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Journal articles on the topic 'Trade barriers'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 27 April 2022

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1

Baldwin, Richard. "Factor market barriers are trade barriers." European Economic Review 34, no. 4 (June 1990): 831–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-2921(90)90063-5.

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2

Lawrence, Robert Z. "Japan's Different Trade Regime: An Analysis with Particular Reference to Keiretsu." Journal of Economic Perspectives 7, no. 3 (August 1, 1993): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.7.3.3.

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Many claim that although formal trade barriers have been removed at the border, Japanese markets remain unusually closed because of non-tariff barriers. After describing Japan's development strategy and the debate over the sources of Japanese growth, we consider current trade barriers. Recent research has made some headway investigating the impact of one of the alleged “invisible” barriers. In particular, efforts have been made to test if the behavior of Japanese corporate groups, known as keiretsu, creates a barrier to trade. Finally we consider whether private sector trade restrictions warrant a public response; what, if anything, should be done about keiretsu?
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3

Jin, Gao. "Suggestions for Construction of Chinese Green Barrier." Advanced Materials Research 664 (February 2013): 240–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.664.240.

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Green barriers of western countries restrict the product export of developing countries. This is a new problem on international trade recent years. After China s entry into WTO, green barriers have become a biggest barrier in Chinese foreign trade. This paper provides the system shortage about Chinese green barriers. So China should launch a campaign to construct the system of green barriers according to Chinese Economic backgrounds. This paper also proposes some law countermeasures to set up and improve the Chinese green barrier system.
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4

Ismail, Zenobia, and Tashil Fakir. "Trademarks or trade barriers?" International Journal of Social Economics 31, no. 1/2 (January 2004): 173–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03068290410515493.

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5

van Bergeijk, Peter A. G. "Diplomatic barriers to trade." De Economist 140, no. 1 (March 1992): 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01849803.

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6

Bröcker, Johannes, and Herold C. Rohweder. "Barriers to international trade." Annals of Regional Science 24, no. 4 (December 1990): 289–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01580475.

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7

Hornok, Cecília, and Miklós Koren. "Administrative barriers to trade." Journal of International Economics 96 (July 2015): S110—S122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2015.01.002.

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8

Gu, Hong. "Technical Barriers to Trade and China’s Trade." Modern Economy 08, no. 08 (2017): 1045–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/me.2017.88072.

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9

Muhammad Shaikh, Faiz, Dr Anwar Ali Shah G.Syed, and Zahid Hussain kazi. "ISSURES OF TEXTILE EXPORTERS IN THE CONTEXT OF PAK-INDIA TRADE." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 10, no. 5 (January 26, 2015): 2168–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijmit.v10i5.620.

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This research investigates the issues of Textile exporters in the context of PAK-India trade relation. Data were collected from 100 exporters by using simple random technique. Data were analyzed by using SPSS-20 version, A structural questionnaire was developed for the reliability and validity of the data. It was revealed that respondents regard governmental regulations, customs procedure and licensing, technical standards and health regulations, sanitary and phytosanitary measures and certification as the major barriers to export. The anti-dumping and tariff barrier are not the major barriers but tends to be the major ones. The tariff barrier may be low due to several rounds of GATT and WTo. It was further revealed that the respondents regard the market access problems and labeling and packaging as the major barriers to export. Although not the major barriers but cultural one, the currency exchange rate and informational barrier tend to be the major barriers to export. The Legal and Political barriers, Languages and Customs, demand of the product, working structure / schedule of the targeting country, business environment are not regarded as barriers to export.
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10

Izotov, D. A. "External and Internal Trade Barriers of the Russian Far East." Economy of Region 17, no. 4 (2021): 1318–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2021-4-19.

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Recently, the Russian Far East has been receiving close attention from the government of the Russian Federation. Accelerated economic development of the Far Eastern regions requires trade intensification with foreign and domestic markets, which implies a reduction of various barriers. The study aims to assess the external and internal trade barriers of the Russian Far East using a consistent dataset and relevant econometric model for estimations. The assessment of trade barriers, expressed as values of the relative trade intensity and transport costs in the framework of modern gravity models, confirmed the trade bias of the Russian Far East in favour of the domestic market in the long term. High values of relative transport costs were offset by a high relative trade intensity between the Russian Far East and the domestic market. The conducted analysis shows that the reduction of external trade barriers between the Russian Far East and foreign markets can significantly increase their turnover. The obtained estimates revealed a trend of linking the regions of the Russian Far East to the domestic market due to the barrier reduction in the form of transport costs. This study can be further developed, as the presented methodology for qualitative assessment of internal and external barriers can be applied to analyse the costs of trade in commodity markets, to decompose export and import barriers, as well as to determine the potential for expanding regional trade with foreign countries.
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11

Sabaté, Marcela, Carmen Fillat, and Ana Belén Gracia. "The peripheral protectionist backlash in the First Globalization: Spain (1870-1913)." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 29, no. 1 (March 10, 2011): 95–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610911000024.

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AbstractThis paper studies the role played by different trade barriers (transport costs, customs and currency) in the evolution of Spanish imports during the First Globalization (1870-1913). Through the estimation of several gravity equations with panel data analysis, we obtain the elasticities of imports to each barrier, which allows us to combine them into a single ad valorem measure of barriers to trade (which we call the trade costs tariff equivalent). More interestingly, the contribution of the barriers to the profile of the tariff equivalent, as well as the assignment of an active role to the peseta exchange rate as a barrier, illustrates the existence of a protectionist backlash against the sustained decline in transport costs in the period 1870-1913.
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12

Islam. "Analyzing of Trade Barriers to Timber Trade Policy." American Journal of Environmental Sciences 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2010.95.102.

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13

Egan, Michelle, and Maria Helena Guimarães. "The Single Market: Trade Barriers and Trade Remedies." JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 55, no. 2 (August 26, 2016): 294–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12461.

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14

Bao, Xiaohua, and Larry D. Qiu. "How Do Technical Barriers to Trade Influence Trade?" Review of International Economics 20, no. 4 (August 23, 2012): 691–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9396.2012.01047.x.

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15

Weyerbrock, Silvia, and Tian Xia. "Technical trade barriers in US/Europe agricultural trade." Agribusiness 16, no. 2 (2000): 235–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1520-6297(200021)16:2<235::aid-agr7>3.0.co;2-n.

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16

Mutreja, Piyusha, B. Ravikumar, Raymond Riezman, and Michael Sposi. "Price equalization, trade flows, and barriers to trade." European Economic Review 70 (August 2014): 383–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2014.05.005.

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17

Khan, Muhammad Arshad, Atif Ali Jaffri, Faisal Abbas, and Azad Haider. "Does Trade Liberalization Improve Trade Balance in Pakistan?" South Asia Economic Journal 18, no. 2 (September 2017): 158–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1391561417713128.

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This article examines the impact of trade liberalization, that is, reduction of tariff and non-tariff barriers on trade balance, in Pakistan over the period 1982–2013. The results reveal that reduction of average effective tariff rate improves trade balance in the short run, while lowering of non-tariff barriers deteriorates trade balance in the long run as well as in the short run. The analysis also suggests that depreciation of real effective exchange rate and foreign income causes an improvement in the trade balance, whereas domestic income deteriorates it. The negative association between the reduction in non-tariff barriers and trade balance worsens sustainability of current account of the balance of payments in Pakistan.
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18

Mutume, Gumisai. "New barriers hinder African trade." Africa Renewal 19, no. 4 (January 31, 2006): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/2bc52ab9-en.

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19

Anderson, Simon P., and Nicolas Schmitt. "Nontariff Barriers and Trade Liberalization." Economic Inquiry 41, no. 1 (January 2003): 80–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ei/41.1.80.

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20

Gawande, Kishore, and Hui Li. "Trade Barriers as Bargaining Outcomes." World Economy 29, no. 4 (April 2006): 437–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2006.00793.x.

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21

Das-Gupta, Arindam. "Internal Trade Barriers in India." South Asia Economic Journal 7, no. 2 (September 2006): 231–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/139156140600700205.

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22

Schivardi, Fabiano, and Eliana Viviano. "Entry Barriers in Retail Trade." Economic Journal 121, no. 551 (March 11, 2010): 145–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2009.02348.x.

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23

Lohmann, Johannes. "Do language barriers affect trade?" Economics Letters 110, no. 2 (February 2011): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2010.10.023.

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24

Steenblik, R. P., and K. J. Wigley. "Coal policies and trade barriers." Energy Policy 18, no. 4 (May 1990): 351–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-4215(90)90193-8.

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25

Onkvisit, Sak, and John J. Shaw. "Marketing barriers in international trade." Business Horizons 31, no. 3 (May 1988): 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0007-6813(88)90010-9.

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26

Krugman, Paul. "‘Factor market barriers are trade barriers’ by R. Baldwin." European Economic Review 34, no. 4 (June 1990): 846–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-2921(90)90064-6.

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27

Neven, Damien J. "‘Factor market barriers are trade barriers’ by R. Baldwin." European Economic Review 34, no. 4 (June 1990): 848–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-2921(90)90065-7.

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28

Kumar, Chandan, and Nalin Bharti. "Post-SAFTA NTMs for Agricultural Trade: Revelations from the India–South Asia Approach." Foreign Trade Review 56, no. 1 (October 27, 2020): 117–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732520961309.

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Commitment of South Asian Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) from South Asian Preferential Trading Agreement (SAPTA) for trade liberalisation was one of the hopes in South Asia. This article highlights untapped trade potential in agro-trade between India and its trading partners in South Asia through Trade Potential Index (TPI). This article evaluates post-SAFTA effects of non-tariff measures (NTMs) on agro-products (HS 6-digit level) over the period 2004–2016. After 2004, many agro-products of South Asia have suffered trade restrictions which create challenges over SAFTA implementation. This article inquires whether NTMs in post-SAFTA has been trade creating or trade inhibiting in agro-trade for member countries as per the earlier commitments. Research methodology for this study includes qualitative and quantitative approach. Qualitative approach examines agri-trade constraints faced between India and rest seven South Asian countries and vice versa. Quantitative analysis explores prevailing trade barriers in selected agro-products during 2002–2016 applying Regional Trade Barrier Index and NTM Coverage Ratio. Results establish the presence of agri-trade barriers from South Asian countries against India as well as India’s barriers against rest seven countries of South Asia. Study concludes that agri-trade restrictions prevail in South Asia despite SAFTA which shows the slow process of trade liberalisation. JEL Codes: F13, F14, Q17
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29

Kumar, Chandan, and Nalin Bharti. "Why NTM is a Challenge in Trade Relations? Evidence from India–Africa Agricultural Trade." Insight on Africa 12, no. 2 (April 6, 2020): 79–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0975087819898582.

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India and Africa have experienced the rapid expansion of bilateral trade during the last two decades. The India–Africa trade is understudied in general and in the agriculture sector. Very few considerable efforts have been made to study the agro-trade restrictions between both the economies. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to empirically identify the recent evidence of non-tariff measures (NTMs) imposed on the agro-products between India and Africa, which also work as non-tariff barriers. It is perceived that India being one of the frequent users of NTMs in the world poses many challenges for its trading partners. Based on the Revealed Trade Barrier (RTB) index, using 28 agro-products (HS-4 digit level), this paper assesses bilateral agro-trade barriers. The frequency index ( Fi) and coverage ratio ( Cr) were used to analyse the complex nature of NTMs. The study findings show that both trading partners imposed a wide range of NTMs on each other’s agro-products, which resulted in the discriminatory effects on trade. Comparatively, India has imposed the lesser number of NTMs on Africa’s agro-products. Despite the recent bilateral trade agreements between both the economies, trade barriers were frequently noticed. The paper suggests applying strategic trade policies and reduction of NTMs along with harmonisation of standards to flourish the bilateral agro-trade.
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30

Lee, Jong-Wha, and Phillip Swagel. "Trade Barriers and Trade Flows Across Countries and Industries." International Finance Discussion Paper 1994, no. 476 (July 1994): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/ifdp.1994.476.

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31

Elliot, Geoffrey. "Forest products trade: The challenge of environmental trade barriers." Forestry Chronicle 71, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc71041-1.

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32

Carter, David B., and Paul Poast. "Barriers to Trade: How Border Walls Affect Trade Relations." International Organization 74, no. 1 (December 23, 2019): 165–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818319000353.

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AbstractSince trade must cross borders, to what extent do border walls affect trade flows? We argue that border walls can reduce trade flows. Even if the objective is to only stem illicit flows, border walls heighten “border effects” that can also inhibit legal cross-border flows. Using a gravity model of trade that reflects recent developments in both economic theory and econometrics, we find that the creation of a wall is associated with a reduction in legal trade flows between neighboring countries. We provide a battery of evidence that suggests this reduction is not simply a function of worsening bilateral relations. Our findings have implications for understanding how governments have taken measures to assert sovereign control of their borders in an age of increasing economic globalization.
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33

Lee, Jong-Wha, and Phillip Swagel. "Trade Barriers and Trade Flows across Countries and Industries." Review of Economics and Statistics 79, no. 3 (August 1997): 372–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/003465300556968.

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34

Sundberg, Drew. "The EC Trade Barriers Regulation—An Obstacle to Trade?" Journal of World Trade 35, Issue 5 (October 1, 2001): 989–1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/381288.

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35

Song, Junrong. "A Comparative Study on the Trade Barriers Regulation and the Foreign Trade Barriers Investigation Rules." Journal of World Trade 41, Issue 4 (August 1, 2007): 799–831. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2007032.

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36

Gawande, Kishore, and Wendy L. Hansen. "Retaliation, Bargaining, and the Pursuit of “Free and Fair” Trade." International Organization 53, no. 1 (1999): 117–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002081899550832.

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That domestic political economic factors are important determinants of a nation's trade barriers has been empirically well established. However, the question of how effective strategically retaliatory trade barriers are in deterring foreign protectionism has received far less systematic empirical attention. In this article we use bilateral nontariff barrier (NTB) data between the United States and five developed partner countries (Japan, France, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom) to systematically examine the effectiveness of strategic retaliation. We employ a simultaneous Tobit model where the home and foreign NTB levels are determined endogenously in a bilateral game. The model provides estimates of deterrence coefficients, that is, the reduction in foreign trade barriers as a result of U.S. retaliation, which we use to characterize the nature of bilateral NTB games. Our hope is that the empirical results presented here, which have realistic though controversial implications, will inform U.S. trade policy.
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37

Alessandria, George, and Carter Mix. "Trade Policy is Real News: Theory and Evidence." International Finance Discussion Paper 2021, no. 1330 (September 24, 2021): 1–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/ifdp.2021.1330.

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We evaluate the aggregate effects of changes in trade barriers when these changes can be implemented slowly over time and trade responds gradually to changes in trade barriers because firm-level trade costs make exporting a dynamic decision. Our model shows how expectations of changes in trade barriers affect the economy. We find that while decreases in trade barriers increase economic activity, expectations of lower future trade barriers temporarily decrease investment, hours worked, and output. Further- more, canceling an expected decline in future trade barriers raises investment and output in the short run but substantially lowers medium-run growth. These effects are larger when the expected reform is bigger. In the data, we find that countries with more trade growth after the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) rounds decreased investment and hours worked in the years leading to the tariff cuts, as predicted by our model.
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38

Kareem, Olayinka Idowu. "The Trade Effects of Africa−India Trade Agreements." Journal of Asian and African Studies 52, no. 7 (February 3, 2016): 1022–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909615627177.

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There have been trade interactions between Africa and some Asian countries, specifically India, a South–South trade relation, which are accompanied with outcomes that are based on output, macroeconomic stability and compliant with the agreements reached at different points in time. This study investigates the effects of Africa’s trade agreements with India on Africa’s exports. The findings suggest that there are potentials for Africa’s exports in India. The trade agreements in Africa−India trade relations were marginally trade-enhancing, while Indian high tariffs did not debar Africa’s exports access. However, the non-tariff barriers were more pronounced than the tariff barriers.
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39

Devadason, Evelyn S., V. G. R. Chandran Govindaraju, and Shujaat Mubarik. "Defining potentials and barriers to trade in the Malaysia–Chile partnership." International Journal of Emerging Markets 13, no. 5 (November 29, 2018): 758–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoem-11-2016-0306.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the potentials and barriers to trade in the Malaysia–Chile partnership. Design/methodology/approach This paper estimates two-way export potentials from an augmented three-dimensional panel gravity model of bilateral trade between Malaysia and the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region, spanning the 1990–2014 period. Utilizing interviews with government officials and industry experts in Malaysia and Chile, this paper also provides insights into market access issues. Findings The empirical findings of this study suggest that Malaysia has trade potential in Chile, but Chile is “overtrading” with Malaysia. By major products traded, both countries are found to be “overtrading,” as the export basket remains concentrated in this partnership. Through the interviews, fewer restrictions are reported by the various stakeholders, as the extent of trade engagement remains somewhat low. The main challenge identified within specific sectors in both the countries relates mainly to procedures established to secure compliance with labeling regulations for food products. Research limitations/implications The sectoral findings reveal that there is indeed scope for expanding exports beyond the current major products traded, particularly in base metal and scientific and measuring equipment from the Malaysia and Chile perspectives, respectively. Thus, product diversification matters to intensify trade cooperation between the two countries. Non-tariff measures need to be streamlined by both parties to ensure further product diversification to food trade, particularly for Chile. Originality/value The limited literature on cross-regional trade within the broader framework of Southeast Asia and LAC only support the fact that potentials do exist but do not appear to provide much research evidence. Empirically, this paper will add to the existing literature on the potentials that hold in the Malaysia–Chile partnership. Further, a lack of adequate information remains on market access and other barriers in both the nations to facilitate decisions on trade opportunities. The findings of the study fill that vacuum of information pertaining to market access and trade facilitation through interviews with various stakeholders in Malaysia and Chile.
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40

Winslett, Gary. "How Regulations Became the Crux of Trade Politics." Journal of World Trade 50, Issue 1 (February 1, 2016): 47–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2016005.

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Whereas tariffs were once the main barrier to international trade, cross-national differences in regulation now constitute the most significant impediment to trade and are therefore the centrepiece issues in contemporary trade negotiations. That change has profound implications for the global economy and for international political economy scholarship. This article explains how that change occurred in order to explore how the incorporation of regulation affects trade and illuminate the politics that surround the negotiation over these regulatory trade barriers. As tariffs and other non-regulatory measures were reduced, the extent to which cross-national differences in regulation impeded trade became more apparent, especially to multinational firms which pushed for attenuations of these regulatory trade barriers. Once regulations became the subject of trade negotiations in the 1980s, civil society groups with a vested interested in those regulations became involved in trade politics to a greater degree than ever before. These developments have shaped the major trade negotiations underway today and are likely to remain at the centre of trade politics for the foreseeable future.
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41

Madsen, Jakob B. "Trade Barriers, Openness, and Economic Growth." Southern Economic Journal 76, no. 2 (October 2009): 397–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.4284/sej.2009.76.2.397.

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42

Chambers, Robert G., and Daniel H. Pick. "Marketing Orders as Nontariff Trade Barriers." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 76, no. 1 (February 1994): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1243919.

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43

Byrne, Edmund F. "Trade Barriers to the Public Good." Techné: Research in Philosophy and Technology 15, no. 3 (2011): 235–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/techne201115327.

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44

Bayya, Subba Rao. "UNDERSTANDING TECHNICAL BARRIERS TO TRADE AGREEMENT." International Journal of Drug Regulatory Affairs 5, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ijdra.v5i1.194.

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45

Safadi, Raed, and Alexander Yeats. "The Escalation of Asian Trade Barriers." Asian Economic Journal 8, no. 2 (July 1994): 147–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8381.1994.tb00011.x.

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46

Magee, Christopher S. P. "WHY ARE TRADE BARRIERS SO LOW?" Economic Affairs 31, no. 3 (October 2011): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0270.2011.02118.x.

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47

Kohn, Robert E. "Environmental standards as barriers to trade." Socio-Economic Planning Sciences 37, no. 3 (September 2003): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0038-0121(02)00041-1.

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48

Konya, Istvan. "Modeling Cultural Barriers in International Trade." Review of International Economics 14, no. 3 (August 2006): 494–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9396.2006.00626.x.

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49

Tadesse, Bedassa, Roger White, and Huang Zhongwen. "Does China’s trade defy cultural barriers?" International Review of Applied Economics 31, no. 3 (November 17, 2016): 398–428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02692171.2016.1257583.

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50

Johansson, Johny K., and Gary Erickson. "PRICE‐QUALITY RELATIONSHIP AND TRADE BARRIERS." International Marketing Review 2, no. 3 (March 1985): 52–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb008283.

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