual play between prior structure and agency and the crystallization, or not, of its existence through an interrelation. In the same way, a concern about the city models resumed in the national and local development plans, and its relevance as the ones that set the social and economic ideal of public spaces arises. And ideal that contradicts with practice, where exclusion processes through consumption practices bring a tension in what is supposed to be public; breaking with its inclusive and collective character. References Archer, M. (1988). Cultura y teoría social. (H. Pons, Trad.) Buenos Aires: Ediciones Nueva Visión. Delgado, M. (2011). El espacio público como ideología. Madrid: La Catarata Park, R. E. (1925). The City. Suggestions for Investigation of Human Behavior in the Urban Environment. En R. E. Park, E. W. Burgess, & R. D. McKenzie, The City (pág. 239). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Veblen, T. (1899 [2012]). The Theory of the Leisure Class. An Economic Study of American Institutions and a Social Critique of Conspicuous Consumption. Massachusetts: Courier Corporation.
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Ribet Gomez, Josep Albert, Marcel·la Castells-Sanabra, Clara Boren, Francesc Xavier Martínez de Osés, and Anna Mujal-Colilles. "CHARACTERIZATION OF TUGBOATS ACTIVITY WITHIN SPANISH PORTS." In Maritime Transport Conference. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Iniciativa Digital Politècnica, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/mt.13191.
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The maritime industry's vital role in global trade contrasts with its significant greenhouse gas emissions. Pollution emitted from ports comes from different sources, one of which is merchant ships constantly docking and undocking and other auxiliary port vessels working continuously throughout the year (e.g., pilotage vessels, bunkering barges, vessel-generated waste collection services, mooring and unmooring services and port tugs). Port tugboats sail between terminals and provide docking, undocking and removing merchant ship services. This leads to a high variability on tugs’ manoeuvres. The first and most representative characteristic of a tug’s manoeuvre is the vessel in need of the service (e.g., ship particulars, cargo carried or mooring zone, among others), which usually defines the type of manoeuvre and the number of tugs needed. This study presents the initial phase of the research project TUG-EMI (Optimizing in-port tugboats emissions) aiming at reducing in-port emissions by optimizing tug’s manoeuvres. At this stage, the project focuses on characterizing tug manoeuvres within Spanish ports by combining a general overview of tug characteristics and prescriptions of port tugboat services in Spain, incorporating insights from stakeholder interviews. Tug shipmasters and chief engineers with a large experience are interviewed, aiming to obtain detailed information of how manoeuvres are performed and how to characterize them.
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Salgado Cofré, Daniela, and Álvaro Mercado Jara. "Going to the Clay: Exploring Conflicts and Values of the Soil in Valparaiso." In LINK 2021. Tuwhera Open Access, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/link2021.v2i1.60.
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This proposition presents a design and artistic research focused on the soil that aims to generate active and poetic forms of reflection around the fragile interdependence of human and non-human lives in an increasingly precarious urban environment, emphasised by the current ecological crisis. In order to engage in such reflections, this practice-oriented research —led by designers, architects, artists and educators— collects relational modes of material interdependence in the region of Valparaíso, Chile, by exploring veins and clay pits for pottery making that are relevant and known by artisans and artists of this area. These spaces are threatened by the increasingly precarious environmental conditions that are exacerbated by the monoculture of the land, the reconstitution of the soil by massive urbanisation projects, and the inaccessibility to clay pits due to the replacement of the commons by the privatisation and exploitation of the land. These urban conflicts generate deterritorialisation that contrasts with the significant relevance and values that these spaces hold for artists, artisans, and other groups, that promote their protection and the respectful interaction with the soil. Against this background, this practice-oriented research explores and expects to make visible the transformation of these lands by following the uses of the soil, identifying conflicts and values that emerge around these extraction sites through immersive sensitive experiences. These immersions into different clay pits consist of walking around, observing the ground, sensing the space, collecting clay from the soil together, sensing and manipulating the material to explore its properties. Thus, by examining the materials, voices and artistic expressions —in the form of poems, sound compositions, images, drawings, photos, cartographies and clay objects— co-produced during four immersions into diverse veins of the Valparaíso Region, we expect to bring back to the fore alternative modes of reflexivity around these sites. This sum of collective experiences for exploration and creation in the veins and clay pits of Valparaíso serves to trace other relational ways of inhabiting, valuing and working with the soil. Therefore, we envisage this practice-oriented research project as a poetic alternative to critically question the modern technocratic logics of urbanisation that operate in the region through the commodification and overexploitation of the land.
Reports on the topic "Trade contracts (Collective)"
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O’Reilly, Jacqueline, and Rachel Verdin. Measuring the size, characteristics and consequences of digital work. Digital Futures at Work Research Centre, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20919/whfq8202.
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This working paper provides a summary assessment of the existing literature and data on digital forms of employment internationally. It illustrates the variability in how it is defined, how it is growing and what kind of risks are associated with these developments. Evaluation of these types of jobs is divided. On one hand, optimists point to the attractions and relative ease in finding employment on digital platforms; on the other hand, more critical perspectives argue that these employment contracts can result in exclusion from social protection systems. The evidence indicates that while overall a relatively small proportion of all employment digital work is growing, both on platforms as well as adoption amongst more traditional companies. The characteristics of digital workers can vary by region and occupation. Overall, they tend to be predominantly younger and more likely male, with a growing number of women albeit in particular occupations. Skills and earnings levels vary but the key issues of disputes is around pay, conditions and employment status. The consequences of this form of work for those with lower skilled digital employment can undermine their social citizenship: they lack comparable employment rights, or when unemployed entitlement to adequate social protection. The potential polarisation effects of digital exclusion and deficits will severely hamper the wider benefits of transparency offered by these technologies. During the pandemic these trends have become more apparent. The imbalance of bargaining power and regulatory governance to bridge gaps in citizenship entitlements undermines the collective potential of policy makers and trade unions to address these challenges. Nevertheless, there is emerging evidence of innovative challenges and contestation of these gaps by both union organisations and national regulators attempts to adapt social protection
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Bergeron, Augustin, Elie Kabue Ngindu, Gabriel Tourek, and Jonathan L. Weigel. Does Collecting Taxes Erode the Accountability of Informal Leaders? Evidence from the DRC. Institute of Development Studies, May 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2024.046.
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Delegating tax collection to informal leaders could raise tax revenue but runs the risk of undermining the local accountability of those leaders. We investigate this trade-off by exploiting whether city chiefs in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) were randomly assigned to collect property taxes in 2018. To measure accountability, we study the other side of the social contract: the distribution of resources by chiefs in a government cash transfer programme in which they had discretion over the recipients of development aid. In line with the preferences of citizens, chiefs who collected taxes allocated more programme benefits to poorer households and thus made fewer inclusion and exclusion errors. They were no more or less likely to pocket benefits themselves or allocate them to their families. Across a range of measures, citizens appear to have updated their beliefs of chiefs who collected taxes. We provide evidence that collector chiefs allocated aid to poorer households because door-to-door tax collection created opportunities to learn which households were in greatest need. In contrast to concerns of ‘decentralised despotism,’ the paper thus finds evidence of a chief’s accountability benefiting from delegating tax responsibilities to local leaders in low-capacity states.
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Marra de Artiñano, Ignacio, Franco Riottini Depetris, and Christian Volpe Martincus. Automatic Product Classification in International Trade: Machine Learning and Large Language Models. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005012.
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Accurately classifying products is essential in international trade. Virtually all countries categorize products into tariff lines using the Harmonized System (HS) nomenclature for both statistical and duty collection purposes. In this paper, we apply and assess several different algorithms to automatically classify products based on text descriptions. To do so, we use agricultural product descriptions from several public agencies, including customs authorities and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). We find that while traditional machine learning (ML) models tend to perform well within the dataset in which they were trained, their precision drops dramatically when implemented outside of it. In contrast, large language models (LLMs) such as GPT 3.5 show a consistently good performance across all datasets, with accuracy rates ranging between 60% and 90% depending on HS aggregation levels. Our analysis highlights the valuable role that artificial intelligence (AI) can play in facilitating product classification at scale and, more generally, in enhancing the categorization of unstructured data.
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Yatsymirska, Mariya. SOCIAL EXPRESSION IN MULTIMEDIA TEXTS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.49.11072.
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The article investigates functional techniques of extralinguistic expression in multimedia texts; the effectiveness of figurative expressions as a reaction to modern events in Ukraine and their influence on the formation of public opinion is shown. Publications of journalists, broadcasts of media resonators, experts, public figures, politicians, readers are analyzed. The language of the media plays a key role in shaping the worldview of the young political elite in the first place. The essence of each statement is a focused thought that reacts to events in the world or in one’s own country. The most popular platform for mass information and social interaction is, first of all, network journalism, which is characterized by mobility and unlimited time and space. Authors have complete freedom to express their views in direct language, including their own word formation. Phonetic, lexical, phraseological and stylistic means of speech create expression of the text. A figurative word, a good aphorism or proverb, a paraphrased expression, etc. enhance the effectiveness of a multimedia text. This is especially important for headlines that simultaneously inform and influence the views of millions of readers. Given the wide range of issues raised by the Internet as a medium, research in this area is interdisciplinary. The science of information, combining language and social communication, is at the forefront of global interactions. The Internet is an effective source of knowledge and a forum for free thought. Nonlinear texts (hypertexts) – «branching texts or texts that perform actions on request», multimedia texts change the principles of information collection, storage and dissemination, involving billions of readers in the discussion of global issues. Mastering the word is not an easy task if the author of the publication is not well-read, is not deep in the topic, does not know the psychology of the audience for which he writes. Therefore, the study of media broadcasting is an important component of the professional training of future journalists. The functions of the language of the media require the authors to make the right statements and convincing arguments in the text. Journalism education is not only knowledge of imperative and dispositive norms, but also apodictic ones. In practice, this means that there are rules in media creativity that are based on logical necessity. Apodicticity is the first sign of impressive language on the platform of print or electronic media. Social expression is a combination of creative abilities and linguistic competencies that a journalist realizes in his activity. Creative self-expression is realized in a set of many important factors in the media: the choice of topic, convincing arguments, logical presentation of ideas and deep philological education. Linguistic art, in contrast to painting, music, sculpture, accumulates all visual, auditory, tactile and empathic sensations in a universal sign – the word. The choice of the word for the reproduction of sensory and semantic meanings, its competent use in the appropriate context distinguishes the journalist-intellectual from other participants in forums, round tables, analytical or entertainment programs. Expressive speech in the media is a product of the intellect (ability to think) of all those who write on socio-political or economic topics. In the same plane with him – intelligence (awareness, prudence), the first sign of which (according to Ivan Ogienko) is a good knowledge of the language. Intellectual language is an important means of organizing a journalistic text. It, on the one hand, logically conveys the author’s thoughts, and on the other – encourages the reader to reflect and comprehend what is read. The richness of language is accumulated through continuous self-education and interesting communication. Studies of social expression as an important factor influencing the formation of public consciousness should open up new facets of rational and emotional media broadcasting; to trace physical and psychological reactions to communicative mimicry in the media. Speech mimicry as one of the methods of disguise is increasingly becoming a dangerous factor in manipulating the media. Mimicry is an unprincipled adaptation to the surrounding social conditions; one of the most famous examples of an animal characterized by mimicry (change of protective color and shape) is a chameleon. In a figurative sense, chameleons are called adaptive journalists. Observations show that mimicry in politics is to some extent a kind of game that, like every game, is always conditional and artificial.