Academic literature on the topic 'TRAD'

ABSTRACT Pseudomonas putida G7 carries a naphthalene-catabolic and self-transmissible plasmid, NAH7, which belongs to the IncP-9 incompatibility group. Adjacent to the putative origin of conjugative transfer (oriT) of NAH7 are three genes, traD, traE, and traF, whose functions and roles in conjugation were previously unclear. These three genes were transcribed monocistronically and thus were designated the traD operon. Mutation of the three genes in the traD operon resulted in 10- to 105-fold decreases in the transfer frequencies of the plasmids from Pseudomonas to Pseudomonas and Escherichia coli and from E. coli to E. coli. On the other hand, the traD operon was essential for the transfer of NAH7 from E. coli to Pseudomonas strains. These results indicated that the traD operon is a host-range modifier in the conjugative transfer of NAH7. The TraD, TraE, and TraF proteins were localized in the cytoplasm, periplasm, and membrane, respectively, in strain G7 cells. Our use of a bacterial two-hybrid assay system showed that TraE interacted in vivo with other essential components for conjugative transfer, including TraB (coupling protein), TraC (relaxase), and MpfH (a channel subunit in the mating pair formation system).

ABSTRACT Coupling proteins (CPs) are present in type IV secretion systems of plant, animal, and human pathogens and are essential for DNA transfer in bacterial conjugation systems. CPs connect the DNA-processing machinery to the mating pair-forming transfer apparatus. In this report we present in vitro and in vivo data that demonstrate specific binding of CP TraD of the IncFII R1 plasmid transfer system to relaxosomal protein TraM. With overlay assays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays we showed that a truncated version of TraD, termed TraD11 (ΔN155), interacted strongly with TraM. The apparent TraD11-TraM association constant was determined to be 2.6 × 107 liters/mol. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that this variant of TraD also strongly bound to TraM when it was in complex with its target DNA. When 38 amino acids were additionally removed from the C terminus of TraD, no binding to TraM was observed. TraD15, comprising the 38 amino-acid-long C terminus of TraD, bound to TraM, indicating that the main TraM interaction domain resides in these 38 amino acids of TraD. TraD15 exerted a dominant negative effect on DNA transfer but not on phage infection by pilus-specific phage R17, indicating that TraM-TraD interaction is important for conjugative DNA transfer but not for phage infection. We also observed that TraD encoded by the closely related F factor bound to TraM encoded by the R1 plasmid. Our results thus provide evidence that substrate selection within the IncF plasmid group is based on TraM's capability to select the correct DNA molecule for transport and not on substrate selection by the CP.

ABSTRACT Conjugation is a major mechanism for disseminating genetic information in bacterial populations, but the signal that triggers it is poorly understood in gram-negative bacteria. F-plasmid-mediated conjugation requires TraM, a homotetramer, which binds cooperatively to three binding sites within the origin of transfer. Using in vitro assays, TraM has previously been shown to interact with the coupling protein TraD. Here we present evidence that F conjugation also requires TraM-TraD interactions in vivo. A three-plasmid system was used to select mutations in TraM that are defective for F conjugation but competent for tetramerization and cooperative DNA binding to the traM promoter region. One mutation, K99E, was particularly defective in conjugation and was further characterized by affinity chromatography and coimmunoprecipitation assays that suggested it was defective in interacting with TraD. A C-terminal deletion (S79*, where the asterisk represents a stop codon) and a missense mutation (F121S), which affects tetramerization, also reduced the affinity of TraM for TraD. We propose that the C-terminal region of TraM interacts with TraD, whereas its N-terminal domain is involved in DNA binding. This arrangement of functional domains could in part allow TraM to receive the mating signal generated by donor-recipient contact and transfer it to the relaxosome, thereby triggering DNA transfer.

ABSTRACT Neisseria gonorrhoeae produces a type IV secretion system that secretes chromosomal DNA. The secreted DNA is active in the transformation of other gonococci in the population and may act to transfer antibiotic resistance genes and variant alleles for surface antigens, as well as other genes. We observed that gonococcal variants that produced type IV pili secreted more DNA than variants that were nonpiliated, suggesting that the process may be regulated. Using microarray analysis, we found that a piliated strain showed increased expression of the gene for the putative type IV secretion coupling protein TraD, whereas a nonpiliated variant showed increased expression of genes for transcriptional and translational machinery, consistent with its higher growth rate compared to that of the piliated strain. These results suggested that type IV secretion might be controlled by either traD expression or growth rate. A mutant with a deletion in traD was found to be deficient in DNA secretion. Further mutation and complementation analysis indicated that traD is transcriptionally and translationally coupled to traI, which encodes the type IV secretion relaxase. We were able to increase DNA secretion in a nonpiliated strain by inserting a gene cassette with a strong promoter to drive the expression of the putative operon containing traI and traD. Together, these data suggest a model in which the type IV secretion system apparatus is made constitutively, while its activity is controlled through regulation of traD and traI.

ABSTRACT Selective substrate uptake controls initiation of macromolecular secretion by type IV secretion systems in gram-negative bacteria. Type IV coupling proteins (T4CPs) are essential, but the molecular mechanisms governing substrate entry to the translocation pathway remain obscure. We report a biochemical approach to reconstitute a regulatory interface between the plasmid R1 T4CP and the nucleoprotein relaxosome dedicated to the initiation stage of plasmid DNA processing and substrate presentation. The predicted cytosolic domain of T4CP TraD was purified in a predominantly monomeric form, and potential regulatory effects of this protein on catalytic activities exhibited by the relaxosome during transfer initiation were analyzed in vitro. TraDΔN130 stimulated the TraI DNA transesterase activity apparently via interactions on both the protein and the DNA levels. TraM, a protein interaction partner of TraD, also increased DNA transesterase activity in vitro. The mechanism may involve altered DNA conformation as TraM induced underwinding of oriT plasmid DNA in vivo (ΔLk = −4). Permanganate mapping of the positions of duplex melting due to relaxosome assembly with TraDΔN130 on supercoiled DNA in vitro confirmed localized unwinding at nic but ruled out formation of an open complex compatible with initiation of the TraI helicase activity. These data link relaxosome regulation to the T4CP and support the model that a committed step in the initiation of DNA export requires activation of TraI helicase loading or catalysis.

ABSTRACT Conjugative transfer of IncN plasmid pKM101 is mediated by the TraI-TraII region-encoded transfer machinery components. Similar to the case for the related Agrobacterium tumefaciens T-complex transfer apparatus, this machinery is needed for assembly of pili to initiate cell-to-cell contact preceding DNA transfer. Biochemical and cell biological experiments presented here show extracellular localization of TraC, as suggested by extracellular complementation of TraC-deficient bacteria by helper cells expressing a functional plasmid transfer machinery (S. C. Winans, and G. C. Walker, J. Bacteriol. 161:402–410, 1985). Overexpression of TraC and its export in large amounts into the periplasm of Escherichia coliallowed purification by periplasmic extraction, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and column chromatography. Whereas TraC was soluble in overexpressing strains, it partly associated with the membranes in pKM101-carrying cells, possibly due to protein-protein interactions with other components of the TraI-TraII region-encoded transfer machinery. Membrane association of TraC was reduced in strains carrying pKM101 derivatives with transposon insertions in genes coding for other essential components of the transfer machinery,traM, traB, traD, andtraE but not eex, coding for an entry exclusion protein not required for DNA transfer. Cross-linking identified protein-protein interactions of TraC in E. coli carrying pKM101 but not derivatives with transposon insertions in essentialtra genes. Interactions with membrane-bound Tra proteins may incorporate TraC into a surface structure, suggested by its removal from the cell by shearing as part of a high-molecular-weight complex. Heterologous expression of TraC in A. tumefaciens partly compensated for the pilus assembly defect in strains deficient for its homolog VirB5, which further supported its role in assembly of conjugative pili. In addition to its association with high-molecular-weight structures, TraC was secreted into the extracellular milieu. Conjugation experiments showed that secreted TraC does not compensate transfer deficiency of TraC-deficient cells, suggesting that extracellular complementation may rely on cell-to-cell transfer of TraC only as part of a bona fide transfer apparatus.

Abstract One hundred four Angus calves were ranked by gender, BW, age, and dam parity, and assigned to 1 of 4 pre-weaning treatments: 1) nose flaps for 7-d prior to weaning (NF), 2) traditional weaning (TRAD), 3) traditional weaning and creep feed for 3-wk prior to weaning (TRADC), or 4) nose flaps for 7-d prior to weaning and creep feed for 3-wk prior to weaning (NFC). Cow-calf pairs were housed in dry lot pens on d -28. From d -21 to 0, calves in creep treatments were provided free choice access to creep feed. Nose flaps were placed on d -7, and calves were weaned on d 0. Calves were vaccinated and dewormed on d -21 and 0. There was no difference (P ≥ 0.97) in calf BW on d -28 or -21. During the 7-d period that nose flaps were placed, NFC calves had greater (P ≤ 0.0001) ADG than NF and TRAD calves, and tended to have greater (P ≤ 0.10) ADG than TRADC calves. At weaning on d 0, TRADC and NFC calves tended to have greater BW (P = 0.07) and had greater overall change in BW (P < 0.0001) during the pre-weaning period than TRAD and NF calves. Additionally, there was a greater (P ≤ 0.001) increase in BW of NFC and TRADC cows during the pre-weaning period compared to NF and TRAD cows. From d -21 to 0 there was no differences (P > 0.41) in plasma concentrations for Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVD). By d 14, the TRADC calves had the greatest plasma concentrations for BVD (P < 0.04). Therefore, providing short-term creep feed prior to placing nose flaps can improve pre-weaning calf and cow performance compared to traditional and nose flap weaning without creep feed supplementation, however, did not improve response to vaccination.

Abstract One hundred three Angus calves were ranked by gender, BW, age, and dam parity, and assigned to 1 of 4 pre-weaning treatments: 1) nose flaps for 7-d prior to weaning (NF), 2) traditional weaning (TRAD), 3) traditional weaning and creep feed for 3-wk prior to weaning (TRADC), or 4) nose flaps for 7-d prior to weaning and creep feed for 3-wk prior to weaning (NFC). Cow-calf pairs were housed in dry lot pens on d -28. From d -21 to 0, calves in creep treatments were provided free choice access to creep feed. Nose flaps were placed on d -7, and calves were weaned on d 0. Calves were vaccinated and dewormed on d -21 and 0. There was no difference (P ≥ 0.97) in calf BW on d -28 or -21. During the 7-d period that nose flaps were placed, NFC calves had greater (P ≤ 0.0001) ADG than NF and TRAD calves and tended to have greater (P ≤ 0.10) ADG than TRADC calves. At weaning on d 0, TRADC and NFC calves tended to have greater BW (P = 0.07) and had greater overall change in BW (P < 0.0001) during the pre-weaning period than TRAD and NF calves. Additionally, there was a greater (P ≤ 0.001) increase in BW of NFC and TRADC cows during the pre-weaning period compared to NF and TRAD cows. From d -21 to 0 there was no differences (P > 0.41) in plasma concentrations for Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVD). By d 14, the TRADC calves had the greatest plasma concentrations for BVD (P < 0.04). Therefore, providing short-term creep feed prior to placing nose flaps can improve pre-weaning calf and cow performance compared to traditional and nose flap weaning without creep feed supplementation, however, did not impact response to vaccination.

<p class="Body1" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: ";Arial";,";sans-serif";; mso-hansi-font-family: ";Arial Unicode MS";; mso-bidi-font-family: ";Times New Roman";; color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;" lang="ES-TRAD">Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 23 meses de edad quien desarrollo par</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: ";Arial Unicode MS";,";sans-serif";; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: ";Times New Roman";; color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;" lang="ES-TRAD">á</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: ";Arial";,";sans-serif";; mso-hansi-font-family: ";Arial Unicode MS";; mso-bidi-font-family: ";Times New Roman";; color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;" lang="ES-TRAD">lisis facial unilateral secundaria a Enfermedad de Lyme sin s</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: ";Arial Unicode MS";,";sans-serif";; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: ";Times New Roman";; color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;" lang="ES-TRAD">í</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: ";Arial";,";sans-serif";; mso-hansi-font-family: ";Arial Unicode MS";; mso-bidi-font-family: ";Times New Roman";; color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;" lang="ES-TRAD">ntomas otol</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: ";Arial Unicode MS";,";sans-serif";; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: ";Times New Roman";; color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;" lang="ES-TRAD">ó</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: ";Arial";,";sans-serif";; mso-hansi-font-family: ";Arial Unicode MS";; mso-bidi-font-family: ";Times New Roman";; color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;" lang="ES-TRAD">gicos previos y en Colombia que es considerada </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: ";Arial Unicode MS";,";sans-serif";; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: ";Times New Roman";; color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;" lang="ES-TRAD">á</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: ";Arial";,";sans-serif";; mso-hansi-font-family: ";Arial Unicode MS";; mso-bidi-font-family: ";Times New Roman";; color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;" lang="ES-TRAD">rea no end</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: ";Arial Unicode MS";,";sans-serif";; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: ";Times New Roman";; color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;" lang="ES-TRAD">é</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: ";Arial";,";sans-serif";; mso-hansi-font-family: ";Arial Unicode MS";; mso-bidi-font-family: ";Times New Roman";; color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;" lang="ES-TRAD">mica.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: ";Arial";,";sans-serif";; mso-bidi-font-family: ";Times New Roman";; color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;" lang="ES-TRAD"></span></p>

<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">La</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">competencia</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">digital</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">desempeña</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">un</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">papel</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">fundamental</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">en</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">la</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">formación</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">de</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">los</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">estudiantes</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">actualmente.</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">Sólo</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">tenemos</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">que</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">considerar</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">que</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">la</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">tecnología</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">es</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">ubicua</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">en</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">la</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">vida</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">de</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">los</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">estudiantes</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">y</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">también</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">en</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">sus</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">rutinas</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">diarias.</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">Las</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">escuelas</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">deben</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">plantearse</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">cómo</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">implementar</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">e</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">integrar</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">en</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">el</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">currículo</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">la</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">tecnología</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">educativa.</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">La</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">alfabetización</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">mediática</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">se</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">refiere</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">al</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">conocimiento</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">y</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">destrezas</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">que</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">el</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">alumnado</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">debe</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">adquirir</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">para</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">poder</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">analizar,</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">evaluar</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">y</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">crear</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">mensajes</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">mediáticos.</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">Este</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">artículo</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">trata</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">sobre</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">alumnado</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">entre</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">8</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">y</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">11</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">años</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">que</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">no</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">tiene</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">formación</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">multimedia</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">previa,</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">y</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">aprende</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">lo</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">básico</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">sobre</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">la</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">competencia</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">digital,</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">así</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">como</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">el</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">impacto</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">que</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">esa</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">formación</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">tiene</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">en</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">su</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">progreso</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">académico.</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">Dada</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">la</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">edad</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">de</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">la</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">muestra,</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">las</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">destrezas</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">mediáticas</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">trabajadas</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">no</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">han</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">ido</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">más</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">allá</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">de</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">las</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">tecnológicas,</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">aunque</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">algunas</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">habilidades</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">evaluadoras</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">y</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">críticas</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">se</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">han</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">practicado</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">oralmente.</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">Los</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">resultados</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">muestran</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">que</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">los</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">estudiantes</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">han</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">mejorado</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">significativamente</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">sus</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">destrezas</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">básicas</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">y</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">también</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">su</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">conocimiento</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">sobre</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">los</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">media.</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">Sin</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">embargo,</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">no</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">podemos</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">concluir</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">que</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">una</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">formación</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">tan</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">corta</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">y</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">básica</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">impacte</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">su</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">progreso</span><span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Century Gothic';" lang="ES-TRAD">académico.</span></p>

'Trad.' is a collection of short stories and a critical essay that explores a number of issues involved in the adaptation of stories from one popular medium to another. Some problems of adaptation involve questions of the integrity or authenticity of both the original and adapted works. These problems are often made more difficult when the adaptation is made across different media forms. This thesis explores the transformation from popular song to short story in a popular mode in two ways. The first way is based on the recognition of the problems of determining authenticity when the processes of transmission are subject to such great variety as in popular song. The second way is to explore the question of the available popular forms of narrative for the adapted product. In each case, this thesis attempts its investigation in a practical mode through the variety of stories and the way in which they utilise contemporary narrative strategies.

'Trad.' is a collection of short stories and a critical essay that explores a number of issues involved in the adaptation of stories from one popular medium to another. Some problems of adaptation involve questions of the integrity or authenticity of both the original and adapted works. These problems are often made more difficult when the adaptation is made across different media forms. This thesis explores the transformation from popular song to short story in a popular mode in two ways. The first way is based on the recognition of the problems of determining authenticity when the processes of transmission are subject to such great variety as in popular song. The second way is to explore the question of the available popular forms of narrative for the adapted product. In each case, this thesis attempts its investigation in a practical mode through the variety of stories and the way in which they utilise contemporary narrative strategies.

More than a century has passed since Canada adopted the first antidumping law in 1904. Similar legislation in most of the major trading nations followed the Canadian legislation prior to and after the World War II. Antidumping provisions were later integrated into the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) after the said war. Today, nearly all developed and developing countries have this type of legislation in place within their municipal legal framework. The subject of antidumping has received growing attention in international trade policy and has become a source of tension between trading nations. This is evident in the substantial increase of antidumping actions since the establishment of the WTO. Antidumping policy has emerged as a significant trade barrier because of its misuse by both developed and developing countries. The primary instruments governing antidumping actions are GATT Article VI and the Antidumping Agreement (ADA). The ADA contains both the substantive and procedural rules governing the interpretation and application of the instrument. Its purpose is to ensure that the instrument is used only as a contingency measure judged upon merit and not as a disguised protectionist device. Given the growing number of countries participating more actively in the world trading system and the notorious misuse of antidumping provisions, there is a vital need to critically analyse the key provisions of the said instruments. This study is an attempt at that academic enterprise. It concludes by giving proposals for future reform of both real and potential future reform of the current WTO antidumping regime. Dumping, antidumping, antidumping regulation, antidumping duties, like products, dumping margin, zeroing, facts available, protectionism, ADA.

La présente thèse a pour objet de porter un regard traductologique sur l’œuvre protéiforme d’Antonin Artaud afin de dégager sa vision de l’acte traductif et du statut du traducteur. Le corpus à l’étude comprend non pas les textes traduits ou adaptés par Artaud, mais plutôt les paratextes qui les accompagnent (p. ex., préfaces, postfaces, notes, correspondance, manifestes). Nous partons du postulat qu’Artaud considère la traduction comme une forme de réécriture, c’est-à-dire un vecteur créatif dans lequel l’original et sa traduction sont deux entités interdépendantes. En guise de cadre théorique, nous faisons un survol de l’évolution du rapport entre l’original et la traduction. Il s’agit de montrer comment, dans le prolongement de la pensée poststructuraliste, ce rapport s’est inversé pour faire de l’original un texte dérivé dont le sens est tributaire du regard d’autrui. N’ayant pas laissé de « théorie » proprement dite sur la traduction, Artaud a pourtant largement écrit sur le théâtre et le cinéma. Ces deux domaines ont peut-être ceci de comparable avec la traduction qu’ils font appel à la représentation et mettent en jeu une triade quasi identique : le dramaturge/l’auteur, le metteur en scène/le traducteur et le spectateur/le lecteur. Dans Le théâtre et son double, Artaud souhaite mettre fin à l’assujettissement du metteur en scène à l’auteur et au texte, revendication qui s’apparente beaucoup à sa démarche traductive. Cet ouvrage nous sert donc d’appui pour brosser un portrait global de la vision « artaldienne » de l’acte traductif. Après y avoir puisé des notions transposables à la traduction, comme le double, le rapport subversif à l’auteur et le rôle central du spectateur, nous nous attardons sur le message qui ressort des paratextes, afin de mieux saisir comment Artaud s’approprie le texte traduit. La mise en parallèle entre les écrits d’Artaud sur le théâtre et ses paratextes sur l’acte traductif montre qu’Artaud était un poststructuraliste avant la lettre, ayant prévu certains des principaux concepts modernes liés à l’auctorialité. Notre analyse permet aussi de constater que le cas « Artaud » met en évidence le potentiel traductif de l’écriture.

Os efeitos clastogênicos de campos magnéticos de freqüência extremamente baixa (ELF) foram investigados usando o bioensaio Tradescantia pallida (Trad-MCN). Inflorescências expostas durante 8 horas a doses de ELF-416mG, 833mG, e 4160mG, prescritas para exposição do público e ocupacional, apresentaram freqüência de micronúcleos aumentada no grupo que recebeu a maior dose (10.32±7.31), comparado com os demais (p=0.00, Kruskal-Wallis). Foi demonstrado que a exposição à ELF, induz danos ao DNA de Tradecantia. Estes resultados encorajam o uso deste bioensaio para avaliar a utilidade do monitor em estudos de campo, auxiliando na caracterização da função do ELF como causa de neoplasmas
The clastogenic effects of the extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF) were investigated using Tradescantia pallida micronucleus assay (Trad-MCN). Inflorescences exposed during 8 hours to doses of ELF-416mG, 833mG, e 4160mG, prescribed for public and occupational exposures, showed increased frequency of micronuclei in the group receiving the highest dose (10.32±7.31), compared with others (p=0.00, Kruskal-Wallis). We demonstrated that an ELF exposure induces DNA damage in Tradescantia. This results encourages the use of this assay to evaluate the usefulness of this monitor in field studies, helping to characterize the role of ELF in causing neoplasm

Ambient energy sources, including ambient air, ground and night sky, have potential for space cooling. The night sky offers the lowest temperature and, therefore, the greatest potential across most of the US. Compared to a previous analysis that considered only the sensible cooling load, the objective of this new project was to evaluate the potential of night-sky radiation (NSR) to also serve the latent cooling load. ASHRAE standard 55 was used to establish the comfort limits (22°C for room temperature and 60% relative humidity). Condensation was evaluated as the mechanism for humidity reduction, thus the dew-point temperature, 13.9°C, corresponding to the ASHRAE limits was the maximum target temperature for night-sky cooling. Typical meteorological year (TMY3) weather data was used for eleven locations representing ASHRAE climate zones. Building heat gain, infiltration/ventilation requirements and night-sky radiator size were characterized by a load-to-radiator ratio LRR defined as the infiltration/ventilation volume flow rate times the ratio of building floor area to radiator area. Three values of LRR were evaluated: 0.35, 3.5 and 35 m/hr. Three thermal storage cases were considered: 1. Annual NSR cooling potential (seasonal storage), 2. Diurnal storage, and 3. The minimum storage capacity to serve the entire annual load, as well as the effects of capacity less than the minimum. To evaluate the effect of night-sky radiator temperature on storage capacity, six NSR temperatures Trad = 13.9 to −26.1°C were tested. Results showed that even in Miami, FL (the most challenging climate evaluated), annual NSR potential exceeded the total sensible and latent cooling load, at least for the lowest LRR and highest Trad. For diurnal storage, NSR could serve less than 20% of the load in the hot and humid southeast, but the entire load in the mountain west. The minimum storage capacity to meet the entire annual load corresponds to the capacity required to bridge the span of time without NSR availability during which the largest cooling load occurs. This capacity decreases with decreasing LRR and decreasing Trad. For the southeast, large capacity is required, but for Louisville, for instance, sufficient capacity is provided by the equivalent of as little as 0.05 m of water over the floor area of the building for LRR = 0.35 m/hr. These results demonstrate that for much of the US, night-sky radiation has the potential to serve the entire annual sensible and latent cooling load.

Clothing consumption practice and its impact on the transformation of “public space”. Vía primavera, El Poblado, Medellín. Diana Carolina Gutiérrez A, Natalia Uribe Lemarie1. 1Arquitecture and Design School. Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana. Circular 1 No. 70-01 Bloque 10, Medellín-Colombia E-mail: dianaguti456@gmail.com, natalia.uribelemarie@upb.edu.co Telephone: +573113313512, +573002348456 Keywords (3-5): Space organization, Fashion consumption, exclusion and inclusion processes. Conference topics and scale: Urban form and social use of space Via Primavera is a fashion district in El Poblado neighborhood that has become a public referent of city life in Medellin – Colombia; a space that is shown as inclusive and accessible to all types of collectives. This paper is part of a research which purpose is to understand the connection between the public space with its moral and physical organization and the exclusion processes that the clothing conspicuous consumption generates in Via Primavera. The analysis of this connection is subjected to a mutual play between prior structure and agency and the crystallization, or not, of its existence through an interrelation. In the same way, a concern about the city models resumed in the national and local development plans, and its relevance as the ones that set the social and economic ideal of public spaces arises. And ideal that contradicts with practice, where exclusion processes through consumption practices bring a tension in what is supposed to be public; breaking with its inclusive and collective character. References Archer, M. (1988). Cultura y teoría social. (H. Pons, Trad.) Buenos Aires: Ediciones Nueva Visión. Delgado, M. (2011). El espacio público como ideología. Madrid: La Catarata Park, R. E. (1925). The City. Suggestions for Investigation of Human Behavior in the Urban Environment. En R. E. Park, E. W. Burgess, &amp; R. D. McKenzie, The City (pág. 239). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Veblen, T. (1899 [2012]). The Theory of the Leisure Class. An Economic Study of American Institutions and a Social Critique of Conspicuous Consumption. Massachusetts: Courier Corporation.