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Lopez, Luis F. Rojas. "The North American Free Trade Agreement : trade protection and competition issues." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360844.
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Kendall, Toby. "Theoretical models of trade blocs and integrated markets." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2000. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/4014/.
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This thesis consists of four main chapters, together with a general introduction and conclusion. The thesis examines, both separately and together, the formation of trade blocs and global market integration. All the models use a partial equilibrium framework, with firms competing as Cournot oligopolists. Chapter 2 presents two models of trade bloc formation under segmented markets. In the first model, with common constant marginal costs, global free trade is optimal for all countries when there are no more than four countries, but with five or more countries there is an incentive to form a trade bloc containing most countries, but excluding at least one. The second model introduces a cost function where a firm's marginal cost is lower when it is located in a larger trade bloc, with little effect on the results. Chapter 3 analyses the formation of trade blocs between countries with different market sizes under segmented markets. The formation of a two country customs union or free trade area will always raise the smaller country's welfare, while the larger country will usually lose from a free trade area, and sometimes from a customs union. Chapter 4, which is joint work with David R. Collie and Morten Hviid, presents a model of strategic trade policy under integrated markets, under complete and incomplete information. In the former case, a low cost country will give an export subsidy which is fully countervailed by the high cost country's import tariff. In the simultaneous signalling game, each country's expected welfare is higher than under free trade. Chapter 5 considers models of trade bloc formation under integrated markets. With common constant costs, there is no incentive for blocs to form. When costs are decreasing in membership of a bloc, either global free trade is optimal or countries would prefer to belong to the smaller of two blocs.
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Mobley, Michael. "The expansion of NAFTA membership a CGE analysis of tariff removal between Japan and North America /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2005.
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Jeroen, Mulder Kasper. "Trade blocs and the global digital divide : a spatial panel data approach." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2015. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/142611.
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TESIS PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE Economia AnalyticaIn order to get a better understanding of worldwide Internet usage differences, spatial interaction effects are added to a model explaining cross-country growth in Internet usage. The paper finds that ICT infrastructure growth has a positive and significant effect on Internet usage growth in one’s own country as well as in other countries. The findings suggest that the efficiency of policies aimed at decreasing the global digital divide can be increased if they are initiated on a trade bloc level. Contrary to earlier papers no significant role for income in explaining cross-country Internet usage differences is found.
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Kabajulizi, Julian. "The cost of bypassing MFN obligations through GSP schemes: EU-India GSP case and its implications for developing countries." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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The principal objective of this research was a critical examination of the Generalised System of Preference schemes as a form of special and differential treatment under the Enabling Clause with specific reference to the complaint brought against the European Union (EU) by India regarding the EU's granting of tariff preferences to developing countries with illegal drug trafficking problem.
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Melatos, Mark. "Modelling Regional Trade Agreements." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/486.
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In the last twenty years, regional trade agreements have proliferated. These have usually taken the form of customs unions (CUs) or free trade areas (FTAs). This thesis concentrates mostly on the formation and behaviour of CUs. Union members levy a common external tariff (CET) on non-members. Existing theoretical models, however, do not agree on how the CET rate is chosen. Every model imposes a different choice rule exogenously. In this thesis, for the first time, plausible choice rules, based on the CU's social welfare function, are derived endogenously. The strategic behaviour of members and non-members, reveals that responsibility for CET choice tends to be assumed by the member that can induce the rest of the world to levy those tariffs members prefer to face. Relatively few general results exist describing the relationship between country characteristics and trade bloc formation. Here, new light is shed on this issue, by systematically analysing bloc formation in an asymmetric world, and investigating the role of preferences in coalition formation. It is found that global free trade is most likely to arise when all countries are similar. Customs unions tend to form between relatively well-endowed countries or those with similar preferences. It is also demonstrated that CUs will usually Pareto dominate FTAs, except where preferences differ significantly. The role of transfers in CU formation has received relatively little attention in the regionalism literature. In this thesis, optimal intra-union transfers are introduced and their impact on CET choice is investigated. The impact of transfers on CU behaviour depends on the direction of the transfer. When the relatively inelastic member is the recipient, the CU responds less aggressively to non-member tariff choices than it does when transfers are not permitted. However, if the relatively elastic member is the transfer recipient, the union's aggression increases. Moreover, when one union member exercises a similar degree of control over both CET and transfer choice, then the equilibrium CET tends to be lower than in the corresponding no-transfers situation.
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Melatos, Mark. "Modelling Regional Trade Agreements." University of Sydney. Economics and Political Science, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/486.
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In the last twenty years, regional trade agreements have proliferated. These have usually taken the form of customs unions (CUs) or free trade areas (FTAs). This thesis concentrates mostly on the formation and behaviour of CUs. Union members levy a common external tariff (CET) on non-members. Existing theoretical models, however, do not agree on how the CET rate is chosen. Every model imposes a different choice rule exogenously. In this thesis, for the first time, plausible choice rules, based on the CU's social welfare function, are derived endogenously. The strategic behaviour of members and non-members, reveals that responsibility for CET choice tends to be assumed by the member that can induce the rest of the world to levy those tariffs members prefer to face. Relatively few general results exist describing the relationship between country characteristics and trade bloc formation. Here, new light is shed on this issue, by systematically analysing bloc formation in an asymmetric world, and investigating the role of preferences in coalition formation. It is found that global free trade is most likely to arise when all countries are similar. Customs unions tend to form between relatively well-endowed countries or those with similar preferences. It is also demonstrated that CUs will usually Pareto dominate FTAs, except where preferences differ significantly. The role of transfers in CU formation has received relatively little attention in the regionalism literature. In this thesis, optimal intra-union transfers are introduced and their impact on CET choice is investigated. The impact of transfers on CU behaviour depends on the direction of the transfer. When the relatively inelastic member is the recipient, the CU responds less aggressively to non-member tariff choices than it does when transfers are not permitted. However, if the relatively elastic member is the transfer recipient, the union's aggression increases. Moreover, when one union member exercises a similar degree of control over both CET and transfer choice, then the equilibrium CET tends to be lower than in the corresponding no-transfers situation.
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Abebe, Opeyemi Temitope. "Regional trade agreements and its impact on the multilateral trading system: eroding the preferences of developing countries?" Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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The purpose of this paper was to examine the impact that the proliferation of regional trade agreements have had on the Multilateral Trading System and whether by allowing regional trade agreements under the World Trade Organization rules, the members of the World Trade Organization have not unwittingly weakened the multilateral trading system. It also examined the effect the proliferation of regional trade agreements have had on the special and deferential treatment for developing countries within the system.
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Letsatsi, Paseka C. "The impact of regional integration in Africa: the case of South Africa and Botswana." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1010176.
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Regional integration can refer to the trade unification between different states by partial or full abolition of customs tariffs on trade taking place within the borders of each state. This is meant in turn to lead to lower prices for distributors and consumers (as no customs duties are paid within the integrated area) and the goal is to increase trade. (Economic integration,1950, p66) According to Mattli (1999, p.42), the analysis of the first problem takes the decision to adopt an integration treaty as a given, and is primarily concerned with identifying the condition under which the process of integration is likely to succeed or to fail. Implementation of an agreement by heads of states to tie the economies of their countries closer together entails a lengthy process of establishing common roles, regulations, and policies that are either based on specific treaty provisions or derived from general principles and objectives written into the integration agreement. Regional integration can be applied for varying forms of economic co-ordination or co-operation amongst different neighbouring states, there will however always be different political agendas in the process. If there is a treaty amongst member states, this treaty has to be enforced or it may result in the development of differences. “In order to address national priorities through regional action most member states had been allocated the responsibility of co-ordinating one or more sectors. This involved proposing sector policies, strategies and priorities, and processing projects for inclusion in the sectoral programme, monitoring progress and reporting to the council of Ministers”. (Department of International Relations & Co-operation, Republic of South Africa). Richard Baldwin, Daniel Cohen, Andre Sapir and Anthony Venables argue that, using the same basic model as Bond and Sypropoulos (1996a), they consider trigger strategies such that initially there is inter-bloc free trade supported by the threat of perpetual trade war if any party breaks the agreement. Regional integration can be understood as the process of providing common rules, regulation, and policies for a region. Regional integration is defined as a process that allows member states to have access to each other’s markets on a voluntary basis and at various degrees. Economic, political, social and cultural benefits are realised from this interaction. (Lee MC, 1999, p30) Regional integration can be seen as co-operation in a broader context but can also be an important framework, through programmes within each regional bloc. According to (Keet ,2005,p22) since the birth of democratic South Africa, regional co-operation is also seen – in addition to the broader African aims-to be an important framework, through programmes within the Southern African Development Community (SADC), within which to address the gross imbalances created both within and between the economies of the region. Regional integration has become a way of assisting the emerging economies to be able to use their proximity to align their economies with the core for economic development. According to (Hamdok, 1998, p34) the effective implementation of regional integration is founded on an enabling environment that promotes accountability, transparency and respect for the rule of law. Also a strong institutional framework at the regional and national levels is fundamental to streamline regional agreements into national policies. In addition, the establishment of effective transnational implementation tools provide opportunities to push reforms conducive to good governance at the regional level. A clear demonstration of this can be observed in effective? legal systems and the need for a regional framework and related judicial institutions to provide an improved regional environment for private development. Integration always provides space for member states to assist in the development of other member states and which have a common economic approach to development. This is done in order to ensure that there are incentives for all member states as compared to those who are outside the bloc. As evidenced in the case of Europe, economic integration helps create a homogenous space and, to some extent, equalises living conditions and if all other regional blocs follow this process the benefit becomes greater. These appear to be prerequisites for a dialogue on the harmonisation of political stands. Indeed, an economic space that is physically integrated; where goods and services move speedily and smoothly; where, besides, the mobility of factors (manpower, capital, energy and inputs) are not subjected to hindrances; where, finally, microeconomic policies are harmonised, is likely to offer equal opportunities to all. Such a high degree of economic integration is not sustainable without a policy dialogue on issues that, at first, may not fall squarely under the rubrics of economic field; peace and security, defense, diplomacy etc. (Blayo N, 1998, P.5) The process of regional co-operation within the Southern African Development Community (SADC) started in in 1980 through the formation of the Co-ordinating Conference which was later changed to SADC IN 1992. Even though it is clear that the South African government played a dominant role because of its apartheid policies, the basic condition was to start the process of integration and open the process of economic co-operation within the region. The Governments of the Republic of South Africa, the Republic of Botswana, the Kingdom of Lesotho and the Kingdom of Swaziland- being desirous of maintaining the free interchange of goods between their countries and of applying the same tariffs and trade regulations to goods imported from outside the common customs area as hereinafter defined; “Recognising that the Customs Agreement on 29 June 1910 as amended from time to time , requires modification to provide for the continuance of the customs union arrangements in the changed circumstances on a basis designed to ensure the continued economic development of the customs union area as a whole, and to ensure in particular that these arrangements encourage the development of the less advanced members of the customs union and the diversification of their economies, and afford to all parties equitable benefits arising from trade among themselves and other countries”.(Government Notice, R 3914,p1). Even though there’s an acknowledgement that under the difficult conditions during apartheid, there was a need for the region to develop a common approach towards development and sustainable growth in the Southern African region. All countries in the region had to co-operate for long term sustainable economic growth, peace and security. “In 1980, the Southern African Development Co-ordination Conference (SADCC) was established with the major objectives of decreasing economic dependence on the apartheid regime and fostering regional development. The strategy adopted for meeting these objectives was regional development and co-operation. In 1992 SADCC was reborn, as the Southern African Development Community (SADC). The member states decided the time had come to move the region towards the creation of one regional market”. (Lee MC, 1999, p1) “Through the establishment of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) the Southern African region has managed under difficult conditions of economic inequalities to standardise the trade links amongst member states, although there is still more to be done in the region to achieve shared goals of development. The Southern African Customs Union (SACU) links the trade, regimes of Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa and Swaziland.
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Appau, Adriana Boakyewaa, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Analysing Sub-Saharan Africa trade patterns in the presence of regional trade agreements : a comparative analysis." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Economics, c2013, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3424.
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This thesis employs a dynamic form of the gravity model and data from 1988-2005 to estimate the effects of RTAs in SSA on intra-African trade. The thesis proposes a better approach to examining member-nonmember trade relations of RTAs. This thesis is unique because it uses System GMM estimator to overcome econometric issues associated with estimating dynamic models. The results suggest that COMESA and SADC has led to a significant increase in intra and extra-RTA trade. ECOWAS has increased intra-ECOWAS trade but decreased extra-ECOWAS trade. ECCAS has had a negative impact on both intra-ECCAS and extra-ECCAS trade flows. The proposed approach of examining member-nonmember relationships provides better estimates. A comparative analysis is made to shed light on how high or low the trade creation effect of RTAs in SSA are. The results of this thesis support the view that the impact of RTAs in SSA is higher than perceived.x, 61 leaves ; 29 cm
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Fontes, Policarpo Óscar [UNESP]. "O processo de integração regional na SADC: desafios e limites para o aprofundamento da integração (2001-2010)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/134085.
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000697754.pdf: 680931 bytes, checksum: 5a61ac3a97c2a48d7f8ce7672611edcc (MD5)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
O presente trabalho é uma reflexão sobre o processo da integração regional na Comunidade de Desenvolvimento da África Austral (SADC). Aborda os desafios e limites para o aprofundamento da integração, no período que vai desde a reestruturação da SADC em 2001 até à dificuldade de estabelecimento da União Aduaneira em 2010. Durante esse período, o processo de integração regional progrediu lentamente sem que houvesse distribuição igual de ganhos entre os países pertencentes ao bloco. Argumenta-se que a múltipla filiação dos Estados da SADC tem sido obstáculo para o aprofundamento da integração regional. Analisa-se os principais desafios para o aprofundamento da integração e desenha perspectivas para o futuro.
This work intends to reflect on the process of regional integration in Southern African Development Community (SADC). It discusses the challenges and limits to the deepening of integration in the period from the restructuring of SADC in 2001 to the difficulty of establishing the Customs Union in 2010. During this period, the regional integration process has moved slowly and there was no equal distribution of gains among the SADC member states. The argument hereof sugests as the main obstacles to further integration: the multiple membership of SADC member states to the various regional blocs.
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Awan, Anam ul Haq, and Shahzad Ali. "Regionalization and Marketing Mix Strategies of a company." Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Teacher Education (LUT), 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-738.
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Our study deals with the concept of regional trade blocs or open borders (Nordic Region) and their impact on the Marketing Mix Strategies of the firm. The purpose of our study is to analyze the regionalization concept as company point of view and then its impact on the marketing mix strategies of a company operating in Nordic Region. To get the appropriate data for this, we studied a telecommunication company based in Norway and operating in Denmark and Sweden as well. We adopted the inductive approach and case study method, and our study is based on our research findings, on the basis of which we developed our own model. The model discusses certain variables and factors which influence the marketing mix decisions of the company.
The study results show that company felt the reality of open market and trying to get the advantages of this opportunity by modifying or reorganizing its marketing mix strategies according to the open market conditions. Innovation and product development according to the customer demands in different markets forced the company to take attention about their product line and product components. Competition in local and regional market forced the company and they based their price strategy on competition so competition became a driving force for the company’s price strategy. Open borders gave a number of alternatives to position the products and Telenor is using different distribution channels which vary from market to market and country to country. Company adopted trans-border strategy for the easiness of their end consumers and used different brand names in different markets but with single logo at all.
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Fontes, Policarpo Óscar. "O processo de integração regional na SADC : desafios e limites para o aprofundamento da integração (2001-2010) /." São Paulo : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/134085.
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O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações Internacionais é instituído em parceria com a Unesp/Unicamp/PUC-SP, em projeto subsidiado pela CAPES, intitulado "Programa San Tiago Dantas"Orientador: Luis Ayerbe
Banca: Tullo Vigevani
Banca: Carlos Eduardo de Carvalho
Resumo: O presente trabalho é uma reflexão sobre o processo da integração regional na Comunidade de Desenvolvimento da África Austral (SADC). Aborda os desafios e limites para o aprofundamento da integração, no período que vai desde a reestruturação da SADC em 2001 até à dificuldade de estabelecimento da União Aduaneira em 2010. Durante esse período, o processo de integração regional progrediu lentamente sem que houvesse distribuição igual de ganhos entre os países pertencentes ao bloco. Argumenta-se que a múltipla filiação dos Estados da SADC tem sido obstáculo para o aprofundamento da integração regional. Analisa-se os principais desafios para o aprofundamento da integração e desenha perspectivas para o futuro.
Abstract: This work intends to reflect on the process of regional integration in Southern African Development Community (SADC). It discusses the challenges and limits to the deepening of integration in the period from the restructuring of SADC in 2001 to the difficulty of establishing the Customs Union in 2010. During this period, the regional integration process has moved slowly and there was no equal distribution of gains among the SADC member states. The argument hereof sugests as the main obstacles to further integration: the multiple membership of SADC member states to the various regional blocs.
Mestre
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Maslauskaitė, Indrė. "Šiaurės Amerikos laisvosios prekybos sutartis, jos veiklos mechanizmas bei įtaka šalių dalyvių ekonominei ir socialinei raidai." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2007. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20070106_150531-81157.
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Šiuolaikinis pasaulinis ūkis pasižymi nuolatos vykstančiais integraciniais procesais, visos šalys
dalyvauja tarptautin÷je prekyboje, išskyrus tokias retas išimtis kaip Šiaur÷s Kor÷ja. Šalys d÷l
įvairiausių priežasčių jungiasi į asociacijas, bendrijas, sąjungas, sudarydamos sutartis, konvencijas,
susitarimus.
Globalizacijos procesas daro reikšmingos įtakos tarptautin÷ms kapitalo rinkoms, prekių rinkoms,
makroekonominei (biudžeto) politikai, pramon÷s santykiams ir darbo rinkos reglamentavimui.
Šiuolaikiniame pasauliniame ūkyje, vykstant globalizacijos procesams, šalys jungiasi į integracines
grupuotes, o integraciniai procesai keičia pasaulinę ūkio struktūrą, darbo pasidalijimą, gamybos
veiksnių jud÷jimo apimtis ir mastą.
Šiaur÷s Amerikos laisvosios prekybos sutarties (original. klb. North American Free Trade
Agreement) šalių integracin÷ grupuot÷ – viena stambiausių ir ekonomiškai stipriausių pasaulio
integracinių grupuočių. Šiaur÷s Amerikos laisvosios prekybos sutartis (NAFTA) – tai sutartis, sudaryta
tarp Kanados, Jungtinių Amerikos Valstijų ir Meksikos. NAFTA’os susitarimas pasirašytas 1994 m.
sausio 1 d. NAFTA – tai trišal÷ prekybin÷ Šiaur÷s Amerikos šalių integracin÷ grupuot÷. Šiaur÷s
Amerikos laisvosios prekybos sutartis sudaryta pratęsiant 1989 m. Kanados ir JAV laisvosios prekybos
sutartį. NAFTA, priešingai nei ES, neturi nei antinacionalinių valdžios organų, nei įstatymin÷s
sistemos, viršesn÷s už nacionalines. NAFTA – tai sutartis, sudaryta vadovaujantis tarptautine... [to full text]Integrative processes are very characteristic to contemporary global economy, every country participates in the international trade, except for such rare exceptions as North Korea. Due to various circumstances countries integrate into associations, communities, unions, by concluding agreements, conventions and contracts. The process of globalizations makes significant influence on international markets of capital, product markets, macroeconomic (budget) policy, industrial relationship and on the regulation of labour market. In contemporary global economy, in the presence of globalization, countries integrate into integrative groups, as a result, the integrative processes change the structure of the global economy, labour division, volumes and scope of production. The integrative group of North American Free Trade Agreement is one of the largest and economically strongest world’s integrative groups. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is an agreement, which was concluded among Canada, United States of America and Mexico. NAFTA was concluded on the 1st of January 1994. NAFTA is a trilateral integrative group of North America. North American Free Trade Agreement was concluded as an extension of Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement. NAFTA, contrary to EU, has nor antinational organs of authority, neither legislative system, which would be superior to national legislative system. NAFTA is an agreement, which was concluded following the international legislative... [to full text]
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Then, de Lammerskötter Rosario. "WTO und Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) : Artikel XXIV und die enabling clause im Lichte eines idealen Regulierungssystems /." Münster : LIT, 2004. http://www.gbv.de/dms/sbb-berlin/387731849.pdf.
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Oduor, Jacob. "Impacts of real exchange rate misalignments on trade creation and diversion within regional trading blocs: the case of COMESA." Aachen Shaker, 2008. http://d-nb.info/98953278X/04.
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Mattsson, Albin Nils, Oskar Wilgotson, and Gustav Thomas Åsberg. "The European customs arena : Today and tomorrow." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-23439.
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Customs services are increasing and becoming more important as global and cross-border trade increases. New trade agreements are developing which changes the prerequisites for actors concerned by the customs market. The customs industry is in many cases old-fashioned where customs service providers are making declarations by hand. The purpose of this study is to gain a deeper understanding about development of customs services based on the parameters: technology, trade blocs, climate issues and customer requirements. This study is based on a deductive approach where a qualitative method has been used for data collection. The data collection has been done by interviewing people from various companies and organizations with significant knowledge within the customs area. With support of the interviews and theoretical learnings a presumptive future of the customs industry has been developed. The results were constructed by assembling learnings from the interviews and are visualized based on the four parameters. Quality and price are important factors that reflect all the respondents’ answers regarding the customer requirements of the industry. Reputation and the opportunity to cover a larger geographical area are also parameters that the respondents mentioned. In the upcoming years there are demands regarding more data integration and digitalization between customs service providers and companies within the industry. This digitalization might help companies to evaluate and use trade agreements. Environment is a topic that is constantly being noticed in all industries, the customs industry as well. Common to the respondents was that climate issues will generate a future of more national and local nature. We see an increased degree of protectionism according to respondent seven. Block chain is a technology that has received increased attention lately, which leading to the question of whether this is something that customs companies should consider. In the future, blockchain may be worth investing in, but at the moment there are several limitations with the technology.
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Mamkeli, Xolani. "Regional intergration: the impact of a one stop border post between South Africa and Mozabique in enhancing trade facilitation." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1016263.
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The Ressano Garcia Border Post on the Mozambique side and the Lebombo Border post on the South African side represent the link between two of the three Maputo Corridor countries that receives the largest amount of freight traffic along the Corridor. The link has been identified as a major obstacle to the free movement of goods. As a result the process of the establishment of a One Stop Border Post was mooted by the former president Thabo Mbeki and his counter-part in Mozambique Mr. Joaquim Chissano in a bilateral agreement between these two countries. The reasons for these developments are prompted by the protracted problems that have beset intra-regional trade. For example, transport infrastructure in the region imposes significant costs on intra-regional and regional trade transactions. Long delays at border posts add to the intra-regional trade costs. The requirements by the 1996 SADC trade protocol, the basis of the FTA — that member states eliminate non-tariff barriers — poses special problems as it represents different things to different SADC member states. Addressing the SADC summit on 16 August 2006, the then South African President Thabo Mbeki said “the launch of the FTA was much more than a simple acknowledgement that the majority of traded goods in the region are duty-free. Rather we should view the achievement of this milestone as a major step towards addressing the fundamental challenges of poverty and underdevelopment through deeper integration and economic development” (Mbeki, 2006:16). Now that there will be one centre that clears all the documents for the transporters this will effectively culminate in the speedy processing of the documents. There will be no need for the transporters to stop at the other country’s customs offices to do the same job. Once the documents are complete the process is complete, because the barriers are removed between the two countries.
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Badinger, Harald, and Fritz Breuss. "Do small countries of a trade bloc gain more of its enlargement? An empirical test of the Casella effect for the case of the European Community." Forschungsinstitut für Europafragen, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2002. http://epub.wu.ac.at/1732/1/document.pdf.
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Casella (1996) derives theoretically the result that the gains from enlarging a trade bloc fall disproportionately on its small member states. Testing this hypothesis for the Member States of the European Community and its enlargements since 1973, we find mixed results, indicating that such a small country bonus may well exists, but that it is partly neutralized or dominated by economic forces that tend to favour large countries.Series: EI Working Papers / Europainstitut
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Bates, Stephen Edward, and Stephen Bates@ea gov au. "The New Regionalism: Comparing the Development of the EC Single Integrated Market, NAFTA and APEC." The Australian National University. Faculty of Arts, 1996. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20011210.141305.
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The study of regions in international relations has been a sometime thing, gaining scholarly attention in the 1950s and 1960s, dropping largely from view in the 1970s, and returning to focus quite dramatically in the late 1980s and early 1990s. It is clear that the contemporary manifestations of regionalism (the completion of the internal market of the European Communities in 1992, Asia Pacific developments, and US-centred Western hemisphere moves) constitute a new and qualitatively different factor in both interstate relations and the international political economy. The growth in the development of regions in the 1980s also represents a new level of interstate collaboration in the international system. The question arises as to the causes of this 'new regionalism' of the 1980s, and the implications of these developments for international relations practice and theory. Investigating these issues is the main task of this thesis.
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This thesis involves three elements: a central contemporary element examining the re-emergence of regions in the 1980s; a second comparative element comparing the causal factors operating in three different regions; and lastly, a theoretical element examining the usefulness of current theory to the phenomenon of regionalism in the 1980s and 1990s.
Chapters Two and Three discuss the relevant theoretical literature with a view to developing the propositions to be examined in the case studies. They examine three of the major streams of international relations theory - realism, liberal economics, and institutionalism - with a focus on what these contending theories have had to say about how regional groupings arise. Chapter Two looks at the relevant theoretical literature in the 1950s and 1960s while Chapter Three explores the more recent theoretical literature of the 1970s and 1980s.
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The rest of the body of the thesis tests propositions set out at the end of Chapter Three on the causes of the regionalist revival in the 1980s by way of three case studies, each one concerned with the actual development of regionalism in three different parts of the globe: Western Europe, North America and the Asia Pacific.
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In all three regions the move towards regionalism was clearly a reaction to negative developments in the international economic and political systems. It was in part a specific response to the undermining of the liberal international trading regime and the associated rise in protectionism, particularly in the US. It was also partly the result of an ideational shift in terms of economic doctrine away from keynesianism and import substitution industrialisation to economic liberalism and export-oriented economic growth. Yet it is also apparent from the case studies that the new regionalism was also to some extent the result of a kind of interactive chain reaction, a spiral of mutual anxiety, with regionalism in one area provoking an extension of regionalism in another. It is indeed difficult to establish which of these causal explanations is the principal one as it is clear from the case studies that they are in fact mutually reinforcing.
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The thesis concludes with an analysis of the insights provided by the case studies into the theoretical debates examined in Chapters Two and Three. Finally, there is an attempt to use these insights to construct a theory accounting for the rise of the new regionalism.
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Oduor, Jacob [Verfasser]. "Impacts of Real Exchange Rate Misalignments on Trade Creation and Diversion within Regional Trading Blocs: The Case of COMESA / Jacob Oduor." Aachen : Shaker, 2008. http://d-nb.info/1162793252/34.
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Dator, Jessica Asne. "The state, market and civil society in the growth areas of Mindanao, Philippines approaches to development governance in the Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia and Philippines East ASEAN growth area (BIMP-EAGA) sub-region /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ57279.pdf.
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Gonçalves, Julia de Souza Borba. "Brasil e a Aliança do Pacífico : visões em disputa na integração regional? /." Marília, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/181080.
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Orientador: Marcelo Passini MarianoBanca: Regiane Nitsch Bressan
Banca: Roberto Goulart Menezes
O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações Internacionais é instituído em parceria com a Unesp/Unicamp/PUC-SP, em projeto subsidiado pela CAPES, intitulado "Programa San Tiago Dantas"
Resumo: A Aliança do Pacífico (Chile, Colômbia, Peru e México) surgiu como um novo bloco na América Latina em abril de 2011. Foi declarado por seus membros como um processo de in-tegração regional que fomenta - tal como consta no Acordo Marco da Aliança do Pacífico - o regionalismo aberto e a inserção internacional na região Ásia-Pacífico. A partir de então, a ideia de que a Aliança do Pacífico fazia contraste ao Mercosul começou a ser discutida pela Academia, por jornais nacionais e internacionais, e por atores domésticos brasileiros. A prin-cípio, para o Brasil, os impactos da Aliança do Pacífico para o Mercosul foram tratados com certo ceticismo, principalmente por se acreditar que a Aliança do Pacífico poderia aprender com a experiência do Mercosul, até que em 2014 houve uma iniciativa por parte do Brasil de se aproximar do bloco e, atualmente, este tem sido um tema relevante na agenda de política externa. A presente dissertação de mestrado se dedica a compreender tal aproximação a partir da política externa brasileira, focando em como esta percebe e se relaciona com a Aliança do Pacífico no período entre 2011 e 2018. A pesquisa realizada fundamentou-se em metodologia e dados qualitativos a fim de responder a pergunta se a Aliança do Pacífico é conflitante ou complementar à agenda brasileira para a integração regional. Os resultados apresentados elu-cidam os principais posicionamentos brasileiros em relação à Aliança do Pacífico ao longo do período; como surgiu o debate interno e... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The Pacific Alliance (Chile, Colombia, Peru and Mexico) emerged as a new bloc in Latin America in April of 2011. It was declared by its members to be an integration process with the aim to promote open regionalism and to deepen ties with the Asia-Pacific region - as it was stated in the Pacific Alliance Framework Agreement. From then on, the idea that the Pa-cific Alliance could constrain Mercosur was debated by the Academia, by both national and international media and also by Brazilian domestic agents. At first the impacts of the Pacific Alliance on Mercosur were treated with some skepticism by Brazil mainly because it was be-lieved that the Pacific Alliance could learn from the Mercosur experience, until 2014 when there was a Brazilian initiative to bring together Mercosur and the Pacific Alliance and there-after it has been an important subject in Brazilian foreign policy agenda. This dissertation fo-cuses on understanding this subject through Brazilian foreign policy, by highlighting how Brazil perceived the Pacific Alliance and what were the initiatives related to this bloc during the period between 2011 and 2018. The research was based on a qualitative methodology and qualitative data in order to answer if the Pacific Alliance is conflicting or complementary to Brazilian regional integration agenda. The results elucidate the main Brazilian statements about the Pacific Alliance, how it became an internal topic of discussion, which domestic agents and government agencies... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Resumen: La Alianza del Pacífico (Chile, Colombia, Perú y México) surgió en América Latina como un nuevo bloque regional en abril de 2011. Fue declarado por sus miembros como un proceso de integración regional que fomenta - según el Acuerdo Marco de la Alianza del Pacífico - el regionalismo abierto y la inserción internacional en la región Asia-Pacífico. A partir de enton-ces, se empezó a discutir la idea de que la Alianza del Pacífico contrastaba con Mercosur por la Academia, por periódicos nacionales e internacionales, y por actores domésticos brasileños. En un primero momento, por parte de Brasil, los impactos de la Alianza del Pacífico sobre Mercosur fueron tratados con cierto escepticismo, principalmente por que se creía que la Alianza del Pacífico podría aprender con la experiencia del Mercosur, hasta que en 2014 hubo una iniciativa por parte de Brasil de aproximarse al bloque y, actualmente, este ha sido un te-ma relevante en la agenda de política exterior de Brasil. La presente tesis de magíster se enfo-ca a comprender dicha aproximación a partir de la política exterior brasileña, enfocándose en cómo ésta percibe y se relaciona con la Alianza del Pacífico en el período entre 2011 y 2018. La investigación realizada se fundamentó en metodología y datos cualitativos para contestar la pregunta si la Alianza del Pacífico está en conflicto o es complementaria a la agenda brasi-leña para la integración regional. Los resultados presentados elucidan los principales posicio-namientos br... (Resumen completo clicar acceso eletrônico abajo)
Mestre
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Chen, Shiyuan. "Three essays in public finance." unrestricted, 2008. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-08132008-203055/.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2008.Title from file title page. Sally Wallace, committee chair; Yongsheng Xu, David L. Sjoquist , Dillon Alleyne, committee members. Electronic text (142 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed Nov. 20, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 125-141).
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Mandela, Babongile Thabile. "Regional hegemony as a tool for peace : an evaluation of South Africa’s role in regional development." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5403.
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Thesis (MA (Political Science. International Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Southern Africa as a region requires a rallying point from where they can integrate and mobilize their resources in order to create a security community, which acts both as a deterrent to the outbreak of conflict and regional bloc to protect local industries from global forces. The Southern African Development Community (SADC) does not have the strong relationship which usually exists between states that share a common goal or interest. The study argues that the lack of leadership within the region accounts for the weak cooperative relationship that presently exists in Southern Africa. This study argues that regionalization does not come about unless the states in a particular region want it. It may come about through spontaneous or unintended convergence in terms of political regime, economic policy or security, but often one can identify a triggering political event which sets the process in motion. The study argues that the Development Corridors apparent in Southern Africa can act as the triggering event and have the promise to forge the most feasible cooperation amongst regional states. The phenomenon of Peace Parks rooted in the Spatial Development Initiatives, offer a unique type of regional integration embedded on traditional focal areas and Southern African Identity. This study intends to analyze the potential ability of regional hegemony to foster peace through development. The primary objective of this study consequently is to examine the role of regional hegemonies as tools for peace; using South Africa’s hegemony in Southern Africa as a case study. This study describes the importance of South Africa as a regional hegemon to lead the process of creating a peaceful co-existence in SADC. To achieve the research objectives the following questions have been formulated: What is South Africa’s role as a development partner in Southern Africa? The second research question asks how the political economy of regionalism is apparent in the Spatial Development Indicators (Development Corridors). Specifically what contribution could Spatial Development Initiatives make towards SADC’s regional integration objectives? The research questions provide an impression of major socio-political developments looming in the region and also seek to provide the required tools to analyze and understand what is going on in Southern Africa today.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suider-Afrikaanse streek het ’n definitiewe behoefte om ‘n sentrale punt te identifiseer waar beide integrasie kan plaasvind en hulpbronne gemobiliseer kan word om ’n veiligheids gemeenskap te skep. Dit kan as ’n definitiewe teenvoeter dien vir die onstaan van konflik en om plaaslike industrie te beskerm teen die soms negatiewe invloed van internasionale magte. Die Suider-Afrikaanse Ontwikkelings Gemeenskap (SAOG) het huidiglik nie ’n sterk verhouding wat tussen state met gemeenskaplike doelwitte en belange heers nie. Die kern argument van hierdie studie is dat die tekort aan leierskap binne die streek een van die hoofoorsake is vir die algemene swak samewerking wat tans bestaan in Suider-Afrika. Die studie argumenteer dat sogenaamde streeks/regionale integrasie nie tot stand kan kom tensy die state in ’n spesifieke streek ’n definitiewe behoefte daartoe het nie. Dit kan wel onstaan deur middel van ’n spontane samevloei van politieke regimes, ekonomiese beleid en veiligheid. Daar is soms egter ’n spesifieke gebeurtenis wat die proses laat onstaan. Die studie argumenteer dat die sogenaamde Ontwikkelings Deurgange (‘Development Corridors’) wat tans in Suider-Afrika ontwikkel as ’n moontlike vertrekpunt gesien kan word wat die beste kans bied om samewerking tussen state te bevorder. Die onstaan van Vredes Parke (‘Peace Parks’) gevestig binne die Ontwikkelings Deurgange, bied ’n unieke vorm van regionale integrasie in Suider-Afrika. Hierdie studie het ten doel om die potensiële moontlikheid van regionale hegemonie om vrede te bewerkstellig deur middel van ontwikkeling te ontleed. Die hoof doelwit van hierdie studie is om die rol van regionale hegemonie as instrument van vrede te ontleed. Die studie sal spesifiek die gevallestudie van Suid-Afrika se regionale hegemonie in Suider-Afrika ondersoek. Hierdie studie beskryf die belangrikheid van Suid-Afrika as ’n streeks moondheid om die leiding te neem om vreedsame samewerking binne die SAOG te bewerkstellig. Die volgende belangrike vrae is in hierdie studie gestel: Wat is Suid-Afrika se rol as ’n ontwikkelings-vennoot in Suider-Afrika? Die tweede vraag probeer vasstel tot watter mate die politieke ekonomie van regionale samewerking tans bestaan in die Omgewings Ontwikkelings Indikatore (die sogenaamde ‘Development Corridors’). Watter spesifieke bydraes kan hierdie inisiatiewe lewer om die SAOG se regionale integrasie doelwitte te bereik? Die vrae probeer ’n geheel indruk skep hoe die Omgewings-Ontwikkelings Inisiatiewe (‘Spatial Development Initiatives’) tans bydra om ’n beter begrip te skep van huidige verwikkelinge in Suider-Afrika.
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Djau, Mamadu Alfa. "Desempenho comercial do mercosul: estrutura, vantagens comparativas reveladas e comÃrcio inter e intra-setorial." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=13736.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel SuperiorThis search investigated the trade performance of South Common Market (MERCOSUL) with emphasis as consequence of the modification over the word economy, such as the market integration, technological advances and competition gains inducing the international trade to have deep structural transformations. The search started by performing segmentation of word economy in regional blocks changing the multilateral negotiations among countries, trying combining forces to get up the level of competitiveness and assure their insertion in the international market. The main objective of this search is to make analysis of trading performance of MERCOSUL throughout the structure, comparative reveled advantages both inter sectors and among sectors. The data came from different sources as Analysis Systems External Trade Information (Aliceweb and Alice Web Mercosul) from External Trade Secretary, institution belonging to Development Ministry of Brazil. It was taken by portal FAO/STAT. The data also comes from BIRD, IMF, Word Development Indicators, Advanced Science and Technology Institute, Agricultural Ministry of Brazil from where we studied the agricultural commodities grouped by sectors assuming the common definition of MERCOSUL. The analytical model used in this search was the estimation of Reveled Comparative Advantages both inter and among sectors in order to identify the advantages existing in each studied country members in the trade of these sectors inside the block. The search covers the period from 2007 to 2012. By making in this way it was reached results which are in accordance with the objective of the search. It was permitted to conclude that Brazil and Argentina had six sectors in which Brazil had revealed comparative advantage into the MERCOSUL and trade among sectors with productive specialization in six sectors. Argentina has advantage in five sectors by practicing trade among sectors. Argentina also has productive specialization in four sectors. Anchored in the results we can conclude that Brazil continues being the major economy of the block as waited, having the greatest part of this market specialized over the trade of agricultural commodities. Otherwise the block continues needing to solve many problems such as the trading barriers as well to enforce the regional regulators institutions in order to become international and can monitory trade actions of some countries to benefit other Countries which belong to the MERCOSUL.
O presente trabalho investiga o desempenho comercial do Mercado Comum do Sul, em que, as modificaÃÃes na economia mundial, tais como a integraÃÃo dos mercados, avanÃos tecnolÃgicos e ganhos de competitividade induziram o comercio internacional Ãs profundas transformaÃÃes estruturais. Iniciou-se uma segmentaÃÃo da economia mundial em blocos regionais, substituindo as negociaÃÃes multilaterais entre os paÃses, na tentativa de combinarem esforÃos para aumentar o nÃvel de competitividade e garantir sua sobrevivÃncia e inserÃÃo no mercado internacional. O objetivo principal deste trabalho à analisar o desempenho comercial do Mercosul, atravÃs da estrutura, vantagens comparativas reveladas e comÃrcio inter e intra-setorial. As principais fontes de dados utilizadas foram o sistema de anÃlise das InformaÃÃes de ComÃrcio Exterior (Aliceweb e Alice Web Mercosul) da Secretaria ComÃrcio Exterior, ÃrgÃo vinculado ao MinistÃrio do Desenvolvimento, IndÃstria e ComÃrcio Exterior; atravÃs do portal FAO/STAT; Banco Mundial, Fundo MonetÃrio Internacional, World Development Indicators, Advanced Science and Technology Institute, MinistÃrio da Agricultura, PecuÃria e Abastecimento em que foram estudados os produtos agropecuÃrios em termos de setores com Nomenclatura Comum do Mercosul. O modelo analÃtico utilizado neste trabalho foi o cÃlculo de Ãndices de Vantagens Comparativas Reveladas e Inter setorial e Intra-setorial para identificar vantagem no comÃrcio destes setores dentro do bloco pelos paÃses membros no perÃodo que compreende de 2007 a 2012. Com isso, foram alcanÃados os resultados satisfatÃrios como propostos nos objetivos em que o destaque das anÃlises se concentra nas duas maiores economias do bloco, Brasil e Argentina, em que foram encontrados seis setores no qual Brasil possui vantagem comparativa revelada em relaÃÃo ao Mercosul e comÃrcio de tipo intra-setorial, com especializaÃÃo produtiva nestes seis setores e a Argentina possui vantagem em cinco setores praticando comÃrcio de tipo intra-setorial nestes cinco e possuà especializaÃÃo produtiva em quatro setores. Portanto conclui-se que o Brasil continua sendo a maior economia do bloco possuindo desta maneira a maior fatia deste mercado na comercializaÃÃo dos produtos agropecuÃrios. No entanto, o bloco ainda precisa resolver muitos problemas como no caso de barreiras alfandegÃrias que outrora os paÃses enfrentam nas exportaÃÃes destes setores e como tambÃm procurar fortificar os seus ÃrgÃos reguladores de maneira que torne supranacional fiscalizando aÃÃes comerciais sem favorecimento de algum paÃs membro.
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Bothra, Aditi. "Preferential trade agreements: building blocks or stumbling blocks - case study of the US imports." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/16236.
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Master of ArtsDepartment of Economics
Peri da Silva
Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) are known to facilitate liberalization with respect to only a few trading partners and thus they have been a topic of debate for the past two decades especially because their effect on most favored nation (MFN) tariffs is known to be ambiguous. We provide insights for analyzing whether the PTAs indeed hamper or support multilateral liberalization. Using product level official and actual tariffs we provide evidence from the United States (US) import data that the stumbling block effect on the US MFN bound tariffs is present only for goods that receive full preference in books or in actual. However, my dataset does not statistically support the stumbling block hypothesis in the case of Applied tariffs.
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Perničková, Adéla. "Porovnání evropského a asijského přístupu k Africe." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-81877.
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In my diploma thesis I compare European and Asian approach to African continent. In the first chapter natural resources and strategic position of Africa is described. I deal with traditional business relationships with African partner, political relation, their agriculture production and tourism in Africa. In this chapter I apply Leamer's triangle, Dutch disease and terms of trade on relationship between African countries and their business partners. Second chapter analyzes factors which influence interests for cooperation between European and African countries. In the second half of this chapter I try to show how Africa sees European and Asian countries. I deal mainly with relationship between European and African integration, using the theory of the effects of economic blocs. In the last chapter I compare the approach of the European Union and Asian countries to Africa.
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White, Lyal. "Exploring South-South relations : the case of SADC and Mercosur." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52263.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study explores inter-regional relations between SADC and Mercosur. The central problem posed at the outset is "Why should relations between SADC and Mercosur be pursued?" In this problem there exists two separate questions, each one dealing with the regions at hand. The first question asks whether Mercosur is a viable partner in the global political economy and if so, "What possible options are made available through a partnership with Mercosur in the future?" The second question focuses on the Southern African region and addresses concerns surrounding SADC as Mercosur's option for a partner in Africa. These problems are analysed in the context of the global political economy from the perspective of regionalisation, considering the increased interest and attention this phenomenon is currently receiving in international relations. This study therefore addresses both bilateral and multilateral implications associated with SADC-Mercosur relations, with the importance of market liberalisation as well as the effects of regional integration on the process of globalisation kept in mind. A descriptive and analytical approach is employed throughout the study. This methodology provides a concise description of both regions. It also allows the study and research to take place on different levels of analysis, looking at the problem from a country-to-country, country-to-region and region-to-region perspective. These levels are extended to include bilateral and multilateral opportunities for the parties involved. In applying this descriptive methodology various characteristics and attributes of each region are looked at, identifying benefits a regional bloc like Mercosur holds in terms of market size and level of regional development. Various other areas are studied, which explores possible future opportunities for both SA DC and Mercosur through improved south-south co-operation. Statistical data is used to further illustrate certain arguments raised and findings made. The study clearly reveals a broad number of benefits available through enhanced SADCMercosur relations. Mercosur holds an immense amount of future potential that would be of great importance in maintaining a sustainable position for developing economies in the future. There are however a number of difficulties too. These emanate primarily from SADC and therefore cast a great deal of doubt on SADC's ability to enter into a partnership with Mercosur. Considering the current situation, a more viable option would be SACU. But this option should be pursued with the intention of bringing the rest of SADC on board in the not too distant future. SADC's shear size and status in Southern Africa is a drawing card in developing south-south co-operation. It would be ideal to develop relations between SADC and Mercosur in a truly inter-regional fashion and possibly even a transatlantic FTA further down the line. This is a vision that should always be on the agenda when pursuing relations with Mercosur.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek die inter-streeksverhouding tussen SADC en Mercosur. Vanuit die staanspoor word die vraag, "Waarom behoort verhouding tussen SADC en Mercosur nagestreefte word?" gevra. Die studie spreek binne hierdie verband met twee sub-vrae. Die eerste vraag vra of Mercosur 'n lewensvatbare vennoot in the globale politieke ekonornie is en indien weI, "Watter opsies word vir die toekoms gegenereer deur 'n vennootskap met Mercosur." Die tweede vraag fokus op Suidelike Afrika en spreek kwessies rakende SADC as Mercosur se keuse vir 'n vennoot in Afrika aan. Binne die konteks van die globale politieke ekonomie word bogenoemde probleme vanuit 'n streeksperspektief geanaliseer, gegewe die toenemende aandag wat die regionalisasie verskynsel tans in internasionale betrekkinge geniet. Hierdie studie spreek gevolglik beide die bilaterale en multilaterale implikasies van SADC-Mercosur verhoudinge aan, terwyl die belangrikheid van markliberalisering asook die gevolg van streeksintegrasie vir die globaliseringsproses in gedagte gehou word. Die studie volg deurgaans 'n beskrywende en analitiese benadering. Daardeur word navorsing op verskiIIende vlakke van analise moontlik gemaak deur die probleem vanuit 'n land-tot-land, land-tot-streek en streek-tot-streek perspektiefte beskou. Deur die fokus op hierdie vlakke word die bilaterale en multilaterale geleenthede vir die betrokke partye geidentifiseer. Deur middel van 'n beskrywende metodologie word die eienskappe en potensiaal van beide streke uitgelig, veral met betrekking tot markgrootte en streeksontwikkeling. Teen die agtergrond van verbeterde suid-suid samewerking word ander areas ook bestudeer, met die oog op moontlike toekomstige geleenthede vir SADC en Mercosur. Statistiese data word deurgaans gebruik om sekere argumente en bevindings toe te lig. Die studie bevind dat uitgebreide SADC-Mercosur verhoudinge etlike voordele inhou. Mercosur hou groot belofte in vir ontwikkelende ekonorniee. Daar is egter ook probleme binne SADC en plaas dit 'n vraagteken oor SADC se vermoe om 'n vennootskap met Mercosur aan te gaan. 'n Meer realistiese opsie sal 'n vennootskap met SACU wees. Maar hierdie opsie behoort nagestreef te word met die oog op die spoedige insluiting van SADC. Die blote grootte en status van SADC is 'n belangrike faktor in die uitbreiding van suid-suid samewerking. Dit sou ideaal wees om verhoudinge tussen SADC en Mercosur tot op 'n ware interstreekse vlak te ontwikkel met die moontlikheid van 'n toekomstige transatlantiese vrye handelsooreenkoms. Hierdie visie behoort altyd in gedagte gehou te word in die nastreef van verhoudinge met Mercosur.
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Escassut, Rémy. "Trace automatique hiérarchisé d'interconnexions de blocs fonctionnels de circuits intégrés V.L.S.I." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376135162.
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Weiss, Oliver. "Dependency theory and Eastern bloc trade : reformulating a forgotten paradigm." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2015. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/55251/.
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This thesis is concerned with the intentions and effects of subsidised trade within the Eastern bloc. It argues that the core Soviet objective in Eastern Europe from the Thaw onwards was not exploitation for economic gain; subsidisation in return for political concessions; or an ideologically-driven desire for socialist integration, but instead to secure the dependence of the smaller socialist economies on the USSR. It is argued that advances can be made on existing literature by employing a concept of dependence which is capable of linking-up the primarily political concerns that motivated socialist international economic policy with the economic consequences for development that resulted. In order to accomplish this, a revised version of dependency theory (DT) formed through a critique of classical dependency work is used. DT is proposed as a starting-point for two reasons: firstly it was concerned to look at the interrelation between international processes and national development, a notable absence from the literature on Eastern bloc trade, and secondly the subsidised nature of this trade seems to beg the application of a theory which stresses the significance of international political and economic asymmetries. The type of dependency analysis proposed here differs from classical DT in several ways, most centrally in that an ideal-typical approach is used which allows for open-ended investigation of reciprocal influence between centre/periphery, as well as the recognition of significant differences between Soviet-type and developed market economies by refraining from making positive statements about either the nature of centre/periphery in themselves or their interactions. The impetus for this reformulation comes from the result of the literature review that some concept of dependence could help to fully articulate the consequences for development of Eastern bloc trade relations in the context of East-West antagonism.
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Machado, Gabriel Gonzalo. "Correlations between geological track and bentonite quality in the mercosur trade block." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3134/tde-01032019-090527/.
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It is undoubtable that the geological path followed by a bentonite natural occurrence, will set a birthmark in terms of grade and quality, the former being expressed in terms of mineralogical composition, smectite content and other aspects derived from the bulk sample characterization, and the latter being expressed in terms of the crystal chemistry of smectite species present and derived from the clay size fraction observations. The influence of parent rock composition, genesis mode, burial history and preservation conditions after alteration, would set the fingerprint on bentonite and inherent structural features in smectites species, which determines potential industrial and scientific uses. The following thesis aims to evaluate physicochemical properties of 12 bentonite samples, coming from the six most relevant bentonite bearing geological areas located in the Mercosur economic block (Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay)1; in order to stablish possible correlations between distinctive geological contexts, and observed characteristics from whole rock providing information regarding grade and the clay size fraction will provide information regarding quality. Mineralogical composition corroborated the tendency to be influenced by the geochemical signature of parent rock firstly, and secondly genesis mode (probably due to lack of information in this aspect). Age, on the other hand, could on the contrary, be a misleading parameter; in the sense that preservation is not necessarily time dependent. Poor grade and the presence of mixed layers and accessory clay mineral phases (mostly kaolinite but also I/S, illite and pyrophyllite) appear to be associated with hydrothermal to sedimentary alteration modes, higher grade bentonites with tendency to yield extreme relative values of physical properties, measured in layer charge, swelling and organic sorption, were found in association to diagenetic bentonites. In terms of smectite species, all members found belong to the montmorillonite-beidellite series, and rhyolitic to dacitic volcanic source, tends to alter into the montmorillonite end member of the series; and accordingly, basic precursors (basalt) to intermediary (andesite), show a tendency to alter into transitional up to beidellite Fe-rich end members of the series respectively. To evaluate implications on possible applications, crystal chemistry was evaluated over the <1 µm size fractions by XRD and XRF along with other accessory techniques (FTIR, SEM-EDS and size distribution analysis), finding a clear trend, between layer charge relative magnitude, as a function organo-sorption behavior; by simply evaluating the d-001 XRD reflections on oriented slides after first K-saturation and sequential ethylene glycol solvation, against (CTAC)-montmorillonite d001 basal reflection , being inversely proportional and resulting in a broad variety Organophilic XRD patterns, showing distinctive expandability behavior ranging from 15,2 Å To 21,68 Å. As a function of alkyl chain size and the known sorption isotherm, basically all patterns of organo-compound sorption where observed, going from lateral monolayer to paraffin type sorption behavior.É inquestionável que o caminho geológico seguido pela ocorrência natural de bentonitas, irá indicar suas características em termos de teor e qualidade, o primeiro expressado em termos da composição mineralógica, conteúdo de esmectitas e outros aspectos derivados da caracterização da amostra cabeça, e o Segundo expressado em termos da química cristalina das espécies esmectiticas presentes e derivado das observações na fracção de tamanho de argilas. A influência da composição da rocha parental, sua gênese, o histórico de soterramento e das condições de preservação após processo de alteração, determinaria a \"impressão digital\" da bentonita e as características estruturais inerentes as espécies de esmectitas, que determina os usos potenciais e industriais. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar propriedades físico-químicas de 12 amostras de bentonitas, provenientes de seis áreas geológicas mais relevantes localizadas no bloco econômico do Mercosul (Argentina, Brasil e Uruguai)2; o intuito é estabelecer possíveis correlações entre contextos geológicos distintos e características observadas em rochas (teor) e fração de tamanho de argila (qualidade). A composição mineralógica corroborou a tendência de ser influenciada pela assinatura geoquímica da rocha parental em primeiro lugar, e em segundo lugar, por sua gênese (provavelmente devido à falta de informação neste aspecto). A idade, por outro lado, poderia, pelo contrário, ser um parâmetro ilusório, no sentido de que a conservação não é necessariamente dependente do tempo. Baixo teor e baixo conteúdo de esmectita, assim como a presença de camadas mistas e fases argilosas acessórias (principalmente caulinita, mas também I/S, ilita e pirofilita) parecem estar associadas aos modos de alteração hidrotermal a sedimentar, bentonita de alto teor, com tendência a produzir valores relativos extremos de propriedades físicas, medidas em carga foliar, inchamento e sorção orgânica, foram encontradas em associação com bentonitas diagenéticas. Em termos de espécies de esmectitas, todos os membros identificados como pertencentes a série montmorilonita-beidellita, e a fonte vulcânica riolítica a dacítica, tendem a se alterar para membro final da série montmorilonita, e consequentemente, os precursores básicos (basalto) e intermediário (andesito), mostram tendência a se alterar em membros transitórios e beidellita ricos em ferro, respectivamente. Para avaliar as implicações nas possíveis aplicações, a química cristalina foi avaliada nas frações abaixo de 1 µm por DRX e FRX, juntamente de outras técnicas de apoio (FTIR, MEV/EDS e distribuição granulométrica), encontrando uma tendência clara entre a magnitude relativa da carga da camada, como uma função do comportamento da organo-absorção, simplesmente avaliando as reflexões basais em d-001 a partir de lâminas orientadas após a primeira saturação em potássio e solvatação sequencial de etileno glicol, contra reflexão em d-001 da (CTAC)-montmorilonita, sendo inversamente proporcional e resultando em uma ampla variedade de padrões de DRX organofílico, mostrando um comportamento de expansibilidade distinto, variando de 15,2 Å a 21,68 Å. Como função do tamanho da cadeia carbônica e da isoterma de sorção conhecida, basicamente todos os padrões de sorção de organo-compostos foram observados, partindo do comportamento de sorção do tipo monocamada lateral para sorção tipo parafina.
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Sauriol-Nadeau, Isabelle. "Building or stumbling, blocks anyhow: a comparative approach of regional labour mobility frameworks towards global solutions." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29712.
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While concessions to labour mobility at the international level seem off the agenda, with the General Agreements on Trades in Services essentially tabled, the past decades have produced a proliferation of regional trade agreements (RTAs), some of which are facilitating labour mobility specifically. In this paper, the author first conducts a comparative overview of RTAs that have a form of labour mobility programmes: namely, ECOWAS, ASEAN, the European Union, NAFTA, CARICOM and MERCOSUR. Building on an overview of the regulatory frameworks, institutions and legal instruments of these RTAs, the author seeks to find if patterns or lessons to be learned emerge that are relevant from a global perspective and to enhance the legal architecture of international labour mobility. The findings show positive outcomes, with some RTAs generating trade benefits and even moving forward with a common passport based on the newly shared regional identity, and at times even creating dispute settlement and legal systems for regional litigious matters. On the other hand, this exercise also points to various problems such as the poor implementation of the labour mobility provisions, to overly strict restrictions based on skill and to difficulty securing documents to benefit from the labour mobility programmes - in some of the agreements. In the second part, the author discusses these challenges faced in these regional systems. She notes that prioritising skilled as opposed to low-skilled workers has not yielded a comparative advantage and may also be fostering irregular movements. She also highlights that trade liabilities emerge from the association of countries with similar levels of development and that it accentuates the North-South paradigm. These problems disrupt access to the benefits of the programmes, which ultimately creates irregular migrations and uneven labour standards for migrant workers. Finally, the author finds that most RTAs reviewed are developing their own legal frameworks with limited interest for the international instruments available, which are at best a source of inspiration. In the third part, the author invites the reader to challenge many preconceived ideas on international mobility emerging from the first two sections, and shares her thoughts on ways forward to build an international framework, based on existing scholarly work and considering the unpopularity of the GATS. She concludes with a discussion on ‘new regionalism’ as an alternative until a shared international framework to facilitate migrations is set up, with the possibility of a merger between RTAs from the North and the South. This, she argues, could possibly unleash the full benefits of labour mobility such as increased GDPs, poverty reduction and tackling irregular migrations; benefits that have not been entirely felt to date.
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Ortiz, Pablo Chaves. "Aliança do Pacífico : uma visão do bloco através do modelo gravitacional." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/171709.
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A partir da década de 1990, houve uma proliferação de Acordos Preferenciais de Comércio (APC) ao redor do mundo. Dentro deste cenário de mudança do comércio mundial, a América Latina foi um importante ator na criação de novos acordos. Entretanto, devido a histórica instabilidade política e econômica da região, nunca houve uma integração de fato, devido principalmente ao caráter protecionista dos países. Nesse sentido, a Aliança do Pacífico (Chile, Colômbia, Peru e México) vem com uma proposta de integração econômica diferente, com objetivo de unir suas economias ainda mais e estar aberta às negociações comerciais com terceiros países. O objetivo deste estudo é estimar o comércio bilateral potencial entre os países membros da Aliança do Pacífico (AP), através do modelo gravitacional de comércio por meio de dados em painel com efeitos fixos para o ano de 2013, com uma amostra de 98 países. Os resultados mostraram que o comércio estimado para o ano de 2013 ficou apenas 1% abaixo do comércio efetivo, o equivalente a US$ 240,6 milhões. A análise por par de países mostrou que o mais beneficiado com a criação da AP seria o México, expandindo consideravelmente suas importações e exportações.From the 1990s, there was a proliferation of Preferential Trade Agreements (APC) around the world. Within this world trade change of scenery, Latin America was a key player in the creation of new agreements. However, due to historical political and economic instability in the region, there has never been an integration, mainly due to the protectionist nature of countries. In this sense, the Pacific Alliance (Chile, Colombia, Peru and Mexico) comes with a proposal for a different economic integration, aiming to unite their economies further and be open to trade negotiations with third countries. The aim of this study is to estimate the bilateral trade potential between the member countries of the Pacific Alliance (PA), through the gravitational trade model in panel data with fixed effects for year 2013, with a sample of 98 countries. The results showed that the estimated trade for the year 2013 was only 1% below the actual trade, equivalent to US $ 240.6 million. Analysis by pair of countries showed that most benefited from the creation of the Pacific Alliance would be Mexico, considerably expanding its imports and exports.
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Gerentz, Sven. "Individer, familjer och block : köpmän och köpenskap på Gotland 1894-1994." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, EHFF - Stiftelsen för Ekonomisk-historisk och Företagshistorisk Forskning, 1994. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-1298.
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Banner, Brandon Charles. "U.S. MULTINATIONALS ABROAD: FDI DETERMINANTS IN THE GLOBAL FOOD SECTOR." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2013. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/928.
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The following study assesses economic and political determinants of foreign direct investment by U.S. firms. Data from the Bureau of Economic Analysis at the U.S. Department of Commerce was used for total and food sector FDI for 35 countries from the years 2001-2008. Using these data in three econometric models, the paper examines the effect on FDI of regional trade blocs as well as political factors such as labor and credit market regulations, and transfers and subsidies. Finally, the thesis provides a comparison of each model on two dependent variables: food sector and total FDI. The study finds that management decision making for FDI differs for agribusiness firms compared to industry as a whole, especially with regards to the host country’s relative wages, language barriers, and membership in the Association of Southeast Asian Countries (ASEAN).
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Bernardo, Susana Sarmento. "O contacto pele-a-pele como estratégia promotora da vinculação da tríade no bloco de partos." Master's thesis, [s.n.], 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/16333.
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Mestrado, Enfermagem Saúde Materna e Obstetrícia, 2014, Escola Superior de Enfermagem de LisboaA gravidez é um processo fisiológico e natural, em que ocorrem várias modificações físicas e psicológicas comuns à transição para a parentalidade. Segundo Meleis, o EESMOG deve conhecer a mulher, a sua gravidez, a forma como a mesma a vivencia, para poder atuar em conformidade, permitindo à mulher ultrapassar esta transição da forma mais saudável possível. A relação de vinculação desenvolve-se progressivamente, havendo uma busca de conforto, de apoio e de proteção, vital para a sobrevivência. A manutenção do contacto pele-a-pele logo após o parto é de extrema importância para a relação de vinculação, assegurando-se assim a sua solidificação. O contacto pele-a-pele deve ser iniciado o mais precocemente possível (de preferência antes da avaliação do segundo Apgar) e continuado após o final do primeiro aleitamento materno para promover a autorregulação da criança, facilitar a adaptação à vida extra-uterina e facilitar uma correta transição para a parentalidade. A metodologia utilizada baseou-se no aprofundamento de conceitos chave e na mrealização de uma RSL com a questão PI[C]O: “Como sensibilizar os enfermeiros para a realização do contacto pele-a-pele imediato sem interrupção?”. Os objetivos passavam por sensibilizar os enfermeiros do serviço bloco de partos para a realização do contacto pele-a-pele imediatamente após o parto e também para a prestação dos primeiros cuidados ao RN em contacto pele-a-pele. Para que isso fosse possível sugeri a realização de uma norma interna, realizei 2 posters para a promoção do contacto pele-a-pele e duas sessões de formação para os enfermeiros do bloco de partos, nas quais apliquei um questionário aos mesmos sobre o contacto pele-a-pele. Por limitações de ordem temporal, não pude avaliar as estratégias aplicadas mas, no entanto, segundo o questionário aplicado, todos os enfermeiros reconhecem a importância e benefícios do contacto pele-a-pele imediato e, à exceção de um indivíduo, todos os enfermeiros equacionam utilizá-lo no dia-a-dia.
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MENDEZ, MELISSA. "THE IMPACT OF BLOCKS TRADES IN THE UNDERLYING MARKET ON OPTION PRICES: EVIDENCE FROM THE ASX." Thesis, Discipline of Finance, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/4079.
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This dissertation examines the impact a block trade in the underlying stock market has on options listed on that stock in the options market. There is significant debate in previous literature in regards to which market leads, and which market is preferred by informed traders. This thesis contributes to, and extends previous literature, by examining the relationship between stocks and options around block trades in a different geographical setting. Furthermore, by using a combined dataset provided by SIRCA and the Australian Securities Exchange, this dissertation is able to identify individual brokers executing block trades and analyse their activity in the options market. This unique dataset allows a direct test of the “inter-market front-running” hypothesis proposed by in prior literature. Results from this dissertation are consistent with previous literature, and indicate that the stock market leads the options market by as much as fifteen minutes. Analysis of Broker ID’s confirms that there is no evidence of any inter-market front-running.
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Ortiz, Pablo Chaves Ortiz. "Aliança do Pacífico: uma visão do bloco através do modelo gravitacional." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2015. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/4871.
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Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-10-21T12:42:10Z
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A partir da década de 1990, houve uma proliferação de Acordos Preferenciais de Comércio (APC) ao redor do mundo. Dentro deste cenário de mudança do comércio mundial, a América Latina foi um importante ator na criação de novos acordos. Entretanto, devido a histórica instabilidade política e econômica da região, nunca houve uma integração de fato, devido principalmente ao caráter protecionista dos países. Nesse sentido, a Aliança do Pacífico (Chile, Colômbia, Peru e México) vem com uma proposta de integração econômica diferente, com objetivo de unir suas economias ainda mais e estar aberta às negociações comerciais com terceiros países. O objetivo deste estudo é estimar o comércio bilateral potencial entre os países membros da Aliança do Pacífico, através do modelo gravitacional de comércio por meio de dados em painel com efeitos fixos para o ano de 2013, com uma amostra de 98 países. Os resultados mostraram que o comércio estimado para o ano de 2013 ficou apenas 1% abaixo do comércio efetivo, o equivalente a US$ 240,6 milhões. A análise por par de países mostrou que o mais beneficiado com a criação da AP seria o México, expandindo consideravelmente suas importações e exportações.
From the 1990s, there was a proliferation of Preferential Trade Agreements (APC) around the world. Within this world trade change of scenery, Latin America was a key player in the creation of new agreements. However, due to historical political and economic instability in the region, there has never been an integration, mainly due to the protectionist nature of countries. In this sense, the Pacific Alliance (Chile, Colombia, Peru and Mexico) comes with a proposal for a different economic integration, aiming to unite their economies further and be open to trade negotiations with third countries. The aim of this study is to estimate the bilateral trade potential between the member countries of the Pacific Alliance (PA), through the gravitational trade model in panel data with fixed effects for year 2013, with a sample of 98 countries. The results showed that the estimated trade for the year 2013 was only 1% below the actual trade, equivalent to US $ 240.6 million. Analysis by pair of countries showed that most benefited from the creation of the Pacific Alliance would be Mexico, considerably expanding its imports and exports.
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Gräf, Claudir Olípio. "Comércio bilateral entre os países membros do MERCOSUL : uma visão do bloco através do modelo gravitacional." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2012. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/3471.
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Submitted by CARLA MARIA GOULART DE MORAES (carlagm) on 2015-05-08T12:30:39Z
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A segunda onda do regionalismo no início da década de 1990 mudou consideravelmente o cenário do comércio internacional, sendo criados neste período, uma série de Acordos Preferenciais de Comércio (APC). No início da década de 2000, a literatura passou a estudar os efeitos provocados pela criação destes acordos no comércio internacional. O objetivo principal deste estudo é estimar o comércio bilateral potencial entre os países membros do MERCOSUL (Argentina, Brasil, Paraguai e Uruguai) através do modelo gravitacional, através de dados em painel com efeitos aleatórios. Foi estimado o fluxo potencial de comércio para o ano de 2009, sendo utilizados dados de 1999 a 2009, de uma amostra de 67 países. Os estimadores que mediram os efeitos do bloco no fluxo bilateral de comércio, mesmo sendo significativos, não influenciaram consideravelmente o fluxo de comércio. As estimações tiveram uma aproximação considerável entre o modelo estimado e o fluxo real de comércio bilateral, para o ano de 2009, obtendo um diferencial entre o fluxo potencial de comércio e o comércio efetivo de apenas 3,47%. Os fluxos que apresentaram maior potencial de comércio foram Argentina x Paraguai e Argentina x Uruguai, enquanto que o país que mais supera o fluxo potencial de comércio é o Brasil, que em todos os fluxos, com exceção de Brasil x Paraguai, excede o seu potencial.
The second wave of regionalism, occurred from the nineties, changed significantly the international trade scenario, with the creation of many Preferential Trading Arrangements (PTA). In a beginning of the 2000, the literature went on to study the effects caused by these arrangements on international trade. The aim of this dissertation is to estimate the potential bilateral trade between MERCOSUR members (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay) using a gravity model, based on panel data. The potential trade flows were estimated for the year 2009, using data for 1999 to 2009, based in a sample of 67 countries. The estimators which measured the bloc effects in bilateral trade flows, even though significant, do not influence considerably the trade flows. The results show a considerable approximation between the estimate potential flows and the real bilateral trade flows in 2009, with a difference between the potential trade flows and the effective trade of only 3,47%. The trade flows with the larger potential trade were Argentina x Paraguay and Argentina x Uruguay, while the country that the effective trade overcomes the potential flows is Brazil, that in all flows, except Brazil x Paraguay, exceeds its potential flows, both as an importer and as an exporter.
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Ruggins, Sarah Marie Elizabeth. "Building blocks : a historical sociology of the innovation and regulation of exchange traded funds in the United States, 1970-2000." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29505.
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Between 1993 and 2016, the U.S. exchange traded fund (ETF) market has proliferated from one product worth $6.5 million USD to 1,455 products worth over $2 trillion USD. Despite its dramatic growth, the ETF market has yet to be the subject of sociological inquiry even though fields such as the social studies of finance have begun examining the origins of index derivatives (Millo 2007), options (MacKenzie 2006), hedge funds (Hardie and MacKenzie 2007), and foreign exchange markets (Knorr Cetina and Bruegger 2002). Thus, the purpose of this dissertation is to provide the first historical sociology of ETF innovation in the United States, using an approach inspired by the social studies of finance. This project empirically traces the emergence of the ETF by compiling an account of precursory strategies, concept development, regulatory negotiations, and early product marketing. The concept of agencement is used to frame the historical narrative of the ETF as a product of two distinct assemblages that formed in the U.S. between 1970 and 2000: first, the socio-technical integration between humans and their technologies that affected trading strategies, and second, the collaborative relationships that were formed between innovators and regulators. The mixed qualitative research consists of 36 interviews triangulated with archival records, documents sourced through Freedom of Information Act requests, private collections, and government files. Concluding analysis suggests that strategies foreshadowing the ETF began to emerge as early as the 1970s, and innovator-regulator collaborations were integral to early product qualification - a process not yet explored in literature on financial regulation.
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Bonne, Sheila Beatriz. "Efeitos econômicos da formação de blocos comerciais para o brasil: uma visão por meio de um modelo de equilíbrio geral computável." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2017. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/6215.
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Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2017-04-17T16:42:11Z
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O processo de integração do Mercosul tem sofrido uma série de revezes nos últimos anos, o que lhe impede de avançar além do estágio de uma zona de livre comércio incompleta. Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar os efeitos sobre o comércio internacional e bem-estar de três cenários que buscam uma nova estratégia comercial para o Brasil, por meio de um modelo de equilíbrio geral computável Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP), em sua versão 9 da base de dados: (i) transformação do Mercosul em uma zona de livre comércio; (ii) formação de uma área de livre comércio da América do Sul e; (iii) criação de uma área de livre comércio entre as Américas. Os resultados sinalizam que os ganhos para o Brasil, tanto de comércio internacional como bem-estar, são obtidos nos cenários onde ocorre uma abertura comercial entre os países da América do Sul ou entre as Américas. No entanto, os melhores resultados são identificados na formação de um Acordo Preferencial de Comércio entre todos os países da América do Sul, onde todos os países do Mercosul alcançaram crescimento no comércio internacional, embora com magnitudes diferentes, sendo o Brasil o país a apresentar os maiores ganhos de bem-estar, USD 533 milhões.
The process of integration of Mercosur has suffered a series of setbacks in recent years, which prevents it from moving beyond the stage of an incomplete free trade zone. This study aims to analyze the effects on international trade and welfare of three scenarios that look up a new commercial strategy for Brazil, through a computable general equilibrium model from the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) in its version 9 of the database: (i) transformation of Mercosur into a free trade zone; (ii) formation of a South American free trade area and; (iii) creation of a free trade area between the Americas. The results indicate that the gains for Brazil, even international trade and welfare, are obtained in the scenarios where there is a trade opening between the countries of South America or between the Americas. However, the best results are identified in the formation of a Preferential Trade Agreement between all the countries of South America, where all Mercosur countries have achieved growth in international trade, although with different magnitudes, with Brazil being the country to present the Higher welfare gains, USD 533 million.
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Engerdahl, Tomas. "Tools of the Trade : An analysis using conservation and SEM of the context and iron material from the excavation of House X in the city block Humlegården 3 in Sigtuna." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Arkeologiska forskningslaboratoriet, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-82870.
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Sigtuna’s trade and production has been the subject of an increasing amount of archaeological investigations during the last 30 years. However, most of the research has been conductedregarding the buildings, coin mints and precious metal objects. This thesis will instead research one of the basics of the production, namely the iron. By reviewing the iron objectsand currency bars from house X in the city block Humlegården 3. Through high precision studies with conservation and scanning electron microscope I will be able to come one step closer to identifying what sort of items were produced on the site and discerning what status and function the smithy had. I will also investigate the possibility to track the origin of the iron.Sigtunas handel och produktion har varit föremål för ett ökande antal arkeologiska undersökningar de senaste 30 åren. De flesta av dessa undersökningar har handlat ombyggnader, mynthus och föremålsstudier. Den här uppsatsen kommer istället att undersöka ett av hantverken som krävs för att kunna utföra många andra hantverk, nämligen järnhantverk. Genom att undersöka järnfynden och ämnesjärnen från hus X i kvarteret Humlegården 3, via detaljerade studier som inkluderar konservering och Svepelektronmikroskop, kommer jag att komma ett steg närmare vilka föremål som producerats på platsen samt utröna vad för status och funktion smedjan hade. Jag kommer även undersöka om det är möjligt att säga någonting om järnets ursprung.
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Alzahrani, Ahmed A. "Four essays on return behaviour and market microstructures : evidence from the Saudi stock market." Thesis, Brunel University, 2009. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/6277.
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This dissertation is divided into an introductory chapter and four essays. Chapter one discusses the importance of the study and describes the development and growth of the market as well. The first part (Chapters 2 & 3) examines stock returns behaviour and trading activity around earnings announcements. The second part (Chapters 4 & 5) examines price impact asymmetry and the price effects of block trades in the market microstructure context. Each essay addresses some aspects of market microstructure and stock returns behaviour in order to aid researchers, investors and regulators to understand a market which lacks research coverage. The research provides empirical evidence on issues such as the efficiency of the market, information asymmetry, liquidity and price impact of block trades. In first part of the thesis, event study and regression analysis were used to measure the price reaction around earnings announcements and to examine trading activity, information asymmetry and liquidity. In second part the determinants of the price impact of block trades were examined with regard to trade size, market condition and time of the day effects using transaction data. Liquidity and information asymmetry issues of block trades were also studied in this part.
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Cardoso, José Ribamar de Abreu. "Uso do agregado de entulho da construção civil de Manaus - AM para obtenção de bloco de argamassa celular." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2010. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/184.
Full textAbstract:
Programa de mestrado interinstitucional UTFPR/IFAM - MINTER/MANAUSNa construção civil tem-se procurado mecanismos por meio de novas técnicas que possibilitem viabilizar a sustentabilidade dessa atividade produtiva, espeitando às questões ambientais e a tendência de escassez dos recursos naturais. A indústria da construção civil tem buscado na reciclagem dos resíduos de construção e demolição (RCD) uma forma de atenuar o impacto ambiental e buscar uma fonte alternativa de matéria-prima. Associado a essa preocupação, grandes centros consumidores da região Amazônica, como Manaus, utilizam agregados para produção de concretos e argamassas minerados dos leitos dos rios e trazidos de grandes distâncias. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a obtenção de blocos de argamassa celular para alvenarias, utilizando agregados de RCD em substituição aos agregados convencionais. Os blocos de argamassa celular são largamente utilizados na Europa como elementos de alvenaria devido à capacidade de isolamento térmico e acústico, parâmetros esse de grande relevância para um elemento construtivo também em regiões de clima quente. Em Manaus existem empresas que constroem habitações com argamassa celular monolítica, ou seja, todas as alvenarias da residência são moldadas em uma única etapa. Assim, após obtenção e caracterização da fração cinza de RCD, foi utilizada uma composição comercial de argamassa celular para analisar a substituição dos agregados alternativos pelo RCD. Com isso buscou-se também obter uma dosagem mais econômica, com resistência mecânica exigida pela norma brasileira para blocos e minimizar o impacto ambiental de argamassas celulares convencionais. Os resultados técnicos foram favoráveis, com potencial para consumir agregados de RCD, contribuindo assim na gestão ambiental desse resíduo da construção civil.
In building construction, we have searched for mechanisms through new technologies which enable the sustainability of this productive activity, respecting the environmental issues and the shortage of natural products. Civil construction industry has searched for construction and demolition recycling (RCD) as a way of mitigating the environmental impact and a way of seeking for an alternative source of raw material. Associated with this concern, large consumer centers in the Amazon region, such as Manaus, have been using aggregates to produce concrete and mortar mined from the riverbeds and brought from great distances. This work aims to study the acquisition of blocks of masonry mortar cell, using clusters of RCD as a substitute for conventional aggregate. The blocks of mortar cell are widely used in Europe as masonry units due to their thermal and acoustic isolation abilities, which constitute very important parameters for building elements in warm climates. In Manaus, there are companies that build houses with mortar and monolithic cells, i.e., all the walls of the residence are molded in a single step. Thus, after obtaining and characterizing the ash fraction of RCD, we used a commercial composition of mortar cell to analyze the substitution of the alternative aggregates by RCD. With this procedure we searched to obtain a more economic dosage with the strength required by the Brazilian standard blocks and minimize the environmental impact of conventional mortar cells. The technique results were positive, with the potential of consuming RCD aggregates, thus contributing to the environmental management of this civil construction waste.
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Soares, Raimundo Nonato Belo. "Resíduo de construção e demolição e EPS reciclado como alternativa de agregados para a Região Amazônica: aplicação em blocos para alvenaria." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2010. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/185.
Full textAbstract:
Trabalho desenvolvido através do projeto de mestrado interinstitucional - MINTER - entre a UTFPR e o IFAM - Manaus, financiado pela CAPES e pela SUFRAMA.Financiado pela CAPES e pela SUFRAMA.
No estado do Amazonas a questão do gerenciamento dos Resíduos de Construção e Demolição (RCD) merece atenção e soluções que sejam sustentáveis dos pontos de vista ambiental, econômico e social. O RCD gerado, bem como o Poliestireno Expandido (EPS), ainda são descartados ou conduzidos às lixeiras com os agravantes da inexistência de um projeto de gestão, visto haverem problemas com inundações, poluição dos mananciais e, significativa ocupação nos lixões controlados pelo poder público, dentre outros. Outro aspecto relevante refere-se ao uso, pela construção civil, de agregados como o seixo rolado e granito, o primeiro extraído de rios e transportado em balsas percorrendo distâncias superiores a 700 km e o segundo explorado a distâncias superiores a 150 km da cidade de Manaus, causando alto impacto ambiental e elevado custo de logística. Neste contexto, o objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar a viabilidade técnica da produção de concreto alternativo utilizando RCD e EPSR(Poliestireno Expandido Reciclado) obtido após processo de extrusão e moagem na forma de agregado graúdo ou miúdo. Os RCDs (de concreto) selecionados em obras e britados, bem como, o EPSR foram analisados granulometricamente com a finalidade de serem incorporados à concretos aplicados a fabricação de blocos de alvenaria. Os blocos produzidos foram analisados quanto a resistência mecânica e também quanto à absorção de água. O EPSR possui baixa densidade e contribui para a obtenção de blocos mais leves.
In the Amazon State, the issue of management concerning construction and demolition waste (C&D) deserves attention and solutions that are sustainable from environmental, economical and social standpoints. The RCD produced as well as the expanded polystyrene (EPS), are still discharged in inappropriate places or taken to the dumpsters with the worsening provided by the lack of a management project such as: floods pollution of the water resources (rivers lakes and others) and significant space occupation in the landfills controlled by the city council, among others. Another aspect, related with the civil engineering sector, refers to the usage of components like the pebbles and granite, the first one extracted from rivers and transported by ferries within distances over 700 km and the second one explored within distances over 150 km from Manaus City, causing high environmental impact and high logistics cost. The goal of this research was to study the technical feasibility of producing alternative concrete using RCD and post-consumpting EPS extruded and crushed to transform it in aggregate. The RCDs (of concrete) selected in construction sites and crushed, as well as the EPSR (expanded polystyrene recycled) were analyzed in its granulometric distribution to be used as aggregate on the concrete composition features to obtain wall blocks. The produced blocks were analyzed mechanically and also regarding the water absorption level. The EPSR has low density and contributing to the production of lighter blocks.
5000-11-25
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Zheng, Wenjie. "A distributed Frank-Wolfe framework for trace norm minimization via the bulk synchronous parallel model." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS049/document.
Full textAbstract:
L'apprentissage des matrices de rang faible est un problème de grande importance dans les statistiques, l'apprentissage automatique, la vision par ordinateur et les systèmes de recommandation. En raison de sa nature NP-difficile, une des approches principales consiste à résoudre sa relaxation convexe la plus étroite : la minimisation de la norme de trace. Parmi les différents algorithmes capables de résoudre cette optimisation, on peut citer la méthode de Frank-Wolfe, particulièrement adaptée aux matrices de grande dimension. En préparation à l'utilisation d'infrastructures distribuées pour accélérer le calcul, cette étude vise à explorer la possibilité d'exécuter l'algorithme de Frank-Wolfe dans un réseau en étoile avec le modèle BSP (Bulk Synchronous Parallel) et à étudier son efficacité théorique et empirique. Concernant l'aspect théorique, cette étude revisite le taux de convergence déterministe de Frank-Wolfe et l'étend à des cas non déterministes. En particulier, il montre qu'avec le sous-problème linéaire résolu de manière appropriée, Frank-Wolfe peut atteindre un taux de convergence sous-linéaire à la fois en espérance et avec une probabilité élevée. Cette contribution pose la fondation théorique de l'utilisation de la méthode de la puissance itérée ou de l'algorithme de Lanczos pour résoudre le sous-problème linéaire de Frank-Wolfe associé à la minimisation de la norme de trace. Concernant l'aspect algorithmique, dans le cadre de BSP, cette étude propose et analyse quatre stratégies pour le sous-problème linéaire ainsi que des méthodes pour la recherche linéaire. En outre, remarquant la propriété de mise à jour de rang-1 de Frank-Wolfe, il met à jour le gradient de manière récursive, avec une représentation dense ou de rang faible, au lieu de le recalculer de manière répétée à partir de zéro. Toutes ces conceptions sont génériques et s'appliquent à toutes les infrastructures distribuées compatibles avec le modèle BSP. Concernant l'aspect empirique, cette étude teste les conceptions algorithmiques proposées dans un cluster Apache SPARK. Selon les résultats des expériences, pour le sous-problème linéaire, la centralisation des gradients ou la moyenne des vecteurs singuliers est suffisante dans le cas de faible dimension, alors que la méthode de la puissance itérée distribuée, avec aussi peu qu'une ou deux itérations par époque, excelle dans le cas de grande dimension. La librairie Python développée pour les expériences est modulaire, extensible et prête à être déployée dans un contexte industriel. Cette étude a rempli sa fonction de preuve de concept. Suivant le chemin qu'il met en place, des solveurs peuvent être implémentés pour différentes infrastructures, parmi lesquelles des clusters GPU, pour résoudre des problèmes pratiques dans des contextes spécifiques. En outre, ses excellentes performances dans le jeu de données ImageNet le rendent prometteur pour l'apprentissage en profondeurLearning low-rank matrices is a problem of great importance in statistics, machine learning, computer vision, recommender systems, etc. Because of its NP-hard nature, a principled approach is to solve its tightest convex relaxation : trace norm minimization. Among various algorithms capable of solving this optimization is the Frank-Wolfe method, which is particularly suitable for high-dimensional matrices. In preparation for the usage of distributed infrastructures to further accelerate the computation, this study aims at exploring the possibility of executing the Frank-Wolfe algorithm in a star network with the Bulk Synchronous Parallel (BSP) model and investigating its efficiency both theoretically and empirically. In the theoretical aspect, this study revisits Frank-Wolfe's fundamental deterministic sublinear convergence rate and extends it to nondeterministic cases. In particular, it shows that with the linear subproblem appropriately solved, Frank-Wolfe can achieve a sublinear convergence rate both in expectation and with high probability. This contribution lays the theoretical foundation of using power iteration or Lanczos iteration to solve the linear subproblem for trace norm minimization. In the algorithmic aspect, within the BSP model, this study proposes and analyzes four strategies for the linear subproblem as well as methods for the line search. Moreover, noticing Frank-Wolfe's rank-1 update property, it updates the gradient recursively, with either a dense or a low-rank representation, instead of repeatedly recalculating it from scratch. All of these designs are generic and apply to any distributed infrastructures compatible with the BSP model. In the empirical aspect, this study tests the proposed algorithmic designs in an Apache SPARK cluster. According to the experiment results, for the linear subproblem, centralizing the gradient or averaging the singular vectors is sufficient in the low-dimensional case, whereas distributed power iteration, with as few as one or two iterations per epoch, excels in the high-dimensional case. The Python package developed for the experiments is modular, extensible and ready to deploy in an industrial context. This study has achieved its function as proof of concept. Following the path it sets up, solvers can be implemented for various infrastructures, among which GPU clusters, to solve practical problems in specific contexts. Besides, its excellent performance in the ImageNet dataset makes it promising for deep learning
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Zheng, Wenjie. "A distributed Frank-Wolfe framework for trace norm minimization via the bulk synchronous parallel model." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS049.
Full textAbstract:
L'apprentissage des matrices de rang faible est un problème de grande importance dans les statistiques, l'apprentissage automatique, la vision par ordinateur et les systèmes de recommandation. En raison de sa nature NP-difficile, une des approches principales consiste à résoudre sa relaxation convexe la plus étroite : la minimisation de la norme de trace. Parmi les différents algorithmes capables de résoudre cette optimisation, on peut citer la méthode de Frank-Wolfe, particulièrement adaptée aux matrices de grande dimension. En préparation à l'utilisation d'infrastructures distribuées pour accélérer le calcul, cette étude vise à explorer la possibilité d'exécuter l'algorithme de Frank-Wolfe dans un réseau en étoile avec le modèle BSP (Bulk Synchronous Parallel) et à étudier son efficacité théorique et empirique. Concernant l'aspect théorique, cette étude revisite le taux de convergence déterministe de Frank-Wolfe et l'étend à des cas non déterministes. En particulier, il montre qu'avec le sous-problème linéaire résolu de manière appropriée, Frank-Wolfe peut atteindre un taux de convergence sous-linéaire à la fois en espérance et avec une probabilité élevée. Cette contribution pose la fondation théorique de l'utilisation de la méthode de la puissance itérée ou de l'algorithme de Lanczos pour résoudre le sous-problème linéaire de Frank-Wolfe associé à la minimisation de la norme de trace. Concernant l'aspect algorithmique, dans le cadre de BSP, cette étude propose et analyse quatre stratégies pour le sous-problème linéaire ainsi que des méthodes pour la recherche linéaire. En outre, remarquant la propriété de mise à jour de rang-1 de Frank-Wolfe, il met à jour le gradient de manière récursive, avec une représentation dense ou de rang faible, au lieu de le recalculer de manière répétée à partir de zéro. Toutes ces conceptions sont génériques et s'appliquent à toutes les infrastructures distribuées compatibles avec le modèle BSP. Concernant l'aspect empirique, cette étude teste les conceptions algorithmiques proposées dans un cluster Apache SPARK. Selon les résultats des expériences, pour le sous-problème linéaire, la centralisation des gradients ou la moyenne des vecteurs singuliers est suffisante dans le cas de faible dimension, alors que la méthode de la puissance itérée distribuée, avec aussi peu qu'une ou deux itérations par époque, excelle dans le cas de grande dimension. La librairie Python développée pour les expériences est modulaire, extensible et prête à être déployée dans un contexte industriel. Cette étude a rempli sa fonction de preuve de concept. Suivant le chemin qu'il met en place, des solveurs peuvent être implémentés pour différentes infrastructures, parmi lesquelles des clusters GPU, pour résoudre des problèmes pratiques dans des contextes spécifiques. En outre, ses excellentes performances dans le jeu de données ImageNet le rendent prometteur pour l'apprentissage en profondeurLearning low-rank matrices is a problem of great importance in statistics, machine learning, computer vision, recommender systems, etc. Because of its NP-hard nature, a principled approach is to solve its tightest convex relaxation : trace norm minimization. Among various algorithms capable of solving this optimization is the Frank-Wolfe method, which is particularly suitable for high-dimensional matrices. In preparation for the usage of distributed infrastructures to further accelerate the computation, this study aims at exploring the possibility of executing the Frank-Wolfe algorithm in a star network with the Bulk Synchronous Parallel (BSP) model and investigating its efficiency both theoretically and empirically. In the theoretical aspect, this study revisits Frank-Wolfe's fundamental deterministic sublinear convergence rate and extends it to nondeterministic cases. In particular, it shows that with the linear subproblem appropriately solved, Frank-Wolfe can achieve a sublinear convergence rate both in expectation and with high probability. This contribution lays the theoretical foundation of using power iteration or Lanczos iteration to solve the linear subproblem for trace norm minimization. In the algorithmic aspect, within the BSP model, this study proposes and analyzes four strategies for the linear subproblem as well as methods for the line search. Moreover, noticing Frank-Wolfe's rank-1 update property, it updates the gradient recursively, with either a dense or a low-rank representation, instead of repeatedly recalculating it from scratch. All of these designs are generic and apply to any distributed infrastructures compatible with the BSP model. In the empirical aspect, this study tests the proposed algorithmic designs in an Apache SPARK cluster. According to the experiment results, for the linear subproblem, centralizing the gradient or averaging the singular vectors is sufficient in the low-dimensional case, whereas distributed power iteration, with as few as one or two iterations per epoch, excels in the high-dimensional case. The Python package developed for the experiments is modular, extensible and ready to deploy in an industrial context. This study has achieved its function as proof of concept. Following the path it sets up, solvers can be implemented for various infrastructures, among which GPU clusters, to solve practical problems in specific contexts. Besides, its excellent performance in the ImageNet dataset makes it promising for deep learning
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Kmec, Peter. "Polyfunkčný dom." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-410027.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of the thesis is the processing of project documentation fot the construction design of the Mixed-use building in the city of Brno, a borough of Židenice. Underground and first floor are made of cast-in-place concrete. The vertical load-bearing structures of the second, third and fourth floor are designed from ceramic bricks of 300 mm thickness. Floor slabs in the whole building are made of cast-in-place concrete. The last floor has warm flat green roof. The building is designed so that the underground floor is largely made up of underground garages, oriented to the west. Basement of the building is used for technical background of the building too. The first and second above-ground floors are intended primarily fot trade and services, where the all kinds of the offices of the first two above-ground floors makes up to 75% of the floor area. The third and fourth floors are used for housing. The building is oriented from east to west.
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Cummings, James Richard. "Three essays on price formation and liquidity in financial futures markets." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/5296.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation presents the results of three empirical studies on price formation and liquidity in financial futures markets. The research entails three related areas: the effect of taxes on the prices of Australian stock index futures; the efficiency of the information transmission mechanism between the cash and futures markets; and the price and liquidity impact of large trades in interest rate and equity index futures markets. An overview of previous research identifies some important gaps in the existing literature that this dissertation aims to resolve for the benefit of arbitrageurs, investment managers, brokers and regulators.