Relevant bibliographies by topics / Trade blocs

Academic literature on the topic 'Trade blocs'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Trade blocs"

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KONO, DANIEL Y. "When Do Trade Blocs Block Trade?" International Studies Quarterly 51, no. 1 (March 2007): 165–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2007.00444.x.

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Mulyo, Jangkung Handoyo. "REGIONAL TRAE BLOCS : A CASE STUDY OF THE WELFARE IMPACT OF THE EUROPEAN UNION ON INDIA AND KENYA." Agro Ekonomi 8, no. 2 (November 29, 2016): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/agroekonomi.16812.

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Some countries, including the big player in the world economy, the USA , believe that free trade liberalization based on principles of non discriminatory and multilateral bases as well as an open market will improve the welfare of many countries. However, other countries do not follow the idea of trade liberalization and hence respond by forming regional trading blocs. Therefore, the existence of such trading blocs will be examined, whether they are a 'building blocks' or a 'stumbling blocks, for sustaining the free trade liberalization. And hence, this paper focuses on three main parts: rationalization of the establishment of trading blocs; identification of the critical factors for the success of these blocs; and presentation of empirical evidence for the welfare implications of the trade diverting effects of the European Union through the analysis of two less developed countries, India and Kenya.
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Baldwin, Richard E., and Elena Seghezza. "Are Trade Blocs Building or Stumbling Blocs?" Journal of Economic Integration 25, no. 2 (June 15, 2010): 276–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.11130/jei.2010.25.2.276.

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LAL, DEEPAK. "Trade Blocs and Multilateral Free Trade." JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 31, no. 3 (September 1993): 349–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.1993.tb00468.x.

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Bhat, Taranath P. "Trade Blocs and Global Trade Prospects." Foreign Trade Review 31, no. 4 (January 1997): 53–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732515970404.

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Papadopoulos, Nicolas. "Trade Blocs and Marketing:." Journal of Global Marketing 5, no. 3 (March 31, 1992): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j042v05n03_01.

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Mansfield, Edward D., and Jon C. Pevehouse. "Trade Blocs, Trade Flows, and International Conflict." International Organization 54, no. 4 (2000): 775–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002081800551361.

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The relationship between foreign trade and political conflict has been a persistent source of controversy among scholars of international relations. Existing empirical studies of this topic have focused on the effects of trade flows on conflict, but they have largely ignored the institutional context in which trade is conducted. In this article we present some initial quantitative results pertaining to the influence on military disputes of preferential trading arrangements (PTAs), a broad class of commercial institutions that includes free trade areas, common markets, and customs unions. We argue that parties to the same PTA are less prone to disputes than other states and that hostilities between PTA members are less likely to occur as trade flows rise between them. Moreover, we maintain that heightened commerce is more likely to inhibit conflict between states that belong to the same preferential grouping than between states that do not. Our results accord with this argument. Based on an analysis of the period since World War II, we find that trade flows have relatively little effect on the likelihood of disputes between states that do not participate in the same PTA. Within PTAs, however, there is a strong, inverse relationship between commerce and conflict. Parties to such an arrangement are less likely to engage in hostilities than other states, and the likelihood of a military dispute dips markedly as trade increases between them.
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Campa, José Manuel, Timothy L. Sorenson, and Jose Manuel Campa. "Are Trade Blocs Conducive to Free Trade?" Scandinavian Journal of Economics 98, no. 2 (June 1996): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3440858.

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Su, Tie-ting, and Dan Clawson. "Trade Networks, Trade Blocs, and Hegemortic Conflict." Sociological Inquiry 64, no. 4 (October 1994): 415–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682x.1994.tb00400.x.

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Eichengreen, Barry, and Douglas A. Irwin. "Trade blocs, currency blocs and the reorientation of world trade in the 1930s." Journal of International Economics 38, no. 1-2 (February 1995): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1996(95)92754-p.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Trade blocs"

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Lopez, Luis F. Rojas. "The North American Free Trade Agreement : trade protection and competition issues." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360844.

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Kendall, Toby. "Theoretical models of trade blocs and integrated markets." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2000. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/4014/.

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This thesis consists of four main chapters, together with a general introduction and conclusion. The thesis examines, both separately and together, the formation of trade blocs and global market integration. All the models use a partial equilibrium framework, with firms competing as Cournot oligopolists. Chapter 2 presents two models of trade bloc formation under segmented markets. In the first model, with common constant marginal costs, global free trade is optimal for all countries when there are no more than four countries, but with five or more countries there is an incentive to form a trade bloc containing most countries, but excluding at least one. The second model introduces a cost function where a firm's marginal cost is lower when it is located in a larger trade bloc, with little effect on the results. Chapter 3 analyses the formation of trade blocs between countries with different market sizes under segmented markets. The formation of a two country customs union or free trade area will always raise the smaller country's welfare, while the larger country will usually lose from a free trade area, and sometimes from a customs union. Chapter 4, which is joint work with David R. Collie and Morten Hviid, presents a model of strategic trade policy under integrated markets, under complete and incomplete information. In the former case, a low cost country will give an export subsidy which is fully countervailed by the high cost country's import tariff. In the simultaneous signalling game, each country's expected welfare is higher than under free trade. Chapter 5 considers models of trade bloc formation under integrated markets. With common constant costs, there is no incentive for blocs to form. When costs are decreasing in membership of a bloc, either global free trade is optimal or countries would prefer to belong to the smaller of two blocs.
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Mobley, Michael. "The expansion of NAFTA membership a CGE analysis of tariff removal between Japan and North America /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2005.

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Jeroen, Mulder Kasper. "Trade blocs and the global digital divide : a spatial panel data approach." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2015. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/142611.

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TESIS PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE Economia Analytica
In order to get a better understanding of worldwide Internet usage differences, spatial interaction effects are added to a model explaining cross-country growth in Internet usage. The paper finds that ICT infrastructure growth has a positive and significant effect on Internet usage growth in one’s own country as well as in other countries. The findings suggest that the efficiency of policies aimed at decreasing the global digital divide can be increased if they are initiated on a trade bloc level. Contrary to earlier papers no significant role for income in explaining cross-country Internet usage differences is found.
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Kabajulizi, Julian. "The cost of bypassing MFN obligations through GSP schemes: EU-India GSP case and its implications for developing countries." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&amp.

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The principal objective of this research was a critical examination of the Generalised System of Preference schemes as a form of special and differential treatment under the Enabling Clause with specific reference to the complaint brought against the European Union (EU) by India regarding the EU's granting of tariff preferences to developing countries with illegal drug trafficking problem.
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Melatos, Mark. "Modelling Regional Trade Agreements." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/486.

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In the last twenty years, regional trade agreements have proliferated. These have usually taken the form of customs unions (CUs) or free trade areas (FTAs). This thesis concentrates mostly on the formation and behaviour of CUs. Union members levy a common external tariff (CET) on non-members. Existing theoretical models, however, do not agree on how the CET rate is chosen. Every model imposes a different choice rule exogenously. In this thesis, for the first time, plausible choice rules, based on the CU's social welfare function, are derived endogenously. The strategic behaviour of members and non-members, reveals that responsibility for CET choice tends to be assumed by the member that can induce the rest of the world to levy those tariffs members prefer to face. Relatively few general results exist describing the relationship between country characteristics and trade bloc formation. Here, new light is shed on this issue, by systematically analysing bloc formation in an asymmetric world, and investigating the role of preferences in coalition formation. It is found that global free trade is most likely to arise when all countries are similar. Customs unions tend to form between relatively well-endowed countries or those with similar preferences. It is also demonstrated that CUs will usually Pareto dominate FTAs, except where preferences differ significantly. The role of transfers in CU formation has received relatively little attention in the regionalism literature. In this thesis, optimal intra-union transfers are introduced and their impact on CET choice is investigated. The impact of transfers on CU behaviour depends on the direction of the transfer. When the relatively inelastic member is the recipient, the CU responds less aggressively to non-member tariff choices than it does when transfers are not permitted. However, if the relatively elastic member is the transfer recipient, the union's aggression increases. Moreover, when one union member exercises a similar degree of control over both CET and transfer choice, then the equilibrium CET tends to be lower than in the corresponding no-transfers situation.
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Melatos, Mark. "Modelling Regional Trade Agreements." University of Sydney. Economics and Political Science, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/486.

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In the last twenty years, regional trade agreements have proliferated. These have usually taken the form of customs unions (CUs) or free trade areas (FTAs). This thesis concentrates mostly on the formation and behaviour of CUs. Union members levy a common external tariff (CET) on non-members. Existing theoretical models, however, do not agree on how the CET rate is chosen. Every model imposes a different choice rule exogenously. In this thesis, for the first time, plausible choice rules, based on the CU's social welfare function, are derived endogenously. The strategic behaviour of members and non-members, reveals that responsibility for CET choice tends to be assumed by the member that can induce the rest of the world to levy those tariffs members prefer to face. Relatively few general results exist describing the relationship between country characteristics and trade bloc formation. Here, new light is shed on this issue, by systematically analysing bloc formation in an asymmetric world, and investigating the role of preferences in coalition formation. It is found that global free trade is most likely to arise when all countries are similar. Customs unions tend to form between relatively well-endowed countries or those with similar preferences. It is also demonstrated that CUs will usually Pareto dominate FTAs, except where preferences differ significantly. The role of transfers in CU formation has received relatively little attention in the regionalism literature. In this thesis, optimal intra-union transfers are introduced and their impact on CET choice is investigated. The impact of transfers on CU behaviour depends on the direction of the transfer. When the relatively inelastic member is the recipient, the CU responds less aggressively to non-member tariff choices than it does when transfers are not permitted. However, if the relatively elastic member is the transfer recipient, the union's aggression increases. Moreover, when one union member exercises a similar degree of control over both CET and transfer choice, then the equilibrium CET tends to be lower than in the corresponding no-transfers situation.
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Abebe, Opeyemi Temitope. "Regional trade agreements and its impact on the multilateral trading system: eroding the preferences of developing countries?" Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&amp.

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The purpose of this paper was to examine the impact that the proliferation of regional trade agreements have had on the Multilateral Trading System and whether by allowing regional trade agreements under the World Trade Organization rules, the members of the World Trade Organization have not unwittingly weakened the multilateral trading system. It also examined the effect the proliferation of regional trade agreements have had on the special and deferential treatment for developing countries within the system.
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Letsatsi, Paseka C. "The impact of regional integration in Africa: the case of South Africa and Botswana." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1010176.

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Regional integration can refer to the trade unification between different states by partial or full abolition of customs tariffs on trade taking place within the borders of each state. This is meant in turn to lead to lower prices for distributors and consumers (as no customs duties are paid within the integrated area) and the goal is to increase trade. (Economic integration,1950, p66) According to Mattli (1999, p.42), the analysis of the first problem takes the decision to adopt an integration treaty as a given, and is primarily concerned with identifying the condition under which the process of integration is likely to succeed or to fail. Implementation of an agreement by heads of states to tie the economies of their countries closer together entails a lengthy process of establishing common roles, regulations, and policies that are either based on specific treaty provisions or derived from general principles and objectives written into the integration agreement. Regional integration can be applied for varying forms of economic co-ordination or co-operation amongst different neighbouring states, there will however always be different political agendas in the process. If there is a treaty amongst member states, this treaty has to be enforced or it may result in the development of differences. “In order to address national priorities through regional action most member states had been allocated the responsibility of co-ordinating one or more sectors. This involved proposing sector policies, strategies and priorities, and processing projects for inclusion in the sectoral programme, monitoring progress and reporting to the council of Ministers”. (Department of International Relations & Co-operation, Republic of South Africa). Richard Baldwin, Daniel Cohen, Andre Sapir and Anthony Venables argue that, using the same basic model as Bond and Sypropoulos (1996a), they consider trigger strategies such that initially there is inter-bloc free trade supported by the threat of perpetual trade war if any party breaks the agreement. Regional integration can be understood as the process of providing common rules, regulation, and policies for a region. Regional integration is defined as a process that allows member states to have access to each other’s markets on a voluntary basis and at various degrees. Economic, political, social and cultural benefits are realised from this interaction. (Lee MC, 1999, p30) Regional integration can be seen as co-operation in a broader context but can also be an important framework, through programmes within each regional bloc. According to (Keet ,2005,p22) since the birth of democratic South Africa, regional co-operation is also seen – in addition to the broader African aims-to be an important framework, through programmes within the Southern African Development Community (SADC), within which to address the gross imbalances created both within and between the economies of the region. Regional integration has become a way of assisting the emerging economies to be able to use their proximity to align their economies with the core for economic development. According to (Hamdok, 1998, p34) the effective implementation of regional integration is founded on an enabling environment that promotes accountability, transparency and respect for the rule of law. Also a strong institutional framework at the regional and national levels is fundamental to streamline regional agreements into national policies. In addition, the establishment of effective transnational implementation tools provide opportunities to push reforms conducive to good governance at the regional level. A clear demonstration of this can be observed in effective? legal systems and the need for a regional framework and related judicial institutions to provide an improved regional environment for private development. Integration always provides space for member states to assist in the development of other member states and which have a common economic approach to development. This is done in order to ensure that there are incentives for all member states as compared to those who are outside the bloc. As evidenced in the case of Europe, economic integration helps create a homogenous space and, to some extent, equalises living conditions and if all other regional blocs follow this process the benefit becomes greater. These appear to be prerequisites for a dialogue on the harmonisation of political stands. Indeed, an economic space that is physically integrated; where goods and services move speedily and smoothly; where, besides, the mobility of factors (manpower, capital, energy and inputs) are not subjected to hindrances; where, finally, microeconomic policies are harmonised, is likely to offer equal opportunities to all. Such a high degree of economic integration is not sustainable without a policy dialogue on issues that, at first, may not fall squarely under the rubrics of economic field; peace and security, defense, diplomacy etc. (Blayo N, 1998, P.5) The process of regional co-operation within the Southern African Development Community (SADC) started in in 1980 through the formation of the Co-ordinating Conference which was later changed to SADC IN 1992. Even though it is clear that the South African government played a dominant role because of its apartheid policies, the basic condition was to start the process of integration and open the process of economic co-operation within the region. The Governments of the Republic of South Africa, the Republic of Botswana, the Kingdom of Lesotho and the Kingdom of Swaziland- being desirous of maintaining the free interchange of goods between their countries and of applying the same tariffs and trade regulations to goods imported from outside the common customs area as hereinafter defined; “Recognising that the Customs Agreement on 29 June 1910 as amended from time to time , requires modification to provide for the continuance of the customs union arrangements in the changed circumstances on a basis designed to ensure the continued economic development of the customs union area as a whole, and to ensure in particular that these arrangements encourage the development of the less advanced members of the customs union and the diversification of their economies, and afford to all parties equitable benefits arising from trade among themselves and other countries”.(Government Notice, R 3914,p1). Even though there’s an acknowledgement that under the difficult conditions during apartheid, there was a need for the region to develop a common approach towards development and sustainable growth in the Southern African region. All countries in the region had to co-operate for long term sustainable economic growth, peace and security. “In 1980, the Southern African Development Co-ordination Conference (SADCC) was established with the major objectives of decreasing economic dependence on the apartheid regime and fostering regional development. The strategy adopted for meeting these objectives was regional development and co-operation. In 1992 SADCC was reborn, as the Southern African Development Community (SADC). The member states decided the time had come to move the region towards the creation of one regional market”. (Lee MC, 1999, p1) “Through the establishment of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) the Southern African region has managed under difficult conditions of economic inequalities to standardise the trade links amongst member states, although there is still more to be done in the region to achieve shared goals of development. The Southern African Customs Union (SACU) links the trade, regimes of Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa and Swaziland.
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Appau, Adriana Boakyewaa, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Analysing Sub-Saharan Africa trade patterns in the presence of regional trade agreements : a comparative analysis." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Economics, c2013, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3424.

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This thesis employs a dynamic form of the gravity model and data from 1988-2005 to estimate the effects of RTAs in SSA on intra-African trade. The thesis proposes a better approach to examining member-nonmember trade relations of RTAs. This thesis is unique because it uses System GMM estimator to overcome econometric issues associated with estimating dynamic models. The results suggest that COMESA and SADC has led to a significant increase in intra and extra-RTA trade. ECOWAS has increased intra-ECOWAS trade but decreased extra-ECOWAS trade. ECCAS has had a negative impact on both intra-ECCAS and extra-ECCAS trade flows. The proposed approach of examining member-nonmember relationships provides better estimates. A comparative analysis is made to shed light on how high or low the trade creation effect of RTAs in SSA are. The results of this thesis support the view that the impact of RTAs in SSA is higher than perceived.
x, 61 leaves ; 29 cm
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Books on the topic "Trade blocs"

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Bank, World, ed. Trade blocs. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2000.

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Frankel, Jeffrey A. Trade blocs and currency blocs. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1993.

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Frankel, Jeffrey A. Trade blocs and currency blocs. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1994.

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Eichengreen, Barry J. Trade blocs, currency blocs and the disintegration of world trade in the 1930s. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1993.

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Centre, Australia-Japan Research, ed. Old issues in new regionalism. Canberra: Australia-Japan Research Centre, 2001.

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Dennis, Allen. The impact of regional trade agreements and trade facilitation in the Middle East and North Africa region. [Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2006.

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Kettunen, Erja. Regionalism and the geography of trade policies in EU-ASEAN trade. Helsinki: Helsinki School of Economics, 2004.

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Croce, Enzo. Performance of Western Hemisphere trading blocs: A cost-corrected gravity approach. [Washington D.C.]: International Monetary Fund, IMF Institute, 2004.

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Lược, Võ Đại, Kim Ngọc, and Viện kinh té̂ thé̂ giới (Vietnam), eds. Các khó̂i kinh té̂ và mậu dịch trên thé̂ giới. Hà Nội: Nhà xuá̂t bản Chính trị quó̂c gia, 1996.

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Bernal, Richard L. Paths to the free trade area of the Americas. Washington, D.C: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Trade blocs"

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Ghosh, Sunandan. "Enlargement Decisions of Regional Trading Blocs." In International Trade and International Finance, 117–57. New Delhi: Springer India, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2797-7_7.

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Baimbridge, Mark, Ioannis Litsios, Karen Jackson, and Uih Ran Lee. "Changing Tides: Geopolitics and Global Trade Blocs." In The Segmentation of Europe, 251–67. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59013-8_10.

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Strange, Roger. "Trading Blocs, Trade Liberalisation and Foreign Direct Investment." In Internationalisation Strategies, 19–42. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-25353-1_2.

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Coppolaro, Lucia, and Francine McKenzie. "Trading Blocs and Trading Blows: GATT’s Conflictual Path to Trade Liberalization, 1947–67." In A Global History of Trade and Conflict since 1500, 163–87. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137326836_9.

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Smith, Gordon B. "Trade Blocs and the Prospects for Japan’s Relations with Russia." In Japan, NAFTA and Europe, 141–63. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23627-5_7.

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Turay, Abdul M. "Trade Blocs and the Prospects for Japan’s Relations with Eastern Europe." In Japan, NAFTA and Europe, 114–40. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23627-5_6.

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Mason, T. David. "The Impact of Trade Blocs on the Future of Japan’s Relations with China." In Japan, NAFTA and Europe, 195–218. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23627-5_10.

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Mitre, Antonio. "Regional Organizations, Trade Blocs, and Inter-State Conflicts in Latin America: History and Evolution." In Latin American Business Cultures, 8–33. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230299108_2.

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Kumar, Nagesh. "G-20, Multilateralism and Emerging Mega-trade Blocs: Options for India and Asian Developing Countries." In Global Economic Cooperation, 233–40. New Delhi: Springer India, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2698-7_13.

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Diao, Xinshen, and A. Erinc Yeldan. "Turkey’s Strategic Trade Policy Alternatives in a World of Multi-Polar Trade Blocs: Lessons from an Intertemporal, Multi-Region General Equilibrium Model." In ZEI Studies in European Economics and Law, 195–220. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1643-9_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Trade blocs"

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Tufaner, Mustafa Batuhan, Hasan Boztoprak, and İlyas Sözen. "An Alternative to The European Customs Union for Turkey in The Framework of Economic Integration Theory: Eurasian Customs Union." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c09.01957.

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The liberalization policies begun after 1980 and globalization process bring with new economic associations and trade blocs among countries. The European Customs Union which established to improve economic relations and to make the political integration possible after World War II, reached large trade capacity today. On the other hand, the Post-Soviet countries that followed similar way like European ones established Eurasian Customs Union under the leadership of Kazakhstan, Belarus and Russia. The advantage of European Customs Union for Turkey which became a member of it in 1995 is still discussed. From this viewpoint the study aims to answer a question that Eurasian Customs Union can be an alternative to European Customs Union for Turkey in point of trade capacity. The aim of the study is to discuss the possibility of the Eurasian Customs Union and to compare it with the European Customs Union in which Turkey is involved. In this context, at first, the conceptual framework about the subject will be discussed and European Customs Union and Turkey relations will be examined. After, the current situation of the Eurasian region will be analyzed and the possibility of the Eurasian Customs Union will be discussed. And, which customs union will be more advantageous in terms of Turkey will be examined by VAR analysis.
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Sreeram, P., and Pradeep K. Mukherjee. "Optimized — Block based trace cache." In 2013 Fourth International Conference on Computing, Communications and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icccnt.2013.6726699.

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Jain, Ankur, Syed Alam, Scott Pozder, and Robert E. Jones. "Thermal-Electrical Co-Optimization of Block-Level Floorplanning in 3D Integrated Circuits." In ASME 2009 InterPACK Conference collocated with the ASME 2009 Summer Heat Transfer Conference and the ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/interpack2009-89017.

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While the stacking of multiple strata to produce 3D integrated circuits improves interconnect length and hence reduces power and latency, it also results in the exacerbation of the thermal management challenge due to the increased power density. There is a need for design tools to understand and optimize the trade-off between electrical and thermal design at the device and block level. This paper presents results from thermal-electrical co-optimization for block-level floorplanning in a multi-die 3D integrated circuit. A method for temperature computation based on linearity of the governing energy equation is presented. This method is shown to be faster and more accurate than previously used resistance-network based approaches and full-scale FEM simulations. This method is combined with previously reported electrical delay models for 3D ICs to simultaneously optimize both the maximum temperature and the interconnect length. Results outline the various trade-offs between thermal and electrical considerations. It is shown that co-optimization of thermal and electrical objectives results in a floorplan that is attractive from both perspectives. Constraints placed by the 3D IC manufacturing process on design are outlined, showing that the cheapest manufacturing options may not result in optimal electrical and thermal design. In particular, the wafer-on-wafer bonding process requires the two die to be identical, which results in a severe design constraint, particularly on the thermal goal due to the overlap of high power density blocks. Results presented in this work highlight the need for thermal and electrical co-design in multistrata microelectronics, and for reconciling manufacturing and design considerations in order to develop practical design tools for 3D integrated circuits.
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Kayani, Farrukh, and Zhongxiu Zhao. "Chinese Rationale for Free Trade Agreements." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c03.00387.

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In East Asia economic regionalism and Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) are proliferating at tremendous pace despite being the latecomer as compared to Americas and Europe. Proliferation of FTAs in East Asia started to spread after the Asian financial crisis of 1997. The East Asian economies were dissatisfied with the way the IMF handled the crisis, particularly in Thailand and Indonesia. Presently, about over 100 FTAs are at various stages of development in East Asia. China is also actively engaged in FTAs like the other East Asian neighboring countries for achieving multiple objectives. In this paper we analyzed the detailed reasons that why China is pursuing FTAs? Furthermore, it is said that FTAs may jeopardize the multilateral trading system. As FTAs undermine the WTO policy of maintaining a liberal, non discriminatory and multilateral trading system by supporting the government interventions and prudential controls. Thus we would also explore that whether FTAs are building or stumbling blocks?
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ParandehGheibi, Ali, Muriel Medard, Srinivas Shakkottai, and Asuman Ozdaglar. "Avoiding interruptions - QoE trade-offs in block-coded streaming media applications." In 2010 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory - ISIT. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isit.2010.5513284.

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Fan, Zhifei, and Louis Scharf. "Trade-off between Capacity and Diversity for Block Fading Sub-Channels." In 2006 40th Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ciss.2006.286672.

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7

Archvadze, Joseph. "The Main Features and Characteristics of the Post-Pandemic Period of the Economy." In Human Capital, Institutions, Economic Growth. Kutaisi University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52244/c.2023.11.2.

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The article discusses the changes that have taken place in the process of globalization and public life in the post-pandemic period. It is emphasized that there is not the end of globalization, but the transformation of the globalization process, the slowing down of the globalization process instead of hyper-globalization and the formation of new political, military and regional ties and alliances under its roof: the process of aggressive globalization is replaced by the open protectionism of countries, the formation of financial and economic blocs and the corresponding With an industrial policy based on a regional principle and a certain ideological concept, narrative, value system and segmental or systemic convergence of economic interests. This was caused by such processes and events of global importance, such as the Covid pandemic, the growing US-China competition and the Russia-Ukraine war. In the mentioned conditions, the national states are not gradually regaining their political positions, but they are moving to a "strategic attack" in terms of exercising their rights, capabilities and influence and control over the members of the society. At the same time, the role and importance of transnational corporations is growing significantly. All this leads to an increase in the contradiction between, on the one hand, the practical realization of the spheres of personal freedom and sovereignty, and, on the other hand, the strengthening of the role of the state and transnational corporations. The activation of the state and its growing role in redistributing the national product also has a negative effect: the growing role of the state not only restricts the market, but also seriously damages competition as a development factor. - Guaranteed orders, provision of keys to products produced on the basis of state funds, etc., puts certain privileged businesses and others in a priori unequal conditions, strengthens the feeling of injustice in society and has a negative effect on ensuring social stability and sustainable development. Under the conditions of using modern technologies, on the one hand, the speed of movement of resources from one corner of the earth to another will increase, and on the other hand, the role of local resources in achieving the final results of production will increase, which is expressed in the transition from absolute globalization of production to relative localization. The pandemic gave a powerful impetus to such innovations, technological innovations as Internet-trade, delivery of goods by order, delivery of goods by parcels; Drones are increasingly being used to deliver goods to their destination, robotics and artificial intelligence are being used in virtually every field of activity. This leads to significant changes not only in the structure of jobs and employment. - At this time, along with the increase in the profits of companies and their shareholders, a considerable part of the working people remains unemployed, they become impoverished. The scale of social elevators, their speed and "carrying capacity" are decreasing. Consequently, the threat of property polarization and growing opposition between different layers of society becomes real. Rising inequality can lead to a "crisis of the means of existence". This, in turn, will lead to an increase in the number of IDPs. Forced migration may become one of the most serious global challenges in the next decade, which will act as a provoking factor for geopolitical conflicts and social tensions within countries, and will be a direct reputational and economic blow to globalization processes. It can already be safely said that the period needed to fully overcome its negative consequences will be longer than the duration of the Covid-pandemic period. Article in Georgian.
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Tsui, Regine, Jonathan Hart, Wenzhu Hou, and Alan Ng. "An Alternative Approach for Semi-Automatic Delineation of Rock Blocks on 3D Meshes and Engineering Application." In The HKIE Geotechnical Division 42nd Annual Seminar. AIJR Publisher, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.133.14.

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Auto-identification of rock blocks on 3D models is a useful new tool for rock engineering. It has the potential, when undertaken with rock engineering professionals, to delineate remotely, potentially unstable rock blocks associated with adverse discontinuities. An alternative approach is proposed to semi-automatically delineate rock blocks on 3D meshes, which does not require prior extraction and fitting of discontinuity planes. The proposed approach starts with trace extraction, exploiting the fact that the contact between two rock blocks is most often manifested by a trace (i.e., an exposed line) on the rock surface. Geometrically, the trace is usually either a concave edge or a depressed line. These traces are first extracted due to their higher concavity or darkness compared to their neighbouring mesh faces. After post-processing, the mesh is segmented into sub-meshes around the extracted trace lines. The algorithms are implemented in Python and are tested on three rock slopes, including: (1) a rock slope in Ouray, USA; (2) a natural rock outcrop in Ma Shi Chau, Hong Kong; and (3) a rock slope in a former quarry currently being redeveloped as part of a large-scale site development in Hong Kong. Our approach can enrich the rock mapping results and help identify critical rock blocks which may be at risk of planar failure.
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D, Anitha Kumari R., and Narendranath Udupa. "Taylor Rate-Distortion trade-off and Adaptive block search for HEVC Encoding." In 2020 Third International Conference on Advances in Electronics, Computers and Communications (ICAECC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icaecc50550.2020.9339488.

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Talwadker, Rukma, and Kaladhar Voruganti. "Paragone: What's next in block I/O trace modeling." In 2013 IEEE 29th Symposium on Mass Storage Systems and Technologies (MSST). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/msst.2013.6558436.

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Reports on the topic "Trade blocs"

1

Eichengreen, Barry, and Douglas Irwin. Trade Blocs, Currency Blocs and the Disintegration of World Trade in the 1930s. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w4445.

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Jacks, David, and Dennis Novy. Trade Blocs and Trade Wars during the Interwar Period. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w25830.

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Wei, Shang-Jin, and Jeffrey Frankel. Open Regionalism in a World of Continental Trade Blocs. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w5272.

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Casella, Alessandra. Large Countries, Small Countries, and the Enlargement of Trade Blocs. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w5365.

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Winters, L. Alan. Regionalism and Multilateralism in the Twenty-First Century. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011002.

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The growth of regional trading blocs has been one of the major developments in international relations in recent years. Virtually all countries are members of a bloc and many belong to more than one; more than one third of world trade takes place within such agreements. Regional agreements vary widely, but all have the objective of reducing barriers to trade between member countries and hence, implicitly, of discriminating against trade with other countries. Attheir simplest they merely remove tariffs on intra-bloc trade in goods, but many go beyond that to cover non-tariff barriers and to extend liberalisation to trade investment and other policies.
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Baldwin, Richard. Multilateralising Regionalism: Spaghetti Bowls as Building Blocs on the Path to Global Free Trade. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w12545.

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Perobelli, Fernando S., and Edson P. Domínguez. Regional Aspects of Brazil's Trade Policy. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008664.

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This paper aims to evaluate a number of spatial aspects of Brazils current trade policy, emphasizing those relating to economic integration in general, and bilateral trade with Argentina in particular. A national computable general equilibrium model was developed and implemented (EFES-ARG), in order to evaluate the sectoral impact of different trade integration strategies with specific economic countries/blocs. Moreover, EFES-ARG was integrated with an interstate trade model such that the national results obtained were regionalized. The analysis of the short-run regional aspects of Brazilian trade policy reveals a trend towards concentration of the level of economic activity in the states of the Brazilian south and southeast. The results draw attention to a phenomenon that has permeated the debate on the regional issue, namely the role of trade as an engine of growth.
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Spilimbergo, Antonio, and Ernesto H. Stein. The Welfare Implications of Trading Blocs among Countries with Different Endowments. Inter-American Development Bank, March 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011601.

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This paper presents a model in which trade is motivated both by preference for variety and comparative advantages. This framework is used to analyze the welfare implications of trading blocs among countries with different endowments with and without transportation costs. This paper was prepared for the NBER Conference on Regionalization of the World Economy, October 1995, Woodstock, Vermont.
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Lucenti, Krista, Sebastián Galarza S., and Pablo Guerrero. Trade Logistic and Regional Integration in Latin America & the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011078.

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During the past few decades, the landscape of the world economy has changed. New trade patterns reflect the globalization of the supply chain and intra-industry trade, and increasing flows between neighboring countries and trading blocs with similar factor endowments. Similarly, the approach to production, trade, and transportation has evolved incorporating freight logistics as an important value-added service in the global production. This integrated approach have become essential, and as such, both the trade agenda and freight logistics are beginning to converge providing an unparalleled opportunity for countries to deepen their integration with neighboring countries and their national performance for transport related services. Consequently, developing countries are finding themselves hard-pressed to adjust their policy agendas to take into account costs not covered in past rounds of trade negotiations.
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Michalczewsky, Kathia, Anabel González, Amalia Stuhldreher, Patrick Low, Lucía Giudice, Gala Gómez Minujín, Ganeshan Wignaraja, et al. Integration & Trade Journal: Volume 15 : No. 33 : July-December, 2011. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008366.

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The Integration & Trade Journal includes articles on the different aspects of integration in Latin America and the Caribbean, on hemispheric integration and, furthermore, on similar processes in other parts of the world. The Journal issued a call for the submission of papers that reviewed regional integration processes in Latin America and the Caribbean. This issue includes a collection of the many papers submitted. The titles include: Why it is Worth Rethinking Latin American Integration?; Financial Cooperation within the Context of South American Integration: Current Balance and Future Challenges; The Relevance of LAIA; The Andean Integration Process: Origins, Transformations and Structures; 20 Years on: The Achievements and Pending Challenges of MERCOSUR; MERCOSUR and the Challenges of its Joint Trade Policy: Achievements and Shortcomings of a Process of Incomplete Communitarization; Increasing the Trade Related Capacity of CARICOM Firms in a Post-Crisis Global Economy: The Role of Standards and Regulations; Caribbean Integration: A Rules of Origin Perspective. There's also a special section on Latin American Trading Blocs: Between Reality and Utopia, and a series of interviews to Patrick Low, Anabel González, Ganeshan Wignaraja, and Alejandro Krell.
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