Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Trade associations – Europe'

EU-Ukraine trade relations are important for both parties: for the EU it is a new market with huge land and labor potential, for Ukraine it is a short-term perspective to modernize it's economy. For now the trade and investment relations are not developed as they can be, in this work we analyze the current trade and investment flows between EU and Ukraine, determine the key partners and industries. In order to bring the relations to the new level, we analyze the possible impact of Free Trade Agreement on the both sides in general and more specifically regarding key industries. The result is the recommendation to continue EU-Ukraine integration, especially in terms of economical cooperation.

This thesis explores the role of Government negotiations, industrial pressure and private interests in the development of European Union (EU) trade relations with Israel, focusing on the 1995 EU-Israel Association Agreement. Employing a two-level metaphor, it discusses the evolution of the EU's ability to negotiate and ratify trade agreements, the history of European-Israeli political and commercial relations, and Israel's political economy. This thesis posits that trade policy can be used to further ideological foreign-policy goals, but that the content of trade policy is ultimately shaped less by "high political" considerations than by developing linkages at the domestic levels. In evaluating the ability of commercial and scientific communities to sway the progress of the Association Agreement negotiations, this thesis finds that the existence of some types of links between Israel and EU member states allowed Israeli interests to gain domestic "allies" in Europe, and thus to secure additional trade concessions. A further consideration developed in this paper is the existence of at least two "domestic" arenas within the Community: at the transnational EU level, within the member states, and increasingly at the regional level. This thesis discusses the way in which both negotiators and private interests recognised these tensions and exploited traditional political relations at the national and occasionally the regional levels in order to further affect negotiation and ratification capabilities of the Community. The thesis thus argues for a more complex rendering of the traditional multi-level analytical model, which assumes a discrete "level one". Instead, it puts forward a multilevel model, in which the ability of domestic communities to constrain negotiators is applied not only to the Community's own procedures, but also to its sub-units.

This thesis set out to ascertain the position of recent Australian Governments on the latest instalments of Asian regionalism in the context of an assessment of whether there has been a redefinition of Asia and thus a redefinition of Australia???s engagement with Asia. It will concentrate on the broad themes of politico-strategic and economic engagement. Whilst there has been extensive research and documentation on the Asian economic crisis there has been less work on the issue of a new Asian regionalism and the implications for Australia???s complex and variable engagement with the region. This is the basis for the claim to originality of this thesis, a claim supported by its focus on the practical and policy implications of Australia???s engagement, or lack of it, with regional institutions. The process of regional integration has been extremely slow, thus supporting the conclusion that there is no evidence of a major redefinition of Asia. Efforts at Asian regionalism are meeting obstacles that pose immense challenges. Asian regionalism remains nascent and poorly defined. This reflects the diversity and enormous disparities in cultures, political systems and the levels of economic development and differences over economic philosophies within East Asia. What is discernible is that the regionalism is proceeding more rapidly on financial issues than on trade, and in the security area it is conspicuously absent. This research highlights the fact that the question of Asian engagement remains a sensitive issue in Australia and continues to grow more complex. Australia???s engagement with Asia since 1996 has been variable because of the Howard Government???s broader balance of priorities between global and regional issues, and because of the changing nature of the Asian region. The perception gleaned from sources is that, for the Australian Government, regionalism initiatives are characterised by much discussion but lack substance. Consequently, this appears to have led the Government to the position that exclusion from some manifestations of regionalism is not so important. Australia is excluded from some of the regional architectures being constructed. In its efforts to seek inclusion in ASEAN + 3 and ASEM, Australia is facing the same barriers that have stood in the way of an AFTA-CER agreement. Exclusion would be important if the performance of regional groupings was not so indifferent. Exclusion from ASEAN + 3 and ASEM, however, does not equate to Australia???s exclusion from the region.

L’outre-mer comprend des régions, des pays et des territoires aux statuts divers et au passé hérité en grande partie des grandes puissances européennes, ce qui les a placés dans une communauté d’intérêts avec les Etats auxquels ils sont rattachés mais aussi avec l’Union européenne (UE).Néanmoins, ces régions, pays et territoires n’ont eu cesse de reconstruire entre eux des liens historiques et culturels et de tisser des relations avec l’ensemble de l’outre-mer afin de présenter une cohérence d’ensemble dans leur négociation avec l’Union européenne.Les régions ultrapériphériques appliquent le droit communautaire tandis que les pays et territoires d’outre-mer, situés en dehors du territoire communautaire, connaissent un régime d’association avec l’Union européenne.Le Danemark, l’Espagne, la France, les Pays-Bas, le Portugal et le Royaume-Uni ont procédé aux réformes constitutionnelles autorisant de multiples évolutions statutaires dans le respect du droit à l’autodétermination des populations.Forts d’une évolution statutaire et d’un développement économique et social continu, les régions, pays et territoires d’outre-mer souhaitent maintenant faire valoir leurs droits et défendre leurs intérêts au niveau européen et sur la scène internationale.La globalisation des politiques les incite à se regrouper au sein d’institutions internationales. Le rattachement de ces territoires à des Etats de droit leur a ouvert la voie à des systèmes juridiques bien structurés mais aussi aux valeurs européennes. Leur ultrapériphérité les a placés dans une situation géopolitique qui les a fait accéder aux relations internationales.L’objet de cette thèse est de démontrer l’interdépendance entre ces différents ordres juridiques et l’influence du droit européen et du droit international sur l’évolution statutaire de l’outre-mer vers davantage d’autonomie, mais aussi de responsabilisation et de prise en charge de son développement au moyen d’une implication dans son environnement régional, d’une coopération inter-régionale ou transnationale et d’une participation aux travaux des organisations internationales
The Overseas regions, countries and territories present various statuses inherited mainly from the major European Powers which placed them in a relationship of a common interest not only with their mother countries but also with the European Union (EU).However, these territories have continuously re-built between them historical and cultural links, and weaved relationship within the entire Overseas to appear as a constituted whole while negotiating with the EU.The outermost regions (OR) apply Community Law while the Overseas Countries and territories (OCT) situated outside the territory of the Community, have Association Arrangements with the EU.Denmark, France, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom have proceeded to necessary constitutional reforms to allow numerous articles amendments in respect of right to self-determination of peoples.At the light of statutory amendments and of a continuous economic and social development, the Outermost regions (OR) and the Overseas Countries and Territories (OCT), now wish to assert their rights and to defend their interests at European and International level.Globalisation of policies encourages OR and OCT to gather within International bodies. The rule of law of the related countries opens them to well-structured legal systems and to European values. The outermost geopolitical localisation makes them to have access to international relations.The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate the interdependence between these different legal systems and the impact of European and International Law on the statutory amendments of the Overseas towards more autonomy, but also liabilities and involvement on their own development by using their regional environment, inter-regional and transnational cooperation and taking part at the works of international organisations

Defence date: 21 May 1993
Examining board: Prof. Bernd Marin (European Centre, Vienna, supervisor) ; Prof. Giandomenico Majone (EUI) ; Prof. Wyn Grant (Warwick University) ; Dr. Brian Girvin (University College, Cork) ; Dr. Richard Sinnot (University College, Dublin)
First made available online: 2 June 2016

This case study deals with the reasons why the Portuguese Footwear Cluster evolved from a small industry focused on the Portuguese internal market into a high-tech industry capable of designing and producing some of the best and most expensive shoes in the world. It went from using the low labor costs of an under-developed economy to produce long series of shoes for pre-designated brands in Northern Europe to having the ability to produce some of the highest quality shoes in the world, in small orders, designed and delivered in record timing, while offering a service of excellence. In 1960, when Portugal became a founding member of EFTA, the footwear industry in Portugal was globally irrelevant, producing low quality shoes directed to the puny internal market and its African colonies. The new free trade zone with economies much more developed that itself, led to the transfer of the labor-intensive, low skilled manufacture from the UK and Scandinavian countries to Portugal. Mostly through joint ventures, the industry was able to mechanize itself so it could produce shoes in long series at low prices. It grew based on that model up until the 1990s, when the emergence of the Asian countries meant either a different strategy or extinction. Taking advantage of a clarified leadership of its trade association, it used the European funds made available to it during the 1990s, to modernize its factory floors, so it could become more nimble and flexible, expand its design capabilities and dramatically change its image abroad. The role of the trade association, APICCAPS, was instrumental throughout the process going well beyond what came to be expected of trade associations. It used its privileged position to provide understanding regarding the current situation and competitive landscape, alerting for changes ahead and at the same time providing a strategic vision on how to deal with the challenges. Moreover, it helped companies get the resources they needed by creating a research center in collaboration with a University, by creating a process that allowed companies to learn from each other via the show casing of projects sponsored by the association or by helping industrials traveling to locations where new customers could be found. The case study provides insight on how the trade association leadership, which has no formal authority over its members, was able to guide and motivate an industry through a consistent positive approach. That approach focused on the solutions, on the opportunities and on the success stories of companies in the cluster rather than on what was wrong or needed to be addressed. Based on this case, one could use the leadership role of the trade association to discuss and change leaders’ roles and styles in other sectors or even companies.

Defence date: 27 October 2016
Examining Board: Professor Marise Cremona, supervisor, EUI; Professor Claire Kilpatrick, EUI; Professor Christophe Hillion, University of Leiden and University of Oslo; Professor Fredrik Sejersted, Attorney General, Norway
How are the Contracting Parties to the European Economic Area (EEA) Agreement affected by the revised European Union (EU) constitutional framework for welfare services? This is the key question analysed in this thesis. By welfare services is meant a broad range of services wholly or partly financed through public funds such as public healthcare- and educational services (Part I), various social services (Part II) and public utilities such as transport and public broadcasting (Part III) The thesis demonstrates how the EU/EFTA institutions applying EEA law have attempted a homogenous development of the EEA integration process despite the EU's altered constitutional framework, and how these attempts create both substantive (legal doctrine) and institutional problems. The thesis engages in the debate from the point of view of the EU Treaty revisions reflecting concern for the social dimension of the market integration process. The findings indicate that although these Treaty revisions have not been reflected in amendments to the EEA agreement, a more advanced understanding of the concept of market integration has emerged also in the EEA integration process. These findings add a new element to the supranational character of the EEA Agreement. Despite the inherent challenge posed by European solidarity to sovereign national welfare provision the EEA Agreement moves into the welfare sphere, giving unprecedented powers in particular to the EFTA institutions. The thesis analyses the controversial and disputed consequences for the EU Member States of the EEA Agreement to enlarge the geographical area of application for the provisions on welfare services. The urgent need for better transparency of the process is the recurring theme. The EFTA States are not only associated with the EU Member States; they are adapted and arguably almost assimilated into the internal market through the decision making of the EU/EFTA institutions applying the EEA Agreement. The thesis demonstrates the complexities involved and calls for political decision making on the part of the Contracting Parties to the EEA Agreement.

碩士
國立中興大學
國際政治研究所
97
In the end of the twentieth centuries, under the pressure of globalization, region pursuit of trade liberalization through the signing of free trade agreement (FTA) or regional trade agreement with each other (RTA) and integration into a more dynamic international economic system has become a popular trend. Thus, the object of this thesis is European Union (EU). Through pushing free trade agreement with the Association of South-East Asian Nation (ASEAN), the EU attempts to maintain a tighter bilateral relationship. The main research approach of this thesis is new regionalism. It provides an analytic framework to observe dynamic relationship between EU and ASEAN. The EU push for FTA with ASEAN is a result of internal and external factors. Internal factors include Common Commercial Policy, Development Policy and Free Trade Agreement Policy. External factors include the frustration of WTO Doha round, the attack of East-Asia economic regional integration, the limit of Asia-Europe Meeting and the competition of America in the East-Asia. The mutual interactions of these factors correspond to three characteristics of new regionalism, namely extroverted and open regionalism, north-south regionalism and multiple regionalism; these construct the complicated motives underlying EU’s push for FTA with ASEAN. The ASEAN-EU FTA has potential characteristics of new regionalism for the future.

University College London - School of Slavonic and East European Studies Univerzita Karlova v Praze - Charles University in Prague - Faculty of Social Sciences International Masters in Economy, State & Society - Economics and Business Andrés Morales Interiano UCL Student Number: 14082525 The Czech Republic's Participation in the Association Agreement between the European Union and Central America and its Policy Implications Master's Thesis Supervisors: Dr Filipa Figueira (UCL) and Dr Pavel Vacek (Charles University) 20 May 2016 - Prague, Czech Republic Abstract: Preferential Trade Agreements have become evermore popular in the worldwide market economy and have raised much interest in academics and policy-makers alike. This paper studies the participation that the Czech Republic had in the Association Agreement between the European Union and Central America during the pre- negotiation and negotiation rounds, and the effects that it brought to the Czech Republic's trade policies and trade flow with the mentioned region. It focuses on a qualitative approach of the Political Economy of Regionalism and liberal perspective to explain how the Czech Republic participated in this agreement previous to its signature in 2012 and views some of the consequences it has caused after its provisional application. It finds...

Defence date: 21 January 2013
Examining Board: Professor Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann, European University Institute (Supervisor); Professor M. Elvira Mendez-Pinedo, University of Iceland (external co-supervisor); Professor Miguel Poiares Maduro, European University Institute; Judge Páll Hreinsson, EFTA Court.
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
Doctrines developed by the EFTA Court have placed considerable demands on the various national courts in the EFTA States. The Court now considers the EEA Agreement to form an "international treaty sui generis which contains a distinct legal order of its own." This thesis will study the interaction between the EFTA Court and Icelandic courts. The basis of this research rests on two levels. At the EEA level, it is the ECJ and the EFTA Court that form the basis of the study. At the national level, the thesis studies Icelandic Supreme Court and district court decisions. I will approach the question of the impact of EEA law on Icelandic domestic law from two dimensions: substantive and procedural. In substantive terms, the study examines fundamental European judgemade principles, as well as the impact these doctrines have had on Icelandic law. This will indicate how Icelandic courts deal with potential conflicts of law between EEA and Icelandic law, and how they respond to EFTA Court decisions and EEA principles. This part examines many fundamental concepts of EEA law, but the subject mainly raises questions concerning four specific concepts and the reaction of the Icelandic system to them. These are: first, the question of direct effect in EEA law second, the obligation of national courts to interpret national law in the light of EEA law third, the primacy of implemented EEA law and fourth, the principle of State liability. These legal concepts have all been seen as posing specific challenges to Icelandic courts. In its second stage, the thesis will, in procedural terms, study the relationship between the EFTA Court and the Icelandic courts, by investigating how the reference procedure under Article 34 SCA has been applied by the national courts in Iceland. It is only by looking at the discretion exercised by the courts as to whether or not to make a reference that one can form an opinion of Icelandic courts' openness to the EEA legal order.

The subject matter of the present diploma thesis is an exchange of information as an individual cartel behavior. It focuses on processes and operations that are performed within the frame of activities of trade associations. It should, first, be noted that in most cases, the exchange of information is an absolutely legal way how to make qualified and successful decisions on the transparent market. However, under particular conditions, it may represent a danger in the form of violation of competition law. Such violation can present particularly an exchange of information that removes uncertainty in market relationships and enables companies to foresee behavior of other competitors. The primary objective of this thesis is to complexly describe an attitude that evolved in the interpretation and application practice of the European Commission, or as the case may be of the European courts. On the base of theoretical findings and analysis, the thesis defines criteria that are applied when assessing exchange of information and determines the border between the legal and illegal exchange of information among competitors in the actual law of the European Union. So far as the content is concerned, the thesis is divided into five separate chapters. The first one provides a general definition of the exchange of...

L’outre-mer comprend des régions, des pays et des territoires aux statuts divers et au passé hérité en grande partie des grandes puissances européennes, ce qui les a placés dans une communauté d’intérêts avec les Etats auxquels ils sont rattachés mais aussi avec l’Union européenne (UE).Néanmoins, ces régions, pays et territoires n’ont eu cesse de reconstruire entre eux des liens historiques et culturels et de tisser des relations avec l’ensemble de l’outre-mer afin de présenter une cohérence d’ensemble dans leur négociation avec l’Union européenne.Les régions ultrapériphériques appliquent le droit communautaire tandis que les pays et territoires d’outre-mer, situés en dehors du territoire communautaire, connaissent un régime d’association avec l’Union européenne.Le Danemark, l’Espagne, la France, les Pays-Bas, le Portugal et le Royaume-Uni ont procédé aux réformes constitutionnelles autorisant de multiples évolutions statutaires dans le respect du droit à l’autodétermination des populations.Forts d’une évolution statutaire et d’un développement économique et social continu, les régions, pays et territoires d’outre-mer souhaitent maintenant faire valoir leurs droits et défendre leurs intérêts au niveau européen et sur la scène internationale.La globalisation des politiques les incite à se regrouper au sein d’institutions internationales. Le rattachement de ces territoires à des Etats de droit leur a ouvert la voie à des systèmes juridiques bien structurés mais aussi aux valeurs européennes. Leur ultrapériphérité les a placés dans une situation géopolitique qui les a fait accéder aux relations internationales.L’objet de cette thèse est de démontrer l’interdépendance entre ces différents ordres juridiques et l’influence du droit européen et du droit international sur l’évolution statutaire de l’outre-mer vers davantage d’autonomie, mais aussi de responsabilisation et de prise en charge de son développement au moyen d’une implication dans son environnement régional, d’une coopération inter-régionale ou transnationale et d’une participation aux travaux des organisations internationales
The Overseas regions, countries and territories present various statuses inherited mainly from the major European Powers which placed them in a relationship of a common interest not only with their mother countries but also with the European Union (EU).However, these territories have continuously re-built between them historical and cultural links, and weaved relationship within the entire Overseas to appear as a constituted whole while negotiating with the EU.The outermost regions (OR) apply Community Law while the Overseas Countries and territories (OCT) situated outside the territory of the Community, have Association Arrangements with the EU.Denmark, France, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom have proceeded to necessary constitutional reforms to allow numerous articles amendments in respect of right to self-determination of peoples.At the light of statutory amendments and of a continuous economic and social development, the Outermost regions (OR) and the Overseas Countries and Territories (OCT), now wish to assert their rights and to defend their interests at European and International level.Globalisation of policies encourages OR and OCT to gather within International bodies. The rule of law of the related countries opens them to well-structured legal systems and to European values. The outermost geopolitical localisation makes them to have access to international relations.The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate the interdependence between these different legal systems and the impact of European and International Law on the statutory amendments of the Overseas towards more autonomy, but also liabilities and involvement on their own development by using their regional environment, inter-regional and transnational cooperation and taking part at the works of international organisations

Яременко Д. Г. Правові проблеми захисту національного товаровиробника в умовах участі в СОТ : кваліфікаційна робота магістра спеціальності 081 "Право" / наук. керівник Я. О. Сидоров. Зaпoріжжя : ЗНУ, 2020. 128 с.
UA : Квaліфікaційнa рoбoтa склaдaється зі 128 стoрінoк, містить 71 джерело використаної інформації. Cтратегiчним пріоритетом зовнiшньоекономiчної полiтики України є вcтуп до Cвiтової організації торгiвлi (CОТ). Прагнення здобути повноправне членcтво у цiйорганiзацiї продиктоване реалiями cучаcного розвитку, домінуючою тенденцiєю якого протягом останніх деcятилiть є прогресуюча інтернаціоналізація економічних вiдноcин, що знаходить cвоєвтiлення не тiльки у поcиленнi взаємозв’язку та взаємозалежності національних економiк, зроcтаючiй маcштабноcтi та якicнiй змiнi характеру торгово-економiчнихвiдноcин країн, появi нових форм та методів міжнародної торгiвлi, а й актуалiзацiї проблеми захиcту національних економічних iнтереciв. Членами CОТ на cьогоднi є 164 країн, на якi припадає понад 98% обcягуcвiтовоїторгiвлi, ще 30 країн перебувають на рiзних етапах процеcувcтупу. Членcтво в CОТ певною мiрою обмежує можливості реалізації національних економічних інтересів унаcлiдок скорочення спектра iнcтрументiв торгової полiтики, якi ранiше були виключно компетенцією національних урядiв. Заcоби захиcту торгiвлi та національного товаровиробника перебуваючи в центрi торговельної полiтики ЄвропейcькогоCоюзу (ЄC), є комплексом iнcтрументiв торговельного права та важливим механiзмом для забезпечення дотримання загальноприйнятих принципiв i правил мiжнародноїторгiвлi. Актуальнicть проблеми i, водночаc, її недоcтатнярозробленicть зумовили вибiр теми нашого доcлiдження «Правовi проблеми захиcтунацiонального товаровиробника в умовах учаcтi в CОТ». Метою квaлiфiкaцiйної роботи є нaуковеобґрунтувaння тa зaпропонувaння дослідження аналізу і розробки теоретичних засад правового регулювання інноваційної діяльності. Об’єктом дослідження квaлiфiкaцiйної роботиє відносини, що виникають у процесі планування та здійснення інноваційної діяльності. Предметомдослiдження є основні пріоритети правових засад інноваційного розвитку економіки України. Методологічну основу рoбoти склaдaють сукупність загальнонаукових і спеціальних методів: Методологічною основою науковоїроботи є сукупністьметодів і прийом і внаукового пізнання. Під час написання роботи використовувалися загальнонаукові та спеціальніюридичні методи, застосування яких забезпечило досягнення сформульованих мети та завдань дослідження, для забезпечення повноти дослідження, об’єктивності та достовірності отриманих наукових результатів. Так за допомогою методу системно-структурного аналізу розкрито понятійний апарат. Спеціально-юридичний метод було використано для формулювання дефініцій і термінів, що склали понятійно-категоріальний апарат дослідження. Системний методдав можливість комплексно розглянути систему норм права ЄС у контексті предмета дослідження, а історико-правовийметод використано для дослідження становлення та розвитку правового забезпеченнязасобівзахисту товаровиробника.
EN : The qualifying work consists of 128 pages and contains 71 sources of information used. The strategic priority of Ukraine's foreign economic policy is the introduction to the World Trade Organization (WTO). The desire to gain full chlenctvo in this organization dictated realiyamycuchacnoho development tendency which dominates over octannihdecyatylit is prohrecuyuchainternatsionalizatsiya economic vidnocyn that is cvoye realizing not only in the relationship and pocylennivzayemozalezhnocti national economy, zroctayuchiymacshtabnoctiyakicniy variation and nature of trade and economic vidnocyn countries, the emergence of new forms and methods of international trade, but also the updating of the problems of protection of national economic interests. Today, WTO members are 164 countries, accounting for more than 98% of world trade, and 30 more countries are at different stages of the process of accession. Membership in the WTO to some extent limits the possibilities of realization of national economic interests due to the shortening of the spectrum of trade policy instruments, which were previously exclusively the competence of national governments. At the same time, at the global level, new regulatory and protective mechanisms and methods are being perfected and created, which are necessary to understand, master and use them for the effective implementation of national economic interventions in international conditions. The urgency of the problem and, at the same time, its insufficient development, led to the choice of the topic of our study «Legal Problems of Protection of a National Commodity Producer in the Conditions of Participation in the WTO». The purpose of the qualification work is to provide a scientific justification for the study of the analysis and development of the theoretical foundations of the legal regulation of innovative activity. The object of the study of qualification work is the relationships that arise in the process of planning and implementation of innovation activities. The subject of research is the main priorities of the legal foundations of innovative development of the Ukrainian economy. The methodological basis of the work consists of a set of general scientific and special methods: The methodological basis of scientific work is a set of methods and techniques of scientific knowledge. During the writing of the paper, general scientific and special legal methods were used, the application of which ensured the achievement of the formulated goals and objectives of the research, to ensure the completeness of the research, objectivity and reliability of the obtained scientific results.Thus, using the method of system-structural analysis, the conceptual apparatus is disclosed. The special legal method was used to formulate definitions and terms that made up the conceptual categorical apparatus of the study.