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1
Schwab, Charles V., J. Gordon Arbuckle, and H. Mark Hanna. "Barriers and Motivators for Tractor ROPS Retrofitting in Iowa." Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health 25, no. 1 (2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/jash.13039.
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Abstract. Iowa State University Extension and Outreach conducted an assessment of Iowa farm operators’ perceptions of the barriers and motivators when considering retrofitting tractors with rollover protective structures (ROPS). A statewide sample of approximately 2,000 farm operators was surveyed in the 2017 Iowa Farm and Rural Life Poll. A series of questions was asked to evaluate the importance of potential barriers to decisions to not retrofit a tractor and potential motivators that could influence the decision to retrofit or purchase a tractor with ROPS. The survey received a 48% response rate (999 responses). Among the 76% of Iowa farm operators who reported at least one pre-1985 tractor, only 18.6% reported that all of those tractors had ROPS. The remaining 81.4% had at least one tractor that did not have ROPS. Iowa farm operators’ perceptions of the barriers and motivators when considering retrofitting tractors with ROPS are shared. The results of Iowa farm operators’ perceptions will be used as Iowa State University Extension and Outreach prepares to align efforts with the National Tractor Safety Coalition and participate in the National ROPS Rebate Program, with the goal of reducing tractor fatalities. Keywords: Agricultural fatalities, Farm safety, Farmer-attitudes, Retrofit, Rollover protective structures, Safety, Tractor overturns, Tractor safety.
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Lindhorst, Caleb M., Roger M. Hoy, Santosh K. Pitla, and Michael F. Kocher. "Dynamic ROPS Test for Tractors over 6,000 Kilograms." Transactions of the ASABE 61, no. 1 (2018): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12499.
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Abstract. OECD static tests (Codes 4, 6, 7, and 8) for agricultural rollover protective structures (ROPS) have become accepted standards for evaluating the ability of these structures to protect the operator during tractor rollover events. The strength properties of some materials typically used in ROPS change because of cold weather embrittlement at low temperatures. The static ROPS tests lack the ability to evaluate the strength of these structures during cold weather. The use of the dynamic ROPS test is well noted as a means for proving cold weather embrittlement resistance properties. Unfortunately, application of the OECD dynamic ROPS test (Code 3) is restricted to tractors with unballasted mass greater than 600 kg and generally less than 6,000 kg. The analyses presented in this technical note were undertaken to evaluate the extension of the OECD Code 3 dynamic ROPS test to tractors with unballasted mass of 6,000 kg or more. Tractor unballasted mass and wheelbase data from 47 wheeled tractors tested at the Nebraska Tractor Test Lab from 2014 to 2016 were used to explore the possibility of using a dynamic test method for evaluating the ability of ROPS on tractors with unballasted mass greater than 6,000 kg to meet the safety requirements of agricultural tractor ROPS. The data were graphed and analyzed to determine the required pendulum drop height and energy values to be applied to the ROPS by extending the existing equations to tractors over 6,000 kg. For tractors over 6,000 kg mass, it was determined that pendulum drop heights were too great for practical use. Three pendulum masses were proposed for the dynamic ROPS test: a 2,000 kg pendulum for tractors with mass less than 7,000 kg, a 4,000 kg pendulum for tractors with mass of 7,000 kg or more and less than 14,000 kg, and a 6,000 kg pendulum for tractors with mass of 14,000 kg or more and less than 23,000 kg. Alternate equations were developed for the drop height of each pendulum to meet the energy requirements that are expected to provide similar permanent deflections as those obtained when using the static ROPS test when considering the effect of strain rates on material properties. Tests should be conducted to determine how the results (permanent deflections) from the proposed dynamic ROPS test compare with results from the accepted static ROPS tests. It is further proposed that dynamic testing be conducted with the tractor rigidly restrained in a manner similar to the static test to better account for the wide variety of available tires and mountings for each tractor model. Keywords: Energy, Impact test, Pendulum, Reference mass, ROPS, Tractors.
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Myers, Melvin L. "Editorial: The Power of Safety Professionals to Effect Change." Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health 26, no. 2 (2020): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/jash.13984.
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Abstract. In 2006, Cole et al. (2006) reported on tractor overturn-related injuries in Kentucky from a random sample of farmers that numbered 6,063 respondents. The highest number of people who experienced tractor overturns were operators 16 to 20 years old. In 2007, at a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Tractor Safety Initiative meeting in Colorado, John Myers of NIOSH presented a map of the states with the highest overturn fatality rates: Tennessee, Kentucky, West Virginia, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Illinois. Significantly, four of these states, including Kentucky, overlap the Appalachian region (Cole, 2007; Hard and Myers, 2001). In Kentucky, this region involves farming on slopes, as examined by Saman et al. (2012), who found a high-risk cluster of tractor overturns among ten Kentucky counties in the Appalachian region, with a 97% increased risk of overturn as compared to other Kentucky counties. In 1971, James Arndt of Deere & Company presented a 50-year review of rollover protective structures (ROPS) at a Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) conference. Arndt (1971) estimated that, over the previous 50 years, 30,000 operators had been killed when crushed by tractor overturns in agriculture and construction work. Since then, ROPS have been recognized as an effective device to prevent death in the event of a tractor overturn (Reynolds and Groves, 2000). Nevertheless, the epidemic of tractor-related deaths has continued into the modern era, and the cost of ROPS has been found to be a significant barrier to retrofitting tractors that lack ROPS (Myers et al., 1998). To provide a low-cost alternative, NIOSH safety engineers have designed, tested, and provided instructions for building and fitting cost-effective ROPS (CROPS) onto pre-ROPS tractors (i.e., tractors built before 1968) (Hard et al., 2016). Keywords: NIOSH, ROPS, Tractor overturns, Tractor safety.
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Troyanovskaya, Irina, and Anton Kalugin. "Certification tests of a protective device such as ROPS to ensure safe usage of tractors." MATEC Web of Conferences 224 (2018): 02061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822402061.
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According to the safety requirements, all protective devices of tractor units are subject to obligatory certification. One of the main means of protecting the operator during overturning is ROPS system. In accordance with GOST (National State Standard), a performance check of ROPS protective structures is carried out on basis of full-scale tests. The purpose of the presented study is to develop the experimental procedure and to obtain the performance check result of ROPS protective device of the tractor unit’s cabin using B10 bulldozer manufactured by the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant as an example. The tests were carried out at the Ural Test Center NATI. For this purpose, a special bedplate was used, allowing to test the protective cabins of tractors with the total mass of up to 110 tons. The hydraulic system of the bedplate allowed to carry out the process of lateral loading of ROPS step by step, where each step corresponded to the 10 mm structure deformation. The applied load and structure deformation were recorded at each step. The energy accumulated by the structure was calculated as the area under the stress-strain curve. The energy U = 40867 J, which was required according to GOST, was accumulated during lateral deformation Δ = 270 mm. The force constituted Fy = 243 kN. After removing the lateral load, the structure was subjected to the vertical static and longitudinal loading. During the whole experiment of ROPS protective device, repairs, deformation corrections and adjustments were not allowed. The test results of ROPS structure of B10 bulldozer cabin showed compliance with the GOST safety requirements. During ROPS deformation, penetration of the protective structure elements into the driver’s limited zone was not observed.
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Sorensen, Julie A., John May, Patrick O'Hara, Ronne Ostby, Thomas Lehman, Stacey Viebrock, and Maria Emmelin. "Evaluating Tractor Safety Messages: A Concept Development Project." Social Marketing Quarterly 14, no. 4 (November 26, 2008): 22–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15245000802549926.
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This article describes a formative strategy for developing effective tractor safety messages aimed at small crop and livestock farmers in New York. This population accounts for the highest proportion of tractors lacking rollover protective structures (ROPS), which reduce the risk of overturn injury or death. To encourage ROPS installation on unprotected tractors, persuasive messages were developed to be used as part of a social marketing intervention. The message development process involved evaluating concepts in small group discussions (triads) with the target audience. Participants were asked to review and provide feedback on 15 concepts, select two favorites, and discuss influential message channels. Results indicate that messages should address existing concerns for family safety or a permanently disabling injury and should realistically depict the lives of participants. Messages featuring financial incentives must clearly state the cost to the farmer. Although the data from the pilot test of intervention components has not yet been analyzed, data from the program hotline indicates concept development messages and rebates generated a greater demand for ROPS than generic messages and rebates. In conclusion, by employing the target population in the message development process it was possible to increase the efficacy of ROPS social marketing messages.
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Serov, S. I., D. I. Naradovyj, and I. P. Troyanovskaya. "Testing of the protective device ROPS of the industrial tractor B10." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 85, no. 3 (June 15, 2018): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-66413.
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According to the requirements of the technical regulations, all protective devices of tractor units are subject to obligatory certification. One of the main protection frame of the operator when overturning is the ROPS system. According to the requirements of State standard (GOST), the test for a compliance with protective structures ROPS should be carried out on the basis of full-scale tests. The aim of the investigation was to develop the experimental procedure and to obtain the result of the assessment of the compliance with the safety requirements of the ROPS safety device of the bulldozer compartment B10 (B12) manufactured by the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant. The tests were carried out at the Ural Test Center NATI. For this purpose, a special stand was used, allowing to test the protective cabs of tractors with a total mass of up to 110 tons. For this purpose, a special test bench was used, allowing to test the protective cabs of tractors with a total mass up to 110 tons. The hydraulic system of the test bench allowed to carry out the process of lateral loading ROPS step by step, where each step corresponded to the deformation of the construction 10 mm. At each step, the acting forces and deformation of the construction were registered. The accumulated energy of the construction was calculated as the area under the stress-strain curve. The required GOST force Fy = 212,4 kN was achieved with a deformation of 180 mm. However, the lack of the accumulated energy at that time required a continuation of the lateral loading of the construction. The required energy according to GOST U = 40867 J was collected during the lateral deformation ∆ = 270 mm. The force at that was Fy = 243. After removing the lateral load, the construction was subjected to vertical static and longitudinal loading. During the whole experiment of the protective device ROPS repair, correction of deformations and bringing the construction into order were not allowed. The results of tests of the ROPS cab construction of bulldozer B10 (B12) have showed the compliance with the GOST safety requirements. During the ROPS deformation, the penetration of the elements of the protective construction into the zone of a limited volume of the driver's seat was not observed.
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Capacci, Enrico, Bruno Franceschetti, Andrew Guzzomi, and Valda Rondelli. "Energy Absorption in Actual Tractor Rollovers with Different Tire Configurations." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12 (June 17, 2021): 6517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126517.
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In order to better understand the complexities of modern tractor rollover, this paper investigates the energy absorbed by a Roll-Over Protective Structure (ROPS) cab during controlled lateral rollover testing carried out on a modern narrow-track tractor with a silent-block suspended ROPS cab. To investigate how different tractor set-ups may influence ROPS and energy partitioning, tests were conducted with two different wheel configurations, wide (equivalent to normal ‘open field’ operation) and narrow (equivalent to ‘orchard/vineyard’ operation), and refer to both the width of the tires and the corresponding track. Dynamic load cells and displacement transducers located at the ROPS-ground impact points provided a direct measurement of the energy absorbed by the ROPS cab frame. A trilateration method was developed and mounted onboard to measure load cell trajectory with respect to the cab floor in real-time. The associated video record of each rollover event provided further information and opportunity to explain the acquired data. The narrow tire configuration consistently subjected the ROPS cab frame to more energy than the wide tire arrangement. To better evaluate the influence of the ROPS cab silent-blocks in lateral rollover, static and dynamic tests were performed. The results confirm that tires influence the energy partition significantly and that further understanding of silent-blocks’ dynamic performance is warranted.
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Sanderson, Wayne T., Joan M. Mazur, Stacy K. Vincent, and A. Preston Byrd. "Editorial: Response to “ROPS Are Not Homemade”." Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health 26, no. 1 (2020): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/jash.13723.
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Abstract. We are writing in response to the editorial “ROPS Are Not Homemade” by W. E. Field, R. Tormoehlen, S. Ehlers, C. Cheng, A. Talbert, G. Deboy, D. Haberlin, and C. V. Schwab, which was published in the July 2019 issue of the Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health (Field et al., 2019). The editorial warns secondary school teachers and FFA advisors about the potential liability of fabricating and installing low-cost rollover protective structures (ROPS) as service learning projects for agricultural education students. The apparent intent of the editorial is to discourage teachers and advisors from carrying out such projects. We wish to present arguments as to why these are actually highly beneficial projects to undertake, and perhaps one of our best hopes for significantly reducing the number of tractor overturn injuries and fatalities by directly involving our nation’s youth. Keywords: Homemade ROPS, ROPS, Tractor overturns.
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Nguyen, Nang Van, Yasuhiro Harada, Hiroki Takimoto, and Kota Shimomoto. "Measurement of Static Lateral Stability Angle and Roll Moment of Inertia for Agricultural Tractors with Attached Implements." Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health 26, no. 1 (2020): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/jash.13610.
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Highlights Keywords: Implement, Inertial parameter, Lateral stability, Moment of inertia, Rollover, Tractor.Static lateral stability of agricultural tractors with mounted rotary tillers was analyzed. Keywords: Implement, Inertial parameter, Lateral stability, Moment of inertia, Rollover, Tractor.The mounted implement increased static lateral stability of tractors in phase I rollover but decreased static lateral stability in phase II rollover. Keywords: Implement, Inertial parameter, Lateral stability, Moment of inertia, Rollover, Tractor.A mounted implement may significantly reduce the static lateral stability of agricultural tractors and increase the risk of tractor side overturn. Keywords: Implement, Inertial parameter, Lateral stability, Moment of inertia, Rollover, Tractor. ABSTRACT. Each year, many fatalities result from rollovers of agricultural tractors in Japan. In addition to rollover protective structures (ROPS) and seat belts, a warning device that alerts the operator of impending rollover based on the tractor stability index is a measure used to prevent rollovers. The stability index requires inertial parameters, which have been measured only for the single body of the tractor, to calculate the warning threshold. In this study, the center of gravity (CoG) and lateral stability angles of three agricultural tractors were measured, and lateral stability angles were also calculated and compared with measured values for three tractor-tiller combinations to analyze the effect of the attached implement on the tractor stability as well as to verify the accuracy of the calculation methods. The roll moment of inertia (RMI) was also measured for two tractors and two rotary tillers, and RMI values for tractor-tiller combinations were calculated. The measurement and calculation results show that the attached implement increased the lateral stability angle of tractors in phase I rollover and decreased the lateral stability angle in phase II rollover, and for a certain tractor-tiller combination, there was no transition from phase I to phase II rollover. The difference between the measured and calculated lateral stability angles in phase I ranged from -3.5° to 2.5°, while that in phase II ranged from 0.2° to 5.2°. The RMI about the longitudinal axis through the CoG was 203 and 433 kg m-2 for tractors A and B, respectively, and 52 and 94 kg m-2 for rotary tillers D and F, respectively. The calculated RMI values were 265 and 540 kg m-2 for tractor-tiller combinations A-D and B-E, respectively. Keywords: Implement, Inertial parameter, Lateral stability, Moment of inertia, Rollover, Tractor.
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Franceschetti, Bruno, Valda Rondelli, and Enrico Capacci. "Lateral Stability Performance of Articulated Narrow-Track Tractors." Agronomy 11, no. 12 (December 10, 2021): 2512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11122512.
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A tractor losing lateral stability starts to rollover. It is a matter of fact that tractor lateral rollover accidents are one of the most frequent causes of death and injuries for farmers. Consequently, tractors are fitted with a specific protective structure to minimize the consequences for the driver during the rollover (ROPS). The narrow-track tractor, designed to operate in vineyards and orchards, is a tractor category with a very narrow track width and the risk of rollover is higher. The aim of the study was to evaluate the compact narrow-track tractor types commercially available, designed to mount a cantilever engine in the forward position with effects on the Center of Gravity (CoG) because more than 50% of the tractor weight is loaded on the front axle, and, specifically, the articulated narrow-track tractors where the stability is affected by the pivot point connecting the two tractor bodies. As a consequence of the typical tractor design of articulated tractors, during the steering action the line passing through the front and rear tire contact points on the ground changes, influencing the tractor’s stability. The approach of the research was based on reproducing the lateral stability tractor condition by developing a kinematic model, with the goal to virtually simulate the tractor behavior and to calculate the lateral stability angle for articulated tractors. The innovative contribution of this paper was the tractor articulation joint modeling, assuming a virtual pivot point to reproduce two relatives’ rotations between the front and rear bodies of the tractor: vertical (yaw angle) and longitudinal (roll angle) rotations. The lowest value of the stability angle was 39.3°, measured at −35° yaw angle. The model at the tractor design stage will allow adjusting of the tractor parameters to improve the lateral stability performance.
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Rondelli, Valda, and Andrew Louis Guzzomi. "Selecting ROPS safety margins for wheeled agricultural tractors based on tractor mass." Biosystems Engineering 105, no. 3 (March 2010): 402–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2009.12.013.
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Pascuzzi, Simone. "A multibody approach applied to the study of driver injuries due to a narrow-track wheeled tractor rollover." Journal of Agricultural Engineering 46, no. 3 (October 1, 2015): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jae.2015.466.
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This paper proposes the use of the multibody approach to evaluate the severity of the injuries to the driver associated with rollover of an agricultural tractor. A simple rollover accident of a narrow-track wheeled tractor was simulated in the multibody-FEM Madymo environment and the biomechanical damage to the operator with and without 2-point pelvic restraint was analysed. The structure of the tractor was considered to be unbendable, whereas i) infinitely rigid, ii) clay-based and iii) sand-based soils have been studied. The obtained results highlight the important role played by the seat belt in confining the farm operator within the safety volume maintained by the rollover protective structure (ROPS) of the tractor so that the injuries are reduced. The deformation of the soil produces lower acceleration and velocity values than those obtained with a rigid soil. On the other hand, as soil plastic deformations increase, the penetration of ROPS into the soil also increases, thus reducing the safety volume of the tractor and increasing the probability of interactions between the operator and the soil.
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Li, Zhifeng, and Paul D. Ayers. "Strength Test for Pre-ROPS Tractor Axle Housings." Journal of Agromedicine 4, no. 3-4 (August 8, 1997): 303–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j096v04n03_14.
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Araujo, Guilherme de M., Marcos A. Teixeira, Murilo A. Voltarelli, Wilson de A. Orlando Junior, and Leticia C. M. Tavares. "COIL SPRING FOR TORQUE REDUCTION IN TRACTOR FOLDABLE ROPS." Engenharia Agrícola 38, no. 5 (September 2018): 680–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4430-eng.agric.v38n5p680-689/2018.
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Ayers, Paul, Farzaneh Khorsandi, Xinyan Wang, and Guilherme Araujo. "ROPS designs to protect operators during agricultural tractor rollovers." Journal of Terramechanics 75 (February 2018): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jterra.2017.05.003.
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Hsiao, Hongwei. "Anthropometric Procedures for Protective Equipment Sizing and Design." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55, no. 1 (November 30, 2012): 6–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720812465640.
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Objectives: This article presented four anthropometric theories (univariate, bivariate/probability distribution, multivariate, and shape-based methods) for protective equipment design decisions. Background: While the significance of anthropometric information for product design is well recognized, designers continue to face challenges in selecting efficient anthropometric data processing methods and translating the acquired information into effective product designs. Methods: For this study, 100 farm tractor operators, 3,718 respirator users, 951 firefighters, and 816 civilian workers participated in four studies on the design of tractor roll-over protective structures (ROPS), respirator test panels, fire truck cabs, and fall-arrest harnesses, respectively. Their anthropometry and participant-equipment interfaces were evaluated. Results: Study 1 showed a need to extend the 90-cm vertical clearance for tractor ROPS in the current industrial standards to 98.3 to 101.3 cm. Study 2 indicated that current respirator test panel would have excluded 10% of the male firefighter population; a systematic adjustment to the boundaries of test panel cells was suggested. Study 3 provided 24 principal component analysis-based firefighter body models to facilitate fire truck cab design. Study 4 developed an improved gender-based fall-arrest harness sizing scheme to supplant the current unisex system. Conclusions: This article presented four anthropometric approaches and a six-step design paradigm for ROPS, respirator test panel, fire truck cab, and fall-arrest harness applications, which demonstrated anthropometric theories and practices for defining protective equipment fit and sizing schemes. Applications: The study provided a basis for equipment designers, standards writers, and industry manufacturers to advance anthropometric applications for product design and improve product efficacy.
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Gattamelata, Davide, Leonardo Vita, and Mario Fargnoli. "Machinery Safety and Ergonomics: A Case Study Research to Augment Agricultural Tracklaying Tractors’ Safety and Usability." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16 (August 16, 2021): 8643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168643.
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Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) in agricultural activities is an issue of major concern worldwide notwithstanding the ever stricter regulations issued in this sector. In particular, most accidents are related to the use of tractors and the main causes of this phenomenon are due to the lack of rollover protective structures (ROPSs). This happens especially when tractors are used in particular in-field operations that are characterized by limited clearances between tractor and crop rows so that farmers usually use tractors without ROPS (e.g., dismounting it). To solve such a problem, foldable protective structures (FROPSs) have been proposed, which should augment the operator’s protection. However, FROPS’s conventional solutions underestimate the operators’ risk-taking behavior and the widespread misuse of FROPS due to the efforts needed to operate it. The current study aims at contributing to the improvement of the latter issue proposing the development of a novel approach for the implementation of partial assistance systems (PASs) that can reduce the physical effort of the operator when raising/lowering the FROPS. The proposed methodology, which is based on a reverse engineering approach, was verified by means of a practical case study on a tracklaying tractor. Results achieved can contribute to expanding knowledge on technical solutions aimed at improving the human-machinery interaction in the agricultural sector.
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Troyanovskaya, I. P., S. I. Serov, E. I. Kromskij, and D. V. Kozminych. "Estimating safety of a tractor cab with the protective system ROPS." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 450 (December 4, 2018): 032021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/450/3/032021.
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Facchinetti, Davide, Stefano Santoro, Lavinia Eleonora Galli, and Domenico Pessina. "Agricultural Tractor Roll-Over Related Fatalities in Italy: Results from a 12 Years Analysis." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 19, 2021): 4536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084536.
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In Italy, about 160 fatal accidents per year have occurred recently in agriculture, most of them involving agricultural machinery. The most frequent cause of fatal events is the tractor overturning. One of the opportunities to monitor the trend of agricultural tractors fatal overturning is a meticulous search for information on the numerous web portals, at national and local level. In fact, in their information purposes are also included the recording, practically in real time, of significant details about each fatal event, such as the place of the accident, the year, the month and the day of the week of occurring, the victim’s age, gender and nationality, etc. This article is describing the results of the monitoring of fatal tractor overturning accidents in the period of 2008–2019 in Italy. In the 12 years of the survey, 1414 fatal accidents were recorded, most of them occurring in the spring and summer months. The region with the highest cumulative number of fatal events was Tuscany (143). The majority (58.8%) of the victims were over 60, while 71.4% of accidents occurred during field work. Most (57.6%) of the tractors involved in the fatal events did not have rollover protective structures (ROPS), while 19.4% were equipped with a two-post foldable front roll-bar, which, however, was in the lowered position at the time of the accident. In most cases, the tractors involved were obsolete and in poor maintenance conditions, and did not comply with general and specific laws on work safety. To improve the situation, the introduction of the tractor training certificate for the drivers and the periodical inspection for tractors, as well as the issuing of significant financial supports to encourage the replacement of the old models with modern more safe models, are the most effective actions to be put into practice.
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Gattamelata, Davide, Daniele Puri, Leonardo Vita, and Mario Fargnoli. "A Full Assistance System (FAS) for the Safe Use of the Tractor’s Foldable Rollover Protective Structure (FROPS)." AgriEngineering 5, no. 1 (January 25, 2023): 218–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering5010015.
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The use of agricultural tractors is a major concern in agriculture safety due to the high level of risk of loss of stability combined with the frequent absence of passive safety devices such as rollover protective structures (ROPSs). Indeed, although in most cases the ROPS is installed, when working in vineyards, orchards, or in other cases of limited crop height, the tractor is usually equipped with a foldable ROPS (FROPS), which is often misused because the effort needed for raising/lowering is excessive and the locking procedure is time-consuming. Thus, the goal of this research is to investigate the problem from the ergonomics point of view, developing a support system capable of facilitating FROPS operations. The research outcome consists of the development of a retrofitted full assistance system (FAS) for lowering/raising the FROPS by means of electric actuators. Additionally, an automatic locking device (ALD) was also developed to safely and automatically lock the FROPS. Both the FAS and ALD systems were implemented following a reverse-engineering approach, while their final validation was performed by means of a real prototype tested in a laboratory. The results achieved can contribute to expanding knowledge on human-centered research to improve safety in agriculture and thus social issues of sustainable agricultural systems.
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Latorre-Biel, Juan-Ignacio, Amaya Pérez-Ezcurdia, Marta Benito-Amurrio, and José Ramón Alfaro-López. "Influence of Geometry in the Behavior of Disc-Shaped Mechanical Energy Absorbers for Agricultural Tractors." Agronomy 11, no. 12 (December 20, 2021): 2594. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11122594.
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Disc-shaped mechanical energy absorbers (MEAs), in combination with rollover protection structures (ROPSs), may contribute to the prevention of the infringement of the safety zone and the collapse of the ROPS in case of the overturn of an agricultural tractor. An MEA can absorb a significant amount of potential energy of an overturning tractor and its deformation produces a rotation of the ROPS around the safety zone. In this research, MEAs with two different geometries have been developed. Both geometries present common features, such as disc dimensions, number of rings, and number of arms, but the distribution of the arms differs. Additionally, these MEA were manufactured in steel discs of four different thicknesses, ranging from 2 to 6 mm. The manufactured MEAs were tested in a universal testing machine, and their behavior characterized. From this data, linear models of the MEAs were developed. As a consequence, a number of characteristic parameters were selected and calculated, such as the activation load and the strain energy absorbed in a safe range of applied loads. Some patterns and trends were analyzed from the tested MEAs, which enables a better description of their behavior and the extrapolation of this behavior to other non-tested thicknesses and geometries.
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Kim, Hyuck-Joo, Kwan-Woo Kim, Sun Choi, Jong-Sun Kim, Yu-Yong Kim, Jin-Oh Kim, Hak-Kyu Kim, and Soon-Hong Kwon. "A Study on Improving the Tractor ROPS and Seatbelt use of Korean Farmers." Journal of Biosystems Engineering 35, no. 5 (October 25, 2010): 294–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.5307/jbe.2010.35.5.294.
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Biddle, Elyce Anne, and Paul R. Keane. "Action Learning: A New Method to Increase Tractor Rollover Protective Structure (ROPS) Adoption." Journal of Agromedicine 17, no. 4 (October 2012): 398–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1059924x.2012.713842.
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Vigoroso, Lucia, Federica Caffaro, Margherita Micheletti Cremasco, and Eugenio Cavallo. "Improving Tractor Safety: A Comparison between the Usability of a Conventional and Enhanced Rear-Mounted Foldable ROPS (FROPS)." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 16 (August 17, 2022): 10195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610195.
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Tractor rollover is the main cause of both fatal and non-fatal injuries in agriculture. The foldable rollover protective structure (FROPS) can help to prevent these injuries. However, in many cases, the FROPS is left in a folded-down position. Human factor and rear-mounted FROPS technical characteristics influence operators’ behavior in roll-bar handling. To improve the FROPS’s comfortable use, the prototype of an enhanced handling system was developed, and its usability was tested and compared with a conventional FROPS. Usability was assessed with 93 novice tractor users through an ad hoc questionnaire (investigating perceived effort, time demand, the posture adopted and satisfaction) and observations (investigating effectiveness and efficiency) during lowering and raising tasks. For both tasks, the participants perceived significantly less effort, less physical discomfort, a higher level of satisfaction and less time demand while operating the enhanced FROPS. Observations showed that the critical issues that emerged for the conventional FROPS were eliminated by adopting the developed and implemented handling system. The developed handling system showed itself to be usable and effective in making the FROPS easier and safer to be operated.
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J. A. Sorensen, J. J. May, P. L. Jenkins, A. M. Jones, and G. B. Earle-Richardson. "Risk Perceptions, Barriers, and Motivators to Tractor ROPS Retrofitting in the New York State Farm Community." Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health 12, no. 3 (2006): 215–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.21229.
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J. Guan, H. Hsiao, J. V. Zwiener, R. S. Current, T. J. Lutz, D. M. Cantis, J. R. Powers Jr., B. H. Newbraugh, and J. S. Spahr. "Evaluating the Protective Capacity of Two-Post ROPS for a Seat-Belted Occupant During a Farm Tractor Overturn." Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health 17, no. 1 (2011): 15–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.36231.
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Tormoehlen, Sean A., and William E. Field. "Summary of Indiana Farm Fatalities Involving Individuals 55 Years and Older—1988–2017." Safety 5, no. 2 (June 15, 2019): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety5020039.
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Agriculture has historically been one of the most hazardous of all occupations, with a variety of potential safety risks to workers and even higher risks documented for older agricultural workers. This study was undertaken to document and summarize Indiana farm work-related fatalities involving persons 55 years and older over the 30 year period from 1988 to 2017. Data were mined from the Purdue University Agricultural Safety and Health Program’s Fatality Database that dates back to the 1960s. A total of 388 fatalities involving persons 55 years and older was documented. The average age of the victims was 69.3 years old, and an overwhelming majority of the cases involved males (96.1%). The average number of deaths per year has remained fairly consistent, though it has occasionally been erratic, with an unanticipated increase in the number of documented fatalities over the period 2012–2017. There appeared to be a direct positive correlation between the level or intensity of agricultural production in a county and the frequency of fatalities. The type of fatal injury most commonly reported was crush/run-over, with 229 cases (59%). The most common agent or source of injury involved was tractors, with 157 cases (40.5%). Another noted contributing factor was the high frequency of incidents in which the victim was reported to be working alone at the time of death. Findings will be used to develop evidence-based injury prevention strategies, including the development of agricultural safety training materials and methods more relevant to older farmers. A special emphasis should be placed on reducing the risk of tractor and farm machinery overturns, especially when older, non-roll over protection structure (ROPS) equipped tractors are being operated.
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Vykydal, Petr, František Bauer, Pavel Sedlák, and Adam Polcar. "The influence of the undercarriage and tire inflation rating on drawbar characteristics of tractors." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 60, no. 5 (2012): 255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201260050255.
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The aim of the measurement was to verify the drawbar characteristics of chosen tractors with different undercarriages. The tractors were of the same engine power as well as type of gearbox (PowerShift – gears full shifted while loaded). We were dealing with the wheeled tractor John Deere 8320 and crawler tractor John Deere 8320RT. The measurement was implemented in the land register of Vrbovec (Znojmo region) in an area where green peas were grown as the main product and winter wheat as the preceding crop. The measured and the counterproductive tractors were interconnected by the rope containing strain-gauge force sensors. The wheeled tractor was decelerated by the tractor crawler. The tractor crawler was decelerated by two wheeled tractors. The wheeled tractor’s stress-strain properties were also measured applying two pressure rating alternatives. Variant A presented inflation pressure of 160 kPa on the front axle and of 140 kPa on the rear axle. Variant B applied inflation pressure of 120 kPa on the front axle and of 100 kPa on the rear axle. Measured and calculated findings reveal that the tractor crawler achieved higher drawbar power and lower specific tractive consumption and traction slip than the wheeled tractor with both variants of inflation. Comparing the stress-strain characteristics of the wheeled tractor with a different tire inflation illustrates that using variant B, higher drawbar power and lower specific tractive consumption and traction slip were measured.
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Cui, Weihua, Weilin Gu, Xiaoyang Li, and Hui Wang. "Influence of friction coefficient on mechanical properties of braided wire rope in winding traction state." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2076, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2076/1/012074.
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Abstract In the construction of cable erections, when passing through the reel of the tractor, the braided wire rope used for traction in the state of winding traction is subjected to the composite action of tensile, bending, extrusion, friction and other forces, of which the stress condition is the most complicated, and the wear is the most likely to occur. The Friction coefficient is an important factor which directly affects the mechanical and wear properties of wire ropes. Therefore, according to the cable traction condition, the influence of friction coefficient on the rope tension attenuation during the winding traction process is analyzed. Because the wear of wires between braided wire rope strands is the most serious, this paper focuses on the influence of the friction coefficient between the rope strands on the mechanical properties of wire ropes. Regarding YS9-8×19 braided wire rope as the research object, a solid model of “rope-wheel” winding traction system is established. Based on the actual conditions, the finite element simulation model of winding traction system is established by setting load and constraint conditions. The influence of friction coefficients on the stress and deformation of braided wire rope strands is researched, by setting different friction coefficients between rope strands and analyzing the simulation results, in order to provide theoretical instructions of braided wire ropes used for traction.
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Cheng, Yuan-Hsin, William E. Field, Roger Tormoehlen, and Edward J. Sheldon. "2016 Indiana Farm Fatality Summary with Historical Comparisons." Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health 26, no. 3 (2020): 105–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/jash.13635.
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Highlights1,412 farm-related fatalities have been documented in Indiana since 1970.There were 30.7 fatalities annually, with an average of 25.2 over the past ten years.Victims age 60 and older have increased slightly, accounting for about 48% of all documented fatalities.Fatalities involving youth under the age of 18 have decreased in frequency.Tractors accounted for 45% of all farm fatalities over the past 20 years.Tractor rollovers continue to be the most frequent cause of farm-related fatalities.Abstract. Purdue University’s Agricultural Safety and Health Program (PUASHP) has been monitoring farm-related fatalities in Indiana for more than 70 years. The earliest identified summary of cases was published in 1960. This database, although recognized as not comprehensive for all farm-related deaths, provides a unique opportunity to explore trends that have occurred over several decades during which agricultural production has experienced considerable transformation in technology and practices. Analysis of earlier unpublished Indiana fatality data gathered during the 1940s and early 1950s identified the leading causes of deaths during that period as livestock related, primarily involving horses and bulls. These animal-related causes of injury and death have been largely replaced, at a much lower frequency, with tractors and machinery. Over the past five decades, the data show a clear downward trend that closely parallels the decline in the number and ongoing consolidation of farm operations, with the exception of the last decade, during which there has been a slightly increasing frequency of incidents. No fewer than 1,412 farm-related fatalities have been documented in Indiana since 1970, or approximately 30.7 fatalities annually, with an average over the past ten years of 25.2. Fatalities involving children and youth ages 1 to 17 have also continued to decline in number from 5 to 9 per year to an average of less than 2 per year over the last five years. On the other hand, incidents involving those over the age of 60 are trending slightly upward, accounting for about 48% of all documented fatalities and for 33% in 2016. For the past two decades, tractors accounted for 45% of all farm fatalities, including in 1998 when the percentage of cases involving tractors reached a high of 75%. Since 1970, tractor overturns have been the single most frequently identified cause of farm-related deaths. In 2016, 36% of all documented fatalities involved tractors, of which nearly all were related to an overturn. Findings suggest that the diversity of causative agents involved is increasing, the problem remains male-centric with ages that exceed the average age of Indiana farmers, children no longer make up a significant number of cases, and the Amish/Old Order communities and part-time farmers in the state account for a disproportionate share of farm-related deaths. Hazards identified as needing special attention include the operation of older, non-rollover protective structure (ROPS) equipped tractors by older workers, working in wood lots and tree felling on farms, operating self-propelled mowing equipment on farms, working with livestock, including horses, and falls from agricultural structures. The findings are being used to aid in allocation of diminishing injury prevention resources and development of more evidenced-based educational programming. Keywords: Farm, Farm fatalities, Fatality, Indiana, Tractor overturn.
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Zhang, Qing, Yu-hu Yang, Tao Hou, and Rui-jun Zhang. "Dynamic analysis of high-speed traction elevator and traction car–rope time-varying system." Noise & Vibration Worldwide 50, no. 2 (February 2019): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957456519827929.
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In this study, the compensating ropes and tension device on elevator vibration, as well as the car and hoisting ropes between the top of the car and traction wheel in a high-speed traction elevator lift system, were considered a system to analyze the effect of traction force. In addition, the vertical vibration of the system was used as the research object. The influence of hoisting ropes quality was measured, and a time-varying dynamic model with variable mass, damping, and stiffness for the car–hoisting rope system was constructed from the perspective of time-varying structural mechanics. Simultaneously, the ideal running state of the elevator, which is fitted by using the quintic polynomial, was utilized as input motion parameter. Then, a case study was conducted by using the fine integral method for the vertical vibration dynamic model of the car–hoisting rope system. Finally, the nonlinear vertical vibration response of the car–hoisting rope system during the operation of high-speed traction elevator was obtained. Results indicated that the influence of traction force, compensating ropes, and tension device on the vibration of the car–hoisting rope system when the elevator is in the upward process is greater than when the elevator is in the downward process. In addition, the low quality of the elevator car leads to the production of strong longitudinal vibration. The linear density of the hoisting ropes has a slight effect on the longitudinal vibration of elevator.
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Ayers, Paul D. "ROPS Design for Pre-ROPS Tractors." Journal of Agromedicine 4, no. 3-4 (August 8, 1997): 309–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j096v04n03_15.
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Panfilov, A. V., A. A. Korotkiy, B. F. Ivanov, and A. R. Yusupov. "Control of ropes during the operation of machines with rope traction." Nauchno-tekhnicheskiy vestnik Bryanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta 8, no. 4 (December 25, 2022): 330–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22281/2413-9920-2022-08-04-330-338.
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The methods of rope control during the operation of lifting structures, elevators, freight and passenger cable cars, funiculars and other machines with cable traction are considered. It is indicated that the main indicator of the technical condition of ropes is the appearance, development and interaction of defects that reduce the strength of ropes, contribute to their destruction and, accordingly, an emergency situation. The analysis of existing methods of rope control is carried out, the designs of flaw detectors are described, with the help of which the technical condition of ropes can be assessed during operation. It is established that one of the promising methods of control of steel ropes is optical based on machine vision and artificial intelligence technologies.
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Belmas, I., and A. Shvachka. "Substantiation of research of diagnostic methods for variable section rope." Collection of Research Papers of the National Mining University 64 (2021): 188–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/crpnmu/64.188.
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Purpose. The paper analyzes the diagnostic methods for ropes with variable cross-section. The rationale consists in increasing the level of efficiency, safety and identifying a reliable method for monitoring the condition, service life of mine hoisting installations with main rubber-cord ropes. Research methodology. The analytical research method was used when receiving signals arising from a cable break. It was found that certain types of defects in which signals arise and are transmitted to the sensor when the cable breaks. Research results. Based on these results, it was proposed to diagnose the ropes using electrical resistance and develop a device. So, diagnostics consists in applying voltage to the ends of the rope ropes according to the selected schemes and in a given sequence, establishing the magnitude of the current arising in the conductors that are supplied with voltage, analyzing certain currents, providing information about the state of the ropes and, if necessary, stopping the machine. The received signals can be used as diagnostic parameters when monitoring the condition of the rope ropes by a special system for automatic detection of rupture of rubber-rope ropes. Scientific novelty. Improving the safety of lifting machines, in particular elevators, can be achieved by providing continuous and automatic control of the traction of ropes - the integrity of their traction elements of the cables. It is known that the control system works with the formulation, transmission and processing of the signal. The dependences of the resistance value as a diagnostic parameter of the system for monitoring the state of the main rubber-cord rope, during operation on a mine hoist, have been clarified, which make it possible to determine the currents arising in the ropes at the points of supply of the potential difference for a rope with intact ropes and in case of damage and automatically monitor the integrity of the rope base of the rope, than to increase the safety of operation of mine hoisting complexes. Practical value. The effective norms of exploitation of rubber cord hoisting ropes have been determined; the parameters of the control system for diagnostics of integrity have been substantiated and methods for monitoring the technical condition of ropes have been developed, protected by patents for invention.
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HRABOVSKÝ, Leopold. "Tension force equalizer in a rope system using a proximity sensor." Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport 110 (March 1, 2021): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2021.110.3.
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Different values of tension forces in the load-bearing ropes of elevators, which push the rope into the grooves of the traction discs with different pressure, are the cause of uneven wear of the grooves of the traction discs under operating conditions. Current technical standards in the EU stipulate that the load suspended on load-bearing ropes be evenly distributed to all ropes used, using one of the many construction designs for tension force equalizers in the rope system. The main subject and primary objective of this paper are to present the construction design, 3D model and produced device of one of four produced prototypes, which were constructed in the “Research and Testing Laboratory”, and allow setting of differing values of tension forces in the system of ropes of a traction elevator, to values of the same size. Laboratory measurements were performed on the produced device, which enables the detection of tension forces in ropes and the magnitude of these forces in the required period to be graphically displayed on a PC. The prototype tension force equalizer can show the functionality and practical applicability of the procedure of balancing the levels of tension forces, which are of unequal strengths at the start of the laboratory measurement.
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Kaczmarczyk, Stefan. "Prediction of the Influence of Vibration on Structural Integrity of Elevator Suspension Ropes." Key Engineering Materials 293-294 (September 2005): 761–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.293-294.761.
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Traction drive elevator installations employ ropes of variable length as a mean of car and counterweight suspension. The inertial and elastic characteristics of elevator suspension systems depend on the rope construction and vary slowly during the elevator travel. The system suffers from vibrations caused by various sources of excitation. This paper presents the analysis of the dynamic response of the suspension system employing traditional steel wire ropes as well as ropes constructed of aramid fibers. The equations describing the lateral response of the system subjected to a boundary periodic excitation are solved numerically. The results show that the entire rope is subjected to repetitive low frequency transient resonances. Consequently, the structural integrity of the suspension ropes is compromised. The issue of active vibration control and the feasibility of the integration of shape memory alloy elements within the suspension rope design are discussed.
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Troyanovskaya, I. P., D. I. Naradovy, and S. I. Serov. "ASSESSING SAFETY CONFORMANCE OF ROPS SYSTEM IN B10 TRACTORS." Bulletin of the South Ural State University series "Mechanical Engineering Industry" 19, no. 1 (2019): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/engin190107.
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Bianchini, Leonardo, Rodolfo Picchio, Andrea Colantoni, Marco Scotolati, Valerio Di Stefano, and Massimo Cecchini. "Tensile Strength of Ropes and Friction Hitch Used in Tree Climbing Work." Forests 12, no. 11 (October 26, 2021): 1457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12111457.
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Tree climbing techniques for arboriculture are becoming more and more popular, but like any work activity, there are risks for the operator. The PPE (personal protective equipment) and protective systems studied here include semi-static ropes and friction hitches. The work rope/friction hitch system is a combination that many operators rely on, but unlike current mechanical rope clamps and descenders, they do not have European certifications. For this reason, tensile tests were carried out using a traction bench on rope/knot systems. Two rope models and two types of knots were used to stress the systems and materials as much as possible, so as to observe the resulting ratios. A total of 36 tests were carried out in which measurements were taken, including applied load in traction, knot creep, and rope diameter changes. Several results were obtained, including a maximum load of 18.7 kN, a maximum slip of 9.6 cm and a maximum diameter variation of 3 mm. This work represents a preliminary investigation for verifying the relationship between work ropes and friction knots. Relationships among the variables were observed; differences emerged mainly as a function of the type of knot used rather than the type of rope used. The data obtained is also important for applications towards improving preventative safety measures.
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Cui, Weihua, Bao Song, Chao Fu, and Hui Wang. "Effect of pitch on mechanical properties of braided wire rope under winding and traction condition." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2355, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2355/1/012080.
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Abstract In the tension stringing construction process of power transmission and transformation engineering, the braided wire ropes (BWRs) are in the state of winding and stretching when passing through the friction drum. Pitch is an important structural parameter of BWRs, which directly influences the mechanical behaviors under these conditions. Based on the YS9-8×19 wire rope, this project studies the effect of the rope strand pitch on the curvature and winding from both qualitative and quantitative aspects. Qualitative analysis initially explores the effect of the pitch on the mechanical behaviors. Based on the established “rope-wheel” solid model and numerical simulation model, the stress distribution and the variation trend of the maximum equivalent stress corresponding to different pitches in the winding traction state are obtained through the quantitative analyses of the numerical simulations under the same loads with different pitches. The reasonable pitch range of the BWR subjected to traction and bending load is further concluded, to provide the data reference for the manufacture of related wire ropes.
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Lagerev, Alexander, Igor Lagerev, and Vadim Tarichko. "Determination of tension forces of ropes during the operation of mobile transport and reloading rope complexes." Nauchno-tekhnicheskiy vestnik Bryanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta 8, no. 3 (September 25, 2022): 194–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.22281/2413-9920-2022-08-03-194-210.
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During the operation of aerial ropeways, the system of carrying and carrying-traction ropes, which provides the possibility of moving passengers or transported goods between the terminal points of the route, experiences a high level of loading from a variety of operational loads and environmental influences. These loads and influences form the tension of the ropeway system variable along the length of the ropeway route, which has a decisive impact on the main technical and economic indicators of mobile ropeways, and thereby determines specific areas of their effective and inappropriate or unacceptable use. This article presents an engineering technique for constructing tension diagrams of carrying-traction ropes in stationary and non-stationary modes of operation of a mobile ropeway. Calculated dependences are given to determine the tension forces of ropes at characteristic points along their length, as well as calculated dependences for determining the resistance forces to the movement of ropes on characteristic sections of the mobile ropeway route. This technique can be used both for calculating the loading of the rope system based on taking into account a large number of factors characterizing operational loads, terrain parameters and transported cargo, and for analyzing the direction and significance of the variation of these factors and the main design parameters of the main technological equipment of mobile transport and reloading rope complexes. The results of the analysis of the influence of the variation of a number of significant quantitative parameters on the change in the tension forces of the carrying-traction ropes are also presented.
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Panfilov, A. V., A. A. Korotkiy, B. F. Ivanov, and E. A. Panfilova. "About criteria and standards for discharge of ropes of passenger ropeways." Nauchno-tekhnicheskiy vestnik Bryanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta 7, no. 1 (March 25, 2021): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22281/2413-9920-2021-07-01-53-65.
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The criteria for the rejection of ropes of Passenger cable cars are considered, the main defects of load-bearing, traction and load-bearing cables, possible causes of their occurrence and the criteria for rejection are described. The theoretical substantiation of defects associated with plastic deformations of the rope wire (extrusion of wires, stratification, twisting of the rope, kinks, breaks, basket shape) is given. The methods of monitoring the state of ropes in the process of operation of passenger cable cars are considered. Recommendations are given to improve the level of security by using remote monitoring systems based on modern digital information technologies. The criteria for rejecting the ropes of passenger cable cars are proposed: according to the undulation, wear and breakage of the outer wires of the ropes, which are absent in the current Federal Norms and rules «Rules for the safety of passenger cable cars and funiculars».
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M. L. Myers and M. A. Purschwitz. "ROPS Deficiency of Gray-Market Tractors." Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health 18, no. 2 (2012): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.41330.
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Hrabovsky, Leopold, and David Borovsky. "Laboratory Device for Checking the Functionality of the Elevator Rope Sensors." Management Systems in Production Engineering 29, no. 1 (December 2, 2020): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mspe-2021-0008.
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Abstract The paper describes the structural design of a laboratory device that allows for presenting operation, simulating work procedures and checking functionality of the elevator “rope sensors” when equalizing different tensile forces in partial ropes of a rope system of traction elevators. The laboratory device is modified for checking operations of commonly used rope sensors. In an overwhelming number of cases, elevator technicians use them for setting up the unequally distributed tensile forces in elevator ropes. The device is equipped with three, mutually attached pulleys, over which the rope is installed. The unknown tensile force in the rope is determined by an “indirect method”, i.e. from the resultant of the forces of the rope bent over the pulleys, which have an effect on the force sensor. The tensile force along the rope axis can be determined numerically, but also experimentally, from the inclination angle of the rope installed on the pulleys, diameter of the pulleys, diameter of the rope and the force detected by the force sensor of the stretched rope. The paper presents experimentally obtained tensile force values at the rope sensor, deduced from stretching the rope. The paper also describes the procedure for determining the measured load in the rope by rope sensors of the SWR, SWK and RMT-1 types based on the variable axial force in the rope.
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Wan, Zhou, Shilin Yi, Kun Li, Ran Tao, Min Gou, Xinshi Li, and Shu Guo. "Diagnosis of Elevator Faults with LS-SVM Based on Optimization by K-CV." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/935038.
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Several common elevator malfunctions were diagnosed with a least square support vector machine (LS-SVM). After acquiring vibration signals of various elevator functions, their energy characteristics and time domain indicators were extracted by theoretically analyzing the optimal wavelet packet, in order to construct a feature vector of malfunctions for identifying causes of the malfunctions as input of LS-SVM. Meanwhile, parameters about LS-SVM were optimized by K-fold cross validation (K-CV). After diagnosing deviated elevator guide rail, deviated shape of guide shoe, abnormal running of tractor, erroneous rope groove of traction sheave, deviated guide wheel, and tension of wire rope, the results suggested that the LS-SVM based on K-CV optimization was one of effective methods for diagnosing elevator malfunctions.
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Ilyushov, N. Ya, and V. O. Tashtanbaeva. "Safe operation of lifting systems including steel ropes." Okhrana truda i tekhnika bezopasnosti na promyshlennykh predpriyatiyakh (Labor protection and safety procedure at the industrial enterprises), no. 2 (February 17, 2021): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/pro-4-2202-06.
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Various negative factors influence the duration of safe operation of lifting equipment, lifting devices and other systems in which steel ropes operate. The article discusses steel ropes, which belong to the main traction elements of various lifting machines. During long-term operation, they are exposed to factors, including significant stresses, friction, wear, corrosion, plastic deformation, etc. Well-planned periodic inspections of the rope and assessment of its suitability for further use make it possible to eliminate the risks of using the equipment.
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Tarichko, V. I. "Design and analysis of technical characteristics of a quick-release device for connecting the ropes ends for mobile ropeways." Nauchno-tekhnicheskiy vestnik Bryanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta 8, no. 2 (June 25, 2022): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22281/2413-9920-2022-08-02-131-141.
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The quick-release devices of the ends of the carrying and traction ropes, which have the load capacity required by the tension condition of the rope system and a gentle mechanical effect on the structural elements of steel ropes, make it possible to ensure the rapid deployment and dismantling of mobile ropeways in the conditions of elimination of natural or man-made emergencies. The article discusses the design of the original device that provides a reliable and quick-release connection of the ends of the ropes, and also developed a mathematical model for predicting the load capacity of the specified device. The results of the analysis of the influence of the main design parameters of the connected ropes and fasteners of the device under consideration, as well as the mechanical deformation characteristics of steel ropes on the load capacity of the quick-release device are presented. The calculated dependences for the design of a quick-release device are proposed, taking into account the loading of the rope system during the operation of a mobile ropeway, as well as a methodology for selecting the existing standard size of the connecting device for the specified operating conditions.
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Wang, Lei, Guohua Cao, Naige Wang, and Yunchang Zhang. "Dynamic Behavior Analysis of a High-Rise Traction System with Tensioned Pulley Acting on Compensating Rope." Symmetry 12, no. 1 (January 8, 2020): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12010129.
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In this paper, dynamic characteristics of the symmetrical traction system with tensioned pulley acting on compensating rope is theoretically investigated. Due to the excitations from drum, the traction system will occur longitudinal and transverse vibration. In order to explore the differences between traditional traction system and tensioned traction system with different tensioned methods and seek the optimal method of vibration suppression, the damping cylinder and terminal tension acting on compensating rope between tensioned pulley and ground are placed. Caused by the change of the rope’s property, the system will produce different dynamic responses. Here, the differential-algebraic equations (DAEs) are derived using Hamilton principle. The transverse and longitudinal nonlinear coupling of ropes are considered. The generalized- α method is selected to solve the DAEs. Based on the response characteristics of the system, the time-frequency characteristics with different terminal damping are obtained by CWT (continuous wavelet transform) and FFT (fast Fourier transform). From results, it can be seen that tensioned pulley plays an important role in suppressing transverse and longitudinal vibration of the symmetrical traction system compared with traditional traction system, especially by adding damping cylinder. The amplitude of system decreases exponentially with the increase of the terminal damping acting on tensioned pulley. Different running speeds of tensioned traction system are discussed. The results can inform the development of relevant mitigating strategies to minimize the effects of excessive vibrations.
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Hrabovský, Leopold, and Peter Michalik. "Friction Coefficient of Load-Bearing Elements of Building Technical Facilities." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1203, no. 2 (November 1, 2021): 022008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1203/2/022008.
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Abstract The engineering activities in construction are a set of a wide range of activities that are performed, for example, for the purpose of the installation or mandatory replacement or modernisation of lifts. On the territory of the Czech Republic, there are standards that strictly prescribe what is required to repair and replace on an existing lift in order to ensure the greatest possible safety when riding the lift, but also the high reliability and dependability of the lift. Polyurethane lift belts were developed and used for the vertical movement of lifts at the turn of the millennium. Due to patent rights, they were reserved solely for selected manufacturers of lifts. The classic ropes with a circular cross-section are currently being replaced more and more frequently in construction engineering by flat ropes or belts due to their undisputed advantages. This paper describes the construction design and implemented equipment on which it is possible to determine, in the laboratory, the value of the rope friction coefficient in the given type of traction disc grooves. To be specific, this paper describes the friction coefficient determined in a laboratory, in dry and clean conditions, of a flat rope with a polyurethane sheath on the circumference of the traction disc. The friction coefficient values were acquired indirectly, i.e. by measuring the tractive forces in the approaching and receding rope branches on the rotating traction disc powered by an electric drive. The friction coefficient was determined from the measured values of both tractive forces during the course of a single experimental measuring through a calculation from Euler’s relation. The value of the receding force was obtained using two methods that differ from each other in the manner of attachment (by a screw or compression springs) of the end of the rope to the load-bearing construction of the measuring device. The information obtained from the experimental measurements made it possible to compare the measured values of the rope friction coefficients with the values given by the manufacturers and to make the conclusion that the method used to determine the friction coefficients and the set of laboratory activities and procedures for determining the friction coefficients on the testing equipment is suitable and usable in practice.
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M. L. Myers, S. C. Westneat, J. R. Myers, and H. P. Cole. "Prevalence of ROPS-Equipped Tractors in U.S. Aquaculture." Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health 15, no. 2 (2009): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.26804.
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Belmas, Ivan, Hanna Tantsura, Olena Bilous, Anhelina Shvachka, and Yuliana Gupalo. "Investigation of a static rope with a cable break." Strength of Materials and Theory of Structures, no. 108 (May 30, 2022): 349–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2410-2547.2022.108.349-359.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Establishing the influence of changes in the temporary properties of rubber on the stress state of the rubber traction body with a damaged cable. The method of research consists in the analytical solution of the model of the humorous traction body taking into account the rupture of the cable continuity and the change in the properties of the rubber. The dependences of the change of the stress state of the traction body of the humotross with the broken structure due to the rheology of the rubber shell are established. An algorithm for determining the stress state of a rubber traction body in case of its failure is formulated. It is shown that the loads on the ropes caused by the rupture of one of them lead to a local redistribution of forces almost only between two cables - damaged and adjacent; when damaged, non-extreme cable forces change in almost only three cables - damaged and two related. There are no extreme values of the internal load forces of the cables, which depend on the change of the shear modulus of the rubber material over time.
Construction of a method for determining the influence of impulses of individual cables of a cable rubber rope on its stress state.
Development and solution of the model of stress-strain state of the cable rubber rope with breaks in the continuity of the cables.
Methods of determining the stress state of a cable rope with a damaged cable.
The mechanism and nature of the influence of the impulses of the continuity of the cable of the cable rubber rope on its stress-strain state.
The developed method allows to take into account the influence of cable bursts on the stress state of the humorous cable rope of arbitrary design. Its application will allow to reasonably determine the minimum reserves of strength under the condition of safe use of the rubber rope, including in case of rupture of individual cables.
The mechanism of influence of change of properties of rubber on pressure is established by a condition of a traction body taking into account a rupture of continuity of a cable and change of properties of rubber. Taking into account the dependence of the stress-strain state of the rope with local violations of the cable base on changes in mechanical properties of rubber provides the ability to predict the stress state of the rope to improve safety and reliability of rubber traction with a long service life.