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Academic literature on the topic 'Tractors – Tires'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 25 July 2024
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Tractors – Tires"

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Janulevičius, Algirdas, Gediminas Pupinis, Justas Lukštas, Vidas Damanauskas, and Vaclovas Kurkauskas. "DEPENDENCIES OF THE LEAD OF FRONT DRIVING WHEELS ON DIFFERENT TIRE DEFORMATIONS FOR A MFWD TRACTOR." Transport 32, no. 1 (July 13, 2015): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2015.1063084.

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Tractors are the main machines in agricultural production processes. Agricultural tractors commonly employ a four-wheel drive transmission. To reach maximum efficiency in production works, tractors are loaded by as high thrust as possible. The consequence of it, quite often, is that the slippage of driving wheels grows to the limit that is not allowed. To reduce the slippage, various ways are pointed out in terramechanics. One way is to increase the tractor’s weight by adding ballast. The other way is to increase the contact area between tires and the supporting surface. The slippage can be also reduced with traction control and other relevant systems. These methods, which help to reduce slippage, also affect tire deformation. When proportion of tires deformation is not the same as proportion of their sizes, the consequence is change of the lead of front wheels. In this paper analysis is presented, how the lead of front wheels affects the work of MFWD tractor in different conditions. Test results are presented for a MFWD tractor, how the lead of front wheels varies depending on deformation ratios between front and rear tires. For a MFWD tractor, values of deformation ratio between front and rear tires were determined, which ensured effective and which produced unreasonable values of lead of front wheels.
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Rebrov, Oleksii. "BALLASTING AND DUAL TIRES USING OF WHEELED AGRICULTURAL TRACTORS UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF FULFILLING AGRO-ECOLOGICAL STANDARDS FOR SOIL INTERACTION." Bulletin of the National Technical University «KhPI». Series: Automobile and Tractor Construction, no. 2 (March 19, 2023): 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2078-6840.2022.2.11.

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The article presents an analytical approach to the implementation of ballasting and dual tires using of agricultural wheeled tractors, which is based on the unconditional fulfilment of agro-ecological standards of tires soil interaction. The necessity of harmonizing the indicators of the position of the centre of gravity of the tractor, the footprint area of the front and rear tires ratio, as well as their load capacity is shown. The need to use equal flotation in tractor’s tires during single and double use has been proven, which determines the need to maintain the position of the centre of gravity during ballasting. The method of selecting the mass of ballast weights for installation in the rear wheel discs and the front linkage system of the tractor, as well as the ballast weight system, which makes it possible to ensure the maximum possible weight of the tractor to meet the agro-ecological requirements regarding the maximum pressure on the soil, is proposed. The perspective of dual tires using to reduce the maximum pressure of the tractor on the soil is shown, and the high efficiency of ballasting the tractor on dual tires is also proven. The example shows the possibility of increasing the part of the territory of Ukraine where it is possible to operate the tractor without violating agro-ecological norms by 20-40% due to the use of dual tires. The possibility of increasing the efficiency of the tractor up to 1.5 times due to ballasting and doubling of tires has also been proven. The obtained data are based on 20 calculation variants of the tractor with different degrees of ballasting and the use of different tire doubling schemes.
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Rebrov, Oleksii, Boris Kalchenko, Maksym Yakunin, Volodymyr Makarov, Ihor Buchko, Olena Rebrova, Oleksandr Artiushenko, and Alexander Leonenko. "EVALUATION ANALYSIS OF THE RUNNING SYSTEM SOIL INTERACTION OF WHEELED AGRICULTURAL TRACTORS." Bulletin of the National Technical University «KhPI». Series: Automobile and Tractor Construction, no. 1 (March 19, 2023): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2078-6840.2022.1.05.

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The article provides an evaluative analysis of the wheeled agricultural tractor’s running systems soil interaction. A sample of more than 600 MFWD tractors of the world's leading manufacturers was subject to analysis. To determine the parameters of the maximum soil pressure, the value of the footprint gross flat plate area is applied, assuming that the tires are operated under conditions characterized by the speed index A6 with a significant torque for a long time. It is obtained the calculated function of the probability distribution of the maximum pressure on the soil of a sample of modern wheeled tractors with a fixed location of the centre of gravity (weight distribution). The designed arrangement of the centre of gravity of tractors by groups with the corresponding rolling circumference indexes difference ΔRCI =4...9 was analysed. It was established that for general and universal purpose tractors with ΔRCI = 4...6 the most common weight distribution coefficient is 0.40 or 0.44. For special (utility) tractors with ΔRCI = 7...9, the most common weight distribution coefficient is 0.45...0.46. An analysis of the maximum soil pressure in a wide range of the traction force of the tractor while maintaining a constant optimal weight distribution, which depends on the ratio of the footprint gross flat plate area of the front and rear tires, was carried out. The analysis showed that maintaining a constant optimal weight distribution during traction operations makes it possible to reduce the maximum pressure on the soil by 8...40 kPa. This makes it possible to increase the part of the territory of Ukraine, where modern wheeled tractors with single tires can be operated without violating agro-ecological requirements, by 14%.
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Akhmetov, Аdilbek, Sherzodbek Akhmedov, and Javlonbek Ishchanov. "Investigating the Impact of Speed and Tire Pressure of a Wheel Tractor on Soil Properties: A Case Study in Northeastern Uzbekistan." AgriEngineering 6, no. 3 (July 3, 2024): 2067–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering6030121.

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In agriculture, machines engaged in various agrotechnical activities and operations have different impacts on the soil. The effect of mechanization is primarily reflected in two indicators: soil density and hardness. At the same time, considering the direct dependence of tractive resistance on soil hardness in processing machines and sprayers, we studied subsequent changes in the soil in the path of wheels affected by the soil after the passage of four-wheeled and three-wheeled tractors. We also examined various atmospheric pressures in the tractor’s tires and the impact of different types of tires on soil compaction and traction. The studies showed that to reduce the compression impact on the soil of four-wheeled tractor working systems during certain technical operations, it is necessary to choose the maximum permissible travel speed and the minimum air pressure in the tires specified in the technical conditions. This approach helps to decrease soil compaction and maintain its structure. Additionally, it was found that three-wheeled tractors exert less pressure on the soil compared to four-wheeled ones, which should also be considered when selecting equipment for different agrotechnical tasks. Optimizing tire pressure and tractor speed is crucial for minimizing negative soil impact and enhancing the efficiency of agricultural operations.
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Tukhtabayev, M. A., H. B. Atakhanov, and O. A. Sidikov. "Influence of tire internal pressure on soil compaction." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1231, no. 1 (August 1, 2023): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1231/1/012009.

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Abstract The article presents the results of choosing tires for driving wheels of cotton-growing row-crop tractors during inter-row cultivation. The track surfaces of tires 15.5-38, 16.9R38, 420/85R38 and 18.4R38 are compared on a rigid base. The track surfaces for hard base and maximum pressure of tires on soil, soil density and tire tread depth were determined in experimental studies. When choosing tires, their average qav and maximum q max pressures on soil were determined. In order to reduce compaction impact of the tractor’s undercarriages on soil, impact force of the tire internal pressure and vertical load on soil are determined. When using with larger profile width of tires working between rows leads to crushing of seedlings, and the smaller profile leads to an increase in compaction effect on soil. By choosing the right tires and substantiating their parameters, the beneficial living organisms that increase soil fertility are not allowed to die. The tractor equipped with 18.4R38 tires was used with a wide width agricultural machinery in cotton field. As a result, the number of field crossings of the aggregate reduced by 1.87 times, soil compaction is prevented, and fuel consumption reduced by 25%.
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Janulevičius, Algirdas, and Povilas Gurevičius. "IMPACT OF THE INFLATION PRESSURE OF THE TIRES ON LEAD OF FRONT DRIVE WHEELS AND MOVEMENT RESISTANCE FORCE OF TRACTORS." Transport 34, no. 6 (October 8, 2019): 628–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2019.11233.

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The transmission of mechanical front-wheel drive tractors normally has a front axle lead ratio, which is equal to 1.5…2.5%. Naturally, when ballast masses are added to the tractor or when inflation pressure in the tires is reduced, distortion of the tires is inevitable, which changes the lead of the front wheels. In this paper, we present the impact of tire inflation pressures on the lead front drive wheels and movement resistance force when the tractor travelled with a front drive axle enabled and was engine braking with the fuel supply off. It was found that the variation in front and rear tires inflation pressure combination can significantly change the lead of the front drive wheels. For the tested tractor up to 6.9%. The result is that when the tractor travelled with the front axle enabled and was engine braking, the engine-braking efficiency decreases with increasing lead of the front wheels. Front (slipping) wheels create the opposite-direction torque, which is transferred to the rear wheels through the tractor’s front-rear axle drive system. Additional losses of the engine braking occur in transmission due to power circulation, and the result is that the tractor wheels receive less braking torque from the engine.
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Katrenčík, Jakub, František Bauer, and Petr Dostál. "The influence of the tire inflation on pull properties of agriculture tractors." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, no. 6 (2013): 1733–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361061733.

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Agricultural tractors are robust and versatile machines, which must comply with the basic requirements of users under various conditions. The main requirements include economical and reliable operation and high performance. Fuel economy could be improved using multiple methods, for example a well trained operator, adequate farming conditions and optimal tire inflation. Tractor tires transmit engine power to the surface and as such they are crucial to tractor operation. In the first part of the field measurement, all tires were inflated to 180kPa, while in the second part of the field measurements the tire pressure was set to 75kPa in front tires and to 65 kPa in rear tires. The results of the field measurement of the John Deere 6920S tractor with different tire inflation shows that pull performance increased by 9.9% and wheel slip decreased by 9.7%.
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Samorodov, V. B., A. Yu Rebrov, and V. V. Kuchkov. "Increase of technical and economical parameters of wheeled tractors on the base of spatial and topologic approach." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 80, no. 7 (July 15, 2013): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-65719.

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The spatial and topologic approach is considered as applied to solving the problem of increase of technical and economical parameters of wheeled tractors in conditions of variation of engine power, tires standard size, tractor mass and transmission gear ratio.
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Zolotarevskaya, D. I. "Analysis of the influence of the main factors on the characteristics of the elastic properties of elastic wheels of tractors." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 85, no. 4 (August 15, 2018): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-66415.

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The work is devoted to the theoretical study of the elastic properties of tractor wheels and the analysis of the effect of air pressure in the tires and vertical loads on the wheel axles. According to the developed computer program, which allows to implement the method of calculating the characteristics of the elastic properties of tractor wheels with pneumatic tires proposed in this work, one-factor and complete factor computer experiments of two types were carried out. In computer experiments of the first type, the dependences of the elasticity coefficients of a number of elastic wheels were investigated when operating on the practically non-deformable basis of tractors MTZ-82 and MTZ-142 from the air pressure in the tires at different values of the vertical dynamic loads on the axes of the corresponding wheels of tractors. In computer experiments of the second type, the dependences of the elasticity coefficients and the normal deflection of the wheels with tires of different sizes from the air pressure in the tires at constant values of the vertical dynamic loads on the wheel axles were investigated. In computer experiments of both types, the deviations of the elastic properties of elastic wheels found by calculation are within the limits of the accuracy of measurements of the experimental data. Based on the results of computer experiments of the first type, regression equations were obtained reflecting the dependence of the elasticity coefficients of the elastic wheels studied on the air pressure in the tire for various values of the vertical dynamic loads on the wheel axes. According to the results of computer experiments of the second type, equations of regression of the coefficients of elasticity and normal deflection of wheels with tires of different sizes from air pressure in tires at constant values of vertical dynamic loads on the wheel axle are obtained. The high correlation values for these regression equations indicate the high importance of the relationships in the found correlation dependencies. The application of the proposed calculation method makes it possible to simplify and shorten the work on the choice of tires of optimum sizes to different tractors, taking into account the specific conditions of their operation. It was calculated that wheels with tires 18.4R38 are optimal on the rear axle of the MTZ-82 tractor.
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Kim, Wan-Soo, Yong-Joo Kim, Nam-Gyu Lee, Seung-Min Baek, Seung-Yun Baek, and Yeon-Soo Kim. "Influence of Tire Contact Area on the Traction Performance of a 67-kW Agricultural Tractor in a Paddy Field." Journal of the ASABE 65, no. 6 (2022): 1421–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/ja.15008.

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Highlights The tire contact area of a tractor was adjusted through a combination of four tires to improve the traction performance in a paddy field. Traction performance according to tire contact area was measured and evaluated through a traction load measurement system of the tractor. The increase in the tire contact area reduced the slip ratio of the tractor and led to high traction performance. The results of this study suggest the possibility of evaluating and improving the traction performance of a tractor by considering the tire contact area. Abstract. Agricultural tractors operate on soil, and power loss occurs due to the complex interaction between tractor tires and soil. There are various methods for minimizing the loss of power and driving the tractor efficiently, one of which is increasing the tire contact area (TCA). The aim of this study is to measure, evaluate, and optimize the traction performance of a tractor with different TCAs. A traction load measurement system of the tractor was developed to measure field data. Field experiments were conducted to measure the traction performance of the tractors on paddy fields. To improve the traction performance of the tractor, the TCA was increased through various tire combinations, and a total of four TCA conditions were used. The results showed that the slip ratio of the wheel decreased with increasing TCA, thereby reducing the power loss due to the soil and increasing the traction performance, including the traction force, traction power, tractive efficiency, and dynamic traction ratio. Therefore, it is possible to improve the performance of tractors in paddy fields through TCA adjustment, and this study can provide appropriate guidelines. Keywords: Agricultural tractor, Dynamic traction ratio, Tire contact area, Traction performance, Tractive efficiency.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tractors – Tires"

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Santos, Viviane Castro dos. "Occupational vibration in tractor as affected by internal pressure of tires and rolling surface." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2016. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=17096.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
The globalized world appreciates the market competition between big companies, having no difference at all when it comes to the agricultural environment, because in order to acquire more customers, the tractor manufacturers tend to invest in technology to increase the machineâs efficiency. These improvements are required and aim to increase production, reduce production costs and to adapt the machines to their users, in order to have more quality within the work. Several factors can influence the machine operation quality, especially noise, temperature and vibration which may directly affect welfare. The present study aimed to evaluate the whole operator body exposure to vibration as well as his hands and arms on a tractor on the following conditions, three different tire air pressure, two different forward speeds and two different shooting surfaces. The experiment was conducted in the experimental area of the Agricultural Machinery Accident Investigation Laboratory belonging to the Department of Agricultural Engineering of the Federal University of CearÃ. The tractor utilized was a 4x2 tractor with auxiliary front wheel drive, Valtra brand, model BM 125i, year 2011 with a power of 91.9 kW (125 HP), maximum speed of 2,300 rotation per minute, equipped with radial tires. The experimental design was a completely randomized factorial 2 x 2 x 3 with two rolling surfaces (uncovered soil and soil covered with (Panicum maximum CV. Mombasa)), two forward speeds (4.3 km. h-1 and 6.4 km h-1), and three different tire air pressure (10, 14 and 18 lbs.pol-2) for the front tires and (12, 16 and 20 lbs.pol-2 ) for the rear tires. The experiment was conducted in accordance with the guidelines determined by the Brazilian operational hygiene standard number 09 and number 10 as well as the international ISO standard 5008, annex A. For the data evaluation, the statistical program ASSISTAT version 7.7 beta was utilized, checked for normality through the symmetry value and kurtosis analysis and consequently subjected to a variance analysis by F test, having the means compared by the Tukey test at 5% significance level. The vibration levels increased due to the increase in speed and the internal air pressure in tires and decreased with the use of the soil covering material. The best working condition was found in the following conditions, operations with soil covering material, at a speed of 4.3 km.h-1, using the tire air pressure at minimum (10 lbs.pol-2 on the front tires and 12 lbs.pol-2 on the rear tires).
O mundo globalizado preza pela concorrÃncia no mercado de grandes empresas e isso nÃo à diferente no meio agrÃcola, para adquirir cada vez mais clientes os fabricantes de trator tendem a investir em tecnologia para aumentar a eficiÃncia de suas mÃquinas. Essas melhorias sÃo necessÃrias nos tratores atuais e visam o aumento da produÃÃo, reduÃÃo de custos de produÃÃo e adequaÃÃo ao usuÃrio para que o mesmo possa desempenhar o trabalho com qualidade. VÃrios fatores podem influenciar na qualidade de operaÃÃo desempenhada pelo operador, principalmente fatores como, ruÃdo, temperatura, vibraÃÃo que interferem diretamente no seu bem estar. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a exposiÃÃo do operador Ãs vibraÃÃes de corpo inteiro e mÃos e braÃos em um trator agrÃcola em funÃÃo da utilizaÃÃo de trÃs pressÃes internas de ar nos pneus, duas velocidades de deslocamento e duas superfÃcies de rolamento. O experimento foi realizado na Ãrea experimental do LaboratÃrio de InvestigaÃÃo de Acidentes com MÃquinas AgrÃcolas, pertencente ao Departamento de Engenharia AgrÃcola da Universidade Federal do CearÃ. O trator utilizado foi um trator 4x2 com traÃÃo dianteira auxiliar (TDA) da marca Valtra modelo BM 125i, ano 2011 com potÃncia do motor de 91,9 kW (125 cv), rotaÃÃo mÃxima de 2300 rpm, equipado com pneus radiais. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 x 3, sendo duas superfÃcies de rolamento dos pneus (solo solto e solo com (Panicum maximum cv. MombaÃa) cobertura vegetal), duas velocidades de deslocamento (4,3 km.h-1 e 6,4 km.h-1), e trÃs pressÃes internas nos pneus, sendo (10, 14 e 18 lb.pol-2) para os pneus dianteiros e (12, 16 e 20 lb.pol-2) para os pneus traseiros. O experimento foi realizado de acordo com as diretrizes determinadas pela NHO â 09, NHO â 10 e o anexo A da norma NBR ISO 5008. Para avaliaÃÃo dos dados foi utilizado o programa estatÃstico ASSISTAT versÃo 7.7 beta, onde atravÃs dos valores de simetria e curtose foi verificada a normalidade e entÃo submetidos à anÃlise de variÃncia pelo teste F, e quando significativas, as mÃdias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey, a 5% de significÃncia. Os nÃveis de vibraÃÃes aumentaram em funÃÃo do aumento da velocidade e da pressÃo interna de ar nos pneus e diminuÃram com o uso de material de cobertura no solo. A melhor condiÃÃo de trabalho encontrada foi realizar as operaÃÃes com material de cobertura sobre o solo, na velocidade de 4,3 km.h-1 na pressÃo interna de ar nos pneus mÃnima (10 lb.pol-2 nos rodados dianteiros e 12 lb.pol-2 nos rodados traseiros).
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Chakravarthy, Krishnan Veeraraghavan. "DEVELOPMENT OF A STEER AXLE TIRE BLOWOUT MODEL FOR TRACTOR SEMITRAILERS IN TRUCKSIM." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1367533852.

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Ivinskis, Zenonas. "Oro slėgio padangose įtakos dirvos suslėgimui tyrimas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120528_122309-18481.

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Mobili žemės ūkio technika neigiamai veikia dirvą dėl varančiųjų ratų didelės apkrovos, buksavimo bei vėžių susiformavimo. Šių procesų pasekmė - dirvos suslėgimas, dirvožemio struktūros ardymas bei sąlygų vandens ir vėjo erozijai susidarymas. Dėl šių priežasčių mažėja derlius ir didėja energijos sąnaudos dirvai įdirbti. Vienas iš būdų optimaliau paskirstyti apkrovą dirvai - keisti slėgį padangose atsižvelgiant į dirvos fizines mechanines savybes. Šiame tiriamajame darbe nagrinėjama oro slėgio padangose įtaka dirvos suslėgimui. Tyrimai atlikti prieš rudeninę sėją, lengvo priesmėlio lauke. Prieš atliekant tyrimus dirva buvo suarta 20 cm gyliu. Dirvos drėgnis 5 cm gylyje buvo 12 %. Tyrimais nustatytas 1,9 MPa mažesnis dirvos slėgis esant 0,5 bar slėgiui padangose lyginant su 2,5 bar slėgiu padangose. Dirvos kietis buvo mažesnis 4,8 karo, 5 cm gylyje, ties armens padu iki 4,1 karto.
Mobile agricultural machinery negatively affects soil due to large load of driving wheels, constant slippage and track formation. Consequently, problems such as soil compaction, damage of soil structure and conditions for water and wind erosion occur. For these reasons, yields decline and energy costs for soil cultivation increase. One of the ways to streamline the distribution of load on soil is to change the pressure in the tires considering on the soil physical and mechanical properties. This research work focuses on the investigation of tire pressure influence on soil compaction. Investigations were carried out before the autumn sowing on a light sandy loam field. Before the tests the soil was plowed 20 cm depth. Soil moisture at a depth of 5 cm was 12 %. The studies revealed that soil compaction of 1,9 MPa was lower at 0,5 bar pressure in the tires compared to the 2,5 bar pressure. Soil compaction was found to be 4,8 times lower in 5cm depth whereas compaction at the tractor track was 4,1 times lower.
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Rekem, Jakub. "Konstrukční návrh uložení kabiny traktoru." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-417419.

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Diploma thesis is devoted to tractor cabin's suspension. First part of the work consists of the overview of used suspension designs and their various modifications. Next, law requirements for roll-over protective structure are described. Subsequently, the suspension design for small-sized tractor is explored. Law compliance is revised via ROPS procedure simulation using finite element method. In the last part of the work, virtual prototype of agricultural tractor in Multi-body environment is built and it is used for studying the dynamic characteristics of proposed cabin suspension design.
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Imberg, Rune. "In quest of authority : the "Tracts for the times" and the development of the tractarian leaders, 1833-1841 /." Lund : Lund university press, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb355220673.

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Oliveira, Marli Dias Mascarenhas. "Custo operacional e ponto de renovação de tratores agrícolas de pneus: avaliação de uma frota." Universidade de São Paulo, 2001. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11148/tde-11032002-112718/.

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O principal objetivo desta pesquisa é determinar o custo operacional e o ponto de renovação da frota de tratores agrícolas de pneus de uma empresa agropecuária, utilizando-se os dados dos dispêndios do uso de 39 tratores, entre os anos de 1983 e 1998. Aplicou-se o método do custo anualizado equivalente (CAE), pelo qual é possível determinar-se a idade de substituição dos tratores, a partir do custo operacional e do fluxo de caixa de cada trator. A análise dos resultados obtidos permitiu concluir que dentre os custos operacionais as despesas com reparos e manutenção são as mais elevadas o que pode ser atribuído às altas horas de trabalho acumuladas, tornando antieconômica a utilização da máquina na empresa. Os valores calculados através do custo anualizado equivalente (CAE), apresentaram resultados maiores que os calculados pelo custo operacional. A diferença fundamental entre os dois métodos de cálculo está no CAE que considera uma remuneração ao capital utilizando a taxa de desconto do fluxo de caixa. O método do custo anualizado equivalente, mostrou-se eficiente na análise da vida econômica de tratores e na determinação do ponto de substituição de frotas, pois permite a substituição da máquina antes que ocorram as despesas mais altas com a mesma. Caso contrário, a perda de capital provocada pela diminuição do valor presente do valor residual, calculado pelo CAE, pode inviabilizar o uso econômico da máquina. Verificou-se com a aplicação do CAE que a idade de substituição de uma máquina depende do valor de inicial, das despesas anuais com o trator, de valor de revenda em cada ano e da taxa de desconto. Especificamente para esta empresa verificou-se que a idade economicamente ótima de troca situou-se entre quatro e cinco anos de vida útil do trator.
The main objective of the present study was to determine the operational cost and the fleet renewal point of agricultural tractors of tires for an agricultural company, which provided data on expenditures for the use of 39 tractors, from 1983 to 1998. The computation took in account the yearly cost equivalent method (CAE), which allowed to determine the tractor substitution age , starting from the operational cost and from the cash flow of each tractor. The analysis results analysis showed that the greater item in the operational costs is the expenses with repairs and maintenance which can be attributed to the greater accumulated working hours, so far it may make not profitable the use of the machine in the company. The CAE method values showed bigger values than the operational cost method values (OC). The fundamental difference among them is that CAE considers a remuneration to the capital using the cash flow discount tax. Also , the CAE method was more efficient in the analysis of the tractor economical life and in the determination of the fleet substitution point, so it allowed the substitution of the machine before higher expenses might occur. Otherwise, the capital loss provoked by the decrease of the present value of the residual value, computed by CAE, would make unfeasible the economical use of the machine. Also ,the present study showed that the age of substitution of a machine depends on the initial value, on the annual expenses with the tractor, on the value of resale in every year and on the discount tax. Specifically for this company, it was verified that the economical age to change a vehicle is between four or five years of useful life of the tractor.
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Hamache, Violette. "Dynamic Ground Clearance." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Mekanik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-93685.

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The purpose of this work is to develop a test method which will consider the variation of the ground clearance when driving, the so-called dynamic ground clearance. This has been done through the analysis of a specific application: the tractors in grain used in Brazil. Series of real life tests are run in order to obtain data on the tire compressions and the suspension travels. The tractor used is a 6x4 and is loaded with a trailer. When investigating critical cases, the minimum dynamic ground clearance is found to be as small as 123 mm at the axle 1, 78 mm at the exhaust outlet, 137 mm at the fuel tank, 35 mm at the bumper and 213 mm at the axle 2. These data will be transmitted to the engineer responsible for the chassis design in order for him to get a better understanding of the motion of the truck relative to ground.
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Boris, Stojić. "Modeliranje oscilatornog ponašanja traktorskih pneumatika veštačkim neuronskim mrežama." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Fakultet tehničkih nauka u Novom Sadu, 2014. http://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=89556&source=NDLTD&language=en.

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U fazi razvoja traktora upotrebom računarski podržanih simulacija, neophodan je odgovarajući model pneumatika. U radu je korišćenjem neuronskih mreža razvijen originalni empirijski model geometrijskog niskopojasnog filtriranja kratkotalasnih neravnina podloge koje vrši pneumatik. Razvoj modela baziran je na sopstvenim eksperimentalnim istraživanjima posmatranog aspekta ponašanja pneumatika. Model je integrisan u globalni oscilatorni model sposoban da opiše osnovne aspekte dinamičkog ponašanja taktorskih pneumatika.
During tractor development phase in which computer aided simulations are used, it is necessary to use appropriate tire model. Original empirical model of tractor tire low-pass geometric filtering behavior on short-wavelength road unevenness was developed in this work by using neural networks. Model development is based on author's experimental investigations. Model is integrated into global vibration tire model able to describe basic aspects of tractor tire dynamic behavior.
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Knob, Marcelino João. "Estudo de trafegabilidade aplicado a veículos de roda em transporte e tração." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2010. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/3583.

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The ability of vehicles to traverse soft soils is an important aspect of their performance. The geological, climate and topography diversity originated, in Rio Grande do Sul, extensive areas of hydromorphic clay soils, as example, Planssoils and Gleissoils. When saturated of water, these soft soils present low loads support, difficult agricultural machinery work and limit the traverse of military wheeled vehicles. The aim of this study was to determine the limit of soil conditions for trafficability of military 6 x 6 wheeled trucks (Cascavel and Urutu), determine the ground pressure and predict the mobility condition from soil cone index (SCI) and vehicle characteristics. This study also proposed to evaluate the performance of a four wheel drive tractor in drawbar pull test and trafficability performance, to correlate the reduced tire inflation pressure and vehicle loading effect on slipping, drawbar pull, fuel consumption and mobility under different soil moisture conditions. It was found that the Cascavel military truck had a minimal ground pressure of 357 kPa and it needed SCI of 402 kPa in the critical layer for a single pass. The Urutu truck had a ground pressure of 401 kPa and required at least 431 kPa in SCI for one-way pass. The NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM) and Mean Maximum Pressure (MPP) predicting model underestimate the soil cone index required for these military vehicles to traverse soft-soils, however, MMP was more appropriate to predict the correct SIC for the tested vehicles. For the tractor experiment it was found that tire inflation pressure changed the ground pressure and the vehicle loading didn t change the ground surface pressure. The greatest drawbar pull were obtained at low tractor speed, reduced inflation pressure and high loading level, operating on hard ground. The lowest specific fuel consumption was obtained on hard ground, empty weight, low tire pressure and operating in high speed gear. The increase of soil moisture decreased the dynamic traction coefficient from 0.57 to 0.31 and the traction efficiency decrease from 50 to 37%. Reduced inflation tire pressure had positive effects on tractor mobility in waterlogged soils, reducing slipping and increasing traverse speed. Using height loading level had negative effect on wet soils because it require more engine power and increase the fuel consumption.
A habilidade de um veículo se locomover em solos com baixa capacidade de carga é um aspecto importante em seu desempenho. A diversidade geológica, climática e de relevo originou, no Rio Grande do Sul, extensas áreas de solos Hidromórficos argilosos, entre eles, os Planossolos e os Gleissolos. Quando saturados, estes solos apresentam baixa capacidade de suporte de carga, dificultando o trabalho de máquinas agrícolas e o deslocamento de veículos militares de roda. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo determinar as condições de solo limite para a trafegabilidade de veículos militares de roda com tração 6 x 6 (Cascavel e Urutu), determinar a pressão de contato pneu-solo e predizer a condição de mobilidade a partir índice de cone do solo (ICS) e das características do veículo. O trabalho também propôs avaliar o desempenho de um trator agrícola com TDA em ensaio de tração e trafegabilidade, para verificar a influência da baixa pressão interna dos pneus e a quantidade de lastro do trator sobre o patinamento dos rodados, a capacidade de tração, o consumo de combustível e a mobilidade sob diferentes condições de umidade do solo. Foi verificado que a viatura militar Cascavel exerce pressão mínima pneu-solo de 357 kPa e requer ICS de 402 kPa na camada crítica para se locomover. O veículo Urutu exerce uma pressão pneu-solo de 401 kPa e necessita de uma resistência do solo mínima de 431 kPa para o tráfego singular. Os modelos de predição de trafegabilidade de veículos militares NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM) e Mean Maximum Pressure (MMP) subestimam o ICS necessário para os solos estudados, porém, o modelo que mais aproximou o ICS ao requerido pelos veículos testados foi o MMP. No experimento com tratores verificou-se que a pressão interna dos pneus alterou e a adição de lastro não alterou a superfície de contato pneu-solo. Os maiores esforços na barra de tração foram obtidos em baixa velocidade de deslocamento, baixa pressão interna dos pneus e com trator completamente lastrado, operando em solo firme. O menor consumo específico de combustível foi obtido em solo firme, com trator sem lastro, baixa pressão nos pneus e operando em marcha alta. O acréscimo de umidade no solo diminuiu o coeficiente dinâmico de tração de 0,57 para 0,31 e a eficiência de tração de 50 para 37%. A utilização de baixa pressão interna nos pneus tem efeitos positivos na trafegabilidade em solos alagados, reduzindo significativamente o patinamento e aumentando a velocidade de deslocamento. A utilização de lastro no trator em condições de solo saturado tem efeito negativo, porque aumenta a demanda de potência e o consumo de combustível da operação.
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Karlowicz, Tobias Amadeus. "Reclaiming Pusey for theology : allegory, communion, and sacrifice." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4122.

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Edward Bouverie Pusey once towered over nineteenth-century British theology, but he has now fallen into almost entire insignificance. However, analysis of this decline (Chapter 1) leads to a reassessment. His development—especially his complicated relationship with pre-Tractarian High Church Anglicanism—shows a deep criticism of post-Enlightenment intellectual trends, from his early years through his association with the Oxford Movement and the Tracts for the Times, to the end of his life (Chapter 2). This criticism led him to the patristic use of allegory, both as a biblical hermeneutic and as a creative, complex, image-based approach to theology (Chapter 3). His development of High Church theology (seen especially through comparison with Waterland) and his use of allegory can be traced throughout his theology. His understanding of union with Christ and theosis reveals both: the sacraments have a strong symbolic dimension, while his positions on baptismal regeneration and the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist show a development rather than a rejection of earlier High Church theology (Chapters 4 and 5). His understanding of the atonement blends High Church reliance on sacrificial types with his unitive theology to reconfigure traditional satisfaction theory as restoration of love for God, rather than redemption from punishment—a position which marks Pusey as an important transitional figure in 19th c. theology (Chapter 6). The flexibility of Pusey's allegorical approach also allows him to blend a High Church tradition of spiritual sacrifice with sacramental participation in Christ's self-offering, so that sacrifice becomes an aspect of union with Christ (Chapter 7). Pusey's use of allegory shows similarities to postmodern theology, while his development of High Church theology shows his originality (Chapter 8).
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Books on the topic "Tractors – Tires"

1

Engineers, Society of Automotive, ed. Belt and tire traction in agricultural vehicles. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 1997.

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Sauder, B. J. Low-ground-pressure tires for skidders. Ottawa, Ont: Research and Technical Services, Canadian Forestry Service, 1985.

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Newman, John Henry. Tracts for the times. Leominster, Herefordshire: Gracewing, 2013.

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Stock, Noel. Short tracts for the times. Toledo [Ohio]: Rue de Rome Press, 1987.

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Stock, Noel. Short tracts for the times. Toledo [Ohio]: Rue de Rome, 1995.

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Edison, John Sibbald. An essay on the Oxford tracts. London: British Library, 1986.

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Wilson, Charles Thomas. Inquiry into the doctrines of the Tracts for the times recommended, previous to a condemnation of them: A farewell sermon preached in the Church of St. Thomas, Toxteth Park, Liverpool, on Sunday, the 12th of June, 1842. London: British Library, 1986.

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Poole, George Ayliffe. An exposure of an attack upon the Tracts for the times by the Rev. Miles Jackson, of Leeds. London: British Library, 1986.

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Hoare, Edward Newenham. The tendency of the principles advocated in the "Tracts for the times" considered: In five letters addressed to a candidate for Holy Orders. London: British Library, 1986.

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Jackson, Miles. A reply to the Rev. Richard Ward and the Rev. Geo. Ayliffe Poole's answers to Oxford tracts unmasked by Miles Jackson. London: British Library, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Tractors – Tires"

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Alcock, Ralph. "Tires and Ballasting for Agricultural Tractors." In Tractor-Implement Systems, 59–72. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6879-3_5.

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Claeys, Gregory. "Chartist Tracts for the Times, No. 2." In The Chartist Movement in Britain 1838-1850, 465–72. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003113249-15.

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Claeys, Gregory. "Chartist Tracts for the Times. No. 5." In The Chartist Movement in Britain 1838-1850, 483–90. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003113249-17.

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Claeys, Gregory. "Chartist Tracts for the Times. No. 4." In The Chartist Movement in Britain 1838-1850, 473–81. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003113249-16.

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Claeys, Gregory. "Chartist Tracts for the Times. No. 7." In The Chartist Movement in Britain 1838-1850, 501–9. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003113249-19.

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Claeys, Gregory. "Chartist Tracts for the Times, No. 6." In The Chartist Movement in Britain 1838-1850, 491–99. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003113249-18.

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Claeys, Gregory. "Chartist Tracts for the Times, 1 No. 1." In The Chartist Movement in Britain 1838-1850, 455–63. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003113249-14.

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Tidecks, Reinhard. "The limit of long quasiparticle relaxation times." In Springer Tracts in Modern Physics, 168–77. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0048857.

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Tidecks, Reinhard. "The limit of short quasiparticle relaxation times." In Springer Tracts in Modern Physics, 178–97. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0048858.

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Cutini, M., M. Brambilla, C. Bisaglia, D. Pochi, and R. Fanigliulo. "Efficiency of Tractor Drawbar Power Taking into Account Soil-Tire Slippage." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 409–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39299-4_46.

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Conference papers on the topic "Tractors – Tires"

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Andersen, Torben Ole, Michael Ryygaard Hansen, and Finn Conrad. "Robust Control of Oscillations in Agricultural Tractors." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-41464.

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This paper relates to analyses and control of the oscillations occurring in many off road vehicles, which are designed without any suspension. Without suspension, the tire is the only elastic element acting between the vehicle and the ground but the suspension and damping properties of the tires cannot meet the demands for fast, safe and comfortable road transportation. In this paper the above-mentioned phenomenon is investigated with special focus on agricultural tractors. A control strategy is developed to make the implement counteract the movement of the tractor and thereby reducing the pitching oscillation. The control strategy is based on a linear plant model with constant or slowly varying parameters. Using a frequency-response approach the disturbance rejection is made effective over a significant portion of the system bandwidth. To improve robustness with respect to bounded disturbances (from the road) natural frequencies for the vehicle and implement is identified and the controller parameters tuned adaptively based on an optimization formulation.
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Mastinu, G., M. Gobbi, G. Previati, and M. Ribaldone. "Advances in Farm Tractor Modelling and Simulation." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-43944.

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The paper deals with the modelling of the dynamics of farm tractors in order to simulate their motion on smooth or rough surface, on road or off road and in different loading situations. The aim is to develop reliable models to speed-up the design and development activities. The derived farm tractor models can simulate the working conditions of the farm tractor while hauling a plough or running at relatively high speed on a rough soil, or steering soil, or steering on a sloped, soft surface. Two models of farm tractors have been developed and experimentally validated. The first model is based on a proprietary software. able to quickly simulate the motion of a vehicle on smooth or rough soil. The second model has been developed with the software ADAMS/Car® which allows to model complicated transmission and suspension systems. In both of the models, the tires, the transmission system, the suspension system, the steering system, the engine and the body inertia are carefully described mathematically. Particular attention has been devoted to the measurements of the tire characteristic and of the inertia parameters of the farm tractor body. Both of the models are defined in a parametric way. Parameters sensitivity analysis a strong influence of the transmission system on the tractor dynamic response in all of the considered working conditions. Experimental tests have realized to validate the two models.
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Arelekatti, V. N. Murthy, Douglas H. Björkdal, Carmen W. Graves, Anthony Wong, Armen Mkrtchyan, and Amos G. Winter. "Proof-of-Concept Evaluation of a Low-Cost and Low-Weight Tractor for Small-Scale Farms." In ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-35115.

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About 80% of farms in India are less than five acres in size and are cultivated by farmers who use bullocks for farming operations. Even the smallest tractors available in the Indian market are too expensive and large, and not designed to meet the unique requirements of these farmers. To address these needs, we have developed a proof-of-concept lightweight (350 kg) tractor in collaboration with Mahindra and Mahindra Limited, an Indian tractor manufacturer. Given the challenges of accurately predicting traction in Indian soils by applying existing terramechanics models, an alternative design approach based on Mohr-Coulomb soil-failure criterion is presented. Analysis of weight, power and drawbar of existing tractors on the market, a single wheel traction test, and a drawbar test of a proof-of-concept small tractor prototype suggest that ∼200kg is the maximum drawbar force that could be achieved by a 350kg tractor of conventional design. In order to attain higher drawbar performance of 70% of the tractor weight needed for specific agricultural operations, additional design changes are required. An approach for increasing traction by adding tires is investigated and discussed. Additional research on weight distribution, dynamic drawbar testing and tread design is suggested as future work.
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Damanauskas, Vidas, and Algirdas Janulevicius. "Influence of tractor slippage on crop yield." In 22nd International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2023.22.tf021.

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The tractor under draft causes slippage of the driving wheels, which negatively affects the soil structure and soil function, influences the plant growth and yield. Tires compress and compact the surface layer, erode the soil, and reduce liveliness of plant roots. Driving of tractors is unavoidable but may be more friendly to the environment. The aim of the research was to establish the dependence of the tire contact area and tractor slip on the plant yield, maintaining a constant draft. The investigative tractor “CASE MX135” was used in this research. The field test was performed by towing another tractor with implements for constant draft load. Several soil plots were compressed track to track separately, changing the tire contact area on each plot. Different tire contact area was achieved by changing the tire pressure and adding double wheels. The correlation of the adjustable contact area and wheel slip and crop yield was developed by comparing to the control plot without soil compression. The results show that enlargement of the tire contact area can reduce the slippage by 19,8% at constant draft and improve the crop yield, by reducing soil damage. It was noticed that the soil plots which were compressed with the lowest tire contact area gave the crop yield by 10% less; in the plots where the soil was compressed with the greatest tire contact area the crop yield increased by 9.5% compared to the control plot without compression of the soil.
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Johnson, Ellis, Susan Nelson, Fabien Marlier, Serge Nicolas, and Maxime Rolland. "Optimized Drive Axle Design for Class 8 Tractors Equipped with New Generation Wide Base Single Tires." In SAE 2009 Commercial Vehicle Engineering Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-2861.

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"Comparison of Subsurface Pressure Created by Radial Agricultural Tires and Agricultural Tracks (4 Wheel Drive Tractors & Grain Carts)." In 2014 ASABE Annual International Meeting. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.20141896712.

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Di Gironimo, Giuseppe, Antonio Lanzotti, Kenan Melemez, and Fabrizio Renno. "A Top-Down Approach for Virtual Redesign and Ergonomic Optimization of an Agricultural Tractor’s Driver Cab." In ASME 2012 11th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2012-82947.

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Nowadays, economical, technical and ergonomic factors have a great importance on the design of the agricultural tractors. The paper illustrates the use and the management of heterogeneous product information (manual measurements and drafts, 2D drawings, technical documentation, photos), advanced CAD modeling tools and digital human models, for the redesign and the ergonomic optimization of an agricultural tractor’s driver cab. The project development has been organized using a top–down approach in a collaborative environment. At first, a manual measurement with gauges allowed to realize a technical draft of the whole agricultural tractor and of each component part of the driver cab. Then a main skeleton has been created in Catia V5 environment in order to specify all the datum elements necessary to model each sub-assembly of the tractor. Cabin, platform, engine, tires, seat, dashboard and controls have been organized separately and modeled considering the details related to the manual measurements and to the technical standards. Once obtained the 3D CAD model of the tractor, an opportune questionnaire was prepared and a test campaign was carried out with real operators in order to define the more critical control devices within the driver cab, as regards to usability and ergonomic issues. An “Ergonomics’ Evaluation Index” (EEI) was defined taking into account the posture angles of the operator and the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment analysis tool available in the “Ergonomics Design & Analysis” module of Catia V5 based on the use of a digital human model. The index was validated comparing the results of tests carried out using virtual manikins of different percentiles performing a specific driving task, with the results of tests carried out by real operators, of the same percentiles, performing the same driving task. Critical values of the EEI obtained during some driving tasks in virtual environment, suggested to modify the shape and the position of some control devices in order to optimize the ergonomics of the driver cab. The adoption of the top-down modeling based approach allowed each change on a singular component part to be automatically propagated on the whole assembly, making easy the changes on the virtual prototype.
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Ivanov, A. B., V. U. Revenko, and D. A. Petukhov. "Solution of the problem efficiency of calculating the area of the contact patch of tires of agricultural machines and tractors." In II INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE “TECHNOLOGIES, MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING”. AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0158312.

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Arévalo, César, and Stefan Böttinger. "Investigation of the Shear Stress Dynamics on Silty Loam Soil and Measurement of Traction-Wheel Slip Relationship of a Tractor Tire." In 11th Asia-Pacific Regional Conference of the ISTVS. International Society for Terrain-Vehicle Systems, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56884/wvqn3391.

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The Hohenheim Tire Model (HTM) was developed and validated at the University of Hohenheim. It simulates the specific behavior of large-volume agricultural tires and is used in conjunction with multi-body models of tractors and other agricultural machines. Special focus is placed on driving dynamics and comfort. Currently the HTM is being expanded for implementation on soft soils. Therefor the soil's shear response using Bevameter tests and the relationship traction-wheel slip using a single wheel tester are investigated. In field tests, the effect of shear rate on soil mechanical parameters was examined. The shear device of the Bevameter was used to conduct experiments in a soil bin with silty loam at eight shear rates and five vertical loads. The Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion was calculated and the measured values were fitted to the Wong-Preston and the Janosi-Hanamoto approaches. The shear stress-shear displacement curves show two different behaviors with respect to shear rate. At high shear rates, the shear stress reaches a peak and then drops to a residual value, which is typical for cohesive soils. At low shear rates, the trend of the curves is exponential, which is typical for granular soils. The cohesion and angle of internal friction values are comparable to those from literature. The angle of internal friction has no correlation with shear rate while the cohesion shows a low correlation. Traction-wheel slip curves for the tractor tire 480/70 R24 with two tire loads (17 and 22 kN) and at 2 km∙h-1 were measured under identical conditions as the shear experiments. For the higher tire load, there is a tendency toward a larger tractive force. The curves of both wheel loads have equal gross traction coefficients. For the prediction of the traction force, the parameters obtained in the shear tests and the method of Wong and Preston-Thomas are used.
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Jovanović, Radoje, Milan Ilić, and Milan Milojević. "INCREASING THE SAFETY OF TRACTOR DRIVERS IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA." In Conference Road Safety in Local Community. Road Safety in Local Community, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/rsaflc24.352j.

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More than 100,000 tractors in the Republic of Serbia are in use without any protective structures for drivers in the event of the tractor overturn. The number of victims due to tractor overturns is increasing. The implementation of regulation on the obligation of built-in cabins or protective frames on tractors, which has been postponed several times, should be put into effect in 2025. Since 2019, Road Traffic Safety Agency of the Republic of Serbia has been actively conducting research aimed at universal solution for the construction of the protective frame, as well as finding ways to overcome the absence of tractor driver activity in terms of equipping tractors with appropriate protective structures. During 2023, 4652 protective frames have been distributed. Further research is being conducted for new additional solutions for the construction of the protective frame that can be applied to several different models of the most common tractors. An area of research has been opened on ways to further increase tractor safety in terms of securing the driver's position in the protective space by installing seat belts. The losses that occur in our society due to fatal tractor overturns without the mentioned protective structures are enormous. A joint effort with local overnments can increase the awareness of tractor owners and achieve a better level of their protection.
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Reports on the topic "Tractors – Tires"

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Capps, Gary, Bill Knee, Oscar Franzese, Paul Pollock, Daniel Coleman, Ibrahim Janajreh, Steven Haas, et al. Truck Rollover Characterization for Class-8 Tractor-Trailers Utilizing Standard Dual Tires and New-Generation Single Tires. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1344099.

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Hills, Thomas, Gus O'Donnell, Andrew Oswald, Eugenio Proto, and Daniel Sgroi. Understanding Happiness: A CAGE Policy Report. Edited by Karen Brandon. The Social Market Foundation, January 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31273/978-1-910683-21-7.

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Everyone wants to be happy. Over the ages, tracts of the ancient moral philosophers – Plato, Aristotle, Confucius – have probed the question of happiness. The stirring words in the preamble to the Declaration of Independence that established ‘Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness’ as ‘unalienable Rights’ served as the inspiration that launched a nation, the United States of America. Yet, more than 240 years later, the relationship between government’s objectives and human happiness is not straightforward, even over the matters of whether it can and should be a government aim. We approach this question not as philosophers, but as social scientists seeking to understand happiness through data. Our work in these pages is intended to enhance understanding of how the well-being of individuals and societies is affected by myriad forces, among them: income, inflation, governance, genes, inflation, inequality, bereavement, biology, aspirations, unemployment, recession, economic growth, life expectancies, infant mortality, war and conflict, family and social networks, and mental and physical health and health care. Our report suggests the ways in which this information might be brought to bear to rethink traditional aims and definitions of socioeconomic progress, and to create a better – and, yes, happier – world. We explain what the data say to us: our times demand new approaches. Foreword by Richard Easterlin; Introduced by Diane Coyle.
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Truck driver struck by rear tractor tires when semi tractor driven forward. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, April 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshsface14mi122.

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Farm worker dies after tractor rolls and she is pinned under the tractor tire. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, May 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshsface95wi043.

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Farmer dies after being pinned between tractor tire and hayrack. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, March 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshsface95mn070.

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Construction laborer dies after being jolted from a tractor seat and pinned under the tractor tire in Wisconsin. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, December 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshsface98wi042.

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Farmer crushed against tractor tire by gravity flow wagon box while unhitching. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, June 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshsface05ia034.

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Farmer pinned under left rear tire of industrial tractor-loader with backhoe. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshsface05mi064.

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