Journal articles on the topic 'Tractor units'
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1
Adamchuk, V., V. Bulgakov, I. Holovach, and V. Kuvachov. "Studying the conditions of assembling traction-drive soil-processing aggregates with tractors of traction-energy concept." Agricultural Science and Practice 5, no. 2 (July 15, 2018): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/agrisp5.02.027.
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At present the appearance of novel energy-saturated tractors of traction-energy concept requires not only new principles of their aggregating but also the method of assembling aggregates on their basis. Aim. To increase the effi ciency of assembling soil-processing aggregates with traction and drive working units based on energy- saturated tractors of traction-energy concept. Methods. The study involved the use of the methods of tractor theory, use of machines, fi eld experimental investigations, statistical methods of processing study results, as well as methods of composing programs and numerical computations on PC. Results. The method of assem- bling soil-processing aggregates with traction and drive working units was suggested on the basis of technical information, available for a wide audience of specialists. Conclusions. The problem of assembling soil-pro- cessing aggregates with traction and drive working units on the basis of energy-saturated tractors of tractor- energy concept should be solved with the consideration of the suggested condition of useful power via traction, determined by the friction properties of a tractor, and the power which the tractor can actually transmit via a power take-off shaft or a hydrosystem.
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Okunev, G. A., V. L. Astaf'ev, and N. A. Kuznetsov. "Reduction of aftereffect of machine units on the soil." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 83, no. 12 (December 15, 2016): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-66293.
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Cultivation of crops is associated with multiple passes of machine units through the fields. The cumulative effect of soil compaction caused by repeated impacts of movers of machine units is considered as especially dangerous. The most intensive compaction process occurres in spring. The repeated passes of heavy machines and the compaction of surface and subsurface soil horizons lead to the decrease in yield potential of fields. The solving of compaction problem depends on the soil and climatic conditions, zonal cultivation technologies and crop harvesting, and on the machine system in operation. When forming the machine and tractor fleet of enterprises, the selection of general-purpose tractors serves as a basis. The least negative impact on the soil occurs when crawler tractors are used. The advantage of wheeled tractors is the possibility of their use for both field works and transport operations. But today the wheeled tractors are hardly used for transport operations because of their increased weight and power, which shows the necessity of use of such heavy crawler tractors as Ruslan and Challenger. Their use in combination with wheeled tractors of middle class allows to improve significantly the structure of machine and tractor fleet. The main power unit for farm enterprises with 1000 hectares of arable land is a general-purpose tractor of the 3rd traction class. The use of the HTZ-150K-09 tractor with 23.1R26 low-pressure tires with the air pressure of 80 kPa provides a permissible impact on the soil. The soil density in the surface layer reduces to 0.06 grams per cubic centimetre as compared to the use of 21.3R24 single wheels. This allows to put such tractor in operation for spring field works.
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Lоntseva, Irina, and Vyacheslav Sennikov. "Estimation of ballasting tractors 5-6 traction classes." АгроЭкоИнфо 5, no. 47 (October 26, 2021): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.51419/20215519.
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To increase productivity in agricultural production, combined wide-grip machines are being created, aggregated with tractors of traction classes from 5 and higher. In addition, according to agrotechnical requirements, the pressure of the mover on the soil should be minimal, as well as the number of passes over the surface of the field. These contradictions can be solved by ballasting of tractors, which allows using engine power to increase tractive effort. Ballasting affects energy saturation. Increased energy saturation with appropriate ballasting makes it possible to compose machine-tractor units (MTU) according to a more accurate ratio of the tractor pulling force and the unit's pulling resistance. The most in demand in modern agriculture are tractors of 5-6 traction classes produced by domestic and foreign tractor-building plants with an internal combustion engine with a capacity of 220-320 kW and an operating weight of 115-150 kN. The article contains a two-way analysis of variance, which makes it possible to determine the greatest influence on the ballasting of a tractor. A diagram is constructed that gives an idea of which of the studied brands of tractors can be recommended for performing agricultural operations, taking into account ballasting and compliance with agrotechnical requirements. Keywords: TRACTOR, BALLASTING, ENERGY SATURATION, TWO-FACTOR ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
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Makhmutov, M. M., and Yu R. Khismatullina. "Formation the driving force of wheeled and caterpillar machine-tractor units." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 84, no. 12 (December 15, 2017): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-66391.
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On the basis of existing dependencies describing the traction-coupling properties of wheeled and caterpillar machine-tractor units, theoretical and experimental investigations, a model of the formation of the driving traction force of units depending on the weight of the tractor, coupling properties of the propulsion unit, load distribution and propulsion slipping is obtained. The analysis of calculated coefficients shows a considerable variation of values, which causes difficulties in using in the calculations. Therefore it’s necessary to know their values at each interaction of the tractor propulsion unit with the soil. The same values of slipping can be obtained with different values of the coefficients. The task is simplified if data of this dependence have the same coefficient. During field investigations an active experiment was developed i.e. the levels of factors variation changed purposefully depending on the conditions of conducting each experiment. Composite B-plans (Box-design) of the second order were realized. The following parameters were chosen as the variable factors: the coefficient of the using coupling weight, the coefficient of traction and the weight of the tractor. The works were conducted according to the plan of the three-factor experiment matrix. As the agricultural field were a freshly plowed field, a stubble field and a wet meadow, with the coefficients of traction of 0,50, 0,65 and 0,80 respectively. The value of resistance to movement was fixed by a dynamometer during towing tractors MTZ-82, MTZ-2022 and MTZ-3022 DC.1 in neutral on the various agricultural fields. Efforts on the hook were changed by shifting gears in the gearbox of a towed tractor whose engine operated in the compressor mode. The coefficient of traction was determined with completely braked wheels of the tractor and towing it with a towing vehicle during simultaneously measuring the force on the coupling with the help of a dynamometer. The obtained model of driving force formation for wheeled and tracked machine-tractor units takes into account the weight of the tractor, coupling properties of propulsion units, load distribution, slipping and has a minimum number of experimental coefficients, which makes it more accessible and easily used for engineering calculations.
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DIDMANIDZE, OTARI N., SERGEY N. DEVYANIN, EKATERINA Р. PARLYUK, and VLADIMIR A. MARKOV. "POWER SUPPLY OF FARM TRACTOR INDUSTRY IN RUSSIA." Agricultural engineering, no. 2 (2021): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/2687-1149-2021-2-4-8.
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Determining the prospects for the development of the tractor fl eet in Russia and its supplying with power units is an important task in establishing a technological foundation to eff ectively tackle the problems of agricultural production. Taking into consideration the indicator of power supply in agriculture in the world’s economically developed countries, the authors consider the domestic needs in agricultural tractors and engines. As a result of the analysis, it is shown that the fl eet of agricultural tractors is at a low level of about 200 thousand units, and it requires further serious development. To ensure eff ective agricultural production, it is necessary to balance the level of farm tractor availability in Russia with that of economically advanced countries. The indicator of 4 kW/ha was taken as a promising level of tractor availability, and the required number of tractors was determined. The analysis was carried out for the cultivation of arable land in Russia with an area of 80 million hectares as of 2020 and amounted to about 2.5 million units for the entire range of agricultural tractors taking into account their traction class. To cultivate all arable areas in Russia, which amounted to about 120 million hectares in 1990, a third more equipment will be required. To maintain the tractor fl eet at this level, it is necessary to ensure an annual supply of at least 250 thousand units of various engines with a total capacity of at least 320 GW. This problem can be solved through increasing the production capacity of existing engine-building plants and designing new diesel engines for tractors of traction classes 0.6…1.4 with a capacity between 20 and 70 kW.
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Okunev, G. A., and N. A. Kuznetsov. "Aspects of the development of the type of tractors and trends in the technical re-equipment of production units of various types." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 11, no. 1 (March 15, 2017): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-66888.
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Domestic and neighboring countries industry produce wheel and tracked tractors, which differ from each other by various parameters. The variety of general-purpose tractors offered on the market puts producers in the forefront of the choice of acquiring equipment to perform a set of technological operations. A comparative evaluation of the use of wheeled and caterpillar tractors of various traction classes on basic technological operations showed an increase in operating costs per unit of work performed with increasing parameters of tractors, especially wheeled propellers. The use of wheel tractors of high traction classes is accompanied by an increased specific pressure on the soil even on twin tires due to the increase in track width. Use of wheeled tractors with a power of over 350 hp on transport works is not advisable. This reduces the annual load and further increases the cost of performing technological operations. As a result, the competitiveness of a caterpillar tractor of high traction classes is substantially increasing. The wheel tractor is suitable only for maneuvering over long distances. As a result of the reform of agricultural production, a multi-fold system of economic activities of enterprises has developed. Along with large holdings and production units on the basis of former collective and state farms, a considerable proportion is made up of farm households. As a general-purpose tractor for farming a wheel-driven machine with engine power of 150-200 hp is used. A tractor of the MTZ-80 type is needed to perform auxiliary works to ensure the operation of the main unit. The tractors park of the large grain enterprises consists of high-performance wheeled vehicles of class 6-8, as well as class 3-4 tractors on wheels for auxiliary work. The bulk of the land in processing in the region is accounted by enterprises formed on the basis of former state farms and collective farms. These are diversified economies of grain and livestock farming. Multisectoral production allows to form a more developed structure of sown areas due to the cultivation of different cultures. To perform a set of works in these farms caterpillar tractors of class 4-5 and wheeled tractors of general purpose of class 3-4 are needed.
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Samsonov, V. A., and Yu F. Lachuga. "Calculation of optimal power and energy saturation of an agricultural tractor." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 84, no. 7 (July 15, 2017): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-66327.
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Calculation of the optimum power, operating weight and energy saturation of the agricultural tractor at which the minimum fuel consumption and optimum performance are achieved is an actual task of the tractor theory. The purpose of the study is to determine the optimal power, operating weight and energy saturation of the agricultural tractor at the minimum specific energy consumption - the ratio of energy costs when processing a unit of area to the achieved productivity. Objects of research: combined arable units with wheeled and caterpillar tractors of general purpose. Initial material: nominal traction forces accepted for different traction classes; coefficients that characterize the traction-coupling properties of the tractor; the tractor's power balance equation; skidding function; computer program to minimize the function by the dichotomy method; dependences for dimensionless coefficients that take into account the increase in the specific traction resistance of the unit with an increase in operating speed. The main research method is the calculation using nonlinear programming when the energy saturation is changed by the dichotomy method. When loading with nominal tractive effort, the nominal power of a general-purpose tractor and its maximum energy saturation are determined by the specific energy costs corresponding to the operation of the arable unit with permissible operating speed and slippage. The minimum energy saturation of the tractor is determined by the ratio of the minimum operating power to the maximum operating weight of the tractor corresponding to the maximum traction efficiency. The main conclusions: the specific energy consumption of the tractor on the process operation depends on its type and the dimensionless coefficient, taking into account the increase in the specific traction resistance of the unit with increasing speed and changing in the parabola; the nominal power of the wheeled tractor is in the interval, the lower limit of which determines the minimum specific energy consumption at the maximum traction efficiency, the upper one - the specific energy consumption at the maximum permissible speed and permissible slippage; the rated power of the crawler tractor is determined by the specific energy consumption at the maximum permissible speed and permissible slippage.
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Troyanovskaya, Irina, A. Zhakov, O. Grebenshchikova, S. Voinash, and E. Timofeev. "Directional stability of an agricultural tractor." FME Transactions 49, no. 2 (2021): 456–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/fme2102456t.
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The discrepancy between the plow width and the tractor width leads to the asymmetry of plowing units. The geometry of the plowshare surface of the moldboard plow contributes to the generation of lateral forces on the working tool. All this leads to the imbalance of the tool and the deviation of the tractor from straight-line movement during plowing. To maintain straight-line movement, the driver has to adjust the machine every 5-10 meters, which is highly tiresome. To study the causes of lateral slips of the plowing unit, we constructed a mathematical model, which consists of the equations of controlled movement and equations of the tractor's uncontrolled shear under the action of external forces from the plow. The description of the force interaction of the drive with the ground is based on the mathematical theory of friction, taking into account anisotropy and elastic properties in contact. Based on the passive shear model, we constructed a hodograph diagram of the maximum tractor shear force from the side of the working tool. We found that the shear force reaches its maximum friction value only in the case of a translational shear, when its line of action passes through the tractor's center of gravity. In all other cases, the shift (slip) of the tractor is caused by a lower force. We formulated the features and assumptions of the model as applied to caterpillar and wheeled tractors. As a result, we found that, regardless of the direction of the lateral displacement of the plow's traction resistance, the tractor is slipped towards the plowed field. The result of the numerical experiment showed that the main reason for the slip of the wheeled plowing unit is the difference in soils along the sides of the tractor but not the deviation of the plow traction resistance.
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Nesmiyan, A. Yu. "Technical characteristics and agrotechnical indices of work of tillage machines." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 84, no. 6 (June 15, 2017): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-66352.
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The study presents the results of analysis of the characteristics of modern tractors and tillage tools. The data obtained make it possible to assess the energy, economic, technical and shunting indices of the relevant aggregates, and can be used as a starting point in calculating the rational composition of the ma-chine and tractor fleet of agrarian enterprises. It is established that the dependencies and masses of trac-tors and the power of their engines on traction can be described with high accuracy by linear equations. On average, the mass of tracked tractors is 11 %, and the engine power is 27 % smaller than that of the cor-responding wheeled tractors. However, with a higher traction coefficient and low pressure on the soil, caterpillar tractors are less maneuverable, universal and, most importantly, less ergonomic, which hampers their wide application. With rational aggregation, such characteristics of the work of soil-cultivating units as working speed, specific fuel consumption, the utilization factor of the shift time do not actually depend on the traction class of the tractor. With an increase in the traction class of the tractor, the specific metal consumption of the implements being mounted with it increases. The difference is especially noticeable in the case of combined guns and «craters», for which a hypothetical transition from a class 1.4 tractor to a class 8 tractor led to an increase in the estimated specific material consumption by 3,7 and 3,4 times, respectively. The increase in productivity with the increase in the tractor class in most cases occurs with a delay. This allows us to conclude that the only advantage of introducing wide-angle aggregates is the reduction of the required number of operators. For the rest of the parameters, the machine with a wide-cut implement has no advantage over a group of machines with tools of identical total width.
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Saakian, Alexander. "Research results on expanding the conditions for the use of tractor-transport units on slope surfaces." АгроЭкоИнфо 3, no. 45 (May 9, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.51419/20213301.
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At present, in the Amur Region, there is a further increase in sown areas due to the introduction of slope lands into circulation, on which there is the possibility of cultivating agricultural crops. As a rule, such plots are assigned to small peasant farms, which use them mainly to create a fodder base for the livestock industry. At the same time, the main problem remains the complexity of the delivery of goods over rough terrain due to the presence in organizations mainly of wheeled monoblock tractors of traction class 1.4-2, in which, when driving on sloping surfaces, the traction and coupling properties declared the manufacturing plant. The presented article presents the results of studies to improve the traction and coupling properties of tractor-transport units (TTA) by installing an additional device that allows you to adjust the coupling weight in the chassis of the unit when driving in fields with a significant slope angle. Keywords: TRACTOR, TRACTION-COUPLING PROPERTIES, ENERGY MEANS, SOIL, SURFACE, COUPLING WEIGHT
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Kupryashkin, Vladimir F., Aleksandr S. Ulanov, Michail G. Shlyapnikov, Aleksandr Yu Gusev, and Vladimir I. Slavkin. "Experimental Stand Movable Module for Determining the Traction-Linked Properties of Wheel Engines and the Results of Laboratory Researches for Determining the Traction Force of Two-Wheel Tractors." Engineering Technologies and Systems 31, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 143–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2658-4123.031.202101.143-160.
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Introduction. Farmers make extensive use of two-wheel tractors equipped with traction and drive interchangeable units. Two-wheel tractors are required to move evenly with minimal slip of the drive wheels on the soil. The tractive force on the drive wheels of the tillage unit is the decisive power factor in this case. An objective traction force value can be measured only by carrying out experimental studies. Materials and Methods. To determine the traction force on the drive wheels of the twowheel tractor, the design of the experimental stand was proposed and substantiated (RF patent for useful model No. 188610 “Movable module of the test stand”), and a methodology for planning and conducting a multifactor experiment to determine the traction force was developed. Results. As a result of the laboratory tests the calculation dependencies of the tractive force on the drive wheels of the Neva MB23-MultiAGRO Pro two-wheel tractor were obtained. Soil conditions, design and technological parameters, operating modes of the two-wheel tractor, and rolling resistance forces were taken into account. Discussion and Conclusion. The use of the developed regression models of the traction force under the condition of ensuring uniform movement with the minimum permissible slipping of the driving wheels of the two-wheel tractor on the soil will allow obtaining the permissible values of the two-tractor motion speed and form the zones of its most effective functioning.
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Yudina, E. M., N. A. Rinas, S. K. Papusha, A. S. Brusentsov, and G. E. Samurganov. "Completing of modern energy-saving machine-tractor units." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 839, no. 5 (September 1, 2021): 052029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/839/5/052029.
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Abstract Labor productivity and crop production of a high quality directly depend on its equipment with the most advanced energy-rich machinery and the use of modern resource-saving technologies. Today, despite the difficult financial situation of agricultural enterprises, their technological infrastructure is implemented without necessary scientific justification, most often at the discretion of particular specialists or for other reasons, but without calculating the optimal composition and structure of the machine-tractor fleet. The units are completed according to the seller and manufacturer recommendations, relying only on the technical characteristics of the tractor and agricultural machine. The article focuses on the problem of completing machine-tractor aggregates, consisting of modern tractors and agricultural machines of domestic and foreign production, which are technically based production rates. For these units, a methodology for their completing, using the potential tractor thrust characteristics, has been developed. A graphic-analytical method for determining the technically based machine production rates is proposed.
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Selivanov, N. I., V. V. Averyanov, A. V. Kuznetsov, N. V. Kuzmin, and V. N. Zaprudsky. "Renovation of the tractor fleet in the agriculture of the region." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 839, no. 5 (September 1, 2021): 052034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/839/5/052034.
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Abstract The article examines the prospect of renewing the tractor fleet in the agriculture of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. It is based on the assessment of the actual composition and renewal of the tractor fleet over the past five years using the developed models for the formation of tractor availability in production. In the period from 2016 to 2020 the annual fleet reduction was 2.90%, with a decrease of 4.76% and a renewal of 1.86%. Tractor availability decreased from 3.40 to 3.27 reference units per 1000 hectares of arable land with practically unchanged age composition and amounted to 69.3% of the norm. A significant reduction in the number of the tractor fleet is compensated by its renewal due to the purchase of wheeled tractors of higher power than those that have departed. The existing rates of renovation do not allow to form in the near future even the basis of the innovation park. It needs to be updated with a simultaneous increase in the number of the main standard sizes of tractors. The average annual increase in the number of tractors in the fleet should be 105 physical or 271 reference units. The total number of the innovation park is 7869 physical or 8708 reference units with a conventional conversion factor of 1.107 and a standard tractor supply of 4.718 reference tractors per 1000 hectares of arable land. The indicated indicators of renewal will make it possible to form the composition of the innovative tractor fleet of the region by 2030.
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Boykov, V. M., S. V. Startsev, A. V. Pavlov, and E. S. Nesterov. "Using arable units with tractors of traction class 1.4 of different power." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 979, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/979/1/012050.
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Abstract The article presents the results of analytical studies of the traction characteristics of wheeled tractors with a power of 50-75 kW located in the same traction class 1.4. Empirical expressions are obtained for the dependence of the tractive effort of the Case IH Farmall JX 1090U, Challenger MT 425, Massey Ferguson 4225, New Holland TD 5030 MTZ-80, MTZ-82 tractors on the travel speed. The dependence of the traction resistance of a three-body plow PLN-3-35 on the speed of movement, aggregated with tractors of traction class 1.4, has been determined. As a result of the graphic-analytical analysis, the optimal loading mode for each tractor was established when working with a PLN-35 plow, 1.05 m wide at a depth of 0.30 m. The hourly productivity of arable units and the energy intensity of the main moldboard tillage are determined. A comparison of the obtained operational indicators is given.
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Senkevich, S. E., and N. S. Kryukovskaya. "Analysis of experimental studies of the tractor equipped with an elastic-damping mechanism in the transmission when moving as part of a transport tractor unit." Traktory i sel'hozmashiny 1, no. 6 (2020): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31992/0321-4443-2020-6-59-66.
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The cargo transportation is an integral and energy-consuming part of agricultural production. To improve the energy performance of transport tractor units (TTU), an elastic-damping mechanism (EDM) installed in the tractor transmission was developed. An experimental study was conducted to identify the influence of the EDM on the operation of the tractor as part of the TTU, when it is moving on a dirt road in the 9th gear of the main speed range of the gearbox (GB) of the tractor. A tractor of traction class 1.4 was used. Energy sensors were installed on the main elements of the tractor. The energy performance of the tractor with a transmission equipped with the EDM and the tractor with a factory transmission are determined. A decrease in fuel consumption by 7.3%, a decrease in traction forces from an aggregated trailer by 19.9%, a decrease in the amplitude of fluctuations in traction forces by 28.3% and a decrease in skidding of the driving units by an average of 9.7% were revealed. A graph describing the dynamics of changes in the skidding of the driving units of a serial tractor and a tractor with the EDM in time is constructed. The statistical processing of the skidding indicators is performed. A decrease in the amplitude of fluctuations in the coefficient of skidding by 16.3% was revealed. The obtained results of experimental studies indicate that the tractor as part of the TTU with the EDM in the transmission has better performance compared to a serial tractor and has a lower load on the engine, gearbox elements and driving wheels of the tractor.
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Arzhenovskiy, A. G., D. S. Kozlov, and N. A. Petrishchev. "Determining the Traction Characteristic of a Tractor in Operating Conditions." Agricultural Machinery and Technologies 12, no. 5 (November 8, 2018): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2073-7599-2018-12-5-25-30.
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One of the most important aspects in terms of increasing the efficiency of agricultural production is the improvement of the methods and tools of determining the main operating indicators of tractors as they influence the productivity, efficiency and ecological safety of machinetractor units. (Research purpose) To develop a method for obtaining traction characteristics of a tractor, which make it possible to reduce the time needed for measurements under operating conditions, and to design an instrument for economical obtaining of tractors’ traction characteristics under specific farm conditions. (Materials and methods) the authors have chosen a method for determining the energy performance of tractors under operating conditions in a transient mode. They have conducted traction tests of tractors for various modes and soil backgrounds to evaluate its tractiondynamic and fueleconomic indicators. The traction characteristic of a tractor is the dependence of the tractor performance (traction power, speed, hourly and specific fuel consumption, and slipping) on the load at various speeds against a given soil background. However, traction tests require expensive equipment, as well as significant costs and time to prepare and conduct, which leads to their implementation only in the conditions of machine testing stations. (Results and discussion) The authors have developed a method for obtaining traction characteristics of a tractor under operating conditions. Instantly increasing the fuel supply to the maximum, during the tractor acceleration, the engine crankshaft speed and trackmeasuring wheel were measured at a given speed and against the corresponding soil background with load and without load. It has been revealed that the fuel and economic indicators can be determined using cyclical fuel supply by the fuel pump at the maximum mode on the bench for checking and adjusting the fuel equipment. The authors have developed and assembled a measuring and computing installation that allows processing arrays of data from two inductive sensors. (Conclusions) The proposed method for determining the tractiondynamic and fueleconomic indicators of tractors and the measuringcomputing installation that implements it allow obtaining a traction characteristic (speed, slipping, traction power, hourly and specific fuel consumption depending on the load at various speeds against a given soil background) in operating conditions, thus reducing the time and cost of operation.
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Napiórkowski, Jerzy, and Jarosław Gonera. "Analysis of Failures and Reliability Model of Farm Tractors." Agricultural Engineering 24, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agriceng-2020-0020.
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AbstractFarm tractors due to the nature of their work are exposed to a substantial risk of failures. The issues of their reliability are unusually significant in the aspect of the time limit of realisation of agricultural works in agrotechnical seasons. Nowadays, tractors provided for agriculture have increasingly complex functional units. The aim of the paper was to analyse reliability of presently produced farm tractors. Three tractor makes were evaluated and the analysis of failures was carried out with regard to functional units. Based on the obtained results, the average time of correct functioning and refreshment times and availability of particular tractor makes were determined. It was stated that the obtained empirical data of the correct functioning time and refreshment time may be well described with exponential functions. Significant differences in the values that determine the average time of correct functioning and duration time of refreshment obtained by tractors of the investigated makes were found. From among particular functional units, electric and hydraulic systems were the most often damaged, regardless the tractor make.
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Galych, I. V. "Analysis Of Vibration And Oscillation Sources Of Machine-Tractor Aggregates Units." Podilian Bulletin: Agriculture, Engineering, Economics, no. 30 (June 28, 2019): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.37406/2706-9052-2019-1-9.
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With the increasing speed of machine-tractor aggregates, the energy intensity of tractors and labor productivity increases. In turn, this leads to an increase in the dynamic loading of nodes and components of machine-tractor aggregates, an increase in the level of oscillation and the emergence of dynamic and vibrational loads, which negatively affects both the node and components of the tractor or the aggregate, and the implementation of agrotechnical requirements. An analysis of recent studies and publications has shown that the introduction of energy-intensive technology into agricultural production leads to a decrease in soil fertility due to spraying and re-compression by engines, which aggravate agro-ecological indicators. In the study, the analysis of sources of vibrations and oscillations of elements of machine-tractor aggregates is presented. The frequency of influence on machine-tractor aggregates of various agrofones at different speeds of motion is analyzed. Experimental studies have determined the spectral density of the hook effort of the tractor during cultivating on disk field and steam. The results of experimental studies of the active damping system are presented. The result of the study is the suggestion to reduce the oscillations of the tractor and agricultural machine to justify comprehensive measures that prevent deterioration of the conditions of the unit. Fluctuations of the tractor, caused by sources of excitations, lead to deterioration of the performance of agrotechnical requirements due to the non-straightforwardness of the trajectory of motion, redevelopment of soil. To reduce the vibrations of the tractor and the agricultural machine it is necessary to substantiate the complex measures that prevent deterioration of the conditions of the unit
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Nadykto, Volodymyr, Pavol Findura, Volodymyr Kyurchev, and Oleksander Orel. "Influence of Biodiesel on Performance of Machine-Tractor Units." Acta Technologica Agriculturae 25, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ata-2022-0002.
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Abstract Currently, liquid biofuels, and especially biodiesel, are increasingly used. In terms of agricultural production, there arises an urgent question whether utilization of biofuels in agricultural tractors is feasible and efficient. Majority of results regarding the biodiesel use comes from bench tests of engines. However, work of any machine-tractor unit under real conditions, except for the steady-state mode of movement, includes acceleration mode after a turn, or after it was forced stop in the field. It has been established that the addition of sunflower methyl ester (SME) into conventional diesel (CD) leads to a decrease in the throttle response of a tractor engine during its field operation. Using 50% CD and 50% SME as fuel mixture, the tillage machine-tractor unit’s acceleration time increased by 16.6%. Operating on SME only, the unit’s acceleration time reached 50%. The acceleration process of a machine-tractor unit using fuel with addition of SME is non-linear. It consists of two parts: more intensive − with SME content in diesel fuel of up to 50%, and less intensive − with an increase in SME proportion over 50%. When using a mixture of CD with SME in a ratio of 50 : 50, the soil cultivation machine-tractor unit performance decreased by 7.2%, and fuel consumption per tilled area increased by 5.3%.
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Khafizov, Camill A., Ramil N. Khafizov, Azat A. Nurmiev, and Ilgiz G. Galiev. "Energy Justification of the Number of Tractors for Agricultural Operations." BIO Web of Conferences 37 (2021): 00136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213700136.
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The relevance of the problem under study is due to the need to substantiate the sufficient number of tractors used for various technological operations, depending on the volume of works performed, and taking into account their influence on the crop yield. The purpose is to develop the mathematical model of machine and tractor units used in technological operations by formalizing the vague concept of optimal agrotechnical timing of technological operations and calculating the optimal number of tractors to perform works by the total energy costs. The main research method is mathematical modeling of operations performed by machine-tractor units based on the system analysis and computational experiments and using the energy mathematical model. The article describes a criterion for optimizing the tractor parameters, dependences of the energy mathematical model of the unit. The results of computational experiments showed that for each operation there is an optimal number of tractors and tractor units minimizing the minimum total energy costs. Calculations were carried out when treating 1000 hectares with various tractors. It was revealed that the total energy consumption differs by 2 or more times. The required number of tractors depends on their main parameters, propeller parameters and other factors. It was revealed that with an increase in the volume of works, the required optimal number of tractors increases. The method for substantiating the required optimal number of tractors in technological operations will improve operations of tractors used by large agricultural producers, reduce the total energy costs for cultivating up to 12–16 thousand MJ/ha.
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Arzhenovskiy, A. G. "Development of methods and means for determining traction-dynamic and fuel-economic parameters of the tractor under operating conditions." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 84, no. 11 (November 15, 2017): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-66341.
Full textAbstract:
One of the most important ways to improve the efficiency of agricultural production is to improve methods and means of determining the main indicators of tractors. Their performance directly affects the efficiency, economy and environmental safety of machine and tractor units. To assess the traction-dynamic and fuel-economic indicators of the tractor in various modes and soil backgrounds, its traction tests are performed. However, traction tests require expensive equipment, as well as a significant cost of funds and time to prepare and conduct it, which determines their performance only in conditions of machine testing stations. In this regard, the improvement of methods and means for determining the traction-dynamic and fuel-economic indicators of tractors that are acceptable not only for machine testing stations, but also for specific farms, is a very pressing problem and is of considerable interest. The aim of the work is to improve the methods and means for determining the traction-dynamic and fuel-economic indicators of tractors, by justifying and developing a technique for determining the reduced mass of the tractor, which makes it possible to reduce the laboriousness of measurements under operating conditions. As the object of research in this paper, the process of determining the traction-dynamic and fuel-economic parameters of tractors in operating conditions was chosen. The subject of the study in this paper was the establishment of regularities inherent in this process. The proposed method for determining the traction-dynamic and fuel-economic indicators of tractors and the measuring and computing complex that implements it, make it possible to obtain a traction characteristic (the dependence of speed, slippage, traction, hour and specific fuel consumption on the load on different transmissions on a given soil background) in operational conditions, ensuring a reduction in time and cost.
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Kambulov, S. I., V. B. Rykov, I. V. Bozhko, and V. V. Kolesnik. "Running gear of machine-tractor units and their influence on the quality of performed operations." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 84, no. 11 (November 15, 2017): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-66330.
Full textAbstract:
The machine-tractor unit is a key element in an implementation of technological operations in the cropping. Running gears with wheeled and caterpillar propulsion device are used in the modern tractors. During an interaction of the ground with tractor propulsion devices, the ground is pulverized on one side and it is compacted on the other side during the slipping. Besides, the wheeled movers have the slipping several times higher than caterpillar movers. The aim of the research is an analysis of running gears of machine-tractor units and their influence on the quality of performed technological operations. The paper discusses an analysis of parameters of wheeled and replaceable caterpillar movers to the tractor K-701, which have the same dimensions. One of the main external influences on the unit is the surface profile of the field. The main source of tractor oscillations are the unevennesses of the way. At the same time, characteristic areas for the operation of machine-tractor units are very various, the most characteristic of them are a stubble field, a plowed field, a prepared field, a field road and others. The analysis of spectral densities of the surface profile of the field on which the tractor operates shows that with increasing speed, the spectral density decreases rapidly, and the maximum of the spectral density shifts toward higher values of the frequencies. It has been established that the frequency range, which has the greatest effect on the machine-tractor unit on the basis of the tractor K-701 on the replacement caterpillar mover 1...4 sec-1, on the wheel mover - 1...7 sec-1. The replaceable caterpillar mover for a 5 сlass tractor has significant advantages over a wheeled mover, since it filters (smoothes) 2,1...2,8 times more irregularities, which improves working conditions, smooth of running and other indicators of the machine-tractor unit.
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Tajanowskij, Georgij, Wojciech Tanaś, and Mariusz Szymanek. "On Changes in Concept and General Composition of Agricultural Tractors." Agricultural Engineering 23, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agriceng-2019-0018.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractConclusions on the analysis of the state of development in the tractor industry are formulated, aspects of the forecasting concept of transformation, general layout solutions and the theory of promising tractor units with new propulsion systems are considered, a general approach to the pre-design substantiation of new generation tractors is presented.
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Viselga, Gintas, Audrius Jasėnas, Algirdas Jasinskas, and Edmund Kaminski. "Research of Soil Compression and Tillage Precision Parameters of Tractor and Gantry Units." Solid State Phenomena 220-221 (January 2015): 974–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.220-221.974.
Full textAbstract:
The new generation of the tractors with the front and rear linking systems makes more perfect combined aggregates, when some of them are mounted on the front of the tractor and others on the rear of the tractor. Thus the soils can be significantly compacted by the wheels of the tractors.Gantry agriculture has great influence on the soil structure. The possibilities to minimize the interaction between the chassis and the soil compression of different types circular and shuttle gantry modules were theoretically investigated. The influence of the unevenness fields on curvature of chassis ways and to selection of the chassis types were investigated.
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Arzhenovskiy, A. G., S. V. Asaturyan, A. A. Dagldiyan, D. S. Kozlov, and E. R. Shchus. "The results determine the acceleration and the mass of the tractor MTZ-80." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 85, no. 3 (June 15, 2018): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-66422.
Full textAbstract:
The performance of machine-tractor units depends on many factors and production conditions, and primarily on the energy intensity of the process. The main indicator of the energy intensity of the process is the traction resistance of the aggregated agricultural machine. The absence of a simple and reliable method for determining this indicator leads to the heterogeneity of the devices used, often manufactured on their own, and this entails different reliability of the results. Therefore, the development of methods and means of determining the traction resistance of agricultural machines, acceptable not only for testing stations, but also for specific farms, is very relevant and of considerable interest. In this paper, we propose an operational method for determining the traction resistance of mounted agricultural machines, based on the analysis of parameters of transient acceleration modes of machine-tractor units with an instantaneous increase in fuel flow. The aim of the work is to develop and complete the measuring and computing complex, as well as to conduct experimental studies to determine the values of acceleration of the tractor and its reduced weight on one of the increased gears, allowing to implement this method of determining the resistance of agricultural machines. For the realization of left targets was developed and assembled measuring and computing complex determine the dynamic characteristics of machine-tractor units, through which with the aid of patented techniques on the base station «Kislyakovskaya» Kushchevskaya district of Krasnodar region was carried out experimental studies to determine the acceleration values of the tractor MTZ-80 and its given mass in one of the elevated gear. The obtained results allow to implement the proposed method for determining the traction resistance of agricultural machinery.
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Zezetko, N. I. "Belarus-921 horticultural tractor." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 81, no. 7 (July 15, 2014): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-65547.
Full textAbstract:
Belarus-921 horticultural wheeled tractor of drawbar category 1,4 having all driving wheels and power engine of 66 kW (90 h.p.) is intended for mechanization of agricultural works in horticulture, fruit growing, viticulture and other branches. It has necessary equipment for aggregating with a system of agricultural machines. Main part of units and elements (about 82%) is unified with Belarus wheeled tractors of 900 family.
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Slavkin, V. I., P. I. Gadzhiyev, M. M. Makhmutov, and M. M. Makhmutov. "Traction indicators of class 1,4 wheel machine and tractor units with demountable hooks in conditions of arable land." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 79, no. 3 (March 15, 2012): 21–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-69356.
Full textAbstract:
Conditions and results of experimental field researches of wheeled machine-tractor units of class 1.4 equipped with demountable hooks are considered. Limits of considered factors in natural scale of measurement are presented. Traction characteristics and power balance of the units are shown.
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Kosenko, Vyacheslav V., Vladimir V. Sharov, and Yuliya S. Tsench. "THE 35TH ANNIVERSARY OF PRODUCTION OF THE DT-175S "VOL-GAR" TRACTOR." Tekhnicheskiy servis mashin 1, no. 142 (March 2021): 163–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2618-8287-2021-59-1-163-177.
Full textAbstract:
The article, dedicated to the 35th anniversary of the start of production at the Volgograd Tractor Plant of the tracked agricultural tractor DT-175S "Volgar", tells about the history of the creation of this unique machine in its own way. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in analyzing the history of the creation and production, the effectiveness of the use of the DT- 175S "Volgar" tractor, considering the stages and directions of its improvement. (Materials and methods) The article de-scribes the history of the creation of the high-speed energy-saturated tractor "Volgar", gave its design features, technical characteristics in comparison with its predecessors, the results of tests in various soil and climatic zones, on various agricultural operations. (Results and discussion) In the DT-175S "Volgar" tractor, the designers, in close cooperation with scientists, embodied the results of research aimed at increasing the working speeds of machine-tractor units, and the most advanced technical solu-tions in the field of tractor construction at that time. The main of these solutions is an automatic continuously variable hydro-mechanical transmission. The combination of a powerful (125 kilowatt) engine with a similar transmission allowed not only signifi-cantly increase the working speed and productivity of the tractor, up to 9-15 kilometers per hour, but also significantly reduce the labor intensity of the tractor driver. The article presents the information about the improvement, modernization of the tractor, the creation of various specialized modifications on its basis. DT-175S "Volgar" be-came the most powerful serial machine of the Volgograd Tractor Plant, rightfully earned the respect of specialists of farms and machine operators. (Conclusions). Further development of the application of the automatic hydro-mechanical transmission on agricultural tractors was to receive the VT-200D tractor of 5th traction class with a capacity of 147 kilowatts. Due to the complication of the economic situation, the production of this tractor was lim-ited to only a small experimental batch.
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Solovyev, R., S. Cheranev, M. Gerasimov, A. Kolomeichenko, P. Zotov, and K. Sovin. "Need for supporting laboratory for testing agricultural and forestry tractors." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 954, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/954/1/012076.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The paper describes the relevance of the creation of a supporting laboratory for testing compliance with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Tractor Code for agricultural and forestry tractors in conditions of international integration. The paper provides the international requirements for tractor products according to the OECD Tractor Code regulations. A set of activities for the creation of a supporting laboratory is presented. The study lists which methodologies need to be developed for testing tractor units and assemblies. It shows the procedure for validating tests at the OECD. It is pointed out that the development and use of digital services is necessary to ensure a leap forward in the development of integration in the field of technical regulation.
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Chubareva, M. V., and N. V. Chubareva. "The method of calculation and selection of methods of tractor maintenance, taking into account the working conditions of the operator." BIO Web of Conferences 27 (2020): 00022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202700022.
Full textAbstract:
The method involves calculation and selection of methods of tractor maintenance, taking into account the working conditions of the operator in the field. It is intended for agricultural enterprises with an average annual number of tractors not exceeding 20 units. Calculation for the choice of maintenance methods is carried out on a personal computer in Microsoft Office Excel or a calculator for the minimum value of the unit cost of tractor maintenance. Research objective is to determine the most rational method of maintenance by the specific cost of tractor maintenance. The method allows determining the unit cost of maintenance, either taking into account the additional costs of tractor maintenance when servicing tractors in the field conditions, or without taking them into account. The article presents the selection procedure for maintenance methods, taking into account the working conditions. The annual economic effect from the application of this method, calculated on the example of agricultural enterprises of the Irkutsk region, is 27.8 thousand rubles per tractor. The method was tested as exemplified by farms in the Tulunsky and Cheremkhovsky districts of the Irkutsk region and can be useful to engineers maintaining farming tractors. The results of the study can be used in agricultural enterprises, both the Irkutsk region and the Siberian region as a whole.
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Hoodorozhkov, Sergey, Andrey Krasilnikov, and Evgeney Zakhlebayev. "Digital simulation of physical processes in vehicles engine power units." SHS Web of Conferences 44 (2018): 00038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20184400038.
Full textAbstract:
This article studies the issues of digital simulation of physical operating processes in vehicles transmission. Simulation of dynamic processes is carried out in power transmissions at the design stage. The procedure for using the digital packages such as MATLab – Simulink and Simscape was considered for the numerical simulation of dynamic processes in mechanical systems based on the example of the theoretical calculation of K-744 tractor transmission dynamics. A digital model of K-744 tractor transmission is constructed, its calculation scheme is given, the initial characteristics are determined. A digital model of the tractor engine was created by means of the Simulink package. A nature of change in tractor engine torqueis determined by it. The calculated analysis of normal transmission frequencies is performed. Forced torsional vibrations are calculated in the tractor change gearbox generated by the vehicle engine operation. The conditions of resonance in the transmission are analyzed. The unfavorable modes of joint operation of the engine and the gearbox are determined for K-744 tractor.
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Kosenko, Vyacheslav, Vladimir Sharov, and Yuliya Tsench. "THE 35TH ANNIVERSARY OF PRODUCTION OF THE DT-175S "VOL-GAR" TRACTOR." Tekhnicheskiy servis mashin 1, no. 142 (January 2021): 163–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2618-8287-2020-59-1-163-177.
Full textAbstract:
The article, dedicated to the 35th anniversary of the start of production at the Volgograd Tractor Plant of the tracked agricultural tractor DT-175S "Volgar", tells about the history of the creation of this unique machine in its own way. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in analyzing the history of the creation and produc-tion, the effectiveness of the use of the DT-175S "Volgar" tractor, considering the stages and directions of its improvement. (Materials and methods) The article de-scribes the history of the creation of the high-speed energy-saturated tractor "Volgar", gave its design features, technical characteristics in comparison with its predecessors, the results of tests in various soil and climatic zones, on various agricultural opera-tions. (Results and discussion) In the DT-175S "Volgar" tractor, the designers, in close cooperation with scientists, embodied the results of research aimed at increasing the working speeds of machine-tractor units, and the most advanced technical solu-tions in the field of tractor construction at that time. The main of these solutions is an automatic continuously variable hydro-mechanical transmission. The combination of a powerful (125 kilowatt) engine with a similar transmission allowed not only signifi-cantly increase the working speed and productivity of the tractor, up to 9-15 kilome-ters per hour, but also significantly reduce the labor intensity of the tractor driver. The article presents the information about the improvement, modernization of the tractor, the creation of various specialized modifications on its basis. DT-175S "Volgar" be-came the most powerful serial machine of the Volgograd Tractor Plant, rightfully earned the respect of specialists of farms and machine operators. (Conclusions) The tractor became the most powerful serial machine of VgTZ, earned the respect of quali-fied machine operators and specialists of farms. Further development of the applica-tion of the automatic hydro-mechanical transmission on agricultural tractors was to receive the VT-200D tractor of 5th traction class with a capacity of 147 kilowatts. Due to the complication of the economic situation, the production of this tractor was lim-ited to only a small experimental batch.
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Yahin, Sergej, Fanil Gabdrafikov, Farit Khaliullin, Rail Khusainov, and Insaf Naficov. "Improving the operational efficiency of tractors by ensuring their ability to perform work." BIO Web of Conferences 17 (2020): 00111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20201700111.
Full textAbstract:
Development of agriculture in conditions of market relations is accompanied by aggravation of the problem of efficiency of use of technics. In this connection, the task of scientists is to increase the actual volume of work performed by tractor units, reducing the cost per unit of production. The high cost of tractors, the lack of personnel, the reduction of technical equipment of farms and the increase in the volume of products produced in the agro-industrial complex, natural and climatic conditions impose special requirements on technical service to maintain tractors in working conditions. The working state of tractors is the state at which values of parameters, which characterize ability to execute the given functions, correspond to normative-reference and design documents. During the operation of tractors in agriculture under the influence of various factors, wear of their parts and knots. The indicator determining the value of wear is the residual resource of aggregates and knots of technics. In the article the questions of influence of residual resources of basic aggregates and systems of tractor on frequency of failures of various groups of complexity are considered. Experimental research on determination of dependencies of residual resources of tractor units and frequency of failures of different groups of complexity, on the basis of which the rules of replacement of the unit whose resource are exhausted, is carried out, i.e. is replaced with a full of the resource (new) or on the aggregate after overhaul.
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Yablonev, Alexander, Igor Gorlov, Larisa Kozyreva, and Konstantin Fomin. "Optimization of Driving Trailers Transmission for Peat Transportation." E3S Web of Conferences 41 (2018): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184103001.
Full textAbstract:
Improving the performance of transport tractor units in operations for removing peat from production areas is associated with increased body trailers that require the use of drive type trailers with active front wheels. When designing such trailers there were difficulties in determining the transmission ratio and transmission scheme, especially in the case of using tractors with different passport interpretations of a synchronous operating mode with the power take-off shaft (PTS). The article presents the method of calculating the transmission ratio of the drive type trailers depending on the parameters of a synchronous operating mode the power take-off shaft of the tractor. The principle kinematic scheme of driving trailers is justified. Recommendations on selection of transmission units are given.
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Voynalovich, O. V., and S. M. Holopura. "Justification of risk-based approach of operation of mobile agricultural equipment on example of details of separate units of tractors." Naukovij žurnal «Tehnìka ta energetika» 11, no. 3 (November 18, 2020): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/machenergy2020.03.173.
Full textAbstract:
It is shown that in order to justify the extension of the service life of the machine beyond the resource set by the developers, it is necessary to focus on the allowable risks of accidents that can lead to accidents. After all, today for mobile agricultural machinery, the operation of which is associated with high-risk work, the concept of acceptable (acceptable) risk is not used, which does not allow to assess the danger of being on fields, farms and roads without machinery, with exhaustion of installed resources. The purpose of researches is to justify the permissible risk of exploitation of mobile agricultural machinery, in array of details and elements of constructions which have accumulated defects (damage). This paper analyzes the kinetics of accumulation of operational defects in the array of parts of individual components (systems) of tractors. MTZ-80 tractors (82) were chosen as the object of research, as one of the most common in Ukraine. To detect cracks, a developed eddy current flaw detector was used, the sensitivity of which allowed to find cracks several millimeters or larger in length without preparing the surface of the controlled parts. It is shown that the kinetic dependences of the accumulation of operational defects in the parts of tractor units in the analyzed range of service life are monotonically increasing, which can be described by exponential functions with a sufficiently high reliability. It is noted that the obtained dependences are similar to the kinetic dependences of the accumulation of static and dynamic (fatigue) damage obtained as a result of laboratory tests of samples of construction materials, which allows to use approaches to the criteria of the limit state of laboratory samples due to the power load to establish the boundary life of mobile agricultural machinery. However, the kinetics of the intensity of the occurrence of operational cracks in the array of tractor parts is not monotonous and has a maximum in the range of about 11-13 years of operation. This service life can be used as a criterion to stop the operation of the tractor, to carry out defectoscopy of parts and to replace defective parts. With such a long service life of the tractor, there is the greatest probability of sudden destruction of the tractor components and the creation of emergencies.
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Shkrabak, V. S., and N. I. Dzhabborov. "Probabilistic-statistical method for determining ergonomic tolerances of machine-tractor units with a gas-turbine engine." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 85, no. 1 (February 15, 2018): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-66406.
Full textAbstract:
The justification and usage of tolerances for ergonomic parameters ensure safety and improve the conditions and safety of operators of machine-tractor units. The subject of the investigation is a development of the mathematical models for a determination of the ergonomic parameters of machine-tractor units with gas-turbine engines. The aim of the investigations is a development of the probabilistic-statistical method for a determination of the ergonomic tolerances of machine-tractor units equipped with gas turbine engines. The novelty of the researches consists in the developed mathematical models and algorithm for a calculation of the tolerances for ergonomic parameters of machine-tractor units with gas-turbine engines. The proposed method is developed on the basis of systems analysis and methods of collecting and processing information, mathematical modeling. At the same time, state standards GOST 26387-8, GOST R ISO 15005-2012, GOST R ISO 15534-1-2009 were also used. Ergonomic parameters of machine-tractor units are divided into the following basic groups: anthropometric, hygienic, physiological and psychological. As the main quantitative characteristics of the tolerances for ergonomic parameters of machine-tractor units, the following are defined: adjusting tolerances for the level of adjustment, adjusting tolerances for the accuracy of adjustment and control tolerances. The proposed method and algorithm for a calculation allow to predict the optimal values of ergonomic tolerances of machine-tractor units with a probability of 0,95. As an example in the article, the examples of calculating the temperature tolerances at the mechanic workplace of the machine-tractor unit with a gas-turbine engine GTD-350T are given. It is established that the optimum values of the adjusting tolerance for the level of the temperature setting at the mechanic workplace are equal to 20±1 °C, and the adjusting tolerance for the accuracy of the adjustment is ±0,7 °C. The established ergonomic tolerances and the probabilistic-statistical method for their determination are intended for a justification, continuous control and ergonomic parameters assessments that ensure the safety and improvement of the conditions and labor protection of the operator of machine-tractor units with a gas turbine engine. The proposed probabilistic-statistical method provides the definition and optimization of ergonomic parameters of machine-tractor units with a gas turbine engine, taking into account the probabilistic character of their changes under specific conditions of their operation.
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Kalyuzhnyj, A. T., YU A. Gus'kov, and A. A. Dolgushin. "Programming the trajectories of machine-tractor units." Traktory i sel'hozmashiny 1, no. 2 (2020): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31992/0321-4443-2020-2-34-42.
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Polivayev, O. I., S. N. Pilyayev, and A. Yu Kutkov. "Theoretical justification for the use of elastic-dumping drives of tractor's driving wheels during the braking." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 79, no. 6 (June 15, 2012): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-69385.
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Results of theoretical research of the braking of tractor-trailer units are presented. The influence of elastic-dumping drives of wheels on the braking performance of tractor-trailer units is revealed.
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Bekeev, A. Kh, A. Ya Aliev, and S. A. Aliev. "The power unit of universal tractors of traction class 1,4 with an integrated starter generator." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 84, no. 12 (December 15, 2017): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-66357.
Full textAbstract:
The technical development of tractor designs is characterized by an increase in the power of consumers, the use of electric drive units. The load on the electric system of a modern tractor is constantly growing and exposes the existing 12-volt systems to excessive loading. To date, with the relatively low efficiency of traditional generators it is impossible to meet the growing needs of tractors and its systems. The solution of the problem of increasing the power simultaneously with increasing the efficiency (up to 85...90 %) could become an integrated starter-generator. Possessing sufficient power in the propulsion mode (up to 8 kW), the starter generator makes it possible to improve the starting and energy characteristics of the internal combustion engines of the tractor. The proposed design of electrical machines is located between the engine cylinder assembly and the tractor clutch. The adopted configuration allows to transfer considerable power in both directions, improves the starting qualities of diesel engines of tractors, and also realize the functions of damping the torsional oscillations of the crankshaft, which significantly reduces the noise and vibration of the engine. Based on the results of the study, the choice of a starter-generator device based on a valve motor is justified in connection with diesel engines of universal tractors of traction class 1,4 and a scheme for its placement in the clutch housing without changing its basic design has been developed. The advantage of the proposed design is the use of electric machines to start the engine, which in this case is switched to the electric motor mode and switches to the generator mode during operation, providing power to the on-board network. In addition, combining the starter and generator in a single unit simplifies the design, reduces the cost of manufacturing and assembly, which is an advantage in terms of production costs, replacing the starter and generator and on some tractors the starting piston engine.
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Kuznetsov, N. G., and D. S. Gapich. "Automation of performance calculation of horizontal load stabilizers for machine and tractor units." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 81, no. 4 (April 15, 2014): 36–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-65621.
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Mathematical model determining parameters of tractor longitudinal and angular oscillations based on known design parameters of tractor and driving tires is considered. It permits to determine parameters of horizontal load stabilizers of machine and tractor unit without field tests.
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Farias, Marcelo S. de, José F. Schlosser, Pilar Linares, Gilvan M. Bertollo, and Alfran T. Martini. "Reduction of fuel consumption using driving strategy in agricultural tractor." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 23, no. 2 (February 2019): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v23n2p144-149.
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ABSTRACT During the acquisition and use of an agricultural tractor, the consumption of fuel by the engine must be taken into account by the user, considering its nonrenewable origin and the marketing price. Appropriate strategies in driving tractors can help users to reduce production costs. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the fuel consumption of an agricultural tractor using different driving strategies. Load levels were imposed, following the instructions from Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Code 2, using an instrumented dynamometer car, in a concrete test track. Six load levels (30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80% of Q0) and three travel speeds (5.16, 7.29, and 10.48 km h-1) were applied for the strategies used (Full Throttle and Shifted Up - Throttle Back), where Q0 is the traction force corresponding to the maximum power in the drawbar for each gear selected. Three repetitions were made, which totaled 108 experimental units (2 × 3 × 6 × 3), in a completely randomized experimental design. Shifted Up - Throttle Back mode should be used as a strategy of tractor driving, because it can save up to 29.39% of fuel in relation to the Full Throttle mode, typically used by users.
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Troyanovskaya, I. P., and A. O. Zhakov. "Road holding ability of machine-tractor unit during plowing." Traktory i sel'hozmashiny 1, no. 6 (2020): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31992/0321-4443-2020-6-41-49.
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The discrepancy between the working width of the plow and the width of the tractor leads to asymmetry of the arable units. The geometry of the share surface of the reversible plow contributes to the generation of lateral forces on the working tool. All this contributes to the imbalance of the working body and the deviation of the tractor from straight-line movement during plowing. To maintain a straight line, the driver has to correct the vehicle movement every 5-10 meters, which makes him more tired. To study the causes of lateral slip of the plowing unit, a mathematical model was built. It consists of the equations of controlled motion and equations of uncontrolled shift of the tractor under the action of external forces from the plow. The description of the force interaction of the propeller with the ground is based on the mathematical theory of friction, taking into account anisotropy and elastic properties in contact. On the basis of the passive shear model, the hodograph of the maximum force shifting the tractor from the side of the working tool is constructed. It has been established that the shear force reaches its maximum adhesion value only in the case of trans-lational shear, when its line of action passes through the center of gravity of the tractor. In all other cases, the shift (pull) of the tractor is carried out by a force of a lower value. The features and as-sumptions of the model are formulated in relation to the tracked and wheeled tractors. As a result, it was found that regardless of the direction of the lateral displacement of the plow draft resistance, the tractor is pulled towards the plowed field. The result of the numerical experiment showed that the main reason for the drift of the wheeled arable unit is the different type of soil along the sides of the tractor, but not the displacement of the plow traction resistance.
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Apatenko, A. S. "Methods of effective use machine and tractor units in melioration." Sel'skohozjajstvennaja tehnika: obsluzhivanie i remont (Agricultural Machinery: Service and Repair), no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-10-2010-09.
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Questions of efficiency of operation of machine and tractor units are considered and recommendations about improvement of system and infrastructure of ensuring operability of cars taking into account features of structure of park of machine and tractor units in today’s conditions are offered during the ameliorative works.
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Khafizov, Ramil, Farit Khaliullin, Kamil Khafizov, Azat Nurmiev, Stanislav Sinickiy, and Elmir Gallyamov. "WAYS TO REDUCE CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS INTO THE ATMOSPHERE AT PRODUCTION PROCESSES IN CROP." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 16, no. 3 (November 21, 2021): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2073-0462-2021-38-42.
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The article provides an overview of the state of the art related to the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere during the operation of mobile machine-tractor units in the agricultural sector of the economy. Sources of greenhouse gas emissions are considered. It was revealed that a huge amount of greenhouse gases are emitted into the atmosphere due to intensive soil cultivation, while the emission of CO2, NOX and CH4 is many times higher than the emission of these gases from fuel combustion in the engines of machine and tractor units. However, taking into account the large areas of arable land in the Russian Federation, reducing the emission of greenhouse gases with exhaust gases (OG) of engines is an urgent task. The article discusses the composition of the exhaust gases of a diesel engine and methods of binding environmentally harmful substances, considers ways to reduce the emission of toxic components of exhaust gas. It was revealed that of the gases contributing to the formation of the greenhouse effect on the ground, up to 10% of exhaust gases contain carbon dioxide. In this regard, the ways of reducing the emission of carbon dioxide from the engines of machine-tractor units are being analyzed, the tasks of research on the binding of CO2 in soil and plants are set, by using some chemical fertilizers as substitutes, for heating the soil at the time of sowing and activating the vital activity of beneficial microorganisms in it. It is stated that one of the ways to reduce CO2 emissions into the atmosphere is to search for ways to reduce direct and indirect energy costs during the operation of machine-tractor units, including by reducing crop losses due to incorrectly selected parameters of tractors and agricultural machines, neg
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Apatenko, A. S. "Methods of effective use machine and tractor units in melioration." Sel'skohozjajstvennaja tehnika: obsluzhivanie i remont (Agricultural Machinery: Service and Repair), no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-10-2102-08.
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Questions of efficiency of operation of machine and tractor units are considered and recommendations about improvement of system and infrastructure of ensuring operability of cars taking into account features of structure of park of machine and tractor units in today’s conditions are off ered during the ameliorative works.
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Bulgakov, Volodymyr, Pavol Findura, Vladimír Kročko, Ladislav Nozdrovický, Maroš Korenko, and Volodymyr Kuvachov. "Experimental Study of Operational Properties of Two-Machine Drilling Aggregate." Acta Technologica Agriculturae 21, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ata-2018-0015.
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Abstract The purpose of this study is to improve the technical and economic performance of the enhanced two-machine seeder based on the wheel-type tractor of traction class 1.4. Experimental research is based on the general provisions of the standard methodology for operational and technological evaluation of the operation of machine-tractor units in the field. Processing of results from experimental study was carried out by means of developed programs on a PC. Results obtained from field experiments testing the aggregate consisting of two-machine seeder of traction class 1.4, two SZ-3.6 seeders and a semi-mounted coupler indicate its high operational and technological efficiency in comparison to both single-machine and similar two-machine units as part of a conventional trailer hitch. Although it shows an increase in specific time losses at headland of up to 5%, due to the wider working width, utilization of a new two-machine unit on the basis of a semi-mounted coupling in comparison with a single-machine unit allows increasing the productivity of the work by 1.96 and reduction of fuel consumption by 20%. In order to ensure that two-machine unit will perform turning on headland in the optimal mode, it is necessary to equip it with a special automatic device that would change the speed of movement in compliance with the angular speed of tractor‘s steering wheels according to the developed algorithm.
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Shkrabak, V. S., N. I. Dzhabborov, R. V. Shkrabak, and D. S. Fedkin. "Optimization of energy parameters of tractor gas-turbine engine." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 82, no. 11 (November 15, 2015): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-66070.
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Podrubalov, Maksim, Evgeniy Klubnichkin, and Leonid Bukhtoyarov. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF TRACTOR LOAD DURING THE CARE OF FOREST PLANTATIONS USING DIFFERENT AGGREGATION METHODS." Forestry Engineering Journal 11, no. 4 (January 31, 2022): 170–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/issn.2222-7962/2021.4/15.
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This work evaluates the tests of a 2 class tractor (integrated packaging LTZ -155) with front, rear, and combined aggregation, with the possibility of combining operations in the cultivation of row crops and forest plantations by using combined aggregates with forestry and agricultural vehicles with front and rear hinges. An assessment of the performance and efficiency of using such units with their vibration loading has been shown. During experimental studies of the tractor with different mounting methods (rear, front, both front and rear) of a cultivator weighing 2200 kg, horizontal and vertical components of traction resistance, as well as torques on the driving wheels of the tractor, were obtained by tensometric measurements. The work of the tractor took place at a specially prepared landfill for reforestation, to a depth of 4 and 8 cm, respectively, for the rear and front cultivators. The developed tensometric framework was used to analyze the resulting traction resistance. Field tests showed that the dynamics of the processes of power parameters for a unit with front and rear cultivators was significantly lower than with only front or rear cultivators. The absolute value exceeded 2 tons, i.e. traction class of the tractor. The applied spectral correlation analysis showed that these processes had low-frequency spectra (up to 1 Hz). They were “white” noise relative to each other. This, in mathematical modeling, simplifies the formation of the structures of the "impact" and "machine" subsystems
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Gamaleyev, P. P., A. S. Zeygerman, I. V. Kursov, E. S. Marshalov, A. N. Ploshchadnov, and P. Y. Yakovlev. "Improvement of the stability of the tractor within the units with front mounting." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 5, no. 1 (January 10, 2011): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-69817.
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The article describes the importance and challenges of machine-tractor units with front mounting. The authors presented calculation scheme of the front-mounted unit with a device that enhances the stability of the machine-tractor system with a continuous tillage.
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Monteiro, Leonardo de A., Daniel Albiero, Kleber P. Lanças, André V. Bueno, and Fabricio C. Masiero. "Energetic efficiency of an agricultural tractor in function of tire inflation pressure." Engenharia Agrícola 33, no. 4 (August 2013): 758–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-69162013000400015.
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The tire inflation pressure, among other factors, determines the efficiency in which a tractor can exert traction. It was studied the effect of using two tire inflation pressures, 110.4 kPa in the front and rear wheels, 124.2 kPa in the front wheel and 138 kPa in the rear wheels, the energetic efficiency of an agricultural tractor of 147 kW of engine power, in the displacement speed of 6.0 km.h-1, on track with firm surface, with the tractor engine speed of 2000 rpm. For each condition of the tire pressure, the tested tractor was subjected to constant forces in the drawbar of 45 kN and 50 kN, covering 30 meters. It was used a randomized complete block with a 2x2 factorial arrangement (tire pressure and drawbar power) with four replications, totaling 16 experimental units. Data were subjected to analysis of variance, using the Tukey test at 5% probability for comparison averages. The lowest hourly and specific fuel consumption, the lowest slippage of the wheelsets and the highest efficiency in the drawbar was obtained with the tire inflation pressure of 110.4 kPa in the front and rear tires of the tractor, highlighting that lower pressures improve energetic and operational performance of the tractor.