To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Trade barriers.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Trade barriers'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Trade barriers.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Moenius, Johannes. "Three essays on trade barriers and trade volumes /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9975892.
Full text
2
Thornsbury, Suzanne. "Technical Regulations as Barriers to Agricultural Trade." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30769.
Full textAbstract:
Technical regulations are a form of non-tariff barrier that is becoming increasingly visible in agricultural trade disputes. A distinguishing feature of technical barriers is their legitimate use by governments to protect consumers' health, recognize citizen preferences in packaging and labeling, and protect the environment from the establishment of non-indigenous pests and diseases. When legitimate externalities or other market failures are addressed technical barriers have the potential to increase national welfare, even without consideration of terms-of-trade effects. Governments may also impose technical barriers to isolate domestic producers from international competition. In these cases under the small-country assumptions, technical barriers are welfare decreasing policies.
Despite GATT rules designed to limit the misuse of technical barriers, continued disputes indicate that this type of regulatory measure can not always be justified on the basis of unambiguous scientific evidence and suggests that governments may still widely apply technical barriers of questionable merit. Political economy is one paradigm that explains government intervention in markets, even when the result is a loss in net welfare.
The 1996 USDA Survey of Technical Barriers to U.S. Agricultural Exports provides a systematic source of primary data on technical measures which caused actual or projected export revenue losses to U.S. firms in 1996 and which might be subject to challenge under the Uruguay Round Agreements. Although no questionable technical barriers to 1996 U.S. agricultural exports were reported for 71 countries included in the Survey, there were a total of 302 barriers identified among 63 countries. The estimated trade impact of the barriers reported was $4.9 billion, or approximately seven percent of the total value of 1996 U.S. agricultural exports.
Two sets of empirical models are estimated to identify the political economy determinants of questionable technical barriers as they are applied to U.S. agricultural exports. The incidence of questionable technical barriers is measured by the presence or absence of such barriers by country. The impact of questionable technical barriers is measured by the reported estimated trade impact as a percentage of 1996 U.S. agricultural exports to that country. Results indicate that, despite strengthened GATT disciplines, political economy considerations continue to influence the incidence and impact of technical barriers in international agricultural markets.Ph. D.
3
Lynham, Mark B. "Nontariff Trade Barriers in the Beef Industry." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/310779.
Full text
4
Query, Jason. "The Impact of Transportation Costs and Trade Barriers on International Trade Flows." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/19256.
Full textAbstract:
Because trade is seen as welfare improving for society, governments have long employed their policy-making powers to increase trade levels. In recent years, no strategy has been more employed by policy makers than free trade agreements. As free trade agreements become more popular, world tariff levels rapidly approach zero. Given this, policy makers must look to other methods to encourage trade. I examine how non-tariff trade barriers impact international trade levels. By better understanding these trade barriers, policy makers will be able to make more informed decisions.
To better understand non-tariff trade barriers, I begin with well-known impediments to trade, including the border effect, transportation costs, and the trade creation and trade diversion effects of regional trade agreements. I then demonstrate and examine heterogeneity in these trade costs.
In Chapter II I examine the often-studied border effect, the notion that regions trade more intra-nationally than internationally. I demonstrate that smaller regions are less attractive to foreign trading partners than their larger counterparts. Fixed costs of crossing an international border, as well as more effective marketing methods, mean economically larger U.S. states or Canadian provinces see a smaller border effect. In Chapter III I look at how transportation costs incurred within the exporting country impact trade levels. Using a unique instrumental variable strategy, I show that the cost of getting a good to a port is a significant hindrance to trade. Finally, in Chapter IV I show that the benefits of joining the European Union are heterogeneous across countries. This means that while the E.U. may be beneficial on average, it may not be beneficial for individual countries.
5
Milam, Richard Thomas. "Essays on trade barriers in imperfectly competitive markets." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/39874.
Full text
6
Wei, De Cai. "Trade related environmental measures of European Union : a new kind of trade barriers?" Thesis, University of Macau, 2005. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1637069.
Full text
7
Sadikov, Azim Mirsharapovich. "Essays on trade barriers, trade integration, and the activities of the multinational enterprises." Connect to online resource, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3256418.
Full text
8
Zakaria, Noor Aini. "Trade Barriers in Forest Industry between Malaysia and Europe." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00605340.
Full textAbstract:
Ce travail étudie l'influence des questions environnementales sur le commerce international à partir des échanges de bois tropicaux Malaisie - Europe, la Malaisie étant un important exportateur de bois. Les avantages comparatifs des produits forestiers Malaisiens sont évalués, ainsi que la propension à payer le bois issu de gestion forestière durable par les consommateurs français (en tant qu'Européens). La première partie envisage les différences de perception entre pays développés et pays en développement pour le lien entre commerce et environnement. Il apparaît que les normes environnementales agissent comme des barrières non-tarifaires. Ces barrières sont accentuées par les critères de marquage, d'étiquetage, et de technologie imposés par les pays importateurs. La seconde partie analyse le rôle clé de la Malaisie dans le commerce des bois tropicaux. Les principaux marchés d'exportation des bois Malaisiens sont évalués. Le marché Européen est étudié plus en détail. Il apparaît que les ventes de meuble ont dépassé en 2004 celles des autres principaux produits forestiers. Sur le marché Européen la Malaisie fait face à la concurrence de produits tropicaux à bas prix venant de Chine, et à celle de produits forestiers éco-certifiés venant du Brésil. Concomitamment, l'engagement de la Malaisie dans une dynamique de gestion plus durable y crée une pénurie relative de matériau brut. La troisième partie calcule l'index de Balassa d'avantage comparatif, pour 21 produits forestiers Malaisiens sur le marché Européen. Seuls 5 produits industriels intermédiaires ou à transformation fortement mécanisée, ont un avantage comparatif marqué. Il s'agit des sciages, moulures, contreplaqués, placages, charpente et menuiserie industrielle. Les autres produits présentent des avantages comparatifs faibles ou même négatifs. La quatrième partie estime la propension à payer pour différents attributs environnementaux, ainsi que d'autres tels le commerce équitable et l'origine géographique. Un questionnaire reprenant ces attributs pour du parquet bois hypothétique a été utilisé. Il semble que les consommateurs soient prêts à rémunérer le plus les critères de commerce équitable et d'origine Française, la gestion durable étant recherchée dans une moindre mesure. La propension à payer les tous les attributs varie en fonction des notions et attitudes qu'ont les consommateurs sur l'éco-certification, l'environnement, ainsi qu'en fonction de leur lieu d'habitation, niveau d'éducation et de revenu, et type de profession. Enfin les résultats des 4 parties sont synthétisés en reliant les échelles micro et macroéconomiques, avec les dimensions de demande et d'approvisionnement. D'une façon générale, les résultats suggèrent que les opportunités et contraintes propres à la l'industrie du bois de Malaisie façonnent les exports de produits. La Malaisie s'adapte en se tournant vers des produits à plus haute valeur ajoutée et à moindre impact environnemental, pour pallier aux barrières commerciales et à la pénurie relative de matériau. La Malaisie s'est dotée d'une certification nationale (Malaysian Timber Certification) propre à remplir les critères de durabilité et de légalité de l'Europe, et s'est engagée la gestion durable des forêts.
9
Binti, Zakaria Noor Aini. "Trade Barriers in Forest Industry between Malaysia and Europe." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00750922.
Full textAbstract:
This study analyses the international timber trade between Malaysia and Europe with respect to the importance of environmental issues on trade and the role of Malaysia as a major timber exporter to Europe. It also evaluates the comparative advantage of Malaysian wood products and the willingness of French consumers (to represent European communities) to pay for sustainable forest management. The first part gives an overview the clashes of perception between developed and developing countries on the environmental concerns over trade. It was observed that environmental standards may act as non-tariff barriers to exporting countries. In addition, the stringent requirements posed by importing countries on technical, marking and labelling to some extent provide unnecessary barriers to trade. The second part deals with the role of Malaysia as a key player in the tropical timber trade. This part evaluates the main export market for Malaysian wood products to the world. For the purpose of this thesis, the analysis focuses on the European market. From the observations, it was found that the export of wooden furniture surpassed major timber exports in 2004. However, to penetrate the European market, Malaysia has to compete with the Chinese with their lower cost tropical wood products, and Brazil with their advantage in certification and labelling of tropical wood products. In tandem with that, the commitment towards sustainable forest management at national level causes shortage of raw materials in Malaysia. To a certain extent, the internal and external factors create necessary challenges to enter the European market. In the third part, the Balassa approach was used to classify the comparative advantage of Malaysia's twenty one types of wood products in Europe. It was estimated that Malaysia had high comparative advantage only in five products which were mechanized and intermediary industrial products. The products identified were sawn wood, wooden mouldings, plywood, veneer and builders' joinery and carpentry. The remaining products had lower comparative advantage and disadvantage to export to the European market based on the Balassa index. In the last part, the estimation on the willingness to pay for sustainable forest management attributes was conducted. Besides that, additional attributes such as fair trade and wood origin were included. A questionnaire was set up using all the attributes reflected in the hypothetical wood flooring product in the market. Based on the result, consumers were willing to pay the highest for the presence of fair trade and wood origin (in this study referring to French origin); nevertheless they were still willing to pay for sustainable aspects of forest. However, the willingness to pay for all the attributes was altered depending on the respondents' knowledge of forest labelling, their attitudes towards environmental preservation, living area, education level, type of job and income level. In the overall finding of the thesis, all the results from each part were synthesized in a systemic approach simultaneously deliberating on the macro and microeconomic perspectives as well as the dimensions on demand and supply. Overall, the findings suggest that the challenges and constraints facing the Malaysian timber industry indirectly shaped the export of Malaysian wooden products. Malaysia has adapted by going into value-added products to lessen the impact of environment-related trade barriers and to circumvent the shortage of raw materials supply. Malaysia has successfully customized the wooden products to the sustainability and legality requirements of the European market by pursuing the national certification (Malaysian Timber Certification) and being committed to sustainable forest management objectives.
10
Nogueira, Lia. "Non-tariff barriers and technology trade and welfare implications /." Online access for everyone, 2008. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Summer2008/l_nogueira_072308.pdf.
Full text
11
Kahnamoui, Farrokh. "The effects of trade barriers on growth : an empirical investigation /." Available to subscribers only, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1456289911&sid=10&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Full text
12
Trindade, Vitor M. "Three essays on informational barriers, coordination failures, and international trade /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9975050.
Full text
13
Olsson, David. "Regime Type and Trade Policy : Has Increased Democratization Contributed to Lower Trade Barriers Among Autocratic States?" Thesis, Karlstad University, Faculty of Social and Life Sciences, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-3407.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract
C-Level Paper in Political Science, by David Olsson, Autumn 2008. Supervisor: Malin Stegman McCallion. “Regime Type and Trade Policy: Has Increased Democratization Contributed to Lower Trade Barriers Among Autocratic States?”
In this paper a new two-level game theory, based on previous research and deductive reasoning, is constructed and tested empirically. The purpose is to examine if developing new democracies, trading with developing autocracies, is an explanatory factor of trade liberalization among the latter. The research questions are: 1) Have tariff rates in developing autocratic countries followed the pattern of reduced tariffs among their developing new democratic trading partners? And; 2) If this is the case, is there a relative shift in trade flows that confirms this change to be an effect of the new democracies’ presumed influence?
In order to sufficiently carry out an empirical scrutiny, seven other determinants found to have effects on trade policies in previous research, are accounted for using a “most similar systems design”. For reasons of delimitation, six autocracies and their fifteen most important trading partners, observed 1980-1999, have been paired and analyzed. Each pair consists of one autocracy that trades with new democracies and one that does not; regarding the other determinants they are as similar as possible. The used material is the World Development Indicators, the Polity IV Dataset, the Yearbook of International Trade Statistics, the World Economic Outlook Database, the Database of Political Institutions, statistics from the World Trade Organization, the Dataset of Armed Conflicts, and the Unweighted Average Tariffs Measurement.
The conclusion is that there are no indicators that affirm the theory and research questions. However, the theory is not unambiguously falsified. Hence, studies on more countries and time spans are needed.
14
Mushonga, Master. "An evaluation of the regulation of non-tariff barriers to trade in SADC free trade area." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96171.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.The adoption of the Southern African Development Community’s Protocol on Trade in 2000 by member states which was aimed at creating an effective free intra-trade environment, had failed to reduce trade barriers which are threatening to reverse the gains made from tariff liberalization.. The protectionism in the form of non-tariff barriers constitutes the biggest factor affecting intra-trade in the region. The new economic environment which was expected to emerge with the adoption of the Trade Protocol over a decade ago has not taken place. Some of the commitments by member states to harmonise customs procedures, co-operation in customs matters and trade facilitation are yet to be achieved as the Protocol on Trade lacks the much needed legal force as some of its articles allow room for member states to derogate from their commitments. The main objective of this research study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the Protocol on Trade in the elimination of non-tariff barriers within the Southern African Development Community Free Trade Area. In order to achieve this, the study analysed the trend of non-tariff barriers reported in the period 2008 to 2013, the cost of trading across member states borders and the trend of intra-regional trade from 1996 to 2013. The main research findings indicated that non-tariff barriers are on the increase with cumbersome customs procedures and poor infrastructure development proving to be more prevalent in the region. The Protocol failed to reduce the cost of trading across member states’ borders since it came into force in 2000 with the cost of importing and exporting on the increase and the trade documentation remaining high. Again, the level of intra-regional trade as a percentage decreased from 2000 to 2013 – an indication that the Protocol on Trade failed to facilitate trade in the region through the elimination of non-tariff barriers. However, considerable potential for intra-regional trade remains unexploited due to induced trade barriers which are hampering the development of much needed regional value chains.
15
Mathä, Thomas Yngve. "European integration, trade structure, and Swedish multinationals." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323213.
Full text
16
Garnjana-goonchorn, Intu-on. "The WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade and Environmental Protection." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/43589/.
Full text
17
Ustyuzhanina, Polina. "In Goods We Trust : Trade Barriers in Services - Should We Care?" Thesis, Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro Universitet, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-65630.
Full text
18
Karov, Vuko. "Trade Barriers or Trade Catalysts? The Effects of Phytosanitary Measures on U.S. Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Imports." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76936.
Full textAbstract:
U.S. imports of fresh fruits and vegetables have increased sharply since the late 1980's. With increased imports come increased concerns that pests and diseases may infest shipments of fresh agricultural products. To address this concern, USDA's APHIS implements phytosanitary measures that mitigate pest and disease risks. These regulations vary from documentation requirements, inspection, or requiring that shipments receive a phytosanitary treatment. A growing body of literature attempts to assess the generic trade flow effects of SPS measures. Still, little evidence is available to shed light on the nature, size, and scope of SPS standards and their role as "trade barriers" versus "trade catalysts." This thesis fills the void in the literature in two respects. First, a novel database on phytosanitary measures pertaining to U.S. imports of 47 fresh fruit and vegetable products from 95 countries is developed for the period 1996-2007. This disaggregated approach allows for the effects of specific phytosanitary treatments to be identified. Second, following recent literature, the issue of "zeros" is addressed while estimating a gravity model of international trade. The findings suggest that phytosanitary treatments initially inhibit fresh fruit and vegetable imports. However, their trade reducing effects are uneven across product sectors, development status categories and treatment types. Finally, globally large exporters facing a treatment requirement ship more fresh fruits and vegetable relative to small exporters facing the same regulation, suggesting the role of SPS measures as "trade barriers" versus "trade catalysts" depends on the relative size of the exporter in the global market.Master of Science
19
Benson, Ebony L. "The fair trade boom: an analysis of baby boomers’ knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and barriers pertaining to fair trade." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13711.
Full textAbstract:
Master of ScienceDepartment of Apparel, Textiles, and Interior Design
Kim Y. Hiller Connell
Purchasing fair trade products is a form of socially responsible consumption. Fair trade is founded on the idea of paying fair wages and providing safe working environments to marginalized producers, typically from developing countries. Baby Boomers, the generational cohort that is the focus of this study, were born between the years 1946 and 1964. The purpose of this thesis is to expand the knowledge base of fair trade consumption related to the Baby Boomer generation. This study makes a positive contribution towards this goal by furthering the understanding of Baby Boomers knowledge about and attitudes towards the fair trade movement, as well as assessing their current level of engagement in purchasing of fair trade products and their perceptions about barriers to purchasing fair trade products to a greater degree. An additional contribution made by this study is the comparison of differences in fair trade knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of Early versus Late Baby Boomers—a new contribution to the body of knowledge on fair trade. Altogether, 168 Baby Boomers (63 Late Boomers and 105 Early Baby Boomers) participated in the study. Data were collected through an online questionnaire. Questions in the questionnaire focused on: 1) knowledge of the fair trade movement; 2) attitudes about the fair trade movement; 3) fair trade purchasing behaviors; and 4) perceived barriers to fair trade purchasing. Data analysis included a combination of both quantitative (descriptive statistics, independent samples t-tests, and correlation analysis) and qualitative techniques. Guagnano, Stern, and Dietz’s (1995) ABC Model framed the study and Rogers (1983) diffusion theory and the prerequisites for adoption of an innovation guided conceptualization of the barriers to fair trade purchasing. Overall, findings of the study indicated that the participants were knowledgeable about the fair trade movement. They also exhibited positive attitudes towards fair trade but were not willing to compromise on certain product characteristics. The participants were somewhat engaged in a number of fair trade purchasing behaviors and they perceived numerous barriers to purchasing fair trade products. Finally, there were no identifiable differences between the Early and Late Baby Boomers in terms of knowledge, attitudes, or behaviors.
20
Vallejo, HernaÌn Eduardo. "World-wide analysis of bilateral trade flows : pattern, performance and commercial openness." Thesis, University of London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322142.
Full text
21
Holloway, Isaac Robert. "Implications of barriers to trade for exports of cultural goods and services." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/41914.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation contains three studies. Chapter 2 studies the effect of product quality on foreign entry using data on U.S. movie exports and direct and revealed measures of movie quality. In the model, fixed costs of entry mean only the more appealing movies will find it profitable to enter each country. Empirically, a one-standard-deviation increase in quality increases the probability of entry by 25-50%. Movies in culturally-laden genres are less likely to enter foreign markets and their probability of entry is more sensitive to quality. I exploit differences in the propensity to import different genre types to estimate a measure of cultural distance between countries. The cultural distance measure enters a gravity equation of merchandise trade significantly. Chapter 3 investigates the international diffusion of a new product. Products traditionally enter foreign markets sequentially. This paper proposes that part of the explanation is that firms want to learn about their products’ appeal before incurring the fixed costs of entry. Each successive release serves to update the firm’s expectations for future performance---and thus their decision to enter more markets. On a sample of U.S. movies, I find that a one-standard-deviation increase in the update, based on the previous round’s box-office "surprise", is associated with a 25% increase in the probability of entry to a typical potential destination in the current round. Chapter 4 investigates Canada's interprovincial and international trade in services. While modern technology has allowed for long-distance service provision, regulatory non-tariff barriers may constitute substantial hurdles for further trade liberalization. This chapter describes three exercises contributing to the analysis of Canadian service trade. Using a theoretically-motivated framework, I estimate provincial and national border effects, and track the effect over time that distance has had on international trade.
22
Yamagiwa, Takayoshi Jose. "An Assessment of Technical Barriers in Central American Agricultural and Food Trade." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27494.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation explores technical regulations (sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures, technical barriers to trade, and geographical indications) in Central American agricultural and food trade. In the first part, a framework to systematically evaluate the broad issues for developing countries is presented. Evaluation of the issues for Central America is based on interviews with about 100 persons in the region and in the United States (US), and on secondary sources. The topic is of significance in Central America, especially when related to SPS measures. The World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreements have had relatively little direct impact in improving Central Americaâ s response to technical regulations, while homologous Central American regional institutions may have been more successful, with indirect support from the WTO and the US, in reducing the incidence of illegitimate regulations in intra-regional trade. Central America may implement illegitimate barriers more against others in the region than against the US. Although the Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) may support Central Americaâ s capacity to meet more stringent technical regulations, the improvement may not be sufficiently perceptible.
The potential for Central American greenhouse tomato exports to the US is analytically evaluated in the second part. These tomatoes may be admitted as the ban based on the risk of introduction of the Mediterranean fruit fly is partially lifted, due in part on discussions in the CAFTA negotiations. Mature green, vine-ripe and greenhouse tomatoes are heterogeneous in demand, and vine-ripe tomatoes are but greenhouse tomatoes are not heterogeneous by origin. A static partial equilibrium model is constructed for the US tomato market, where demand is based on multi-stage budgeting and supply is a function of own tomato price. When the Central American greenhouse excess supply function is introduced to the model, the region exports to the US, the aggregate greenhouse quantity increases, and its prices decrease. As greenhouse preference increases, greenhouse quantity and prices also increase. Changes are perceptible but small in the mature green and vine-ripe markets in the expected direction. Access by Central America is particularly beneficial when US consumer preferences shift further toward greenhouse over other tomatoes.Ph. D.
23
Kiiza, Moses Gatama. "The case for international standards and agricultural free trade /." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80933.
Full textAbstract:
The sharp decline of tariff trade barriers has been one of the achievements of the world trading system. However, the reduction in tariffs has exposed the many non-tariff barriers that remain. As tariffs continue to fall, there seems to be a corresponding reliance on SPS measures as a source of protection for domestic producers. This underscores the need for a legal framework that can address the fundamental issue of whether a measure validly exists to protect consumers or is merely a 'sham' to protect domestic producers. This thesis argues that the protectionist use of SPS measures undermines the promised benefits of agricultural trade liberalization. Developing countries face numerous problems with regard to SPS measures. This thesis examines these problems and argues that there is a need to strengthen the capacity of developing countries to establish and implement SPS measures; meet the SPS requirements of trade partners; and participate fully in the work of standard setting organizations in the establishment of international standards, guidelines and recommendations. In addition, despite the proposed reductions in tariff barriers stipulated in the WTO Agreement on Agriculture, a lot remains to be done to fully liberalize trade in agriculture. Several issues still need to be addressed in order to enable developing countries to reap the benefits of trade liberalization in agriculture. These issues include market access, domestic and export support, food security and special and differential treatment.
24
Rudolph, Stephan. "The Gravity Equation and the Interdependency of Trade Costs and International Trade." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-64322.
Full textAbstract:
The gravity equation is probably the most important tool in international economics to explain and estimate trade flows. However, since the gravity equation is important for political decisions, it is very important to achieve reliable results from its empirical application. Thus, it is necessary to employ the gravity equation using a theoretically and empirically proper methodology. One important discussion addresses the implausibly high measures for the impact of trade cost proxies on exports that frequently appear, especially in older works. This problem became known as the "border puzzle" (Obstfeld and Rogoff, 2001).
The aim of the study is to contribute to the discussion about the suitability of the gravity equation's empirical applications. The basic idea is that trade costs between two countries could additionally depend on the exports between these two countries and not only on the (more or less) exogenous proxy variables for trade costs, as they are normally used. In this study, a new theory of endogenous trade costs is provided which shows that iceberg trade costs are likely to depend on exports. An interaction between exports and trade costs (or the gravity function and a trade cost function) leads to a simultaneity problem. Moreover, this theory can be confirmed after estimating the gravity equation with an alternative econometric strategy: A simultaneous equation system using a theory-based index to compensate for the directly immeasurable trade.
A further target of the study is in its use of the comprehensive trade cost index to compute "multilateral resistances" of countries to trade, introduced in the trend-setting work by Anderson and van Wincoop (2003). These multilateral resistances are necessary to retrieve unbiased results from empirical gravity equations. A methodology was developed to make the heretofore unknown index of multilateral resistances visible.
The result of the simultaneity approach and the use of constructed data for bilateral and multilateral trade costs is that the estimated direct effects of variables influencing exports decrease. The proposed methodologies of this study could help to achieve more plausible and reliable results from the gravity equation as the "workhorse for empirical studies" (Eichengreen and Irwin, 1998) of international trade.
25
Hollard, Julie. "The removal of technical barriers to trade in the WTO era : a cause of gains and losses of power among national actors." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33359.
Full textAbstract:
The implementation of the 1994 GATT accords on technical barriers to trade led to an unprecedented level of trade liberalisation. Most countries have increased their economic interdependence. The role delegated to multinational enterprises has been considerably extended. It is suggested that they could become subjects of international law. Their participation in standardisation, eco-labelling and consultation programs increased. They also adopted private codes of conduct and have modernised the way they dialogue with regulatory authorities. One of the impacts of the Uruguay Round Agreements is a subtle reorganisation of forces within national economies. Tremendous responsibilities are progressively undertaken by private entities in domains where the state used to regulate unilaterally. The shift of power from public entities to private ones is discreet but has effects on all traditional sources of law. New forms of regulation on multinational enterprises need to be created. One of the main sources of innovation is a negotiated self-regulation
26
Magana, Lemus David. "A quantitative analysis of the effects of tariff and non-tariff barriers on U.S. - Mexico poultry trade." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2509.
Full textAbstract:
Since the inception of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in
1994, tariff restriction to U.S. poultry products entering the Mexican market has
decreased significantly. While poultry trade from the U.S. to Mexico has increased
considerably, Mexican chicken exports to the U.S. face a sanitary restriction. This
concerns chicken producers in Mexico. Consequently, the Mexican government
negotiated with the U.S. government an extension, from 2003 to 2008, of the tariff rate
quota (TRQ) on U.S. chicken leg quarters entering the Mexican market.
The purpose of this study was to estimate the economic impact of trade policies
restricting the chicken trade between Mexico and the U.S. Two trade policy scenarios
were analyzed: (1) a removal of the Mexican tariff rate quota (TRQ) on U.S. chicken leg
quarters, and (2) a removal of the TRQ and, in addition, a removal of the U.S. sanitary
restrictions to Mexican chicken. A cost minimization mathematical programming model
was used to estimate the optimum levels of production, consumption and trade, subject
to policy restrictions.
The study found that if the Mexican TRQ on U.S. chicken leg quarters is
eliminated, chicken production in Mexico would shrink by 51% compared to the actual level of production as of 2003. A less drastic effect on Mexican production of chicken
was found when, in addition to the TRQ removal, the U.S. sanitary restriction on
Mexican chicken is eliminated. In this second scenario total production in Mexico would
decrease by 24%. Under both scenarios chicken production in the U.S. is estimated to
have an increase, 8% and 4% for the first and second scenarios, respectively. These new
levels of production would affect trade levels and prices for chicken and chicken parts in
both countries.
27
Bronskill, Jim (James Arnold) Carleton University Dissertation Journalism. "Sound barriers; the Canada-U.S. Free-Trade Agreement and the recording industry in Canada." Ottawa, 1992.
Find full text
28
Kamau, Nancy Washinga. "The regulation on trade barriers under SADC and EAC: assessing the effectiveness of their legal framework." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12898.
Full textAbstract:
Includes bibliographical references.There are more regional integration initiatives in Eastern and Southern Africa than anywhere else in Sub-Sahara Africa. These include Common Market of Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), East Africa Community (EAC), Southern African Development Community (SADC), Southern Africa Customs Union (SACU) and Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD). Owing to the scope of this study, only the trade liberalization initiatives under SADC and EAC will be evaluated. The trade liberalization strategies will focus on the intra-regional level. This study entails a comparative study of key legal provisions facilitating elimination of trade barriers within SADC and EAC trade blocs respectively. The study identifies the underlying objectives that inspired the countries to enter the said regional trade agreements. It will focus on the mechanisms adopted to liberalize free movement of goods in the SADC Free Trade Area and the EAC Customs Union respectively. Since both RTAs carry a firm commitment to take affirmative measures to reduce barriers to intra-regional trade, the respective trade agreements should contain a legal framework that will drive the trade liberalization objectives. The study seeks to determine whether the legal frameworks in the SADC and EAC trade regimes is a viable tool to eliminate trade barriers and in turn foster a deeper level of integration. The aim of the study is to ascertain whether their constitutive legal framework is effective enough to achieve this goal. The study concludes that while the SADC FTA and the EAC custom union have already been launched, the levels of intra-regional trade remains low. This is caused by failure of some member states to meet their commitments to eliminate tariff barriers, the surge of non-tarifff barriers and multiple memberships of SADC and EAC members with other regional trade blocs. This study is founded on the belief that lack of enforcement of community law at national and community level is slowing down the implementation of treaty commitments.
29
Ezekwesili, Chinweuba E. "Can the Monetary Integration of ECOWAS Improve Intra-Regional Trade?" Scholarship @ Claremont, 2011. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/279.
Full textAbstract:
A gravity model is used to evaluate the effects of currency union on intra-regional trade of ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States) member states. The panel data used includes bilateral observations for fourteen years spanning 1994 through 2006 for 16 countries. Controlling for determinants and deterrents of trade, I find the presence of a currency union three times as likely to increase intra-regional trade between ECOWAS member countries. In addition, I find that the effect on trade creation has been steadily falling since 1994.
30
Isaac, Grant E. "Agricultural biotechnology and transatlantic trade : an international political economy analysis of social regulatory barriers." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2001. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2512/.
Full textAbstract:
The development and commercialisation of genetically modified (GM) agricultural crops has drawn attention to a complex challenge facing trade diplomacy - the challenge of regulatory regionalism created by social regulatory barriers. Social regulations associated with GM crops have been enacted to ensure food safety, environmental protection and moral, ethical and religious preferences. Regulatory regionalism exists at the transatlantic level where GM crops approved as safe in North America have been delayed or denied market access in the EU because of divergent social regulations. As domestic social regulations have emerged on the trade agenda trade diplomacy is at a crucial crossroads because the traditional integration approach of trade diplomacy fails to acknowledge the endogenous political economy factors responsible for the social regulations within a particular jurisdiction. The research reveals that maintaining the traditional approach will erode public support for trade diplomacy and marginalise it as a viable force in international integration. Given the shortcomings of the traditional trade approach, this study then identifies a regulatory development and integration framework contributing to regulatory stability and enhancing the potential for transatlantic regulatory integration. This Ideal Regulatory Framework essentially builds social credence into the scientific rationality approach. Social credence is built in by ensuring consumer information, trust and choice. The result is a trade diplomacy approach that contributes to regulatory stability and integration by balancing the competing interests within an operational, dynamic, rules-based approach capable of managing the social concerns associated with advanced technologies such as GM crops.
31
Katsargyri, Georgia-Evangela. "Individual and systemic risk trade-offs induced by information barriers in the financial system." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/108995.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2017.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 87-91).
Investment diversification is a risk management technique that allows to create balanced portfolios that achieve a certain rate of return on one's investment, within a certain risk allowance. Despite the advantages it offers to investors, diversification has been strongly debated in the aftermath of the global financial crisis of 2007-2009, because it is believed to have potential adverse effects on systemic risk. In this thesis, we specifically investigate the adverse effects that limited information availability of investors, and the diversification choices they make due to that information, may have on the systemic risk of the financial system as a whole. Information availability here is seen as the level of awareness for each agent of the available options he can employ in order to diversify his portfolio in the given market, examined in terms of two so-called "information barriers": a) assets accessibility, representing private and public information offered to each investor about the available assets in the market, b) agents diversifiability, representing the agent's experience in processing this information in order to make better diversification decisions. Building on an existing stylized financial system model, we enrich it by partitioning the assets and the investors according to their accessibility and diversifiability respectively. Our contribution is threefold; we demonstrate a tradeoff between individual diversification activity and systemic risk induced by the two information barriers, we provide analytical characterization and numerical representation of the conditions under which diversification activity under limited information may amplify systemic risk and finally we observe and highlight a discrepancy that is created between actual and perceived risk for increasing level of information availability in the system.
by Georgia-Evangelia Katsargyri.
Ph. D.
32
Gugler, Klaus, and Adhurim Haxhimusa. "Cross-Border Technology Differences and Trade Barriers: Evidence from German and French Electricity Markets." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2016. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5222/1/wp237.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Using hourly data, we show that the convergence of German and French electricity spot prices depends
on the employed generation mix structure, on the trade (export/import) capacity between the two countries, and on
characteristics of neighbouring markets. Only when German and French electricity markets employ "similar"
generation mixes price spreads vanish, and the likelihood for congestion of electricity flows is significantly
reduced. This implies that, at least, a part of the convergence that was documented in recent literature is spurious, because it is not (only) driven by the forces of arbitrage, but by the similarity of the Generation structures. The direction of congestion matters in this regard. Furthermore, we document consistent evidence for the most important predictions of trade theory if markets are characterized by increasing marginal cost (i.e. supply) curves and limited cross-border capacities. (authors' abstract)Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
33
Connell, Kim Yvonne Hiller. "Ecological consumer decision making nature, process, and barriers in apparel acquisition /." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.
Find full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Michigan State University. Dept. of Human Environment: Design Management, 2008.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on July 8, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 340-352). Also issued in print.
34
Al-Torkistani, Harbiballa M. "The marketing of GCC petrochemical firms with special reference to international market entry barriers." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332426.
Full text
35
Ferraz, Lucas Pedreira do Couto. "Essays on the general equilibrium effects of barriers to trade on economic growth, foreign trade and the location of economic activity in Brazil." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/7683.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted by Lucas Pedreira do Couto Ferraz (lucaspcf@gmail.com) on 2010-09-28T19:40:07Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
Thesis_PhD.pdf: 996294 bytes, checksum: cf266060bc6c236aa36c8a4e4775224d (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Andrea Virginio Machado(andrea.machado@fgv.br) on 2010-09-29T12:58:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis_PhD.pdf: 996294 bytes, checksum: cf266060bc6c236aa36c8a4e4775224d (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2010-10-01T17:44:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis_PhD.pdf: 996294 bytes, checksum: cf266060bc6c236aa36c8a4e4775224d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-16
This work presents a fully operational interstate CGE model implemented for the Brazilian economy that tries to quantify both the role of barriers to trade on economic growth and foreign trade performance and how the distribution of the economic activity may change as the country opens up to foreign trade. Among the distinctive features embedded in the model, modeling of external scale economies, port efficiency and land-maritime transport costs provides an innovative way of dealing explicitly with theoretical issues related to integrated regional systems. In order to illustrate the role played by the quality of infrastructure and geography on the country‟s foreign and interregional trade performance, a set of simulations is presented where barriers to trade are significantly reduced. The relative importance of trade policy, port efficiency and land-maritime transport costs for the country trade relations and regional growth is then detailed and quantified, considering both short run as well as long run scenarios. A final set of simulations shed some light on the effects of liberal trade policies on regional inequality, where the manufacturing sector in the state of São Paulo, taken as the core of industrial activity in the country, is subjected to different levels of external economies of scale. Short-run core-periphery effects are then traced out suggesting the prevalence of agglomeration forces over diversion forces could rather exacerbate regional inequality as import barriers are removed up to a certain level. Further removals can reverse this balance in favor of diversion forces, implying de-concentration of economic activity. In the long run, factor mobility allows a better characterization of the balance between agglomeration and diversion forces among regions. Regional dispersion effects are then clearly traced-out, suggesting horizontal liberal trade policies to benefit both the poorest regions in the country as well as the state of São Paulo. This long run dispersion pattern, on one hand seems to unravel the fragility of simple theoretical results from recent New Economic Geography models, once they get confronted with more complex spatially heterogeneous (real) systems. On the other hand, it seems to capture the literature‟s main insight: the possible role of horizontal liberal trade policies as diversion forces leading to a more homogeneous pattern of interregional economic growth.
36
Showers, Vince Eric. "The relative impacts of price/income and non-price/non-income trade barriers on agricultural trade : a case study of Japanese wheat imports /." The Ohio State University, 1989. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487670346876214.
Full text
37
Lee, Sangmin. "From visible to invisible trade barriers : a comparative study of the automobile industry in Japan and Korea /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
Full text
38
Hejazi, Mina. "Three Essays on Tariff and Non-Tariff Barriers to Trade and U.S. Market Access to China." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/87399.
Full textAbstract:
International trade encourages innovation, boosts development, reduces poverty, creates new markets, enhances competitiveness, improves product quality, and expands the consumer choice set. This dissertation is composed of three papers examining barriers to agricultural trade. The first two papers examine the impact of tariff and non-tariff barriers to agricultural trade while the third paper investigates China's domestic agricultural and international trade policies in order to promote U.S. market access in China.
The first paper investigates how trade liberalization expands the range of products available for import and consumption. A multinomial logit framework of unordered export categories is developed: no trade margin, disappearing margin, intensive margin, and extensive margin. The findings of this paper suggest exporters gain from tariff reductions because they can establish new product relationships with the U.S. and enhance their U.S., and potentially global, supply chains. In addition, if consumers value variety in consumption, the extensive product margin results can be viewed as a positive welfare gain for U.S. agri-food consumers. The second paper focuses on non-tariff measures (NTM), which have significant implications for agricultural trade and food marketing. This paper focuses on maximum residue limits (MRLs) for pesticides and their trade restricting nature on U.S. fresh fruit and vegetable trade under the Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (T-TIP) and the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP). Specifically, this research develops a bilateral index to measure the stringency of destination market tolerances for pesticide residues relative to those faced in the United States. Using a Heckman two-step model, the results shed considerable light on existing regulatory heterogeneity, which has important implications for policy to focus on increasing compatibility of NTMs across trading nations.
The third paper examines China's evolving agricultural and trade policies and discusses the potential impact on U.S. exports to China. China's agricultural imports, and policies affecting those agricultural products, have important implications for the U.S. as the leading export supplier to the Chinese market. China's price support programs, aimed at improving food security and Chinese farmers' incomes, increased domestic prices. This created a gap between domestic and international prices that led to excessive Chinese stockpiles. In response, China implemented respective target prices for cotton and soybeans, eliminated the price support for corn, and continues to introduce new policies.Ph. D.
39
Harrod, Pamela A. "The general agreement on tariffs and trade and non-tariff barriers impact on international law and on trade in general and on import and export trade in Canada in particular." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5598.
Full text
40
Kenney, Samuel. "Temporary trade barrier implementation and market power: evidence from Latin American economies." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/32799.
Full textAbstract:
Master of ArtsDepartment of Economics
Peri da Silva
This paper examines temporary trade barrier (TTB) implementation by 13 Latin American economies on a bilateral basis from 2000-2009 considering market power and import shocks. Additionally, we augment our analysis by including the effect of the presence or absence of tariff water on TTB implementation. We find evidence that market power and tariff water play an integral role in TTB implementation while import shocks do not. Using a probit model we estimate that a one standard deviation increase in market power and the absence of tariff water indicator increase the probability that a country imposes an antidumping tariff by 71 and 20 percent respectively, evaluated at their means. Interestingly, we do not find that import shocks have a significant impact on TTB implementation.
41
Zachmann, Georg. "Empirical Evidence for Inefficiencies in European Electricity Markets: Market Power and Barriers to Cross-Border Trade?" Doctoral thesis, Technische Universität Dresden, 2008. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A25124.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation applies a variety of quantitative methods to European electricity market data to enable us to detect, understand, and eventually mitigate market imperfections. The empirical data indicate that market power and barriers to cross-border trade partially explain today’s market failures. Briefly, the five key findings of this dissertation are: First, we observe a decoupling between German electricity prices and fuel cost, even though British electricity prices are largely explained by short-run cost factors. Second, we demonstrate that rising prices of European Union emission allowances (EUA) have a greater impact on German wholesale electricity prices than falling EUA prices. Third, we reject the assumption of full integration of European wholesale electricity markets in 2002-2006; for several pairs of countries, the weaker hypothesis of (bilateral) convergence is accepted (i.e. efforts to develop a single European market for electricity have been only partially successful). Fourth, we observe that daily auction prices of scarce cross-border transmission capacities are insufficient to explain the persistence of international price differentials. Empirically, our findings confirm the insufficiency of explicit capacity auctions as stated in the theoretical literature. Fifth, we identify inefficiencies in the market behavior for the interconnector linking France and the United Kingdom (UK), for which several explanations, including market power, may be plausible.
42
Botha, Anton. "Trade liberalisation and the developing nations : a strategy for sustainable growth." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50203.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Developing economies are greatly influenced by changing factors of globalisation, trading pattems of industrialised countries and currency fluctuations. Trade reform is expected to play a critical role in creating competitive advantages among developing countries. However, liberalisation of developing countries has not always given the expected result. Too often, mullilateral organisations lecture developing countries on the merits of good governance, building dynamic institutions and greater openness to trade and foreign direct investments (FDI). The International Monetary Fund (IMF) estimates that if Sub-Saharan Africa's institutional capacity were raised to the level of developed countries, per capita GDP would be raised by 150 percent. The rich world's trade protectionism and inadequate FDI inflows are blocking poor nations' efforts to integrate within the global economy. Currently, protectionist barriers set up by developed countries disrupt global economic market adjustments. Extending liberalisation to trade in all commodities would almost double world gains and would benefit developing countries in particular. To sustain development through liberalisation, nations need to reform themselves domestically and all nations must be given reasonably free market access.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ontwikkelende ekonomiee word grootliks beinvloed deur die veranderende omstandighede met betrekking tot globalisasie. Handelshervorming sal na verwagting 'n kritieke rol speel om 'n kompeterende voordeel te skep vir ontwikkelende lande. Nogtans het die liberalisering van sommige van hierdie lande nie die verwagte resultaat gelewer nie. Dit gebeur gereeld dat multilaterale organisasies ontwikkelende lande voorskryf oor die meriete van goeie bestuur, die ophou van dinamiese instellings en 'n meer ontvanklike houding teenoor buitelandse handel en beleggings. Die Internasionale Monetere Fonds (IMF) skat dat as die institusionele kapasiteit van Suid van die Sahara Afrika tot op die vlak van ontwikkelde lande verhoog word, die bruto binnelandse produk (BBP) per capita met 150 persent sal styg. Maar die ryk wereld se handelsbeskerming en die onvoldoende toevloei van buitelandse direkte investering, blokkeer arm nasies se pogings om die wereldekonomie te betree. Tans ontwrig die beskermende maatreels in ontwikkelde lande die vermoe van die wereldwye ekonomiese mark om aan te pas. Deur liberalisering ten opsigte van alle handelsgoedere uit te brei, kan die wereld-winste bykans verdubbel word. Ontwikkelende lande sal veral hierby baat vind. Om ontwikkeling deur liberalisering te bevorder, moet nasies binnelands hervorm en alle nasies moet redelike vrye toegang tot die wereldmark gebied word.
43
Ramadan, Iman M. W. "The supply chain for Egypt's fresh produce exports : barriers to efficiency and proposed strategies for improvement." Thesis, Southampton Solent University, 2002. http://ssudl.solent.ac.uk/625/.
Full textAbstract:
Increasing competitive pressures due to globalisation of markets, fuelled by developments in communication and information systems have led Egypt to embark upon ambitious ecomomic structural reform programmes. Although major improvements in the country's monetary and financial position have been achieved, Egypt's trade defecit continues to worsen. The Egyptian government is not pursuing policies that encourage exports such as liberalisation of trade privatisation and encouragement of foreign investments. Despite these efforts progress is limited with respect to the quantities and value of exported fresh produce which Egypt has comparative advantage in producing. The challenge to supply the EU, which is a net importer of fresh produce and Egypt's main agricultural trade partner, with consistent and timely deliveries that satisfy its quality specifications at competitive prices remians strong, despite some export opportunities offered by trade agreements between Egypt and the EU. Supply Chain Management is now considered a key competitive weapon. More and more developing countries like Egypt are beginning to realise the importance of its efficiency and the opportunities it offers in terms of cost savings, improved customer servicves, more efficient use of resources, environmental benefits, competitive advantage ande bigger market share. What it takes to implement in terms of infrastructure, skilled personnel, information technology and procedures need to be pointed out. There has been little research in the field of Supply Chain Management in Egypt to date. Through studying the case of fresh produce moved from Egypt to EU countries, a contribution to a profound analysis of the current practices and problems inherent in the system is made possible. After investigating the problem through interviews and questionnaires and reviewing the relevant literature, a set of barriers have been identified that impede the smooth and co-ordinated flow of goods and information throughout the supply chain. Barrers in air, maritime and land transport as well as procurement and institutional barriers have been identified and their causes are analysied in order to draw a realy picture of the problem situation. due to the complexity and the interdisciplinary nature of the investigated problem a holistic approach was considered to be more appropriate. Reviewing different methodologies, the Soft System Methodology was chosen as it provides a well established tool for analysis of complex management problems. Its application provides a basis for problem situation improvement by designing conceptual models based on root definitions for systems and subsystems of the supply chain under investigation. The research is evaluated in terms of its satisfaction to criteria set in recent literature for competent interpretive field research based on the hermeneutic philosophy that notable match the holistic nature and systems thinking of both the research topic and the interpretive methodology adopted.
44
Zùñiga, Schroder Humberto Angel. "Harmonisation, equivalence and mutual recognition of standards : an analysis from a trade law perspective." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4059.
Full textAbstract:
Standards are necessary for an efficient functioning of the market and their regulation is an increasingly important area of law. Such is their importance that today it is possible to find thousands of standards developed by international standardising bodies, governmental agencies and even private companies in products that range from SIM cards and medical devices, to the pasteurisation of milk and computer protocols. Reasons that justify their widespread use are not difficult to ascertain: they play, for example, an important role in the achievement of economies of scale in manufacturing and in the attainment of compatibility of products and processes. However, together with these positive effects, standards can also have discriminatory consequences for trading partners, especially in cases in which they are badly designed and applied (for example, when they are introduced with the real purpose of creating an artificial comparative advantage for domestic producers). Given the existence of these ambivalent effects, three different policy tools have been developed within the World Trade Organisation (WTO) legal regime, aimed at maximising the benefits derived from the use of standards: harmonisation, equivalence and mutual recognition. The present thesis investigates the way in which both the WTO Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) and Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) Agreements regulate these three instruments, and also, the potential shortcomings of the system from a trade law perspective. For that purpose, it studies relevant legal provisions of both Agreements, WTO jurisprudence and guidelines issued by international standardising bodies, among other topics.
45
Chimeri, Vongai. "The WTO agreement on technical barriers to trade : a critical appraisal of its implementation within the Southern African Development Community." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/2855.
Full textAbstract:
The World Trade Organisation Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement) was crafted with the aim of ensuring that technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedure do not constitute unnecessary obstacles to international trade. Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries have since ratified this Agreement and took a step further to incorporate its principles into the Technical Barriers to Trade Annex to the SADC Protocol on Trade. Despite this effort, SADC countries are still grappling with implementing the TBT Agreement in their domestic frameworks. Consequently, technical barriers to trade have become impediments to both regional and international trade. It is in this context that this study aims to examine the implementation of the TBT Agreement within the SADC. The study answers the question what are the challenges facing SADC Member states to fully implement the TBT Agreement? The study demonstrates that SADC Member face challenges which include of lack adequate resources, technical expertise and enforcement mechanisms to effectively implement the TBT Agreement. In the finality, the study recommends SADC Member states to deepen regional integration in order to collaborate on matters relating to technical barriers to trade within the region. Member states should also share information and learn from the experiences of other countries on how to effectively implement the TBT Agreement. Further, government officials should be educated on trade-friendly regulations that do not compromise on the principles of the TBT Agreement. To this end, regulatory impact assessments should be established in order to assess the trade effects of both new and old regulations. Effective enforcement mechanisms should also be introduced in order to coerce Member states to comply with their regional obligations. By effecting these recommendations, SADC states have the opportunity to eradicate technical barriers to trade thereby increasing both regional and international trade.
46
Nelson, Christopher. "Tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade in the beef, dairy & wheat industry in Japan, Taiwan & Thailand between 1974 & 1994 /." Connect to thesis, 1995. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00000902.
Full text
47
Thiele, Dominic. "Die australischen Marktzugangsbedingungen und ihre Vereinbarkeit mit Welthandelsrecht /." Aachen : Shaker, 2005. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=014725112&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
Full text
48
Mieldazys, Judita A., and Judita mieldazys@dpcd vic gov au. "The International Development of Performance-Based Building Codes and Their Impact on the Australian Construction Industry in Offshore Trade." RMIT University. Property, Construction and Project Management, 2005. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20090724.120856.
Full textAbstract:
The interplay of forces behind globalisation, promoting trade and prosperity, and the desire for offshore trade are not fully understood. This is further complicated by the role of the political economy, global sovereignty versus national boundaries, economic status of a country and community needs. The literature found that 'one size does not fit all'. Globalisation results in the consideration of global similarities such as standards, harmonisation of laws, international codes and the growth of international organisations. In addition, there is international pressure to adopt 'performance-based' designs by members of the World Trade Organization countries in order to promote trade. This research examines the development of performance-based building codes at the international level, its benefits and issues and whether it will achieve a positive impact on trade for the Australian construction industry.
49
Chan, Tak-him. "From international regulation to green production : continuous challenges to our textile and clothing industry /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17956791.
Full text
50
Van, der Linde Dorothea Leedia. "Identifying the export trade barriers of the business services sector in South Africa / Dorothea Leedia van der Linde." Thesis, North-West University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/8445.
Full textAbstract:
A service can be traded either directly between a consumer and provider of the service or a service can serve as an input into the manufacturing of various products and other services that are traded. Trade in services has therefore become an essential part of global trade and contributes significantly to global, as well as South African economic growth, development and productivity. Service trade has furthermore been growing at a greater rate than trade in manufactured goods. The growth of services trade can be attributed to growth in goods trade, technological advances, rising per capita incomes, micro-economic reforms, as well as increased consumer and business demand, and technological change.
According to the GATS’ (General Agreement on Trade in Services) services sectorial classification list, the service sector can be classified into twelve major categories and these sectors can further be divided into 160 sub-sectors. One of the sub-sectors that have been identified that has significant growth potential globally and for South Africa is the sub-sector, ‘other business’ services. This sub-sector falls under the sector, business services. Trade data revealed that this sub-sector is one of the top three traded service categories internationally, as well as for South Africa. For the purpose of this study the focus was specifically on ‘other business’ services provided by members of the BEPEC (Built Environmental Professional Export Council). The services performed by the members of the BEPEC are: consulting engineering, architectural, quantity surveying, and construction project managing services. These services are inputs into the manufacturing or construction of human creations such as buildings, structures, dams, roads etc.
Trade barriers, however, hinder the free flow of services from the service provider to customers in other countries. This is no different for the providers of ‘other business’ services. Therefore in order to increase the competitiveness of South Africa’s ‘other business’ services sector internationally; the primary objective of this study was to identify the internal, as well as external barriers experienced by the exporters of ‘other business’ services. These internal and external barriers were identified by means of a questionnaire that the members of the BEPEC, who are exporters of ‘other business’ services, completed. Once these barriers were identified recommendations were made to the South African government.
The most significant internal barriers were found to be: • lack of information about foreign markets; • lack of information on how to enter these foreign markets; • lack of personnel who are experienced in export activities; • scarcity of internal financial resources for export purposes and export promotion. • The most significant external barriers were found to be: • exchange rate risk and the risk of non-payment; • corruption and bribery; • risks involved with political instability in a country; • restrictions on immigration provisions such as delay in obtaining entry visas, residency or work permits; • poor infrastructure; • foreign government procurement policies; • distance to the target market. All of the identified barriers can mostly be addressed by the South African government by providing training, the provision of market related information, and trade negotiations.Thesis (MCom (International Trade))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012