Relevant bibliographies by topics / Trade

Academic literature on the topic 'Trade'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 August 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Trade"

1

Yu, Kwang-Hyun, and Kwang-Ho Dho. "A Study on the Use of Digital Trade Marketing." Korea Association for International Commerce and Information 25, no. 1 (March 31, 2023): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15798/kaici.2023.25.1.23.

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Changes in the international trade environment require traders to adapt to new forms of trade. Based on the 4th industrial revolution, digital trade using IT technology focuses on the expansion of objects and trades using the online marketplace, and data itself can be produced or traded as digital goods. Therefore, traders must be able to manage digital trade data. In particular, the increase in trades using platforms such as the On-line Marketplace suggests the importance of data management in digital trade marketing. Traders can systematically manage data generated in the course of trade marketing activities by identifying, collecting, analyzing, and converting it. Transformation of trade data realizes digitization and digitalization, and influences traders' decision-making to achieve their goals. In addition, new added value can be created through digital transformation. Therefore, it is necessary to establish data management and standardized systems for the utilization of digital trade marketing.
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2

GRÉGOIRE, PHILIPPE. "INSIDER TRADING AND VOLUNTARY DISCLOSURE." International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance 11, no. 02 (March 2008): 143–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219024908004750.

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We set up a model to study the voluntary disclosure of information by insiders of publicly traded companies. We consider a trading framework as in [14] with many assets and one insider per asset. There is one discretionary liquidity trader who can allocate his trades across the different assets and many noise traders who trade with equal intensity in all assets. Before trade begins, insiders can disclose information in order to attract the discretionary liquidity trades. We show that if the level of noise trading is above a certain threshold, then there is an equilibrium where all insiders do not disclose any information. Below this threshold, equilibria are such that some information is always revealed by insiders. We also find that the greater the number of assets, the smaller the intensity of noise trading must be in order to induce insiders to disclose some information, and we find that insiders reveal all their information when the intensity of noise trading approaches zero.
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Humagain, Kamal, and Krishna K. Shrestha. "Medicinal plants in Rasuwa district, central Nepal: trade and livelihood." Botanica Orientalis: Journal of Plant Science 6 (March 15, 2010): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/botor.v6i0.2909.

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The present paper deals with the study conducted during 2006-2008 to assess trade pattern of important medicinal plants in Chilime Village Development Committee (VDC) of Rasuwa district, Nepal. Chilime VDC is one of the important trade centres of medicinal plants in the district. We documented 60 species of important medicinal plants, including 26 species involved in trade. Among them, 12 most potentially traded species, which have been given high priority by the collectors and traders, were selected for the study of their market potential and their contribution to the local livelihood. About 40% of the households of Chilime VDC were found to be involved in the collection and trade of medicinal plants. Most of the collection (90%) was for trade, which has supported up to 40% of family income contributing average household net profit of NRs 9,000 per year. The local traders were also making a good profit from medicinal plants with annual net contribution of about NRs 0.25 million per trader. But only 50% of actual traded quantity was registered at DFO resulting low revenue collection (only 43% of the expected). This shows that illegal trade is a common practice in the area by which the local traders increase their profit because they do not have to pay revenue. Thus strong mechanisms should be developed to stop illegal trade of medicinal plants and to promote revenue generation. Key-words: Langtang National Park; NTFPs; revenue; Tamang; trade channel.DOI: 10.3126/botor.v6i0.2909 Botanica Orientalis - Journal of Plant Science (2009) 6: 39-46
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4

Ryu, Doojin. "Price impact asymmetry of futures trades: Trade direction and trade size." Emerging Markets Review 14 (March 2013): 110–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ememar.2012.11.005.

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5

KIM, HYUN-JOO. "MODELING AND SCALING OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF TRADE AVALANCHES IN A STOCK MARKET." International Journal of Modern Physics B 25, no. 05 (February 20, 2011): 665–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979211058055.

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We study the trading activity in the Korea Stock Exchange by considering trade avalanches. A series of successive trading with small trade time interval is regarded as a trade avalanche of which the size s is defined as the number of trade in a series of successive trades. We measure the distribution of trade avalanches sizes P(s) and find that it follows the power-law behavior P(s) ~ s-α with the exponent α ≈ 2 for two stocks with the largest number of trades. A simple stochastic model which describes the power-law behavior of the distribution of trade avalanche size is introduced. In the model it is assumed that the some trades induce the accompanying trades, which results in the trade avalanches and we find that the distribution of the trade avalanche size also follows power-law behavior with the exponent α ≈ 2.
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Echelbarger, Margaret, Kayla Good, and Alex Shaw. "Will she give you two cookies for one chocolate? Children’s intuitions about trades." Judgment and Decision Making 15, no. 6 (November 2020): 959–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500008160.

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AbstractTrading is a cornerstone of economic exchange and can take many different forms. In simple trades, one item is often exchanged for another; but in more complex trades, agents can trade different numbers of items, reflecting the differing value of the items being traded. Though young children regularly engage in simple trades, we examine whether they understand a key element involved in more complex trades—the idea that people may subjectively value the same item differently and accept trades that numerically disadvantage themselves in the service of acquiring more of a preferred item. To do so, we ran three studies with 5- to 10-year-old children (N = 314) in which they were asked to predict whether a third party would accept or reject different types of trades. Results revealed that children across this age range predict that a third party will accept a numerically disadvantageous trade when they prefer one resource over another, but not when they have an equal preference for both resources. Importantly, their predictions were not merely a reflection of what they thought was fair, but rather what was in the best interest of the third party—they thought a third party would be more likely to accept an “unfair” trade that benefitted himself rather than someone else. We discuss our findings in terms of what they reveal about children’s early economic intuitions.
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7

Moulton, Jonathan S. "THE DYNAMICS OF QUOTED LIQUIDITY AROUND LARGE TRADES ON THE NYSE." Journal of Financial Research 21, no. 3 (September 1998): 355–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6803.1998.tb00690.x.

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AbstractLarge trades have potentially disruptive effects on the continuation of subsequent trade. If the large trade executes against volume from limit orders or specialist quotations, continued trade may be unavailable until new liquidity enters the market. Evidence presented in this paper indicates that large trades on the NYSE are followed by decreases in quoted liquidity, which last for an average of fifteen minutes. Both the decreases in quoted liquidity and the time to its subsequent return are related to trade‐specific factors. This evidence suggests that not all large trades have the same effect on the continuation of trade.
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8

Šetlíková, Irena, and Michal Berec. "Diversity and volume of international trade in Old World pitcher plants." Australian Journal of Botany 68, no. 5 (2020): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt20027.

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In global trade analyses, plants are neglected in comparison to animals. Controlling and monitoring international trade in threatened species contributes to their overall conservation. Here, an in-depth look at the dynamics of the international trade in attractive and widely traded carnivorous Old World pitcher plants (Nepenthes spp.) from their first appearance in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) Trade Database in 1983 until 2017 is presented. The current trade of Nepenthes is rapidly growing in terms of the total volume traded and the number of both species and importing countries. Most of pitcher plants are globally traded as artificially propagated live plants. The share of wild-originated live plants was only 0.09%. Hybrids and Nepenthes spp. dominated the trade, representing 61 and 15% of the total traded volume respectively, followed by N. alata and N. mirabilis. The latter species was also the most traded species from the wild. Sri Lanka is a hotspot, exporting the highest volume and number of species of live pitcher plants. Monitoring of the trade is complicated by (1) the absence of a permit obligation for seeds, seedlings and in vitro cultures, and (2) the outdated list of valid species in the CITES Checklist. Using a holistic approach with a focus on the permanent monitoring, recording and assessing of international trade is desirable.
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9

Brigida, Matt, and William Pratt. "Trade Intensity and Liquidity." Market Microstructure and Liquidity 04, no. 01n02 (March 2018): 1950002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2382626619500023.

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This analysis investigates how liquidity is affected by periods of high trade intensity. Using an orderbook constructed directly from CME FIX/FAST messages and timestamped to the millisecond, we test whether the number of changes in the orderbook, the size of the bid–ask spread, and the number of trades in the few seconds before a trade have an effect on the book’s liquidity in the milliseconds after the trade. Since we calculate liquidity over a period of 100[Formula: see text]ms after a trade, we focus on liquidity provided by high-frequency traders (HFTs). We find evidence consistent with larger bid–ask spreads leading to greater amounts of liquidity being provided by HFT post-trade, and HFT providing liquidity when there is more activity in the orderbook. We further find that more trades lead to reduced liquidity, consistent with trades incorporating private information, and market makers’ fear of being adversely selected when providing liquidity.
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Locke, Peter R., and Steven C. Mann. "Professional trader discipline and trade disposition." Journal of Financial Economics 76, no. 2 (May 2005): 401–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2004.01.004.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Trade"

1

Lamani, Viola. "International trade, trade costs and quality of traded commodities." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0746/document.

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L'objectif de cette thèse est d'identifier les effets des coûts à l'échange sur la structure du commerce par qualité. Dans le premier chapitre, nous analysons empiriquement les déterminants des exportations de Cognac et nous nous focalisons sur l'impact des coûts à l'échange. Nous montrons que, comme pour d'autres produits de luxe, l'élasticité des exportations de Cognac à la distance est négative et relativement faible. Les droits de douane n'ont par ailleurs pas d'impact significatif sur la marge intensive, mais nous trouvons un impact négatif sur la marge extensive, une fois corrigé d'un biais d'endogénéité. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous testons empiriquement la validité de l'effet Alchian-Allen qui stipule que les couts unitaires augmentent la demande relative des biens de haute qualité. Nous exploitons la dimension « qualité » de nos données sur les exportations de Cognac. La mesure de la qualité du Cognac est objective et ne varie pas dans le temps. Nos résultats montrent que la distance et les droits de douane spécifiques augmentent la part relative des exportations de Cognac de haute qualité. Nous examinons également l'impact de la conteneurisation sur la structure par qualité des exportations de Cognac entre 1967 et 2013. Dans le troisième chapitre, nous construisons un modèle théorique de duopole Nord-Sud en concurrence à la Bertrand sur les deux marchés. Nous étudions l'impact de plusieurs instruments (droit de douane, quota et standard de qualité) sur l'investissement en R&D de produit de la firme du Nord. Nous montrons que cet investissement augmente avec chaque instrument de politique commerciale à l'exception du quota d'importation
The objective of this dissertation is to identify the effects of trade costs on the quality structure of international trade flows. In chapter one we empirically analyze the determinants of Cognac export flows and emphasize the role of trade costs. We show that, as with other luxury products, the elasticity of Cognac exports to distance is negative and relatively small. Meanwhile, average customs duties do not have a significant impact on the intensive margin, but we find that they negatively affect the probability of trade, after correcting for an endogeneity bias. In chapter two we empirically test the validity of the Alchian and Allen effect that states that per-unit charges increase the relative demand of higher quality goods. We use data on Cognac exports by quality designations. The measure of Cognac quality is objective and invariant over time. Our results show that distance and specific duties increase the share of exports of higher quality Cognac. We also examine the impact of containerization on Cognac's quality mix from 1967 to 2013. In chapter three we build a theoretical model of a North-South duopoly where firms compete in prices on both markets. We use this framework to study the impact of several trade policy instruments (import tariff, quota and quality standard) on the product R&D investment of the Northern firm. Our results show that the Northern firm's R&D expenditures increase with each policy instrument except for the import quota
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2

Ali, Salamat. "Trade costs in international trade." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/48813/.

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This thesis explores the effects of trade costs on international trade at macro and micro levels. It focuses on traditional and non-traditional sources of trade costs that imped trade flows at various phases of a typical export shipment: behind the borders, at the borders and beyond the borders. It initially examines the connection between trade costs and the composition of developing countries’ exports and then explores the responses of firms to additional costs associated with the security of supply chain imposed on Pakistan’s firms in the wake of events of 9/11. Following this, it investigates the differential effects of domestic and international transportation distance on the reactions of firm-level trade flows and multiple margins of trade. Finally, it considers the effects of exchange rate movement on agricultural exports. The thesis primarily uses micro-level information from administrative datasets of exports and intra-country trade (VAT dataset) from Pakistan. It also benefits from international data sources, such as the WB-UNESCAP trade costs dataset, WITS, WTO tariff profiles and the World Development Indicators (WDI). This thesis comprises four core chapters (2 to 5), excluding the introduction and conclusion. The analysis at a macro level (Chapter 2) finds the trade costs negatively affect the composition of developing countries exports in that the industries located in higher trade cost countries gain a relative smaller share of manufactured exports in the country’s overall exports. The effect is relatively greater for high trade cost sensitive industries (such as automobiles, electronics) and for high trade cost regions, especially Sub-Saharan Africa. The evaluation of trade effect of US security policy on Pakistan’s exports (Chapter 3) shows that following the implementation of Integrated Cargo Containers Control (IC3) programme, Pakistan’s exports to the US relative to the EU dropped by 15%, on average. Pakistan’s firms that were forced to switch from various export-processing stations to the one specific sea port equipped with the intrusive scanning and live monitoring technologies of the export cargos, experienced the largest decline. The subsequent policy interventions aimed at facilitating the process moderated this effect to some extent. The examination of differential effects of domestic and international distances on trade flows (Chapter 4) reveals that the marginal effect of inland distance to sea ports is much larger than that of international distance from sea ports to export markets. Moreover, both distances have heterogeneous effects along trade margins. Domestic distance impedes exports primarily through extensive margins (EM) of firms and product, whereas international distance restricts these mainly through quantity margins, in addition to constricting the EM. Although the trade-impeding effects of both components of distance have reduced over time, the drop has been relatively greater for the international leg. Finally, the investigation of response of agricultural exports to the exchange rate movement (Chapter 5) indicates that the domestic currency depreciation positively affects both intensive and extensive margins (IM and EM). The increase in the IM operates mainly through the channel of prices (75%), whereas the response of quantities is relatively smaller (25%). Similarly, the increase in extensive margins operates through widening of export basket and expansion of firms’ client base within existing markets. These responses however vary widely across products, markets, firms’ exporting experience, exchange rate regimes type and invoicing currency use. Four key policy implications emerge from the thesis. First, reducing trade costs could increase manufacturing exports from high trade cost regions, and the response would be larger in high trade cost sensitive industries. Second, improving access to trade-processing infrastructure could incentivise entry of more firms into exporting and encourage widening of export basket. Third, the unintended effects of response to potential threats to supply chain could offset the trade facilitating aspect of these scanning technologies and further restrict trade flows across national borders. Finally, the policy makers need to be cautious in using domestic currency depreciation as a policy tool to promote the growth of agricultural exports as the trade response might not be commensurate with the level of depreciation.
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Ketterer, Tobias. "Essays on trade and trade policy." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.659298.

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This thesis investigates the relationship between multilateral and preferential trade liberalisation, and also provides new empirical insights into the relationship between different trade policy instruments by analysing detailed HS 8-digit tariff and antidumping data. The first chapter provides a general introduction and motivation, as well as a brief outline of the thesis. Chapter two includes a short literature review of the current 'stumbling block' versus 'building block' debate, and introduces the reader to the theoretical and empirical work on external tariff setting in the presence of trade preferences. Chapter two is followed by four self-contained studies, which represent the core of this research project. Using micro-level trade and tariff data, we revisit in Chapter three existing empirical evidence in favour of the 'stumbling block' hypothesis, namely the hypothesis that regionalism discourages multilateral liberalisation. Analysing bound MFN tariff changes agreed upon during the Uruguay Round, Limao and Karacaovali (2008) find that the European Union's trade preferences have prevented larger external tariff cuts and thus represent a 'stumbling block' to global free trade. When considering different definitions of preferentially traded products, sector-level agreements, as well as initial tariff rates, our sensitivity analysis points to less robust support for the hypothesis in a European context.
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Castro, Chaparro Enrique Adolfo. "Fair Trade: The Fair Trade Organization." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-17679.

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The aim of the thesis is to clarify concepts regarding the Fair Trade system and to contribute to an objective debate about the viability of the model and its real effects. It analyses history and development of trade; trade institutions and major players, development theories and namely concepts of Free Trade and Fair Trade and the differences between them. It is not fair to blame the market for the poverty and hardships of the poor; but it is also unwise to expect things to be fixed alone. Fair Trade is an alternative; a choice. It must not be taken as something unquestionably beneficial, but it must not be demonized either: a sincere debate is necessary to assess the effectiveness of Fair Trade and other forms of help to combat poverty.
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Shan, Jonathan (Jonathan W. ). "Replicating the carry trade through an exchange traded fund." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/80680.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2013.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 45-49).
There is an overarching belief that the carry trade is a simple investment strategy based on the popular mantra of buying low and selling high. However, in reality, there are several factors that need to be taken into consideration when devising a carry trade strategy. These hardships are further complicated by the number of options available in such a strategy. The main objective of my thesis is to implement this popular hedge fund strategy through the structure of an exchange traded fund. The interest rate spread between two different currencies should be an expectation of future exchange rates, however, empirically, this belief does not hold true. The carry trade takes advantage of this violation of uncovered interest rate parity and I will show that a specific implementation of the carry trade yielded positive returns on a historical basis. I believe it is essential to understand the basics of the carry trade. I will discuss the mechanics and highlight the inherent advantages and risk factors in making such an investment. I will then discuss the current landscape and what financial products are available to investors who want to take advantage of the carry trade - from hedge funds to exchange traded notes and exchange traded funds. Next, I will discuss how one goes about launching an exchange traded fund and the various considerations that need to be made by someone undertaking such an endeavor. Finally, I will try and establish demand for a carry trade exchange traded fund in the retirement market and investigate the hurdles for such a product.
by Jonathan Shan.
S.M.
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6

com, A. ariffin@yahoo, and Anuar Ariffin. "The free trade doctrine, regionalism, the asean free trade area and their effects on trade and trade policy." Murdoch University, 2007. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20071130.140815.

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This thesis examines a number of issues concerning the free trade doctrine, regionalism and Regional Free Trade Areas (FTAs), with a special focus on the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA). This study is broadly divided into three parts. The first part examines the doctrine of free trade from the perspectives of ideological belief as well as theoretical expositions, and how these influence trade policies of many countries throughout the history of trade. The second part of the study analyses the forces that influence the formation of regionalism and regional FTAs all over the world. In the first and second parts, an extensive survey of the existing literature is undertaken to unearth relevant ideas and events, which are important to policy makers and the general public. The third part of the study deals primarily with empirical investigation of the economic effects brought about by the formation of regional FTAs. Two main issues are examined in this part. The first issue is the assessment of the effects that regional FTAs have on trade of members against other countries that do not become members of any economic groupings. The second issue is the examination of the effect of AFTA on trade of member vis-à-vis non-member countries. In addition, this part also examines the question of whether AFTA “creates” or “diverts” trade. For the purpose of addressing issues grouped in this part of the study, a gravity model is employed to answer the questions of interest. This part of the study covers a period of 24 years (1980-2003). Cross sectional data involving 990 pairs of countries, which trade with each other, are used in regression analysis based on the Ordinary Least Square technique. Findings from the first and second parts of the study indicate that trade between countries during the era of mercantilism (1500s-1750s) was carried out under enormous restrictions in consonance with the thinking of that time. However, by the end of eighteenth century the economic arguments in favour of free trade began to be accepted, resulting in the adoption of the free trade idea into the commercial policies of many countries, particularly in Europe in the middle of nineteenth century. The period characterized by unilateral free trade regimes lasted only about three decades, as protectionist elements made a return into trade policy formulation in the 1870s. The period of liberal trade policy regimes came to a complete end at the breakout of the First World War in 1914, and the protectionist trade policies of many countries continued to strengthen their grip until the Second World War. After WW2 ended in 1945, many countries realised that security and the orderly conduct of international trade were important to ensure continuous prosperity of the world. This led to series of negotiations involving major trading countries that resulted in the establishment of the GATT in 1947. The main thrust behind this initiative was that all trading nations must cooperate to liberalize their trade policies, reflecting the idea that countries should move towards adopting “freer” trade policy than the regime they adopted in the 1930s and the early 1940s. At the end of 1990s the world once again observed agreement amongst prominent trade economists for the case of pursuing free trade policy. This is due to the renewed recognition by economists of two important propositions: (1) if market failures remain unfixed, then pursing free trade policy can harm rather that help, and (2) if market failures are fixed through suitable policy interventions, then free trade can be used to exploit the potential gains from trade. Within the second proposition, economists emphasis that if market failures arise in domestic markets, then the most appropriate policy interventions would be to devise policies targeting at correcting those domestic market failures, while free trade is maintained externally. Findings from empirical assessment of the effects of regional FTAs on trade indicate that economic theory might be able to approximate reality. One important result of this part of the study suggests that three regional FTAs, AFTA, CER and MERCUSOR have had an intra-bloc trade intensifying effect in recent years, particularly since the early 2000s. This implies that trade among members of these economic groupings is higher than their trade with other countries. Meanwhile, the EU and NAFTA do not show an intra-bloc trade intensifying effect for any part of the study period. The other important result obtained by this study suggests that although AFTA member countries trade with each other, comparatively, more than their trade with the rest of the world, the intensity of trade between them is less pronounced for the period after the formation of AFTA. This implies that AFTA has the characteristic of an “open trading bloc”. Lastly, the finding of this part of the study also suggests that AFTA essentially creates rather than diverts trade. This means that AFTA’s establishment does not only increase trade among member countries but it also boosts trade with the rest of the world.
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7

Ariffin, Anuar. "The free trade doctrine, regionalism, the ASEAN free trade area and their effects on trade and trade policy." Thesis, Ariffin, Anuar (2007) The free trade doctrine, regionalism, the ASEAN free trade area and their effects on trade and trade policy. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2007. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/117/.

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This thesis examines a number of issues concerning the free trade doctrine, regionalism and Regional Free Trade Areas (FTAs), with a special focus on the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA). This study is broadly divided into three parts. The first part examines the doctrine of free trade from the perspectives of ideological belief as well as theoretical expositions, and how these influence trade policies of many countries throughout the history of trade. The second part of the study analyses the forces that influence the formation of regionalism and regional FTAs all over the world. In the first and second parts, an extensive survey of the existing literature is undertaken to unearth relevant ideas and events, which are important to policy makers and the general public. The third part of the study deals primarily with empirical investigation of the economic effects brought about by the formation of regional FTAs. Two main issues are examined in this part. The first issue is the assessment of the effects that regional FTAs have on trade of members against other countries that do not become members of any economic groupings. The second issue is the examination of the effect of AFTA on trade of member vis-a-vis non-member countries. In addition, this part also examines the question of whether AFTA 'creates' or 'diverts' trade. For the purpose of addressing issues grouped in this part of the study, a gravity model is employed to answer the questions of interest. This part of the study covers a period of 24 years (1980-2003). Cross sectional data involving 990 pairs of countries, which trade with each other, are used in regression analysis based on the Ordinary Least Square technique. Findings from the first and second parts of the study indicate that trade between countries during the era of mercantilism (1500s-1750s) was carried out under enormous restrictions in consonance with the thinking of that time. However, by the end of eighteenth century the economic arguments in favour of free trade began to be accepted, resulting in the adoption of the free trade idea into the commercial policies of many countries, particularly in Europe in the middle of nineteenth century. The period characterized by unilateral free trade regimes lasted only about three decades, as protectionist elements made a return into trade policy formulation in the 1870s. The period of liberal trade policy regimes came to a complete end at the breakout of the First World War in 1914, and the protectionist trade policies of many countries continued to strengthen their grip until the Second World War. After WW2 ended in 1945, many countries realised that security and the orderly conduct of international trade were important to ensure continuous prosperity of the world. This led to series of negotiations involving major trading countries that resulted in the establishment of the GATT in 1947. The main thrust behind this initiative was that all trading nations must cooperate to liberalize their trade policies, reflecting the idea that countries should move towards adopting 'freer' trade policy than the regime they adopted in the 1930s and the early 1940s. At the end of 1990s the world once again observed agreement amongst prominent trade economists for the case of pursuing free trade policy. This is due to the renewed recognition by economists of two important propositions: (1) if market failures remain unfixed, then pursing free trade policy can harm rather that help, and (2) if market failures are fixed through suitable policy interventions, then free trade can be used to exploit the potential gains from trade. Within the second proposition, economists emphasis that if market failures arise in domestic markets, then the most appropriate policy interventions would be to devise policies targeting at correcting those domestic market failures, while free trade is maintained externally. Findings from empirical assessment of the effects of regional FTAs on trade indicate that economic theory might be able to approximate reality. One important result of this part of the study suggests that three regional FTAs, AFTA, CER and MERCUSOR have had an intra-bloc trade intensifying effect in recent years, particularly since the early 2000s. This implies that trade among members of these economic groupings is higher than their trade with other countries. Meanwhile, the EU and NAFTA do not show an intra-bloc trade intensifying effect for any part of the study period. The other important result obtained by this study suggests that although AFTA member countries trade with each other, comparatively, more than their trade with the rest of the world, the intensity of trade between them is less pronounced for the period after the formation of AFTA. This implies that AFTA has the characteristic of an 'open trading bloc'. Lastly, the finding of this part of the study also suggests that AFTA essentially creates rather than diverts trade. This means that AFTA's establishment does not only increase trade among member countries but it also boosts trade with the rest of the world.
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8

Ariffin, Anuar. "The free trade doctrine, regionalism, the ASEAN free trade area and their effects on trade and trade policy." Ariffin, Anuar (2007) The free trade doctrine, regionalism, the ASEAN free trade area and their effects on trade and trade policy. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2007. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/117/.

Full text
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This thesis examines a number of issues concerning the free trade doctrine, regionalism and Regional Free Trade Areas (FTAs), with a special focus on the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA). This study is broadly divided into three parts. The first part examines the doctrine of free trade from the perspectives of ideological belief as well as theoretical expositions, and how these influence trade policies of many countries throughout the history of trade. The second part of the study analyses the forces that influence the formation of regionalism and regional FTAs all over the world. In the first and second parts, an extensive survey of the existing literature is undertaken to unearth relevant ideas and events, which are important to policy makers and the general public. The third part of the study deals primarily with empirical investigation of the economic effects brought about by the formation of regional FTAs. Two main issues are examined in this part. The first issue is the assessment of the effects that regional FTAs have on trade of members against other countries that do not become members of any economic groupings. The second issue is the examination of the effect of AFTA on trade of member vis-a-vis non-member countries. In addition, this part also examines the question of whether AFTA 'creates' or 'diverts' trade. For the purpose of addressing issues grouped in this part of the study, a gravity model is employed to answer the questions of interest. This part of the study covers a period of 24 years (1980-2003). Cross sectional data involving 990 pairs of countries, which trade with each other, are used in regression analysis based on the Ordinary Least Square technique. Findings from the first and second parts of the study indicate that trade between countries during the era of mercantilism (1500s-1750s) was carried out under enormous restrictions in consonance with the thinking of that time. However, by the end of eighteenth century the economic arguments in favour of free trade began to be accepted, resulting in the adoption of the free trade idea into the commercial policies of many countries, particularly in Europe in the middle of nineteenth century. The period characterized by unilateral free trade regimes lasted only about three decades, as protectionist elements made a return into trade policy formulation in the 1870s. The period of liberal trade policy regimes came to a complete end at the breakout of the First World War in 1914, and the protectionist trade policies of many countries continued to strengthen their grip until the Second World War. After WW2 ended in 1945, many countries realised that security and the orderly conduct of international trade were important to ensure continuous prosperity of the world. This led to series of negotiations involving major trading countries that resulted in the establishment of the GATT in 1947. The main thrust behind this initiative was that all trading nations must cooperate to liberalize their trade policies, reflecting the idea that countries should move towards adopting 'freer' trade policy than the regime they adopted in the 1930s and the early 1940s. At the end of 1990s the world once again observed agreement amongst prominent trade economists for the case of pursuing free trade policy. This is due to the renewed recognition by economists of two important propositions: (1) if market failures remain unfixed, then pursing free trade policy can harm rather that help, and (2) if market failures are fixed through suitable policy interventions, then free trade can be used to exploit the potential gains from trade. Within the second proposition, economists emphasis that if market failures arise in domestic markets, then the most appropriate policy interventions would be to devise policies targeting at correcting those domestic market failures, while free trade is maintained externally. Findings from empirical assessment of the effects of regional FTAs on trade indicate that economic theory might be able to approximate reality. One important result of this part of the study suggests that three regional FTAs, AFTA, CER and MERCUSOR have had an intra-bloc trade intensifying effect in recent years, particularly since the early 2000s. This implies that trade among members of these economic groupings is higher than their trade with other countries. Meanwhile, the EU and NAFTA do not show an intra-bloc trade intensifying effect for any part of the study period. The other important result obtained by this study suggests that although AFTA member countries trade with each other, comparatively, more than their trade with the rest of the world, the intensity of trade between them is less pronounced for the period after the formation of AFTA. This implies that AFTA has the characteristic of an 'open trading bloc'. Lastly, the finding of this part of the study also suggests that AFTA essentially creates rather than diverts trade. This means that AFTA's establishment does not only increase trade among member countries but it also boosts trade with the rest of the world.
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Grabova, Oksana. "HETEROGENEOUS EFFECTS OF TRADE AGREEMENTS ON TRADE." OpenSIUC, 2021. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1901.

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Many studies consider the potential for preferential trade agreements (PTAs) to have differing effects on trade. Kohl (2014) and Baier et al. (2019) show that some PTA’s promote trade while the majority of PTAs have no significant effect. Some even lower trade. Why do these differing cases arise? One possibility is that the effects of trade agreements depend on specific provisions – provisions that differ across agreements. Another possibility is the potential for PTAs to impact trade differently depending on the presence of certain bilateral characteristics between trading nations such as physical distance or metaphorical types of distance such as culture or language. In my dissertation, “Heterogeneous Effects of Trade Agreements on Trade,” we explore these two avenues separately.In the first chapter we consider if differences in the prevalence of corruption between members of a PTA make trade agreements more or less effective at boosting trade. Such differences could create more uncertainty that limits the potential for trade even if a trade agreement lowers barriers, implying that such agreements will not boost trade. On the other hand, trade agreements could be most effective in such disparate countries. Not only might trade agreements remove barriers used by corrupt officials to extort firms, but a trade agreement could reduce the uncertainty of operating in a different business environment by establishing rules and regulations. Results in this paper are allowed to differ across several dimensions, including extensive versus intensive margin, whether the exporter or importer is more corrupt, and between South-South and South-North trade. Using a gravity model of trade spanning a panel of countries from 1996 to 2017, we find that PTAs increase trade more along the intensive margin when importing countries are more corrupt but boost trade more along the extensive margin when exporting countries are more corrupt. Results are stronger for trade between South-South (S-S) countries than between North-South (N-S) countries. Chapter two examines how specific provisions within trade agreements – particularly, provisions regarding environmental standards – affect trade between members and non-members. While there is a rising trend to incorporate different types of environmental provisions in preferential trade agreements (PTAs), few studies took explicit steps to assess the trade consequences of environmental provisions in PTAs. This paper employs a gravity model over the period from 1984 to 2016 and uses a new detailed dataset on a broad range of environmental provisions in PTAs to fill the gap in the literature by looking at possible trade diversion effects from trade agreements with deep environmental clauses. We follow Mattoo et al. (2017) and construct an index that captures importers’ average depth of trade agreements with the rest of the world where depth is taken as the extent that environmental provisions are covered. The inclusion of this depth variable allows us to see if any trade diversion effect arises from trade agreements with deep environmental provisions. We specifically focus on exporters with low environmental standards, as those are the countries that are likely to “host” trade in environmentally unsustainable goods. We also differentiate between different types of environmental policies and concentrate on trade in “dirty” products. Our results suggest that environmental provisions in PTAs are an effective tool of promoting environmentally sustainable trade in the world, as these types of policies tend to reduce “dirty” trade even with non-member nations. Finally, the third chapter considers the heterogeneous design of PTA’s more broadly, looking at the trade effects of different policy areas within trade agreements, while differentiating their impact on trade in new product varieties of goods versus trade in existing products. We specifically focus on 18 “core” provisions that Hofmann et al. (2019) mark as most economically relevant policies. We further distinguish three types of policies within the “core” group of provisions, namely: i) provisions that directly liberalize trade through either reduction in tariffs or simplification of standards, ii) policies that enable signatory nations to compete on equal grounds, and iii) provisions that specify the rules of investment. Previous studies that consider the effects of trade agreements on the margins of trade have either focused on the effects of different types of PTAs, rather than specific policies, or used limited data and outdated methodologies. We are contributing to the literature by assessing the impact of different groups of policies on the margins of international trade using a highly disaggregated dataset covering a large number of countries and years. We also employ Factor Analysis to check robustness of our findings using regular count indices. Our results indicate that provisions that tend to reduce barriers to trade through either simplification of standards or reduction in monetary charges tend to increase trade in existing varieties of goods, while the effect of investment provisions is either insignificant or might actually lower trade.
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Duong, Xuan Vinh. "ASEAN - China Free Trade Area : A quantitative study of Trade diversion and Trade creation effects on ASEAN - China trade flows." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Economics, Finance and Statistics, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-15348.

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The Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) and China have a long history of trading with each other. They are economic partners as well as competitors for many years. In order to push their economic relationship to a higher level, in November 2002, ASEAN and China signed the initial framework agreement, determined on establishing the ASEAN - China Free Trade Area (ACFTA) among the eleven countries by 2010 for the ASEAN-6 (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand) and by 2015 for the transitional economies of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam (the CLMV). There are fears that China’s rapid development recently will encourage ASEAN’s exports to flow into its giant domestic market instead of among the members countries. Also the benefits of the Free Trade Agreement are still unclear. The Thesis uses three gravity models and the panel data of 11 countries from 1992 to 2009 to test two hypotheses: trade diversion (that expanded trade with China will reduce intra-trade within ASEAN) and trade creation (that ACFTA will boost up bilateral trade between ASEAN and China).
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Books on the topic "Trade"

1

Lonergan, Ellyne. Fair trade, ethical trade. Princeton, NJ: Films for the Humanities & Sciences, 2007.

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Hoekman, Bernard M. Trade policy, trade costs, and developing country trade. [Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2008.

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Cooper, William H. Trade. [Washington, D.C.]: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1992.

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Bowden, Rob. Trade. Mankato, Minn: Smart Apple Media, 2009.

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Lenore, Sek, and Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service., eds. Trade. [Washington, D.C.]: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1992.

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Holliday, George D. Trade. [Washington, D.C.]: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1991.

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Bergoeing, Raphael. Trade theory and trade facts. Santiago, Chile: Universidad Alberto Hurtado, Departamento de Economía y Administración, 2001.

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Gawrońska-Nowak, Bogna, Piotr Lis, and Joanna Konieczna-Sałamatin. Trade Wins or Trade Wars. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76997-0.

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Grigoriadis, Lazaros G. Trade Marks and Free Trade. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04795-9.

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Elhanan, Helpman, and Razin Assaf, eds. International trade and trade policy. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Trade"

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Aiguo, Lu. "Trade and Trade Performance." In China and the Global Economy Since 1840, 96–107. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-62440-9_8.

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Pollio, Gerald. "Trade and Trade Policy." In The Rise and Fall of Britain’s North American Empire, 225–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07484-4_16.

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Gardner, Anthony Luzzatto. "Trade." In Stars with Stripes, 105–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29966-8_4.

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Luard, Evan. "Trade." In The Balance of Power, 204–25. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21927-8_8.

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Payne, Anthony. "Trade." In The Global Politics of Unequal Development, 167–98. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-05592-7_7.

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Rutherford, Donald. "Trade." In In the Shadow of Adam Smith, 5–71. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-00843-5_2.

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Saundry, Peter, and Benjamin L. Ruddell. "Trade." In The Food-Energy-Water Nexus, 187–207. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29914-9_7.

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Imhoff, Daniel, and Christina Badaracoo. "Trade." In The Farm Bill, 91–101. Washington, DC: Island Press/Center for Resource Economics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-975-3_13.

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Larsen, Henrik. "Trade." In Analysing the Foreign Policy of Small States in the EU, 185–94. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230511422_9.

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McCormick, John. "Trade." In Introduction to Global Studies, 187–207. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-352-00400-7_10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Trade"

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Aiying, Shang, Liu Xiuping, Liang Juanjuan, Yang Weigang, and Du Linzhi. "Application of Sim Trade Software in Foreign Trade in International Trade." In 2014 Sixth International Conference on Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation (ICMTMA). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmtma.2014.38.

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Cao, Longbing, and Chengqi Zhang. "F-trade." In the 6th international joint conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1329125.1329443.

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Zhou, Yixin. "Negotiations of Services Trade and Free Trade Agreement." In 2016 6th International Conference on Mechatronics, Computer and Education Informationization (MCEI 2016). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/mcei-16.2016.210.

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Wang, Zhan-Ao. "China-ASEAN Free Trade Area and Service Trade." In 2010 International Conference on E-Business and E-Government (ICEE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icee.2010.735.

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Wojtas, Monika. "GLOBAL TRADE FLOWS AND TRADE POLICY SINCE 2012." In 5th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES and ARTS SGEM2018. STEF92 Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2018h/11/s12.087.

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Hu, Yikang. "Analysis of Philippine Trade Pattern and Trade Structure." In 2022 2nd International Conference on Enterprise Management and Economic Development (ICEMED 2022). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.220603.159.

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Liping Wang. "The effect study of trade protection on trade flows and trade order of Chinese textiles." In 2008 IEEE International Conference on Service Operations and Logistics, and Informatics (SOLI). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/soli.2008.4686539.

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Stadon, Julian. "Data Body Trader: Identity Augmentation and Post-Biological Organ Trade." In Electronic Visualisation and the Arts (EVA 2017). BCS Learning & Development, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.14236/ewic/eva2017.45.

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Ciglovska, Biljana, and Jeton Shaqiri. "Effects of Regional Trade Agreements on International Agricultural Trade." In University for Business and Technology International Conference. Pristina, Kosovo: University for Business and Technology, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.33107/ubt-ic.2012.34.

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ZHANG, QIAN-NAN, XIAO-NA HE, and MIRAJ AHMED BHUIYAN. "AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF TRADE STATUS AND DETERMINANTS BETWEEN CHINA AND "ONE BELT- ONE ROAD" COUNTRIES-BASED ON TRADE GRAVITY MODEL." In 2021 International Conference on Management, Economics, Business and Information Technology. Destech Publications, Inc., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/dtem/mebit2021/35616.

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“One Road-One Belt”, (Belt and Road Initiative, BRI) reminiscent of the Silk Road, is a massive infrastructure and trade project, initiated by China; that would stretch from East Asia to Europe, somehow recognized by the international community. Despite of criticism of this project, it is considered as an effective tool for promoting regional and bilateral trade deals. In this paper we have pointed out the problems that hindered the bilateral trades among countries along the route. Based on Trade gravity Model; bilateral trade model between China and the countries along the “Belt and Road” was empirically tested in the article, followed by some suggestions.
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Reports on the topic "Trade"

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Dean, Margaret M. Trade, Trade and Strategic Trade. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada436693.

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Jacks, David, Christopher Meissner, and Dennis Novy. Trade Booms, Trade Busts, and Trade Costs. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w15267.

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Simonovska, Ina, and Michael Waugh. Trade Models, Trade Elasticities, and the Gains from Trade. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w20495.

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Grossman, Gene, and Elhanan Helpman. Trade Wars and Trade Talks. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w4280.

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Edwards, Lawrence, and Robert Lawrence. South African Trade Policy Matters: Trade Performance and Trade Policy. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w12760.

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Fung, K. C., and Robert Staiger. Trade Liberalization and Trade Adjustment Assistance. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w4847.

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Krueger, Anne. Trade Creation and Trade Diversion Under NAFTA. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w7429.

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Ossa, Ralph. Trade Wars and Trade Talks with Data. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w17347.

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Estevadeordal, Antoni. Impact of Free Trade Agreements on Trade. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006951.

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This presentation was commissioned by the Trade and Integration Network of the Regional Policy Dialogue for the V Hemispheric Meeting celebrated on August 14th and 15th, 2003. This presentation tries to offer a preliminary empirical assessment of the impact of regional market access liberalization on trade.
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Carballo, Jerónimo, Georg Schaur, Alejandro Graziano, and Christian Volpe Martincus. Transit Trade. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0000488.

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