Dissertations / Theses: 'Track running'

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Robertson, Erin Mhray. "Impact forces in female recreational runners track versus treadmill running /." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.

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Sandals, Leigh E. "Oxygen uptake during middle distance running." Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2003. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/3085/.

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Jones, Gareth R. "The incidence of hematuria with middle distance track running interval training." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/MQ33395.pdf.

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Blom, Oa. "Comparison of blood lactate levels between treadmill running and over-ground running during incremental tests : A study on elite male runners." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Avdelningen för idrottsmedicin, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-177101.

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Tests to evaluate runners' aerobic capacity aiming to design training programs are often performed on a treadmill, while the training mainly takes place on over-ground surfaces. Studies have shown that different degrees of inclination on treadmills can compensate for the differences in heart rate (HR) response between running on treadmills and over-ground surfaces. The purpose of the study was to test whether the blood lactate concentration (BLC) differs between over-ground running and treadmill running at matched HR, and if so; can inclination of the treadmill be adjusted to generate equal BLC at matched HR? Eight male elite runners performed three incremental running tests where HR and BLC were measured; on a flat treadmill at six running velocities, on a running track at six velocities equal to the HR at test one, and on a treadmill at a fixed HR on different inclines (0°, 0.3°, 0.6°, 0.9°, 1.1° and 1.5°). The results revealed a non-significant trend indicating that over-ground running yields higher BLC at matched HR than treadmill running, and that 0.3° incline on treadmill correlated best with over- ground running. This study demonstrates a clear tendency of higher BLC at a given HR when running on an over-ground surface in comparison to running on a treadmill. Furthermore, a 0.3° incline on a treadmill is suggested to compensate for the difference in BLC at matched HR, between running on a treadmill and on an over-ground surface. However, more research with a larger sample size is needed to conclude and generalize the results.

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Tukuafu, Jesse Tipasa. "The Effects of Indoor Track Curve Radius on Sprint Speed and Ground Reaction Forces." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2010. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2348.

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Sprinting on a curve is significantly slower than on a straightaway. Although the dimensions vary from track to track, indoor track curves are among the tightest curves that athletes will sprint at maximal speed. Previous studies have provided theories for how speed attenuation occurs when running on a curve. Yet, no previous research has determined how the variability of indoor track curve radii affects trained sprinters at maximal speeds. Purpose: To determine the differences in running speeds, ground time (GT), and medio-lateral (ML) impulse, with different indoor track radii. A secondary purpose was to understand the between-leg differences in GT and ML impulse during maximal sprinting on a curve. Methods: 10 male intercollegiate sprinters performed 45-m maximal sprints on a straightaway, 15-m track curve and 21-m track curve. A force platform embedded under an indoor track surface measured ground reaction forces while timing lights measured running speed. Analysis: A mixed models analysis of variance blocking on subjects was performed testing the main effects of the track curve on sprinting speed, GT and ML impulse (p<0.01). Results: Sprinting speed was significantly slower when running on a curve. GT increased for inside leg on both curved path conditions compared to straight. ML impulses increased as the radius of the track curve decreased. Discussion: If a 200m race were performed on both our track curves, the track with 21m curve would be 0.12s faster than the track with the 15m curve. GT and ML impulse results support leading explanations that the inside leg is the limiting factor during curve running. Tighter track curves require greater ML forces, but for a shorter period of time compared to larger track turns. Coaches and athletes should consider the radius of the track curve as they prepare for training and performance and consider injury risk. The speed differences observed due to the track curve radius may provide the first step to understanding how the radius of the indoor track curve affects sprinting speed and ultimately, performance.

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Ford, Cassandra. "Vibration of steel framed floors due to running." Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/34488.

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Master of Science
Department of Architectural Engineering and Construction Science
Bill Zhang
Vibration has been a consideration in many types of structures, and as the advancement of technology has allowed steel and concrete sections to become lighter, vibration has become more of a consideration in the design of structures. This report focuses on occupant induced vibration of steel framed floors due to running as the vibration source. The history of vibration analysis and criteria in structures is discussed. However, lack of research and experimentation on running as the source of vibration exists; therefore, the history section focuses on walking as the source of vibration. The current design criteria for vibration of steel framed floors in the United States of America is the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) Design Guide 11: Vibrations of Steel Framed Structural Systems Due to Human Activity. This design guide discusses vibration due to walking, running, and rhythmic activities as well as gives design criteria for sensitive occupancies and sensitive equipment. In order to apply the Design Guide 11 analysis procedure for running as the source of vibration, the Kansas State University Chester E. Peters Recreation Complex is used as a case study. The recreation complex includes a 1/5-mile running track that is supported by a composite steel framed floor. Based on the Design Guide 11 criterion, the running track is deemed acceptable. Lastly, this report discusses remedial procedures in the case of annoying floor vibration specific to floors that have running as a source of vibration. In addition, areas of further research are suggested where running is a source of vibration on steel framed floors.

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Ricker, Kimberly L. "Influences of Eating Disorders and Behaviors on College Cross Country and Track Runners." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1220468082.

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Alban, Bradley A. "Relationships of Characteristics to Running Performances and Their Changes Throughout Collegiate Cross Country and Track Seasons." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3290.

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A monitoring program is essential in assuring goal attainment and reducing the risk of overtraining or undertraining, establishing long-term athlete development, and ensuring success. This monitoring program needs to be integrated into the training process, developed, and executed by both the sport science and coaching staff. This staff forms the SPEG (sports performance enhancement group), which is athlete centered and coach driven. The purpose of this dissertation was to create an evidence based, or white box approach, to collegiate distance running by identifying key characteristics, utilizing appropriate monitoring tools, and examining the annual plan. Collegiate distance runners took part in a monitoring program through East Tennessee State University, which included vertical jumps, V̇O2max, running economy, anthropometrics, isometric mid-thigh pull, performance results and ultrasound measurements. There were strong correlations between performance results and monitoring data, and there were significant changes that occurred throughout the monitoring program. The results indicate the importance of V̇O2max in collegiate runners and that monitoring variables, including performance, sum of skinfolds, ultrasound and vertical jumps significantly change throughout the competitive season. The results also identify characteristics of a high-level runner and indicate the impact that a strength program can have on monitoring variables and performance. Results further suggest that strength can be a critical component of a training program, can be tracked through systematic monitoring, and is associated with an increase in performance.

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Corey, Marisha. "The Difference in HR Response between Track and Treadmill Running at a Pre-determined, Self-selected Pace." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2005. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/254.

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The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not differences exist in heart rate (HR) between jogging on the track and jogging on the treadmill at the same speed. Twenty-four college-age (19-31 years old) male (n = 12) and female (n = 12) recreational runners volunteered to participate in this study. Each participant performed a maximal graded exercise test (GXT) and four exercise sessions. During the first exercise session, participants completed a 1-mile steady-state jog on either the track or treadmill at a self-selected submaximal pace that could be maintained for 30 minutes. The following three exercise sessions were completed at the same pace as the first exercise session. Two of the exercise sessions were performed on the treadmill and two were performed on an indoor track. The order of the four sessions were counterbalanced. Participants were randomly assigned to an order of sessions. Heart rate was recorded every minute and the participants were asked to give an RPE at the end of every session. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in pace (mph) between the trials within the two track or two treadmill trials (p = 0.5812), in the HR response. Therefore, gender and trials were excluded from the final model, and the final model included only the treatment effect (track, treadmill). There was a significant treatment effect (F 1,94 = 39.126, p < 0.0001) indicating that significant differences in the HR responses between track and treadmill jogging at the same pace. Jogging on the treadmill elicited an average HR of 5.16 bpm (S.E. = 0.82) less than that observed while jogging on an indoor track at the same pace. We conclude that jogging on the treadmill and track at the same, self-selected speed results in HR values that differ significantly by 5 bpm. Differences in air resistance, biomechanics, and muscle activity most likely contributed to the observed differences in HR. The results of this study are applicable to various individuals who often train or exercise on the treadmill or overground. Use of a HR monitor is recommended to determine personal responses to exercise on a treadmill and overground.

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Clews, Clayton, and n/a. "A physiological comparison between standing cycling and running during an intermediate term anaerobic capacity session." University of Canberra. Human & Biomedical Sciences, 2000. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060628.160711.

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This study wished to compare the same physiological responses of elite athletes to a typical intermediate term anaerobic capacity track running session with those of standing cycling of similar intensity and duration. Twelve well trained/elite male distance runners completed maximal running, standing cycling and strength testing sessions; and Intermediate Term Anaerobic Capacity Sessions (ITACS) in running and standing cycling; each comprising eight efforts of approximately 30 seconds duration at 90% maximal effort in each mode of activity, separated by 2 minutes rest. The experimental sessions took place from the end of November 1996 to the beginning of March 1997. The subjects were required to attend three maximal experimental sessions, which were performed on separate days and used for baseline data collection. On completing these they participated in both running and standing cycling ITACS, performed on separate days with at least 48 hours between each test protocol. There was complete randomisation of all test protocols. Descriptive statistics were determined for all the variables. Independent t-testing was used to determine if similar temperature and humidity readings were obtained during the maximal testing for each mode of activity. Paired t-testing was used to compare the differences in warmup heart rates between the maximal and ITACS, the differences in peak lactates obtained after each type of ITACS, draw comparisons between heart rate (HR) changes over time during the ITACS and determine if a difference existed between workloads for the two modes of activity. It was also used to draw a comparison between the peak BLa values and ascertain if pre-test creatine kinase (CK) levels were the same for each mode of activity. A repeated measures one way ANOVA was used to determine if workload reduced over time for each type of ITACS. A three way ANOVA with repeated measures on one factor (repetition) was performed on HR response. It was used to determine if there was a difference between the workload/recovery HR response; if workload/recovery HR values increased over the duration of each ITACS; and if the workload/recovery HR response over time was mode specific. A two way ANOVA with repeated measures on one factor (repetition) was performed on blood lactate (BLa) response. It was used to determine if there was a significant interaction between the mode of activity and time, if BLa increased over the duration of each ITACS and if there was an effect of mode on its own on the BLa response. A two way repeated measures ANOVA was used to ascertain whether there was a difference in CK levels between the two modes of activity, with Tukey's multiple comparison tests used in post hoc analyses to show the amount of difference. A linear regression analysis was performed to determine if BLa response was similar across the duration of each type of ITACS. The effects of temperature (22.3 ± 1.2 vs 21.1 ± 0.3 °C, run vs cycle, t = -0.94, n = 12, p = 0.36)) and humidity (57 ±4.2 vs 52 ± 1.7%, run versus cycle, t = -1.04, n = 12, p = 0.31) did not influence any of the results obtained during the ITACS. Nor did differing warmup intensities (as indicated by heart rate - HR) during the maximal (160 ± 5.7 vs 158 ± 3.1 beats per minute (bpm), run vs cycle, t = - 0.45, n = 9, p = 0.66) and ITACS (160 ± 3.6 vs 152 ± 3.1 bpm, run vs cycle, t = -2.81, n = 9, p = 0.02). An equal test preparation was confirmed by the warmup blood lactate (BLa) levels, which were not significantly different between the exercise modes for both the maximal (11.0 ±0.6 vs 11.8 ± 1.0 mmol-l1, run vs cycle, t = 2.26, ii n = 10, p =0.23) and ITACS (4.2 ± 0.7 vs 4.2 ± 0.6 mmol-1 ', run vs cycle, t = 0.27, n = 10, p = 0.796). A significantly higher workload was achieved during the running ITACS as compared to the standing cycling ITACS (105 ± 1.1 vs 89 ±2.9 %, run vs cycle, t = 10.45, n = 12, p<0.0005). The increase in workload/recovery HR response and their changes as each type of ITACS progressed was not mode specific [F(l,40) = 0.94, p > 0.05]. Those subjects who possessed high BLa concentrations performed less work on the cycle ergometer. There was a strong negative relationship for average workloads and BLa accumulation for the standing cycling exercise (Spearmans rho = -0.799, n = 11, p<0.005) suggesting that BLa accumulation was a limiting factor in work production. The increase in BLa levels was not mode specific F(l,20) = 1.36, p > 0.05]. The BLa response was comparatively similar because the rate of increase in BLa accumulation and peak BLa values (19.7 vs 16.9 mmol-l'1, cycle vs run, t = 2.1, n = 11, p = 0.06) were not significantly different between the modes of activity. Mode in conjunction with time affected standing cycling BLa response to a greater extent than running BLa levels [F(4.80) =3.929, p <. 0.05]. Standing cycling BLa concentrations were significantly negatively correlated with knee extension peak torque (Spearmans rho = - 0.771, n = 11, p < 0.01) and total work (Spearmans rho = - 0.802, n = 11, p < 0.01) measurements. In running they were negatively correlated with knee flexion total work measurements (Spearman rho = - 0.685, n = 11, p < 0.05) These findings suggest that BLa accumulation occurs from different muscle fibre recruitment patterns. Less work was performed in isokinetic knee extension following standing cycling as compared to running (2234 ± 68.4 vs 2462 ± 78.9 Nm, t = 2.23, n = 11, p < 0.05) suggesting that standing cycling is more fatiguing on the quadriceps than running. There was no difference in the knee flexion testing (1799 ± 89.6 vs 1785 ± 69.2, cycle vs run, t = 2.23, n = 11, p = 0.96). There was a significant difference in mean creatine kinase (CK) activity between the two modes 24 hours after completing the ITACS (450 ± 73.2 vs 320 ± 46.5 I/U, running vs cycle, F = 6.44, df = 1,17, p < 0.01). There was a significantly greater increase in CK activity and therefore muscle damage, following the running (mean increase of 190 I/U) as compared to the standing cycling session (mean increase of 44.0 I/U). In terms of reducing the risk of injury, achieving a similar cardiovascular response and achieving comparable BLa accumulation (even though mechanism/s of accumulation may be different) standing cycling appears to be is a satisfactory substitute for running during an ITACS. The results of this research strengthen the concept of utilising a simulated mode of activity as a substitute for the primary activity in order to maximise transfer effects, providing there is a careful balance between the specific training and the near specific training. The differing physiological responses between the exercise modes (ie- different muscle fibre recruitment patterns, different workload capacity, different CK measures) suggest that standing cycling cannot act as a total/comprehensive replacement for running. A training study is warranted to further investigate the findings of this research.

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Stafilidis, Sawas [Verfasser]. "Sprint performance in relation to mechanical properties of the muscle-tendon unit and running track compliance / Sawas Stafilidis." Köln : Zentralbibliothek der Deutschen Sporthochschule, 2006. http://d-nb.info/1071871706/34.

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Todd, Melissa Lee Brown Chrisanthia. "The effect of music and no music on pre-performance arousal, perceptions of performance exertion and pain, and evaluations of performance in high school track runners." Diss., UMK access, 2006.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--School of Education. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2006.
"A dissertation in counseling psychology." Advisor: Chris Brown. Typescript. Vita. Title from "catalog record" of the print edition Description based on contents viewed Nov. 9, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 98-105). Online version of the print edition.

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Andrade, Rodrigo Maciel. "Corridas de alta velocidade e curta duração: uma abordagem biomecânica para o entendimento dos fatores determinantes de desempenho." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/39/39132/tde-06012016-085041/.

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O presente estudo teve por objetivo caracterizar em atletas homens e mulheres a dinâmica do stiffness e dos parâmetros biomecânicos atrelados ao stiffness (PBAS) durante uma corrida de elevada velocidade e curta duração. Ainda, investigar possíveis discriminantes de desempenho da corrida, e a relação destes com as tarefas de salto frequentemente utilizados nos treinamentos. Para tanto, foram realizados 2 estudos, sendo que o estudo 1 caracterizou a dinâmica dos parâmetros biomecânicos atrelados ao stiffness e apontou possíveis discriminantes de desempenho (por gênero), e no estudo 2 relacionou-se estes possíveis discriminantes com as tarefas de salto. O \"Spring Mass Model\" foi utilizado para obtenção dos PBAS, ao ponto que plataformas de força (AMTI) e a cinemetria (VICON) foram utilizados para a aquisição dos dados de salto. Foi evidenciado que o stiffness não apresentou total convergência com a dinâmica da velocidade apresentada no teste de corrida de elevada velocidade e curta duração, e que a força vertical aplicada ao solo durante a fase de apoio foi o PBAS que mais se aproximou da dinâmica apresentada pela velocidade. Não houveram distinções entre os gêneros na dinâmica do stiffness e dos PBAS, porém o gênero feminino apresentou maior dependência de parâmetros temporais de passo no início do teste e complacência muscular no final do teste, e o gênero masculino maior dependência de parâmetros atrelados a incremento de força no início do teste e incremento da fase aérea no final do teste. Ainda, houve diferença com significância estatística entre os gêneros quanto à magnitude e contribuição das fases da corrida. No mais, o salto horizontal (SH) apresentou maior relação com o desempenho em ambos os gêneros. Desta forma, conclui-se que 1) o stiffness propriamente dito não pode explicar o desempenho em uma corrida de elevada velocidade e curta duração, 2) dentre os PBAS, a magnitude da força vertical aplicada ao solo durante a fase de apoio apresentou maior proximidade com a dinâmica da velocidade, 3) homens e mulheres dependem distintamente dos PBAS para melhora no desempenho na corrida, e 4) o SH é meio de maior validade ecológica a ser utilizado nas rotinas de avaliação e treinamento de atletas envolvidos em provas de elevada velocidade e curta duração
The present study aims to characterize the dynamics of stiffness and biomechanical parameters related to stiffness (BPRS) in male and female athletes during top speed short distance run. It also intends to investigate possible performance discriminative factors and their relation with jumping tasks frequently used in training. For this purpose, two studies have been developed. Study 1 has characterized the dynamics of the biomechanical parameters related to stiffness and indicated possible discriminative factors (by gender). The study 2 has related these possible discriminative factors with jumping. The \'Spring Mass Model\' has been used to obtain the BRPS and the force plate (AMTI) and cinemetry (VICON) have been used to acquire jumping data. The study showed that stiffness has not presented total convergence with velocity dynamics and the vertical force applied to the ground during the support phase has been the closest result to the velocity dynamics presented. There has not been distinctions regarding gender in stiffness and BRPS dynamics, however, females have showed more dependency on step timing parameters on the test beginning and muscle complacency at the end of the test; and males presented more dependency on to the vertical force applied to the ground during the support phase on the test beginning and parameters connected to the increase in the swing phase at the end test. Moreover, there has been a difference with statistical significance between genders regarding magnitude and contribution through the running phases. In additional, the horizontal jump (HJ) results represented a closer relation to the performance top speed short distance run. Therefore, it has been concluded that 1) stiffness itself cannot explain the performance in top speed short distance run, 2) among the BRPS, vertical force magnitude applied to the ground during support phase presents closer results to velocity dynamics, 3) males and females depend on distinct BRPS to enrich their performance and 4) HJ is the exercise with the major validity to be used for the evaluation and training routine of top speed short distance run athletes

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Kumar, Sabhya. "Effects of Constant Track Running Exercise on the Expression of the Immediate Early Gene Arc in the Rat Hippocampus." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/297635.

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Arc is an IEG expressed in the CA1 sub-field of the hippocampus, following stimulus from an external environment and is expressed in the place cells involved in spatial learning. An initial experiment showed that Arc expression levels decreased with 25 minute rest periods between sessions. The current study aimed to see if similar results are seen with track running, if the rest periods are removed. The rats ran on a small circular track, ensuring that a small ensemble of place cells activate on each lap. Animals were assigned to 4 groups: positive control for Arc induced by MECS; negative control for animals sacrificed from their home cage; a 5 minute group and a 45 minute group. The brain tissue was stained using FISH. The 45 minute group had a 4% lower Arc expression than the 5 minute group. A univariate ANOVA indicated a statistically significant effect in the main factor of Behavioral Group (F= 6.955, p=0.03). Tukey tests showed that the differences between the MECS and the CC groups (p<0.05) and the MECS and the 45 minute groups (p<0.05) were significant. The behavioral groups showed no statistical significance meaning that massed exposure without rest does not attenuate Arc signal.

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Persson, Rickard. "Tilting trains : Technology, benefits and motion sickness." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Aeronautical and Vehicle Engineering, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4771.

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Carbody tilting is today a mature and inexpensive technology allowing higher speeds in curves and thus reduced travel time. The technology is accepted by most train operators, but a limited set of issues still holding back the full potential of tilting trains. The present study identifies and report on these issues in the first of two parts in this thesis. The second part is dedicated to analysis of some of the identified issues. The first part contains Chapters 2 to 5 and the second Chapters 6 to 12 where also the conclusions of the present study are given.

Chapters 2 and 3 are related to the tilting train and the interaction between track and vehicle. Cross-wind stability is identified as critical for high-speed tilting trains. Limitation of the permissible speed in curves at high speed may be needed, reducing the benefit of tilting trains at very high speed. Track shift forces can also be safety critical for tilting vehicles at high speed. An improved track standard must be considered for high speed curving.

Chapters 4 and 5 cover motion sickness knowledge, which may be important for the competitiveness of tilting trains. However, reduced risk of motion sickness may be contradictory to comfort in a traditional sense, one aspect can not be considered without also considering the other. One pure motion is not the likely cause to the motion sickness experienced in motion trains. A combination of motions is much more provocative and much more likely the cause. It is also likely that head rotations contribute as these may be performed at much higher motion amplitudes than performed by the train.

Chapter 6 deals with services suitable for tilting trains. An analysis shows relations between cant deficiency, top speed, tractive performance and running times for a tilting train. About 9% running time may be gained on the Swedish line Stockholm – Gothenburg (457 km) if cant deficiency, top speed and tractive performance are improved compared with existing tilting trains. One interesting conclusion is that a non-tilting very high-speed train (280 km/h) will have longer running times than a tilting train with today’s maximum speed and tractive power. This statement is independent of top speed and tractive power of the non-tilting vehicle.

Chapters 7 to 9 describe motion sickness tests made on-track within the EU-funded research project Fast And Comfortable Trains (FACT). An analysis is made showing correlation between vertical acceleration and motion sickness. However, vertical acceleration could not be pointed out as the cause to motion sickness as the correlation between vertical acceleration and several other motions are strong.

Chapter 10 reports on design of track geometry. Guidelines for design of track cant are given optimising the counteracting requirements on comfort in non-tilting trains and risk of motion sickness in tilting trains. The guidelines are finally compared with the applied track cant on the Swedish line Stockholm – Gothenburg. Also transition curves and vertical track geometry are shortly discussed.

Chapters 11 and 12 discusses the analysis, draws conclusions on the findings and gives proposals of further research within the present area.

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Jönsson, Per-Anders. "Modelling and laboratory investigations on freight wagon link suspensions with respect to vehicle-track dynamic interaction." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Aeronautical and Vehicle Engineering, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-395.

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The link suspension is the most prevailing suspension system for freight wagons in central and western Europe. The system design is simple and has existed for more than 100 years. However, still its characteristics are not fully understood. This thesis emphasizes freight wagon dynamics and comprises three parts:

In the first part a review of freight wagon running gear is made. The different suspension systems are described and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The review covers the running gear standardized by UIC and the conventional so-called three-piece bogie. Additionally five improved three-piece bogies and twelve novel running gear designs are presented.

The second part focuses on the lateral force-displacement characteristics in the link suspension. Results from stationary measurements on freight wagons and laboratory tests of the link suspension characteristics are presented. To improve understanding of the various mechanisms and phenomena in link suspension systems a simulation model is developed. Link suspension systems have strongly nonlinear characteristics including a hysteresis loop. The loop exhibits usually three characteristic sections with different tangential stiffnesses. The actual contact geometry of the links and end bearings has a significant influence on the characteristics. By wear in ordinary service - as well as by geometric tolerances on new components - the contact geometry may deviate considerably from nominal geometry. Further, it seems that elastic deformation in the contact surfaces has considerable effects on the suspension characteristics, in particular on the initial rolling stiffness for small displacements. Also, flexibilities in links and end bearings influence the characteristics. It is also observed that new components after a short period of dynamic testing can exhibit a very low amount of energy dissipation, a phenomenon that is also indicated in some stationary measurements on wagons.

To summarize the second part, it appears that the link suspension characteristics are very sensitive to several factors being hard to control in the real world of freight wagon operations. The various stiffnesses and hysteresis loops have a considerable variation and may have a strong influence on the ride qualities of vehicles. As long as the characteristics can not be controlled within closer limits than found in this study, there is a strong need for sensitivity analysis to be made, both in predictive multibody simulations of vehicle dynamics, as well as in verification and acceptance tests.

In the third part a study on the possibility to improve ride qualities of freight wagons with link suspensions is presented. Parametric studies with multibody dynamic simulations on freight wagons equipped with link-suspension bogies are performed. The effect of supplementary friction and hydraulic damping is investigated under various running conditions: speed, loading, tangent and curved track, wheel-rail contact geometry, track gauge and track irregularities. Substantial improvements of the lateral running behaviour of wagons with link suspension bogies can be achieved - both at ordinary speeds and at increased speeds - by using a proper combination of supplementary hydraulic dampers. Speeds up to 160 km/h could be realistic.

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Jönsson, Per-Anders. "Dynamic Vehicle-Track Interaction of European Standard Freight Wagons with Link Suspension." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Järnvägsteknik, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4461.

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The link suspension is the most prevailing suspension system for freight wagons in Central and Western Europe. The system design is simple and has existed for more than 100 years. However, still its characteristics are not fully understood. This thesis investigates the dynamic performance of freight wagons and comprises five parts: In the first part a review of freight wagon running gear is made. The different suspension systems are described and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The second part focuses on the lateral force-displacement characteristics of the link suspension. Results from stationary measurements on freight wagons and laboratory tests of the link suspension characteristics are presented. To improve the understanding of various mechanisms and phenomena in link suspension systems, a simulation model is developed. In the third part the multibody dynamic simulation model is discussed. The previous freight wagon model developed at KTH is able to explain many of the phenomena observed in tests. In some cases, however, simulated and measured running behaviour differ. Therefore, a new simulation model is presented and validated against on-track test results. The performance of standard two-axle freight wagons is investigated. The most important parameters for the running behaviour of the vehicle are the suspension characteristics. The variation in characteristics between different wagons is large due to geometrical tolerances of the components, wear, corrosion, moisture or other lubrication. The influence of the variation in suspension characteristics and other parameters on the behaviour of the wagon, on tangent track and in curves, is discussed. Finally, suggestions for improvements of the system are made. A majority of the traffic related track deterioration cost originates from freight traffic. With heavier and faster freight trains the maintenance cost is likely to increase. In the fourth part the possibility to improve ride comfort and reduce track forces on standard freight wagons with link suspension is discussed. The variation of characteristics in link suspension running gear is considerable and unfavourable conditions leading to hunting are likely to occur. Supported by on-track tests and multibody dynamic simulations, it is concluded that the running behaviour of two-axled wagons with UIC double-link suspension as well as wagons with link suspension bogies (G-type) can be improved when the running gear are equipped with supplementary hydraulic dampers. Finally in the fifth part the effects of different types of running gear and operational conditions on the track deterioration marginal cost — in terms of settlement in the ballast, component fatigue, wear and RCF — is investigated. Considerable differences in track deterioration cost per produced ton-km for the different types of running gear are observed. Axle load is an important parameter for settlement and component fatigue. Also the height of centre of gravity has significant influence on track deterioration, especially on track sections with high cant deficiency or cant excess.
QC 20100802

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Bramell, Axel. "Differences in the relationship of heart rate and blood lactate values between running on track versus inclined treadmill : Improving laboratory testing to accurately prescribe exercise intensities." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Idrottsmedicin, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-131460.

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The purpose of the study was to evaluate the generalisability of the heart rate-blood lactate relationship determined in laboratory testing in comparison to running over ground. This plays a crucial role to prescribe exercise intensity from laboratory results. Ten well trained runners performed a maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) pre-test and an incremental submaximal test performed at a two degrees inclined treadmill and a running track. Statistical analysis included student’s t-test of heart rate at interpolated blood lactate levels and comparison of second order polynomial regression lines. VO2max was 60,4 ± 6 ml/kg/min for men and 56,3 ± 4,3 ml/kg/min for women. There was no significant difference in heart rate at interpolated blood lactate of 3 and 4 mmol/L. There was no significant difference between heart rate values at any running velocity. A significant difference between blood lactate values was observed 14km/h (p=0,04). When considering blood lactate values up to 6mmol/L, heart rate-blood lactate relationships were similar. In conclusion, lactate threshold testing on treadmill through incremental test protocols on a two degrees incline gives similar heart rate- blood lactate relationship as running over ground and may be used to prescribe intensity in training performed over ground.

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19

Verdegan, Laura. "Assessment of risk factors for stress fractures and future osteoporosis in female collegiate cross country runners." Menomonie, WI : University of Wisconsin--Stout, 2007. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2007/2007verdeganl.pdf.

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20

Rüdrich, Joar. "Korrelation mellan markkontakt och totaltid hos svenska sprinterlöpare inom friidrottsgrenen 100 meter." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Idrotts- och hälsovetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-28138.

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Syfte och frågeställning Syftet med studien är att studera hur svenska elitlöpares totaltider förhåller sig till de olika variablerna markkontakt, flygtid, hastighet, stegfrekvens och steglängd, med största fokus på hur markkontakterna påverkar hastigheten. Studiens två frågeställningar var: (1) Hur ser sambandet ut mellan de fyra variablerna markkontakt, flygtid, steglängd samt stegfrekvens vid den maximala hastigheten vid upprätt löpning hos elitlöpare verksamma inom sprintdistansen 100 meter? (2) Hur korrelerar markkontakt och hastighet hos elitlöpare verksamma inom sprintdistansen 100 meter? Metod En kvantitativ studie genomfördes där 33 manliga och 20 kvinnliga försökslopp på flygande 30 kartlades med mätutrustningen Optojump. Dessa mätvärden analyserades i SPSS för att jämföra korrelation mellan varje mätvärde, ett sambandsdiagram mellan markkontakt och hastighet gjordes samt den översiktliga statistiken analyserades. Resultat Resultaten visar att kortare markkontakter kan ge en högre hastighet, att flygtiden mellan män och kvinnor är lika, att genomsnittet av löparna i studien hade än lägre stegfrekvens och steglängd än litteraturen som presenteras i studien. Slutsatser Resultatet i studien visar att, i likhet med forskningsstudier, att en kortare markkontakt kan ge en höge horisontell löphastighet än en lång. Studien åskådliggör dock att betydligt fler variabler, än endast markkontakt, har stor inverkan på hastighet och totaltid. Jämfört visar detta att mer forskning inom området behövs för att kunna optimera träningsupplägg för löpare.
Purpose and question The purpose of the study is to show how Swedish elit runners total times relate to the different variables ground contact, flight time, speed, step rate and step length, with the main focus on how the ground contacts time affect speed. The study's two main questions were: (1) What is the relationship between the four variables: ground contact, flight time, step length and the velocity at the maximum speed at upright running (2) How do the variable ground contact and velocity correlate between elite runners competing within the track and field event 100 meters? Method A quantitative study was conducted in which 33 male and 20 female runs attempts were mapped with the measuring equipment Optojump. These measured values were analyzed in SPSS to compare correlation between each measurement value, a scatterplot between ground contact and speed, and the summary statistics were taken out. Results The results show that shorter ground contacts times can provide a faster running velocity, that the flight time between men and women is equal, the average of the runners in the study have lower step rate and step length then the literature presented in the study. Conclusions The result of the study shows that, like research studies, a shorter ground contact time can provide a higher horizontal running speed than a longer ground contact. However, the study illustrates that significantly more variables, than only ground contact, have a major impact on velocity and total time. In comparison, this shows that more research in the field is needed to optimize training for runners.

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21

Kiessig, Michael, and Michael Kiessig. "The effect of "fusafungine" on the incidence of upper respiratory tract symptoms in ultradistance runners." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25545.

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Fusafungine is an antibiotic of fungal origin with a potent local anti-inflammatory action (German-Fattal, 1995; German-Fattal, 1996). It is administered locally to the nasal and pharyngeal mucosa by spray. It can be hypothesised that the anti-inflammatory action of fusafungine may decrease the development of mucosa! inflammation in such a manner that the incidence of symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection may be reduced if it is administered before, during and after completion of an ultramarathon. Furthermore, fusafungine could also reduce the risk of secondary bacterial infection. The potential value of fusafungine in reducing the symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections or the development of bacterial upper respiratory infection is the focus of this thesis.

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22

Rembold, Robert. "Does Running in the family leave Dust tracks on a road?, a traveler's guide to inscribing subjective ethnicity." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0019/MQ46786.pdf.

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23

Rembold, Robert. "Does Running in the family leave Dust tracks on a road? : a traveler's guide to inscribing sujective ethnicity." Mémoire, Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 1999. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/2119.

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24

Du, Plessis Dewald. "APPOLO - Towards integrated urban education in Pretoria : a multi-functional vertical primary school." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/29976.

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The Apollo Project investigates the recent establishment of numerous private educational institutions in the inner city of Pretoria. It identifies the need for adequate urban educational facilities and explores the use of existing buildings as schools. An existing educational cluster is identified at the eastern edge of the inner city, defined by Church, Du Toit and Pretorius Streets, and Nelson Mandela Drive. This city block and the ones surrounding it contain numerous primary, secondary and tertiary educational institutions in a predominant industrial/automotive precinct. An urban design framework is proposed for the precinct. It is envisioned that the precinct may be developed as a mixed-use urban educational campus. Within the existing city block and the urban framework proposal, the Apollo Centre, located on the corner of Church-and Du Toit Street, is selected for an adaptive re-use intervention. The proposed use is an urban primary school. The Apollo project investigates current pedagogical trends, which informed a concept that is largely defined by the idea of contextual learning within a vertical structure. Transparency and integration of education with the urban environment is at the core of the proposal. The traditional notion of horizontal education is explored in a vertical manner. The existing structure is analyzed and a position taken regarding the adaptive re-use process that informs the design. Precedent Studies include existing schools within the inner city of Pretoria as well as local and international schools. The process of converting the Apollo Centre into a primary educational facility, that shares its resources on a cross-programming basis, is explored in a series of proposals. The numerous explorations are considered in their various aspects, as well as their relationship to the whole, which then leads to a final design proposal. Key areas of the proposed Apollo Primary School will finally be resolved technically. A conclusion summarizes the author’s thoughts on the result of the project.
Mini Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Architecture
unrestricted

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25

Myška, Jan. "Sportovní a kulturní areál, Otradov." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-240083.

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The subject of this diploma thesis is the preparation of project documentation for the implementation of new sports and cultural centre Otradov. The dominant feature of the complex objects stands and multipurpose hall. The building is architecturally designed with an effort to fit in too much of rural architecture. Multipurpose hall has two floors, one third roofed flat roof, two-thirds of the roof ridge. The core system is aerated concrete blocks. The building is two-storey grandstand with the carrier deck. Roofing is solved by means of broken wooden beams. Sanitary facilities is dealt wall system and roofed shed roof. Athletics track, the surface of the polyurethane mixture designed for sports.

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26

LIU, CHIH-HSIEN, and 劉志賢. "The Safety Assessment of Railway Vehicle Running on a Curved Track." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/60963672513517822755.

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碩士
大葉大學
機械工程學系碩士班
92
Due to the rail vehicles providing the convenience, timeliness, and economy, these reasons have positively motivated the development of rail transportation in Taiwan. The research of rail transportation is divided into two major aspects, which are the safety and the comfort of rail vehicle. Predicting and identifying the danger of derailment are the key researching for the safety of rail vehicle. Therefore, the objective of this study is the formulation of the equations of motion for the rail vehicle considering one single train car, two bogie mounts and four wheelsets. In order to conclude whether the rail vehicle is safe, the study uses the derailment coefficient of rail vehicle as a criterion, which gets from the vertical force and lateral force of the wheel/rail contact forces. The contact relation between the wheelsets and routes is derived from the Kalker’s linear contact theory, and the Newton’s second equation of motion. To confirm the accuracy for derivation of the equation of motion, the proposal of this study is comparing to the experimental results and numerical results using the OMNISIM software code. In addition, the proposed results obtain the potential for evaluating the derailment safety of rail vehicle on curving performance of a track and guiding the future development of safety technologies for the train design and rail routing design.

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27

LAI, HSIAO-HSUAN, and 賴曉萱. "Running on the Track in Clockwise Direction -- Artist Statement of Hsiao-Hsuan Lai." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/jnj89f.

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碩士
國立臺南藝術大學
造形藝術研究所
106
In this thesis, I will explain my thinking of producing artworks during my graduate studies. In 2013-15, considering that an artistic meaning event could take place easily but the narrative of this process becomes more complicated, my interest of creating artwork mainly focused on two aspects : first, about our living conditions, how to deal with the reality we experience in everyday life when our human perceptions are increasingly being replaced by the machine agents ? Second, about visual language, by adopting a set of visible elements in an exhibition, how to point out, or to declare the artistic events occurring outside, and what is the grammar of the display form itself ? No longer insisting on achieving an action goal by the artist's physical body, now I intend to find out a new way to describe art, to identify the commonality of life experiences, and to provoke the circulation of concepts or ideas. To generalize about my recent studies, I will introduce my four artistic works with these written words ( as chapter titles, these works are "Photocopy Service: a Method of Producing Substitutes", "Gellery@Network Security Monitoring", "THJ", and "Three TWD Banknotes" ), and explain in detail my motivation of creation, the conditions of producing, the practice process, the framing live, questions of photograph image, problems of developing works and after all, my expecting of further extension.

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Tamura, Kaori. "Sprint biomechanics of female National Collegiate Athletic Association division track and field athlete." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20662.

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29

Liao, Chun-chi, and 廖浚祺. "A simulation study on the dynamic response of track deflection produced by running vehicle." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/41928216538337833897.

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碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
機械工程系
100
The objective of this study is to investigate the dynamic response of track deflection caused by running vehicle using an established simulation model. In this study the actual parameters of vehicle (EMC car of EMU500 of TRA at the highest loading condition) and track system (UIC 60 rail) were adopted to conduct the simulation analyses. At first, simulation results obtained from straight even rails were compared with the on-site strain measured in the longitudinal direction of the rail obtained by CECI to validate the applicability and the suitability of this simulation model. Then the effects of axial loading, track irregularity and wear rails on the dynamic response of track deflection were studied. The simulated dynamic response of the stain in the longitudinal direction of the rail obtained from straight even rails show the same trend as that measured by CECI except the shape and the maximum amplitude values (about 20% difference). The simulation curve is a smooth curve, but the measured curve is a serrated one; further simulation analyses using rails with irregularity reveal that this serrated behavior is related to the irregularity of the track. This result implies that the simulation model applied in this study is very sensitive to rail irregularity. Simulation analyses also show that the axial loading has strong influence on the maximum amplitude value. The actually measured maximum strain value is higher than the maximum strain value obtained from the simulation analyses using S1(empty vehicle) loading condition, the difference is about 5%. Simulation results also indicate that the wear of rail head will increase the vertical track deflection; in the most severe allowable condition (with even wear of 14 mm) the vertical track deflection can reach 0.14mm.

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30

Hojka, Vladimír. "Myodynamika oporové fáze při odrazových pohybech člověka." Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-326928.

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Title: Myodynamics of the support phase during different take-off tasks in human locomotion Objectives: Six types of take-off movement were analyzed in terms of support limb kinematics, take-off dynamics and muscle activation, in order to identify differences in motor control. Methods: 14 male athletes (22.6 ± 4.4 years; 182.4 ± 5.3 cm; 74.7 ± 6.2 kg) took part in laboratory experiment. Each athlete performed six different take-off movements (running, acceleration - first and second step, long jump take-off, high jump take-off and take-off to the hurdle). System Qualisys was used to analyze kinematics of the support limb. Dynamic of the suport phase was measured with Kistler 9281 EA force- plate. ME6000 apparatus was used to measure the muscle activation. Results were processed and statistically evaluated in Matlab (MathWorks, Inc) environment. Pair ANOVA, T-test and Friedmann test were performed to identify differences between take-off movements. regression analysis was introduced to find the relationship between parameters. Results: Significant differences in take-off dynamics are realized with not so significant differences in kinematic and electromyographic parameters. high jump and long jump take-offs acted most specifically in comparison with other types of take-offs. Two typically...

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Kužílek, Ondřej. "Analýza tréninkového procesu na 800 m u běžce vrcholové úrovně." Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-300157.

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Abstract Title: 800 meters elite runner training analysis Objectives: The main goal of my thesis deals with pedagogical evaluation of 800 meters elite runner training process. It concerns analysis of teoretical background esential for the performance growth of the two annual macrocycles through 2007/2008 and 2008/2009. I mainly focused on the relationship between the volumes of general and specific training indicators and achieved performance indicator in tracked event. The conslusion of the work should provide us with recommendations for the training process improvement in future periods. Methods: The education analysis of training process is based on the values that were obtained by content analysis of training documents and training records of the coach. I used a percentage expression for a quantitative comparison. For the qualitative comparison I used a distribution of training indicators devided into 17 categories, 5 as indicators of general training and 12 as special indicators. Results: The growth of sports performance in 800 meters discipline was primarily achieved by training loads of special training indicators and focus on its main field. The resulting performance was most influenced by changes in speed and special endurance development, which were supported by the growth of tempo and...

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Huang, Huihui. "Identifying communications of running programs through their assembly level execution traces." Thesis, 2018. https://dspace.library.uvic.ca//handle/1828/9401.

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Understanding the communications between programs can help software security engineers understand the behaviour of a system and detect vulnerabilities in a system. Assembly-level execution traces are used for this purpose for two reasons: 1) lack of source code of the running programs, and 2) assembly-level execution traces provide the most accurate run-time behaviour information. In this thesis, I present a communication analysis approach using such execution traces. I first model the message based communication in the context of trace analysis. Then I develop a method and the necessary algorithms to identify communications from a dual trace which consist of two assembly level execution traces. A prototype is developed for communication analysis. Finally, I conducted two experiments for communication analysis of interacting programs. These two experiments show the usefulness of the designed communication analysis approach, the developed algorithms and the implemented prototype.
Graduate
2019-05-11

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33

Chang, Ji-Jing, and 張繼靖. "Dynamic Analyses of Vehicles with Nonlinear Secondary Suspension Damping Running on Tracks with Irregularity." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/05628114688004322083.

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碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
機械工程系
93
This thesis studies the vertical and lateral dynamic behavior of a vehicle running on a slab track with vertical and lateral irregularities. In this work, both the carbody and rails are assumed as Euler beams, and the carbody is equipped with nonlinear lateral dampers. First, the discretized eqations of motion of the elastic carbody and rails are formulated by the finite element method, and the equations of motion of bogies and wheelsets are derived by Newton’s second law. Then, these equations are assembled to yield the equations of motion for the vehicle and track systems, respectively. Through the interactive forces between wheels and tracks, the vehicle and track systems will be coupled. These interactive forces include the normal contact forces and tangential creep forces. The normal contact force is simulated by nonlinear Hertzian’s theory for elastic contacts, and the tangential creep force is simulated by Kalker’s linear creep theory. The tangential creep force is further modified by the Johnson’s nonlinear method to control its range. Finally, Newmark’s method is applied to obtain the dynamic responses of the vehicle and track systems at each time step. Numerical results show that when a vehicle runs along perfect straight tracks, the dynamic responses of the vehicle/track systems do not have much difference between the cases with linear or nonlinear lateral dampers. But when it runs along perfect curved tracks, the dynamic behavior of the vehicle/track systems will vary due to the centrifugal force. The types of lateral dampers will affect the responses of the vehicle/track systems. The lateral displacement of the carbody with nonlinear lateral dampers tends to go back to the original position. When a vehicle runs on tracks with vertical and/or lateral irregularities, the dynamic responses of vehicle system will be affected. The effect of the vehicle speed on the responses of the vehicle system will be more noticeable for higher vehicle speeds.

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34

張世福. "The Running Stability Analysis of Railway Vehicle Systems on Curved Tracks with Nonlinear Contact Forces." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/54854155299864072866.

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碩士
國立成功大學
機械工程學系
89
The stability analysis of railway vehicle system has been discussed by many papers in the past. Most of them considered the systems as linear; however, many nonlinearities exist in the railway vehicle system. One of the nonlinearities is the contact force between rail and wheel. In this paper, the running stability analysis of railway vehicle moving on curved track has been performed. The contact force is simulated by the linear theory and the nonlinear one, respectively. The critical speed of the hunting phenomenon is estimated by the theory of “Liapunov's indirect method”,and is verified by numerical method “Runge Kutta order four method”. The difference between the results simulated by the linear theory and those simulated by the nonlinear theory and the influence of vehicle design parameters on stability are discussed.

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35

Struwig, Gillian Anne. "Health risks of distance running: modelling the predictors of running addiction, overuse injuries, and infectious illness." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/21521.

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Text in English
Regular exercise has significant physical and psychological health benefits yet, paradoxically, may also have harmful effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the physical and psychological health risks of distance running, a popular participation sport in South Africa. Structural equation modelling was employed to examine the personality and motivational antecedents of running addiction and its influence, in turn, on self-reported overuse injuries and upper respiratory tract infections in 220 athletic club members. The predictors and physical health effects of customary training load were also assessed. It was found that perfectionistic concerns, Type A behaviour pattern, and task goal orientation had a direct, positive impact on running addiction, which predicted higher running injury scores. In contrast, training workload (Volume × Intensity) was inversely related to injury risk. Neither running addiction nor any training load variables influenced infectious illness susceptibility. The findings of this study indicate that maladaptive perfectionism, Type A behaviour, and achievement goal orientation may be risk factors for running addiction, which may, in turn, contribute to increased injury incidence in South African distance runners. Conversely, heavier training loads may be protective against injury occurrences in this population. The results of this research may help to enhance current understanding of the possible health hazards of distance running. This knowledge may have practical implications for the health and well-being of runners of diverse levels of ability and experience.
Psychology
D.Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Track running'

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