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Academic literature on the topic 'Tractor units'

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Published: 30 May 2022
Last updated: 31 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Tractor units"

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Adamchuk, V., V. Bulgakov, I. Holovach, and V. Kuvachov. "Studying the conditions of assembling traction-drive soil-processing aggregates with tractors of traction-energy concept." Agricultural Science and Practice 5, no. 2 (July 15, 2018): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/agrisp5.02.027.

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At present the appearance of novel energy-saturated tractors of traction-energy concept requires not only new principles of their aggregating but also the method of assembling aggregates on their basis. Aim. To increase the effi ciency of assembling soil-processing aggregates with traction and drive working units based on energy- saturated tractors of traction-energy concept. Methods. The study involved the use of the methods of tractor theory, use of machines, fi eld experimental investigations, statistical methods of processing study results, as well as methods of composing programs and numerical computations on PC. Results. The method of assem- bling soil-processing aggregates with traction and drive working units was suggested on the basis of technical information, available for a wide audience of specialists. Conclusions. The problem of assembling soil-pro- cessing aggregates with traction and drive working units on the basis of energy-saturated tractors of tractor- energy concept should be solved with the consideration of the suggested condition of useful power via traction, determined by the friction properties of a tractor, and the power which the tractor can actually transmit via a power take-off shaft or a hydrosystem.
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Okunev, G. A., V. L. Astaf'ev, and N. A. Kuznetsov. "Reduction of aftereffect of machine units on the soil." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 83, no. 12 (December 15, 2016): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-66293.

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Cultivation of crops is associated with multiple passes of machine units through the fields. The cumulative effect of soil compaction caused by repeated impacts of movers of machine units is considered as especially dangerous. The most intensive compaction process occurres in spring. The repeated passes of heavy machines and the compaction of surface and subsurface soil horizons lead to the decrease in yield potential of fields. The solving of compaction problem depends on the soil and climatic conditions, zonal cultivation technologies and crop harvesting, and on the machine system in operation. When forming the machine and tractor fleet of enterprises, the selection of general-purpose tractors serves as a basis. The least negative impact on the soil occurs when crawler tractors are used. The advantage of wheeled tractors is the possibility of their use for both field works and transport operations. But today the wheeled tractors are hardly used for transport operations because of their increased weight and power, which shows the necessity of use of such heavy crawler tractors as Ruslan and Challenger. Their use in combination with wheeled tractors of middle class allows to improve significantly the structure of machine and tractor fleet. The main power unit for farm enterprises with 1000 hectares of arable land is a general-purpose tractor of the 3rd traction class. The use of the HTZ-150K-09 tractor with 23.1R26 low-pressure tires with the air pressure of 80 kPa provides a permissible impact on the soil. The soil density in the surface layer reduces to 0.06 grams per cubic centimetre as compared to the use of 21.3R24 single wheels. This allows to put such tractor in operation for spring field works.
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Lоntseva, Irina, and Vyacheslav Sennikov. "Estimation of ballasting tractors 5-6 traction classes." АгроЭкоИнфо 5, no. 47 (October 26, 2021): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.51419/20215519.

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To increase productivity in agricultural production, combined wide-grip machines are being created, aggregated with tractors of traction classes from 5 and higher. In addition, according to agrotechnical requirements, the pressure of the mover on the soil should be minimal, as well as the number of passes over the surface of the field. These contradictions can be solved by ballasting of tractors, which allows using engine power to increase tractive effort. Ballasting affects energy saturation. Increased energy saturation with appropriate ballasting makes it possible to compose machine-tractor units (MTU) according to a more accurate ratio of the tractor pulling force and the unit's pulling resistance. The most in demand in modern agriculture are tractors of 5-6 traction classes produced by domestic and foreign tractor-building plants with an internal combustion engine with a capacity of 220-320 kW and an operating weight of 115-150 kN. The article contains a two-way analysis of variance, which makes it possible to determine the greatest influence on the ballasting of a tractor. A diagram is constructed that gives an idea of which of the studied brands of tractors can be recommended for performing agricultural operations, taking into account ballasting and compliance with agrotechnical requirements. Keywords: TRACTOR, BALLASTING, ENERGY SATURATION, TWO-FACTOR ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
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Makhmutov, M. M., and Yu R. Khismatullina. "Formation the driving force of wheeled and caterpillar machine-tractor units." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 84, no. 12 (December 15, 2017): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-66391.

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On the basis of existing dependencies describing the traction-coupling properties of wheeled and caterpillar machine-tractor units, theoretical and experimental investigations, a model of the formation of the driving traction force of units depending on the weight of the tractor, coupling properties of the propulsion unit, load distribution and propulsion slipping is obtained. The analysis of calculated coefficients shows a considerable variation of values, which causes difficulties in using in the calculations. Therefore it’s necessary to know their values at each interaction of the tractor propulsion unit with the soil. The same values of slipping can be obtained with different values of the coefficients. The task is simplified if data of this dependence have the same coefficient. During field investigations an active experiment was developed i.e. the levels of factors variation changed purposefully depending on the conditions of conducting each experiment. Composite B-plans (Box-design) of the second order were realized. The following parameters were chosen as the variable factors: the coefficient of the using coupling weight, the coefficient of traction and the weight of the tractor. The works were conducted according to the plan of the three-factor experiment matrix. As the agricultural field were a freshly plowed field, a stubble field and a wet meadow, with the coefficients of traction of 0,50, 0,65 and 0,80 respectively. The value of resistance to movement was fixed by a dynamometer during towing tractors MTZ-82, MTZ-2022 and MTZ-3022 DC.1 in neutral on the various agricultural fields. Efforts on the hook were changed by shifting gears in the gearbox of a towed tractor whose engine operated in the compressor mode. The coefficient of traction was determined with completely braked wheels of the tractor and towing it with a towing vehicle during simultaneously measuring the force on the coupling with the help of a dynamometer. The obtained model of driving force formation for wheeled and tracked machine-tractor units takes into account the weight of the tractor, coupling properties of propulsion units, load distribution, slipping and has a minimum number of experimental coefficients, which makes it more accessible and easily used for engineering calculations.
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DIDMANIDZE, OTARI N., SERGEY N. DEVYANIN, EKATERINA Р. PARLYUK, and VLADIMIR A. MARKOV. "POWER SUPPLY OF FARM TRACTOR INDUSTRY IN RUSSIA." Agricultural engineering, no. 2 (2021): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/2687-1149-2021-2-4-8.

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Determining the prospects for the development of the tractor fl eet in Russia and its supplying with power units is an important task in establishing a technological foundation to eff ectively tackle the problems of agricultural production. Taking into consideration the indicator of power supply in agriculture in the world’s economically developed countries, the authors consider the domestic needs in agricultural tractors and engines. As a result of the analysis, it is shown that the fl eet of agricultural tractors is at a low level of about 200 thousand units, and it requires further serious development. To ensure eff ective agricultural production, it is necessary to balance the level of farm tractor availability in Russia with that of economically advanced countries. The indicator of 4 kW/ha was taken as a promising level of tractor availability, and the required number of tractors was determined. The analysis was carried out for the cultivation of arable land in Russia with an area of 80 million hectares as of 2020 and amounted to about 2.5 million units for the entire range of agricultural tractors taking into account their traction class. To cultivate all arable areas in Russia, which amounted to about 120 million hectares in 1990, a third more equipment will be required. To maintain the tractor fl eet at this level, it is necessary to ensure an annual supply of at least 250 thousand units of various engines with a total capacity of at least 320 GW. This problem can be solved through increasing the production capacity of existing engine-building plants and designing new diesel engines for tractors of traction classes 0.6…1.4 with a capacity between 20 and 70 kW.
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Okunev, G. A., and N. A. Kuznetsov. "Aspects of the development of the type of tractors and trends in the technical re-equipment of production units of various types." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 11, no. 1 (March 15, 2017): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-66888.

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Domestic and neighboring countries industry produce wheel and tracked tractors, which differ from each other by various parameters. The variety of general-purpose tractors offered on the market puts producers in the forefront of the choice of acquiring equipment to perform a set of technological operations. A comparative evaluation of the use of wheeled and caterpillar tractors of various traction classes on basic technological operations showed an increase in operating costs per unit of work performed with increasing parameters of tractors, especially wheeled propellers. The use of wheel tractors of high traction classes is accompanied by an increased specific pressure on the soil even on twin tires due to the increase in track width. Use of wheeled tractors with a power of over 350 hp on transport works is not advisable. This reduces the annual load and further increases the cost of performing technological operations. As a result, the competitiveness of a caterpillar tractor of high traction classes is substantially increasing. The wheel tractor is suitable only for maneuvering over long distances. As a result of the reform of agricultural production, a multi-fold system of economic activities of enterprises has developed. Along with large holdings and production units on the basis of former collective and state farms, a considerable proportion is made up of farm households. As a general-purpose tractor for farming a wheel-driven machine with engine power of 150-200 hp is used. A tractor of the MTZ-80 type is needed to perform auxiliary works to ensure the operation of the main unit. The tractors park of the large grain enterprises consists of high-performance wheeled vehicles of class 6-8, as well as class 3-4 tractors on wheels for auxiliary work. The bulk of the land in processing in the region is accounted by enterprises formed on the basis of former state farms and collective farms. These are diversified economies of grain and livestock farming. Multisectoral production allows to form a more developed structure of sown areas due to the cultivation of different cultures. To perform a set of works in these farms caterpillar tractors of class 4-5 and wheeled tractors of general purpose of class 3-4 are needed.
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Samsonov, V. A., and Yu F. Lachuga. "Calculation of optimal power and energy saturation of an agricultural tractor." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 84, no. 7 (July 15, 2017): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-66327.

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Calculation of the optimum power, operating weight and energy saturation of the agricultural tractor at which the minimum fuel consumption and optimum performance are achieved is an actual task of the tractor theory. The purpose of the study is to determine the optimal power, operating weight and energy saturation of the agricultural tractor at the minimum specific energy consumption - the ratio of energy costs when processing a unit of area to the achieved productivity. Objects of research: combined arable units with wheeled and caterpillar tractors of general purpose. Initial material: nominal traction forces accepted for different traction classes; coefficients that characterize the traction-coupling properties of the tractor; the tractor's power balance equation; skidding function; computer program to minimize the function by the dichotomy method; dependences for dimensionless coefficients that take into account the increase in the specific traction resistance of the unit with an increase in operating speed. The main research method is the calculation using nonlinear programming when the energy saturation is changed by the dichotomy method. When loading with nominal tractive effort, the nominal power of a general-purpose tractor and its maximum energy saturation are determined by the specific energy costs corresponding to the operation of the arable unit with permissible operating speed and slippage. The minimum energy saturation of the tractor is determined by the ratio of the minimum operating power to the maximum operating weight of the tractor corresponding to the maximum traction efficiency. The main conclusions: the specific energy consumption of the tractor on the process operation depends on its type and the dimensionless coefficient, taking into account the increase in the specific traction resistance of the unit with increasing speed and changing in the parabola; the nominal power of the wheeled tractor is in the interval, the lower limit of which determines the minimum specific energy consumption at the maximum traction efficiency, the upper one - the specific energy consumption at the maximum permissible speed and permissible slippage; the rated power of the crawler tractor is determined by the specific energy consumption at the maximum permissible speed and permissible slippage.
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Troyanovskaya, Irina, A. Zhakov, O. Grebenshchikova, S. Voinash, and E. Timofeev. "Directional stability of an agricultural tractor." FME Transactions 49, no. 2 (2021): 456–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/fme2102456t.

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The discrepancy between the plow width and the tractor width leads to the asymmetry of plowing units. The geometry of the plowshare surface of the moldboard plow contributes to the generation of lateral forces on the working tool. All this leads to the imbalance of the tool and the deviation of the tractor from straight-line movement during plowing. To maintain straight-line movement, the driver has to adjust the machine every 5-10 meters, which is highly tiresome. To study the causes of lateral slips of the plowing unit, we constructed a mathematical model, which consists of the equations of controlled movement and equations of the tractor's uncontrolled shear under the action of external forces from the plow. The description of the force interaction of the drive with the ground is based on the mathematical theory of friction, taking into account anisotropy and elastic properties in contact. Based on the passive shear model, we constructed a hodograph diagram of the maximum tractor shear force from the side of the working tool. We found that the shear force reaches its maximum friction value only in the case of a translational shear, when its line of action passes through the tractor's center of gravity. In all other cases, the shift (slip) of the tractor is caused by a lower force. We formulated the features and assumptions of the model as applied to caterpillar and wheeled tractors. As a result, we found that, regardless of the direction of the lateral displacement of the plow's traction resistance, the tractor is slipped towards the plowed field. The result of the numerical experiment showed that the main reason for the slip of the wheeled plowing unit is the difference in soils along the sides of the tractor but not the deviation of the plow traction resistance.
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Nesmiyan, A. Yu. "Technical characteristics and agrotechnical indices of work of tillage machines." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 84, no. 6 (June 15, 2017): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-66352.

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The study presents the results of analysis of the characteristics of modern tractors and tillage tools. The data obtained make it possible to assess the energy, economic, technical and shunting indices of the relevant aggregates, and can be used as a starting point in calculating the rational composition of the ma-chine and tractor fleet of agrarian enterprises. It is established that the dependencies and masses of trac-tors and the power of their engines on traction can be described with high accuracy by linear equations. On average, the mass of tracked tractors is 11 %, and the engine power is 27 % smaller than that of the cor-responding wheeled tractors. However, with a higher traction coefficient and low pressure on the soil, caterpillar tractors are less maneuverable, universal and, most importantly, less ergonomic, which hampers their wide application. With rational aggregation, such characteristics of the work of soil-cultivating units as working speed, specific fuel consumption, the utilization factor of the shift time do not actually depend on the traction class of the tractor. With an increase in the traction class of the tractor, the specific metal consumption of the implements being mounted with it increases. The difference is especially noticeable in the case of combined guns and «craters», for which a hypothetical transition from a class 1.4 tractor to a class 8 tractor led to an increase in the estimated specific material consumption by 3,7 and 3,4 times, respectively. The increase in productivity with the increase in the tractor class in most cases occurs with a delay. This allows us to conclude that the only advantage of introducing wide-angle aggregates is the reduction of the required number of operators. For the rest of the parameters, the machine with a wide-cut implement has no advantage over a group of machines with tools of identical total width.
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Saakian, Alexander. "Research results on expanding the conditions for the use of tractor-transport units on slope surfaces." АгроЭкоИнфо 3, no. 45 (May 9, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.51419/20213301.

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At present, in the Amur Region, there is a further increase in sown areas due to the introduction of slope lands into circulation, on which there is the possibility of cultivating agricultural crops. As a rule, such plots are assigned to small peasant farms, which use them mainly to create a fodder base for the livestock industry. At the same time, the main problem remains the complexity of the delivery of goods over rough terrain due to the presence in organizations mainly of wheeled monoblock tractors of traction class 1.4-2, in which, when driving on sloping surfaces, the traction and coupling properties declared the manufacturing plant. The presented article presents the results of studies to improve the traction and coupling properties of tractor-transport units (TTA) by installing an additional device that allows you to adjust the coupling weight in the chassis of the unit when driving in fields with a significant slope angle. Keywords: TRACTOR, TRACTION-COUPLING PROPERTIES, ENERGY MEANS, SOIL, SURFACE, COUPLING WEIGHT
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tractor units"

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Кожушко, Андрій Павлович. "Підвищення техніко-економічних показників колісних тракторів з безступінчастими трансмісіями раціональною зміною параметрів регулювання гідромашин в процесі розгону." Thesis, НТУ "ХПІ", 2016. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/20967.

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Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.22.02 – автомобілі та трактори. – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", Харків, 2016 р. Дисертацію присвячено підвищенню техніко-економічних показників машинно-тракторних агрегатів з гідрооб'ємно-механічними трансмісіями за рахунок використання раціональних законів зміни параметрів регулювання гідромашин гідрооб'ємної передачі в процесі розгону. Складена комплексна математична модель систем машинно-тракторного агрегату, вдосконалено математичний опис зміни сили тяги на гаку шляхом урахування процесу заглиблення плуга в процесі виходу на технологічний режим при виконанні операції "оранка". Встановлено вплив зміни робочого об'єму гідромотору при різних законах зміни параметрів регулювання гідромашин гідрооб'ємної передачі на динаміку розгону машинно-тракторного агрегату. Визначено вплив зміни часу розгону машинно-тракторного агрегату при різних законах зміни параметрів регулювання гідромашин гідрооб'ємної передачі. Сформовано раціональні закони зміни параметрів регулювання гідромашин гідрооб'ємної передачі, при яких підвищуються техніко-економічні показники машинно-тракторного агрегату.
The dissertation for obtaining a scientific degree of Candidate of Science (Technology) on the specialty 05.22.02 – automobiles and tractors. – National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Kharkiv, 2016. Dissertation is devoted to improve the technical and economic performance of wheeled tractors with hydrovolumetric mechanical transmission by detecting changes in the parameters of rational regulation of hydromachines during acceleration. Compiled complex mathematical model of the system tractor units improved the mathematical description of the changes tractive force on the hook by taking into account the process of deepening the plow in entering the technological mode of operation "plowing". The influence of changes in the working volume hydraulic parameters changes various laws regulating hydraulic machines hydrovolumetric transmission to dynamics of dispersal tractor unit. The influence of changes in time acceleration tractor unit under various laws of parameters regulating hydraulic machines hydrovolumetric transmission. Formed rational laws change control parameters of hydrovolumetric gear in which the increase of technical and economic parameters of the machine and tractor unit.
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Кожушко, Андрій Павлович. "Підвищення техніко-економічних показників колісних тракторів з безступінчастими трансмісіями раціональною зміною параметрів регулювання гідромашин в процесі розгону." Thesis, НТУ "ХПІ", 2015. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/20971.

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Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.22.02 – автомобілі та трактори. – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", Харків, 2016 р. Дисертацію присвячено підвищенню техніко-економічних показників машинно-тракторних агрегатів з гідрооб'ємно-механічними трансмісіями за рахунок використання раціональних законів зміни параметрів регулювання гідромашин гідрооб'ємної передачі в процесі розгону. Складена комплексна математична модель систем машинно-тракторного агрегату, вдосконалено математичний опис зміни сили тяги на гаку шляхом урахування процесу заглиблення плуга в процесі виходу на технологічний режим при виконанні операції "оранка". Встановлено вплив зміни робочого об'єму гідромотору при різних законах зміни параметрів регулювання гідромашин гідрооб'ємної передачі на динаміку розгону машинно-тракторного агрегату. Визначено вплив зміни часу розгону машинно-тракторного агрегату при різних законах зміни параметрів регулювання гідромашин гідрооб'ємної передачі. Сформовано раціональні закони зміни параметрів регулювання гідромашин гідрооб'ємної передачі, при яких підвищуються техніко-економічні показники машинно-тракторного агрегату.
The dissertation for obtaining a scientific degree of Candidate of Science (Technology) on the specialty 05.22.02 – automobiles and tractors. – National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Kharkiv, 2016. Dissertation is devoted to improve the technical and economic performance of wheeled tractors with hydrovolumetric mechanical transmission by detecting changes in the parameters of rational regulation of hydromachines during acceleration. Compiled complex mathematical model of the system tractor units improved the mathematical description of the changes tractive force on the hook by taking into account the process of deepening the plow in entering the technological mode of operation "plowing". The influence of changes in the working volume hydraulic parameters changes various laws regulating hydraulic machines hydrovolumetric transmission to dynamics of dispersal tractor unit. The influence of changes in time acceleration tractor unit under various laws of parameters regulating hydraulic machines hydrovolumetric transmission. Formed rational laws change control parameters of hydrovolumetric gear in which the increase of technical and economic parameters of the machine and tractor unit.
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Körtgen, Christopher, Gabriele Morandi, Georg Jacobs, and Felix Straßburger. "Automated calibration of a tractor transmission control unit." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-199792.

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This paper presents an approach for an automated calibration process for electronic control units (ECU) of power split transmissions in agricultural tractors. Today the calibration process is done manually on a prototype tractor by experts. In order to reduce development costs the calibration process is shifted from prototype testing to software modelling. Simultaneous optimization methods are used within the software modelling to calculate new parameters. The simultaneous optimization includes objective evaluation methods to evaluate the tractor behaviour. With the combination of both methods inside the software modelling, the calibration process can be automated. The success of this approach depends on the quality of the software modelling. Therefore the identification of the initial prototype behaviour and the fitting of the tractor software model is done at the beginning. At the end of the automated calibration the validation and fine-tuning of the calculated parameters are done on the real tractor. These steps are condensed to a five step automated calibration process which includes simultaneous optimization and objective evaluation methods in several applications. After the detailed discussion of this automated calibration process one function of the ECU (one transmission component) will be calibrated through this process as example.
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Sewell, Andrew J. "Multirole power units in cereal harvesting : an economic case for adoption." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295107.

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Semmler, John Gregory. "Effect of training on corticospinal control of human motor units /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phs471.pdf.

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Kozhushko, A. P., and K. Riezva. "Comparison a running smoothness of a wheeled tractor with a semitrailer tank or unit while driving on asphalt-concrete surface." Thesis, Scientific Route, Estonia, 2019. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/46135.

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Mehta, Vikas Chandra. "PERFORMANCE OF PAN-TILT TRACKER BASED ON THE PIN-HOLE LENS MODEL." UKnowledge, 2009. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/596.

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In the modern day, recognition and tracking of face or the iris is potentially one of the most powerful ways of differentiating between an authentic person and an imposter. Our method uses stereo vision to track the 3-Dimensional coordinates of a target equivalent to a person’s eyes and using a pan-tilt unit we target these areas for additional processing such as iris or facial imaging. One of the most important parts involved in tracking is the way the pan-tilt unit is calibrated. There have been techniques in the past where PTZ (Pan-tilt-zoom) digital camera has been used and calibrated using self calibration techniques involving a checker board calibration grid but the tracking error was found to be large in these techniques. We introduce a more accurate form of calibration of the pantilt unit using photogrammetric calibration technique and view the pan-tilt unit as an emulation of a Pinhole Lens Model to detect and track the target. The system is demonstrated on ideal targets.
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Мітцель, Микола Олександрович. "Вплив особливих зон роботи гідропередачі на техніко-економічні показники колісних тракторів з безступінчастими гідрооб'ємно-механічними трансмісіями." Thesis, НТУ "ХПІ", 2016. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/22578.

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Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.22.02 – автомобілі та трактори. – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", Харків, 2016 р. Дисертацію присвячено підвищенню техніко-економічних показників машинно-тракторних агрегатів оснащених гідрооб'ємно-механічними трансмісіями з диференціалом "на виході" за рахунок розміщення агротехнічних швидкостей в особливих зонах роботи гідрооб'ємної передачі. Складена комплексна математична модель особливих зон роботи гідрооб'ємної передачі, що дозволяє досліджувати робочі процеси в межах особливої зони. Розглянуто процес утворення особливої зони на висхідній та низхідній регулювальній характеристиці гідрооб'ємно-механічної трансмісії. Встановлено вплив режимів навантаження та конструктивних параметрів трансмісії на ширину особливої зони та загальний ККД трансмісії. Визначено вплив часу розгону колісного трактору на величину сплеску робочого тиску при виході з особливої зони. Сформульовано рекомендації до проектування перспективних схем трансмісій з диференціалом "на виході", що дозволять досягати максимального ККД трансмісії в межах швидкостей основних енергоємних сільськогосподарських операцій. Експериментальними дослідженнями визначено точність математичної моделі втрат в гідрооб'ємній передачі К. І. Городецького. Експериментально досліджено достовірність математичної моделі особливих зон на лабораторному стенді та колісному тракторі, та підтверджено рекомендації щодо перспективних схем гідрооб'ємно-механічних трансмісій з диференціалом "на виході".
The dissertation for obtaining a scientific degree of Candidate of Science (Technology) on the specialty 05.22.02 – automobiles and tractors. –National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Kharkiv, 2016. The dissertation is devoted to improving technical and economic indicators of machine-tractor units equipped input-coupled power-split hydrovolumetric mechanical transmissions by placing farming velocity in special areas of work hydrovolumetric transmission. Compiled complex mathematical model special zones of hydrovolumetric transmission that allows you to explore work processes within the special zone. The process of creation of special zones ascending for and descending regulating characteristics. The influence of the mode load and design parameters of the transmission to the width of the special zones and the overall efficiency of the transmission. The effect of time acceleration wheeled tractor a surge in the value of the operating pressure at the outlet of the special zones. Recommendations for the design of perspective schemes output coupled transmissions that will achieve maximum efficiency transmission speeds within the major energy intensive agricultural operations. Experimental studies determined the accuracy of the mathematical model of hydraulic losses in the transmission by K. Gorodetsky's mathematical model. Experimentally investigated the accuracy of the mathematical model of special zones on the laboratory stand and wheeled tractors, and found the references to perspective schemes input-coupled power-split hydrovolumetric mechanical transmissions.
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9

Мітцель, Микола Олександрович. "Вплив особливих зон роботи гідропередачі на техніко-економічні показники колісних тракторів з безступінчастими гідрооб'ємно-механічними трансмісіями." Thesis, НТУ "ХПІ", 2016. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/22568.

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Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.22.02 – автомобілі та трактори. – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", Харків, 2016 р. Дисертацію присвячено підвищенню техніко-економічних показників машинно-тракторних агрегатів оснащених гідрооб'ємно-механічними трансмісіями з диференціалом "на виході" за рахунок розміщення агротехнічних швидкостей в особливих зонах роботи гідрооб'ємної передачі. Складена комплексна математична модель особливих зон роботи гідрооб'ємної передачі, що дозволяє досліджувати робочі процеси в межах особливої зони. Розглянуто процес утворення особливої зони на висхідній та низхідній регулювальній характеристиці гідрооб'ємно-механічної трансмісії. Встановлено вплив режимів навантаження та конструктивних параметрів трансмісії на ширину особливої зони та загальний ККД трансмісії. Визначено вплив часу розгону колісного трактору на величину сплеску робочого тиску при виході з особливої зони. Сформульовано рекомендації до проектування перспективних схем трансмісій з диференціалом "на виході", що дозволять досягати максимального ККД трансмісії в межах швидкостей основних енергоємних сільськогосподарських операцій. Експериментальними дослідженнями визначено точність математичної моделі втрат в гідрооб'ємній передачі К. І. Городецького. Експериментально досліджено достовірність математичної моделі особливих зон на лабораторному стенді та колісному тракторі, та підтверджено рекомендації щодо перспективних схем гідрооб'ємно-механічних трансмісій з диференціалом "на виході".
The dissertation for obtaining a scientific degree of Candidate of Science (Technology) on the specialty 05.22.02 – automobiles and tractors. –National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Kharkiv, 2016. The dissertation is devoted to improving technical and economic indicators of machine-tractor units equipped input-coupled power-split hydrovolumetric mechanical transmissions by placing farming velocity in special areas of work hydrovolumetric transmission. Compiled complex mathematical model special zones of hydrovolumetric transmission that allows you to explore work processes within the special zone. The process of creation of special zones ascending for and descending regulating characteristics. The influence of the mode load and design parameters of the transmission to the width of the special zones and the overall efficiency of the transmission. The effect of time acceleration wheeled tractor a surge in the value of the operating pressure at the outlet of the special zones. Recommendations for the design of perspective schemes output coupled transmissions that will achieve maximum efficiency transmission speeds within the major energy intensive agricultural operations. Experimental studies determined the accuracy of the mathematical model of hydraulic losses in the transmission by K. Gorodetsky's mathematical model. Experimentally investigated the accuracy of the mathematical model of special zones on the laboratory stand and wheeled tractors, and found the references to perspective schemes input-coupled power-split hydrovolumetric mechanical transmissions.
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Morcrette, Quentin. "Tracer la route : les cartes d'itinéraire du papier à l'écran, usages et représentations : contribution pour une étude diachronique comparée (France/Etats-Unis)." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE2138/document.

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Les technologies du numérique modifient profondément la manière dont les sociétés appréhendent et se représentent leur espace. La cartographie n’est pas à l’écart de ces changements et les cartes sont de plus en plus nombreuses et sont utilisées sous de nouvelles formes. C’est en particulier le cas de la consultation d’itinéraires uniques, rendue plus aisée par les évolutions techniques et technologiques. L’usage de ces itinéraires est aujourd’hui l’une des principales fonctionnalités des cartes numériques, dont un grand nombre sont issues de sociétés implantées aux États-Unis.Comment appréhender, dans le cadre d’une analyse diachronique et comparatiste, le rôle des cartes d’itinéraire dans la cartographie numérique? S’agit-il d’une nouveauté ou de la réactualisation d’une forme cartographique plus ancienne ? Quelle place tient ce type de représentations dans une perspective croisée?La thèse propose de répondre à ces questions par une analyse large à trois entrées : cartobibliographique, sémiologique et processuelle, en se basant sur des corpus de cartes issus de la Bibliothèque nationale de France et de laNewberry Library. Les principaux résultats de ce travail apportent un éclairage sur les changements en cours avec le passage d’une cartographie majoritairement papier à une cartographie majoritairement écran. Ils invitent finalement à penser ces changements à travers une redéfinition du statut de la carte à l’ère numérique
Digital technologies deeply change the way in which societies grasp their environment and represent space Cartography is not exempt from these changes, maps are more widespread than ever and are being used for new purposes. Among them, the use of route specific maps, made easier by technical and technological developments. Many online maps are used for itineraries, and most of them come from United States-based corporations.These observations raise the questions of how to understand this specific use of maps when put in a chronological and comparative perspective ? Is this an innovation or rather an actualization of a previous type of mapping practice ? What is the status of these itineraries when studied in a multifaceted perspective ?This research addresses these questions using three main approches : cartobibliographical, semiological and processual, and relying on extensive map collections from the Bibliothèque nationale de France and the Newberry Library. The main results bring new insights on the changes taking place with the transition from a primarily paper cartography to a primarily on-screen cartography and call for a redefinition of the status of maps in the digital era
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Books on the topic "Tractor units"

1

Liljedahl, John B., Paul K. Turnquist, David W. Smith, and Makoto Hoki. Tractors and their Power Units. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6632-4.

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Sumberg, James, ed. Youth and the rural economy in Africa: hard work and hazard. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245011.0000.

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Abstract This book unites recent findings from quantitative and qualitative research from across Africa to illuminate how young men and women engage with the rural economy and imagine their futures, and how development policies and interventions can find traction with these realities. Its 10 chapters are organized around commonly-made foundational claims: that large numbers of young people are leaving rural areas, have no interest in agriculture, cannot access land, can be the engine of rural transformation, are stuck in permanent waithood, and that the rural economy can provide a wealth of opportunity.
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J, Pierson David, and Tyler Martha L, eds. Intensive respiratory care. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1993.

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McLaughlin, Arthur J. Infection control in respiratory care. 2nd ed. Austin, Tex: Pro-Ed, 2004.

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Roberto, Palermo, and McLaughlin Arthur J. 1947-, eds. Infection control in respiratory care. 2nd ed. Gaithersburg, Md: Aspen Publishers, 1996.

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Whitaker, Kent B. Comprehensive perinatal & pediatric respiratory care. 2nd ed. Albany: Delmar Publishers, 1997.

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Comprehensive perinatal and pediatric respiratory care. 3rd ed. Albany: Delmar Publishers, 2001.

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Comprehensive perinatal and pediatric respiratory care. Albany, N.Y: Delmar Publishers, 1992.

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executive, Health and safety. Tractor Units in Tree Work (Leaflet). Health and Safety Executive (HSE), 2003.

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Perkins Diesel Conversions & Factory Fitted Units: Vintage Tractor Special No. 8. Allan T. Condie Publications, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Tractor units"

1

Liljedahl, John B., Paul K. Turnquist, David W. Smith, and Makoto Hoki. "Development of the Tractor." In Tractors and their Power Units, 1–19. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6632-4_1.

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Liljedahl, John B., Paul K. Turnquist, David W. Smith, and Makoto Hoki. "Tractor Tests and Performance." In Tractors and their Power Units, 403–43. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6632-4_14.

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Liljedahl, John B., Paul K. Turnquist, David W. Smith, and Makoto Hoki. "Mechanics of the Tractor Chassis." In Tractors and their Power Units, 272–313. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6632-4_11.

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Liljedahl, John B., Paul K. Turnquist, David W. Smith, and Makoto Hoki. "Human Factors in Tractor Design." In Tractors and their Power Units, 203–39. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6632-4_9.

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Slepenkov, Alexander, Evgeny Kuznetsov, Sergey Shchitov, Tatiana Sharipova, Olga Shchegorets, and Andrey Burmaga. "Improving the Efficiency of Wheel-Wheeling Machine-Tractor Units in Areas with Special Natural and Climatic Conditions." In Fundamental and Applied Scientific Research in the Development of Agriculture in the Far East (AFE-2021), 36–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91402-8_5.

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Liljedahl, John B., Paul K. Turnquist, David W. Smith, and Makoto Hoki. "Traction." In Tractors and their Power Units, 240–71. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6632-4_10.

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Roth, Lawrence O., and Harry L. Field. "Tractors and Power Units." In An Introduction to Agricultural Engineering: A Problem-Solving Approach, 63–76. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1425-7_7.

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Roth, Lawrence O., and Harry L. Field. "Tractors and Power Units." In Introduction to Agricultural Engineering, 63–76. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3594-2_7.

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Field, Harry L., and John M. Long. "Tractors and Power Units." In Introduction to Agricultural Engineering Technology, 91–105. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69679-9_7.

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Liljedahl, John B., Paul K. Turnquist, David W. Smith, and Makoto Hoki. "Hydraulic Systems and Controls." In Tractors and their Power Units, 314–59. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6632-4_12.

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Conference papers on the topic "Tractor units"

1

Egorov, Nikolay, Farit Khaliullin, Zulfia Khaliullina, and Larisa Zimina. "Adaptive support for power units of machine-tractor unit." In 19th International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2020.19.tf454.

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Rangavajhula, Krishna, and H. S. Jacob Tsao. "Active Command-Steering Control of Tractor and Three Full Trailers for Tractor-Track Following." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-15786.

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A key source of safety and infrastructure issues for operations of longer combination vehicles (LCVs) is off-tracking, which has been used to refer to the general phenomenon that the rear wheels of a truck do not follow the track of the front wheels and wander off the travel lane. In this paper, we examine the effectiveness of command-steering in reducing off-tracking during a 90-degree turn at low and high speeds in an articulated system with a tractor and three full trailers. In command steering, rear front axles of the trailers are steered proportionately to the articulation angle between the tractor and trailing units. We then consider several control strategies to minimize off-tracking and rearward amplification of this system. A minimum rearward amplification ratio (RWA), as a surrogate for minimum off tracking, has been used as the control criterion for medium to high speeds to arrive at an optimal Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) controller. As for low speeds, the maximum radial offset between the tractor and trailer 3 is minimized in the design of the controller. Robustness of the optimal controller with respect to tyre-parameter perturbations is then examined. Based on the simulation results, we find that, active command steering is very effective in reducing off tracking at low- as well as high-speed 90-degree turns. To achieve acceptable levels of RWA and off tracking, at least two of the three trailers must be actively command-steered. Among the three two-trailer-steering possibilities, actively steering trailers 1 and 2 is most cost-effective and results in the lowest RWA for medium- to high- speeds (at which RWA is important), and off-tracking is practically eliminated for all speed regimes considered.
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Savchenko, O. F., and I. P. Dobrolyubov. "AUTOMATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEMS FOR ASSESSING THE POWER OF TRACTOR ENGINES." In INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN SCIENCE AND EDUCATION. DSTU-Print, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/itno.2020.105-110.

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The article proposes a methodological approach to create a system of automation of the development of diagnostic systems for assessing the power of tractor engines, increasing their efficiency in solving the task of operational control of the energy parameters of the machine-tractor fleet in production conditions. The development phases in the form of methodical, organizational, information, software and technical support units are described. The method of constructing a logical scheme of the development algorithm is presented, formalizing the process of solving interconnected problems while synthesizing different structures of technical and software tools based on a set of mathematical models. The application of the methodology in the creation of a computer model of the two-mass system engine-working machine and the system of automation of the energy monitoring of the tractor park is shown.
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Boggess, Brian M., Harold H. Ralston, Dusty A. Boyd, Bryan E. Strawbridge, Douglas R. Morr, Ashley L. Dunn, and Elaine K. Castro. "Lane Change Dynamics of a Commercial Tractor-Trailer." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-11479.

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Abstract A number of vehicle-to-vehicle accidents occur as a result of significant differentials in speed and lane changes between traffic in laterally offset lane positions. These analyses can include many scenarios. One typical scenario is the merging of an articulated commercial vehicle from a roadway shoulder or on-ramp into a travel lane at a relatively low speed compared to the posted speed limit and/or actual travel speed of established lane traffic. Collisions arising during such events often involve less than full engagement between the vehicles and are complicated by the extended length (20 meters (m) (65.6 feet (ft)) or more) of most combination units and its effect on the time and distance it takes the unit to transition from one lane to another. Vehicle dynamics is used to analyze and understand the lane change dynamics in order to assess causes of accidents, as well as aide engineers in creating safeguards to avoid such accidents. A review of currently available analytical models finds that most are based on an analysis of a single-point object or a standard, non-articulated passenger vehicle. Additionally, many of these models consider either a constant lateral acceleration profile or a half-sine acceleration profile with specified peak lateral acceleration resulting in a constant lane change time regardless of vehicle longitudinal speed. When considering the actual lane change dynamics of a tractor-trailer, the typically applied predictive models are limited to predicting the dynamics of a singular point on the tractor-trailer during the lane change as opposed to more specific dynamics of the tractor and trailer combined effect. Testing in this study was completed using a conventional truck-tractor with sleeper berth, coupled to an unloaded 40-foot trailer chassis with a container. A total of 23 tests were completed, including (a) constant speed maneuvers for travel speeds ranging from 8.0 to 67.6 kilometers per hour (kph) (5.0 to 42.0 miles per hour (mph)) and (b) continuously accelerating travel speeds with lane changes initiated at 10.5 to 27.4 kph (6.5 to 17.0 mph). Two-dimensional time dependent tracking of the corners (tractor front left and right, trailer rear left and right) of the vehicle was documented and an imaging of the Detroit Diesel engine electronic control module (ECM) was collected after each test. Results of this study show that above speed ranges of 48 to 56 kph (30–35 mph), the timing involved in a constant-speed lane change maneuver tends to converge toward a constant; however, at lower speeds a clear inverse relation exists between speed and lane change timing. Empirical relationships were developed to more accurately predict the lane change dynamics of multiple points and the overall profile of an articulated commercial vehicle. Overall, this study provides data and relationships for consideration in lane change dynamics as well as the ability to distinguish timing of when a tractor-trailer would become perceivable versus its position in the roadway.
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Samsonov, V. A., and Y. F. Lachuga. "TRACTION CHARACTERISTICS OF A TRACTOR WITH HIGH ENERGY SATURATION." In INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN SCIENCE AND EDUCATION. DSTU-Print, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/itno.2020.16-20.

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The efficiency of the machine-tractor unit depends on the operational energy saturation of the tractor, which is determined by the optimal ratio of the engine's operating power to the tractor's operating weight. The operational energy saturation depends on the operation performed. Conditional energy saturation is a constant indicator equal to the ratio of the rated power of the tractor to its operating weight. The article describes a method for calculating the traction characteristics of a wheeled tractor with an energy saturation of more than 23 W/kg.
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Pavlović, Srdan, Magnus Andersson, Jonas Lantz, and Matts Karlsson. "Reduced Aerodynamic Drag for Truck-Trailer Configurations Using Parametrized CFD Studies." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-86816.

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In the presented work, two studies using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) have been conducted on a generic truck-like model with and without a trailer unit at a speed of 80 km/h. The purpose is to evaluate drag reduction possibilities using externally fitted devices. A first study deals with a flap placed at the back of a rigid truck and inclined at seven different angles with two lengths. Results show that it is possible to decrease drag by 4%. In a second study, the flap has been fitted on the tractor and trailer units of a truck-trailer combination. Four settings were surveyed for this investigation, one of which proved to decrease drag by up to 15%. A last configuration where the gap between the units has been closed has also been evaluated. This configuration offers a 15% decrease in drag. Adding a flap to the closed gap configuration decreases drag by 18%. New means of reducing aerodynamic drag of heavy-duty (HD) vehicles will be important in the foreseeable future in order to improve the fuel economy. The possibilities of reducing drag are prevalent using conceptual design.
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7

Tai, Meihua, and Masayoshi Tomizuka. "Dynamic Modeling of Multi-Unit Heavy Vehicles." In ASME 1998 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1998-0316.

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Abstract In this paper, a unique method of deriving two kinds of models: simulation model and simplified control model for an arbitrary configuration of heavy vehicle (HV) system is proposed for the Automated Highway Systems (AHS). In the simulation model, each unit of a heavy vehicle system is considered as a free body with 6 degree of freedom unless constrained by the hitching mechanisms. The roll and pitch coupling due to constraints between connected units is investigated from the geometric point of view, and the dynamics of the hitching mechanisms are incorporated. A simplifed control model is obtained independent from the simulation model. By the proper application of Newtonian and Lagrangian mechanics to the different parts of the simplified model equations, the holonomic constraint forces are eliminated from the dynamic equations of motion. The control model is given in a closed form. As a special case, an open-loop simulation of tractor-semitrailer simulation model is presented.
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8

Brickman, Dennis B., and Ralph L. Barnett. "Auger Elevator: Failure Modes and Effects Case Study." In ASME 1991 Design Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1991-0014.

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Abstract A fatal accident occurred when a right angle gear box on an auger elevator disintegrated freeing the outboard end of a rotating PTO shaft. The tractor, acting as a stationary power source, flailed the PTO shaft which then struck and killed a farmer. No similar occurrences have been reported for the nearly 2000 similar units which have been used for over a decade. This paper studies a number of fundamental failure modes in order to determine which failure modes created the accident. Systematic analysis showed that the accident was caused by unusual misuse of the product. Known safety control concepts do not preclude this unforeseeable event.
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Xi, Zhiqiang, Zhenqing Wu, Zhongli Li, and Jishun Li. "Research on Dynamic Shift Rule of Agricultural Tractor PST Based on Maximum Productivity." In ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2018-85434.

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When worked in field traction operation, the productivity index of the tractor unit is mainly reflected by the traction performance. Through analyzing the influence factors of the maximum productivity and the traction characteristics of tractor when equipped with automatic power-shift transmission, it is determined that the improvement of traction power of tractor is the fundamental measure to obtain the maximum productivity. Based on the principle, the dynamic gearshift rule and its control strategy are presented, which takes the throttle opening and engine speed as control parameters. Taking YTO LA2004 wheeled tractor as investigative subject, the simulation analysis of heavy load working condition such as ploughing was carried out. The results show that the maximum productivity shift rule can be used to shift the transmission gear with the change of traction load, which ensure that the engine works at speed governing line near the maximum power point, it can improve the traction power and traction efficiency of tractor. And when the load is small fluctuations, it doesn’t affect the change of gear, which can avoid the repeat gearshift phenomenon. The research provided a theoretical basis for the development of automatic transmission control system of tractor.
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Varadarajan, Krupasagar, and Mario A. Medina. "Estimation of Hourly Solar Loads on the Surfaces of Moving Refrigerated Tractor Trailers Outfitted With Phase Change Materials (PCMs) for Several Routes Across the Continental U.S." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-85476.

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The primary objective of this paper was to calculate solar loads and wind chill temperatures on the surfaces of moving refrigerated tractor trailers outfitted with phase change materials (PCMs) for several routes across the Continental United States. As food transportation vehicles, these trucks experience different environmental conditions as they are in motion. The study of PCMs on food transportation vehicles could lead to new findings related to energy conservation. In this research work, a solar model was developed based on synthesized weather data files obtained from the National Solar Radiation Data Base (NSRDB), which contains weather information from 1961 through 1990 for 239 locations (TMY2 data) and weather information from 1991 through 2005 for 1020 locations (TMY3 data). The solar model comprised two parts, data extraction and solar load calculations. The data extraction part separated and picked out the required fields from the TMY data and used them in the solar load calculations program, which was used to estimate the solar loads and wind chill temperatures of every exposed surface of a moving tractor trailer. These solar loads, and wind chill temperatures would then be used in selecting the adequate type of PCMs for a particular route and time of year. In conventional cargo trucks, the refrigeration units are operated by burning fossil fuels, mainly diesel. Therefore, a decrease in refrigeration load would have an impact in fuel consumption and/or in the reduction in size of the refrigeration equipment’s.
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Reports on the topic "Tractor units"

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Scott Smith, Karla Younessi, Matt Markstaller, Dan Schlesinger, Bhaskar Bhatnagar, Donald Smith, Bruno Banceu, et al. Test, Evaluation, and Demonstration of Practical Devices/Systems to Reduce Aerodynamic Drag of Tractor/Semitrailer Combination Unit Trucks. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/926158.

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Reimus, Paul W. Results and Preliminary Inferences from Tracer Tests in Smith Ranch Mining Unit 4, Header House 4-6. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1114409.

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Elroy-Stein, Orna, and Dmitry Belostotsky. Mechanism of Internal Initiation of Translation in Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7696518.bard.

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Original objectives Elucidation of PABP's role in crTMV148 IRES function in-vitro using wheat germ extract and krebs-2 cells extract. Fully achieved. Elucidation of PABP's role in crTMV148 IRES function in-vivo in Arabidopsis. Characterization of the physical interactions of PABP and other potential ITAFs with crTMV148 IRES. Partly achieved. To conduct search for additional ITAFs using different approaches and evaluate the candidates. Partly achieved. Background of the topic The power of internal translation via the activity of internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) elements allow coordinated synthesis of multiple gene products from a single transcription unit, and thereby enables to bypass the need for sequential transformation with multiple independent transgenes. The key goal of this project was to identify and analyze the IRES-trans-acting factors (ITAFs) that mediate the activity of a crucifer-infecting tobamovirus (crTMV148) IRES. The remarkable conservation of the IRES activity across the phylogenetic spectrum (yeast, plants and animals) strongly suggests that key ITAFs that mediate its activity are themselves highly conserved. Thus, crTMV148 IRES offers opportunity for elucidation of the fundamental mechanisms underlying internal translation in higher plants in order to enable its rational manipulation for the purpose of agricultural biotechnology. Major conclusions and achievements. - CrTMV IRES requires PABP for maximal activity. This conclusion was achieved by PABP depletion and reconstitution of wheat germ- and Krebs2-derived in-vitro translation assays using Arabidopsis-derived PABP2, 3, 5, 8 and yeast Pab1p. - Mutations in the internal polypurine tract of the IRES decrease the high-affinity binding of all phylogenetically divergent PABPs derived from Arabidopsis and yeast in electro mobility gel shift assays. - Mutations in the internal polypurine tract decrease IRES activity in-vivo. - The 3'-poly(A) tail enhances crTMV148 IRES activity more efficiently in the absence of 5'-methylated cap. - In-vivo assembled RNPs containing proteins specifically associated with the IRES were purified from HEK293 cells using the RNA Affinity in Tandem (RAT) approach followed by their identification by mass spectroscopy. - This study yielded a list of potential protein candidates that may serve as ITAFs of crTMV148 IRES activity, among them are a/b tubulin, a/g actin, GAPDH, enolase 1, ribonuclease/angiogenin inhibitor 1, 26S proteasome subunit p45, rpSA, eEF1Bδ, and proteasome b5 subunit. Implications, both scientific and agriculture. The fact that the 3'-poly(A) tail enhances crTMV148 IRES activity more efficiently in the absence of 5'-methylated cap suggests a potential joint interaction between PABP, the IRES sequence and the 3'-poly(A). This has an important scientific implication related to IRES function in general.
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Decontamination of the mouth or digestive tract was not linked to reductions in drug-resistant bloodstream infections in the intensive care unit. National Institute for Health Research, February 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/signal-000727.

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