Relevant bibliographies by topics / Track running

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Track running'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Track running"

1

SEI, Kenji. "All Weather Running Track." NIPPON GOMU KYOKAISHI 83, no. 5 (2010): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2324/gomu.83.125.

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2

Koc, Władysław. "Speed of Trains Running on Parallel Track Connections Using Curved Turnouts." Problemy Kolejnictwa - Railway Reports 64, no. 189 (December 2020): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.36137/1892e.

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The issue of connecting parallel main tracks located in a circular curve by means of curved turnouts is discussed in the pa-per, focusing on determining the achievable train speed. Selected geometries are used in the analysis. The curved turnout diverging track radii and the corresponding train speeds are determined. An analytical notation is used, thereby creating greater options in specific applications. It is shown that the speed of trains running on parallel track connections depends on the type of basic turnout subjected to curving (i.e. mainly on the radius of this turnout), while the second very important factor is the value of the track cant used. In each case, the determined speed resulting from the diverging track radius is lower than the speed on the main tracks. While discussing the general principles of constructing parallel track connections in a circular arc using curved turnouts, it is pointed out that in some situations the speed of travel must be further reduced due to the need to connect the ends of the diverging tracks with a circular arc. Keywords: railway turnouts, turnout curving, speed analysis, connecting diverging tracks
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3

Brown, Alan S. "Running Energy." Mechanical Engineering 121, no. 06 (June 1, 1999): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1999-jun-4.

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Composite Power Corp., Las Vegas, plans to use composites as a key material in a wind turbine a quarter-mile across that will turn on air or magnetic bearings in breezes as mild as 3 mph. Composite towers cost more than steel, however, are cheaper to transport and easier to assemble on-site, making them cost-competitive, especially in remote areas. Since composite towers have small footprints, they can share rights of way with railroad tracks. The system is designed so even if a car jumps the track and takes out up to three towers, the fiber-reinforced cable will remain intact. Beginning with inexpensive coal fuel, the proposed Montana-Wisconsin line will deliver power for an estimated 3 cents a kilowatt, compared with the 4 to 9 cents a kilowatt it costs other state utilities. The heart of the technology consists of cables made of aluminum strengthened by a composite wrapping. Although aluminum has a generous current-carrying capacity, its poor mechanical strength has curbed its role in power transmission lines.
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Worsey, Matthew T. O., Hugo G. Espinosa, Jonathan B. Shepherd, Julian Lewerenz, Florian S. M. Klodzinski, and David V. Thiel. "Features Observed Using Multiple Inertial Sensors for Running Track and Hard-Soft Sand Running: A Comparison Study." Proceedings 49, no. 1 (June 15, 2020): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020049012.

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Variability in the running surface can cause an athlete to alter their gait. Most literature report running on grass, a treadmill or athletics running tracks using inertial sensors. This study compares the signals obtained by 9 degrees of freedom (DOF) inertial-magnetic sensors incorporating an accelerometer (±16 g), gyroscope (±2000°/s) and magnetometer (±8 gauss). The sensors were placed on the participant’s shank, knee, lower spine and upper spine, and the participants were asked to run on three different surfaces (running track, hard sand and soft sand). The calculated player loads for a 400 m run on each surface type was very similar. The mean and standard deviation values were 577 ± 130, 581 ± 128, 568 ± 124 for soft sand, hard sand and the running track, respectively. This did not correlate with the participant’s self-assessment RPE (Rate of perceived exertion), which demonstrated running on soft sand to be significantly more challenging, yielding a mean and standard deviation of 5.3 ± 2.5 (Hard to Very Hard). Soft sand running had a decreased swing time duration but increased variability (0.44 ± 0.02 s—Swing Time, 6.5 ± 1.1%—CV), hard sand running had the longest swing and intermediate variability duration (0.46 ± 0.02 s—Swing Time, 3.30 ± 2.58 %—CV) and running track running had the medium swing time but lowest variability (0.45 ± 0.02 s, 2.7 ± 0.9%—CV). Gait dominance was not consistent across the surfaces for each participant and remained below a ratio of 0.4. These results provide an insight into how athletes modify their gait mechanics to accommodate different running surfaces.
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Vu, Linh, Dong-Doo Jang, and Yun-Suk Kang. "Assessment of Structural Dynamic Response and Vehicle-Track Interaction of Precast Slab Track Systems." Applied Sciences 11, no. 8 (April 15, 2021): 3558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11083558.

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Recently, precast slab tracks have been used widely in railway applications, especially in conventional urban railway lines. These types of tracks are rapidly constructed and limit interruptions to train operation. However, the problems of dynamic stability when the trains run on the discontinuous type of tracks must be seriously considered. This paper focuses on analyzing the train-track interaction in two types of tracks under the dynamic load by using the numerical analysis program (APATSI) to evaluate the structural response as well as the running safety to precisely understand the load transfer efficiency of precast slab track systems.
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Panascì, Marco, Romuald Lepers, Antonio La Torre, Matteo Bonato, and Hervè Assadi. "Physiological responses during intermittent running exercise differ between outdoor and treadmill running." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 42, no. 9 (September 2017): 973–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2017-0132.

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The aim of this study was to compare the physiological responses during 15 min of intermittent running consisting of 30 s of high-intensity running exercise at maximal aerobic velocity (MAV) interspersed with 30 s of passive recovery (30–30) performed outdoor versus on a motorized treadmill. Fifteen collegiate physically active males (age, 22 ± 1 years old; body mass, 66 ± 7 kg; stature, 176 ± 06 cm; weekly training volume, 5 ± 2 h·week−1), performed the Fitness Intermittent Test 45–15 to determine maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) and MAV and then completed in random order 3 different training sessions consisting of a 30-s run/30-s rest on an outdoor athletic track (30–30 Track) at MAV; a 30-s run/30-s rest on a treadmill (30–30 Treadmill) at MAV; a 30-s run/30-s rest at MAV+15% (30–30 + 15% MAV Treadmill). Oxygen uptake (V̇O2), time above 90%V̇O2max (t90%V̇O2max), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured during each training session. We observed a statistical significant underestimation of V̇O2 (53.1 ± 5.4 mL·kg−1·min−1 vs 49.8 ± 6.7 mL·kg−1·min−1, –6.3%, P = 0.012), t90%V̇O2max (8.6% ± 11.5% vs 38.7% ± 32.5%, –77.8%, P = 0.008), RPE (11.4 ± 1.4 vs 16.5 ± 1.7, –31%, P < 0.0001) during the 30–30 Treadmill compared with the same training session performed on track. No statistical differences between 30–30 +15 % MAV Treadmill and 30–30 Track were observed. The present study demonstrates that a 15% increase in running velocity during a high-intensity intermittent treadmill training session is the optimal solution to reach the same physiological responses than an outdoor training session.
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Picerno, Pietro, and Johnny Padulo. "Acute kinematic adaptations to running on a centrifugal track: A pilot study." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology 232, no. 3 (January 1, 2018): 275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754337117749515.

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The centrifugal track, a basin-shaped track characterised by a platform with a parabolic section, exploits the centripetal acceleration to increase the bodyweight of the athlete during the foot contact phase of running. Because this overload is produced by an inertial force that is equally distributed to the infinitesimal point masses of the body, no postural changes are expected with respect to level running. This pilot study aimed to compare some selected key kinematic quantities of running on the centrifugal track with respect to level running. A video-based three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis was performed on five sprinters and used to compute spatio-temporal variables, frontal and sagittal trunk kinematics and knee sagittal kinematics at footstrike, midstance and foot-off over two consecutive steps at similar speeds. No significant changes were found in spatio-temporal variables and knee kinematics between the right and the left leg during running on the centrifugal track. Neither step length nor step duration was found statistically different between the two running typologies. Trunk flexion was not altered during the stance phase of running on the centrifugal track. Knee angle at footstrike was found similar to level running. A slightly larger but statistically significant knee flexion at midstance and knee extension at foot-off were found with respect to flat-track running, but these findings appear more beneficial for strength training rather than detrimental for the running technique. The centrifugal track was found to be a viable alternative to the common resisted sprint training techniques as the training effect is produced without localised overloads on the musculoskeletal system and detrimental postural changes.
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Kawamoto, Ryuji, Yusuke Ishige, Koji Watarai, and Senshi Fukashiro. "Influence of Curve Sharpness on Torsional Loading of the Tibia in Running." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 18, no. 3 (August 2002): 218–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.18.3.218.

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The purpose of this study was to test quantitatively the hypothesis that, as runners run along a more sharply curved track, greater torsional moments act on their tibiae. Six male participants were asked to run along a straight track and along counterclockwise curved tracks with turn radii of 15 m (gentle) and 5 m (sharp) at 3.5 m s–1. Data were collected using two high-speed cameras and force platforms. Each participant’s left (corresponding to the inside of the curves) foot and tibia were modeled as a system of coupled rigid bodies. For analysis, net axial moments acting on both ends of the tibia were calculated using free-body analysis. The torsional moment acting on the tibia was determined from the quasi-equilibrium balance of the tibial axial moments based on the assumption that the rate of change of the angular momentum about the tibial axis was negligible. The results showed that the torsional moments, which were in the direction of external rotational loading of the proximal tibiae, increased as the track curvature became sharper. Furthermore, the mean value of the maximum torsional moments, while running on a sharply curved track (28.5 Nm), was significantly higher than the values obtained while running on a straight track (11.0 Nm, p < .01) and on a gently curved track (12.2 Nm, p < .01). In conclusion, the present study has quantitatively confirmed that as runners run along a more sharply curved track, greater torsional moments act on their tibiae. The findings imply that athletes prone to tibial running injuries such as stress fractures should avoid repetitive running on sharply curved paths.
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Ford, R. A. J. "Track and Ground Vibrations from Trains Running on Conventional Ballasted Track." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 206, no. 2 (July 1992): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1992_206_225_02.

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This theoretical analysis predicts how spectra of track and ground vibrations from passing trains depend upon axle spacings in vehicles and sleeper spacings in track. At any measuring point on the surface of the ground, vibrations caused by trains running on conventional ballasted track are the combined effect of vibration waves propagating from every sleeper. The character of these vibrations is initially determined by the character of the vibration input that the train applies to each sleeper, but this is substantially modified by what happens as the resulting vibration waves propagate to the measuring point and superpose there. Propagation and superposition strongly modulate the input spectrum from trains, emphasizing vibrations at some frequencies in the measured response while minimizing vibrations at others. The shape of the final predicted spectrum depends upon the interrelationship of sleeper spacing and axle spacings, so it may be possible through careful choice of these dimensions to reduce the unwanted effects of train-induced vibrations—for example by minimizing excitation at known resonant frequencies of sensitive line-side structures. The predictions of the theory now await checking by experiment.
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Fries, R. H., and C. G. Da´vila. "Wheel Wear Predictions for Tangent Track Running." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 109, no. 4 (December 1, 1987): 397–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3143873.

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Wear of wheels and rails is a problem of substantial magnitude for railways throughout the world. Efforts to control wear by using new wheels profiled to match worn wheels have met with a measure of success. Purely empirical approaches to this problem require years of effort before results can be assessed. This paper describes a computational method for predicting worn profiles. The method is applied here to freight cars running on tangent track, and it includes the capability to handle both stable and hunting running. The method has been evaluated with four different wear models, and it was found that the predicted worn wheel profiles are relatively insensitive to the selection of wear model. Results include predictions from AAR and CNA wheels running on new rail, and from a simulated unit-train operation.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Track running"

1

Robertson, Erin Mhray. "Impact forces in female recreational runners track versus treadmill running /." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.

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Sandals, Leigh E. "Oxygen uptake during middle distance running." Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2003. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/3085/.

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Jones, Gareth R. "The incidence of hematuria with middle distance track running interval training." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/MQ33395.pdf.

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Blom, Oa. "Comparison of blood lactate levels between treadmill running and over-ground running during incremental tests : A study on elite male runners." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Avdelningen för idrottsmedicin, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-177101.

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Tests to evaluate runners' aerobic capacity aiming to design training programs are often performed on a treadmill, while the training mainly takes place on over-ground surfaces. Studies have shown that different degrees of inclination on treadmills can compensate for the differences in heart rate (HR) response between running on treadmills and over-ground surfaces. The purpose of the study was to test whether the blood lactate concentration (BLC) differs between over-ground running and treadmill running at matched HR, and if so; can inclination of the treadmill be adjusted to generate equal BLC at matched HR? Eight male elite runners performed three incremental running tests where HR and BLC were measured; on a flat treadmill at six running velocities, on a running track at six velocities equal to the HR at test one, and on a treadmill at a fixed HR on different inclines (0°, 0.3°, 0.6°, 0.9°, 1.1° and 1.5°). The results revealed a non-significant trend indicating that over-ground running yields higher BLC at matched HR than treadmill running, and that 0.3° incline on treadmill correlated best with over- ground running. This study demonstrates a clear tendency of higher BLC at a given HR when running on an over-ground surface in comparison to running on a treadmill. Furthermore, a 0.3° incline on a treadmill is suggested to compensate for the difference in BLC at matched HR, between running on a treadmill and on an over-ground surface. However, more research with a larger sample size is needed to conclude and generalize the results.
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Tukuafu, Jesse Tipasa. "The Effects of Indoor Track Curve Radius on Sprint Speed and Ground Reaction Forces." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2010. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2348.

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Sprinting on a curve is significantly slower than on a straightaway. Although the dimensions vary from track to track, indoor track curves are among the tightest curves that athletes will sprint at maximal speed. Previous studies have provided theories for how speed attenuation occurs when running on a curve. Yet, no previous research has determined how the variability of indoor track curve radii affects trained sprinters at maximal speeds. Purpose: To determine the differences in running speeds, ground time (GT), and medio-lateral (ML) impulse, with different indoor track radii. A secondary purpose was to understand the between-leg differences in GT and ML impulse during maximal sprinting on a curve. Methods: 10 male intercollegiate sprinters performed 45-m maximal sprints on a straightaway, 15-m track curve and 21-m track curve. A force platform embedded under an indoor track surface measured ground reaction forces while timing lights measured running speed. Analysis: A mixed models analysis of variance blocking on subjects was performed testing the main effects of the track curve on sprinting speed, GT and ML impulse (p<0.01). Results: Sprinting speed was significantly slower when running on a curve. GT increased for inside leg on both curved path conditions compared to straight. ML impulses increased as the radius of the track curve decreased. Discussion: If a 200m race were performed on both our track curves, the track with 21m curve would be 0.12s faster than the track with the 15m curve. GT and ML impulse results support leading explanations that the inside leg is the limiting factor during curve running. Tighter track curves require greater ML forces, but for a shorter period of time compared to larger track turns. Coaches and athletes should consider the radius of the track curve as they prepare for training and performance and consider injury risk. The speed differences observed due to the track curve radius may provide the first step to understanding how the radius of the indoor track curve affects sprinting speed and ultimately, performance.
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Ford, Cassandra. "Vibration of steel framed floors due to running." Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/34488.

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Master of Science
Department of Architectural Engineering and Construction Science
Bill Zhang
Vibration has been a consideration in many types of structures, and as the advancement of technology has allowed steel and concrete sections to become lighter, vibration has become more of a consideration in the design of structures. This report focuses on occupant induced vibration of steel framed floors due to running as the vibration source. The history of vibration analysis and criteria in structures is discussed. However, lack of research and experimentation on running as the source of vibration exists; therefore, the history section focuses on walking as the source of vibration. The current design criteria for vibration of steel framed floors in the United States of America is the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) Design Guide 11: Vibrations of Steel Framed Structural Systems Due to Human Activity. This design guide discusses vibration due to walking, running, and rhythmic activities as well as gives design criteria for sensitive occupancies and sensitive equipment. In order to apply the Design Guide 11 analysis procedure for running as the source of vibration, the Kansas State University Chester E. Peters Recreation Complex is used as a case study. The recreation complex includes a 1/5-mile running track that is supported by a composite steel framed floor. Based on the Design Guide 11 criterion, the running track is deemed acceptable. Lastly, this report discusses remedial procedures in the case of annoying floor vibration specific to floors that have running as a source of vibration. In addition, areas of further research are suggested where running is a source of vibration on steel framed floors.
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Ricker, Kimberly L. "Influences of Eating Disorders and Behaviors on College Cross Country and Track Runners." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1220468082.

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Alban, Bradley A. "Relationships of Characteristics to Running Performances and Their Changes Throughout Collegiate Cross Country and Track Seasons." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3290.

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A monitoring program is essential in assuring goal attainment and reducing the risk of overtraining or undertraining, establishing long-term athlete development, and ensuring success. This monitoring program needs to be integrated into the training process, developed, and executed by both the sport science and coaching staff. This staff forms the SPEG (sports performance enhancement group), which is athlete centered and coach driven. The purpose of this dissertation was to create an evidence based, or white box approach, to collegiate distance running by identifying key characteristics, utilizing appropriate monitoring tools, and examining the annual plan. Collegiate distance runners took part in a monitoring program through East Tennessee State University, which included vertical jumps, V̇O2max, running economy, anthropometrics, isometric mid-thigh pull, performance results and ultrasound measurements. There were strong correlations between performance results and monitoring data, and there were significant changes that occurred throughout the monitoring program. The results indicate the importance of V̇O2max in collegiate runners and that monitoring variables, including performance, sum of skinfolds, ultrasound and vertical jumps significantly change throughout the competitive season. The results also identify characteristics of a high-level runner and indicate the impact that a strength program can have on monitoring variables and performance. Results further suggest that strength can be a critical component of a training program, can be tracked through systematic monitoring, and is associated with an increase in performance.
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Corey, Marisha. "The Difference in HR Response between Track and Treadmill Running at a Pre-determined, Self-selected Pace." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2005. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/254.

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The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not differences exist in heart rate (HR) between jogging on the track and jogging on the treadmill at the same speed. Twenty-four college-age (19-31 years old) male (n = 12) and female (n = 12) recreational runners volunteered to participate in this study. Each participant performed a maximal graded exercise test (GXT) and four exercise sessions. During the first exercise session, participants completed a 1-mile steady-state jog on either the track or treadmill at a self-selected submaximal pace that could be maintained for 30 minutes. The following three exercise sessions were completed at the same pace as the first exercise session. Two of the exercise sessions were performed on the treadmill and two were performed on an indoor track. The order of the four sessions were counterbalanced. Participants were randomly assigned to an order of sessions. Heart rate was recorded every minute and the participants were asked to give an RPE at the end of every session. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in pace (mph) between the trials within the two track or two treadmill trials (p = 0.5812), in the HR response. Therefore, gender and trials were excluded from the final model, and the final model included only the treatment effect (track, treadmill). There was a significant treatment effect (F 1,94 = 39.126, p < 0.0001) indicating that significant differences in the HR responses between track and treadmill jogging at the same pace. Jogging on the treadmill elicited an average HR of 5.16 bpm (S.E. = 0.82) less than that observed while jogging on an indoor track at the same pace. We conclude that jogging on the treadmill and track at the same, self-selected speed results in HR values that differ significantly by 5 bpm. Differences in air resistance, biomechanics, and muscle activity most likely contributed to the observed differences in HR. The results of this study are applicable to various individuals who often train or exercise on the treadmill or overground. Use of a HR monitor is recommended to determine personal responses to exercise on a treadmill and overground.
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Clews, Clayton, and n/a. "A physiological comparison between standing cycling and running during an intermediate term anaerobic capacity session." University of Canberra. Human & Biomedical Sciences, 2000. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060628.160711.

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This study wished to compare the same physiological responses of elite athletes to a typical intermediate term anaerobic capacity track running session with those of standing cycling of similar intensity and duration. Twelve well trained/elite male distance runners completed maximal running, standing cycling and strength testing sessions; and Intermediate Term Anaerobic Capacity Sessions (ITACS) in running and standing cycling; each comprising eight efforts of approximately 30 seconds duration at 90% maximal effort in each mode of activity, separated by 2 minutes rest. The experimental sessions took place from the end of November 1996 to the beginning of March 1997. The subjects were required to attend three maximal experimental sessions, which were performed on separate days and used for baseline data collection. On completing these they participated in both running and standing cycling ITACS, performed on separate days with at least 48 hours between each test protocol. There was complete randomisation of all test protocols. Descriptive statistics were determined for all the variables. Independent t-testing was used to determine if similar temperature and humidity readings were obtained during the maximal testing for each mode of activity. Paired t-testing was used to compare the differences in warmup heart rates between the maximal and ITACS, the differences in peak lactates obtained after each type of ITACS, draw comparisons between heart rate (HR) changes over time during the ITACS and determine if a difference existed between workloads for the two modes of activity. It was also used to draw a comparison between the peak BLa values and ascertain if pre-test creatine kinase (CK) levels were the same for each mode of activity. A repeated measures one way ANOVA was used to determine if workload reduced over time for each type of ITACS. A three way ANOVA with repeated measures on one factor (repetition) was performed on HR response. It was used to determine if there was a difference between the workload/recovery HR response; if workload/recovery HR values increased over the duration of each ITACS; and if the workload/recovery HR response over time was mode specific. A two way ANOVA with repeated measures on one factor (repetition) was performed on blood lactate (BLa) response. It was used to determine if there was a significant interaction between the mode of activity and time, if BLa increased over the duration of each ITACS and if there was an effect of mode on its own on the BLa response. A two way repeated measures ANOVA was used to ascertain whether there was a difference in CK levels between the two modes of activity, with Tukey's multiple comparison tests used in post hoc analyses to show the amount of difference. A linear regression analysis was performed to determine if BLa response was similar across the duration of each type of ITACS. The effects of temperature (22.3 ± 1.2 vs 21.1 ± 0.3 °C, run vs cycle, t = -0.94, n = 12, p = 0.36)) and humidity (57 ±4.2 vs 52 ± 1.7%, run versus cycle, t = -1.04, n = 12, p = 0.31) did not influence any of the results obtained during the ITACS. Nor did differing warmup intensities (as indicated by heart rate - HR) during the maximal (160 ± 5.7 vs 158 ± 3.1 beats per minute (bpm), run vs cycle, t = - 0.45, n = 9, p = 0.66) and ITACS (160 ± 3.6 vs 152 ± 3.1 bpm, run vs cycle, t = -2.81, n = 9, p = 0.02). An equal test preparation was confirmed by the warmup blood lactate (BLa) levels, which were not significantly different between the exercise modes for both the maximal (11.0 ±0.6 vs 11.8 ± 1.0 mmol-l1, run vs cycle, t = 2.26, ii n = 10, p =0.23) and ITACS (4.2 ± 0.7 vs 4.2 ± 0.6 mmol-1 ', run vs cycle, t = 0.27, n = 10, p = 0.796). A significantly higher workload was achieved during the running ITACS as compared to the standing cycling ITACS (105 ± 1.1 vs 89 ±2.9 %, run vs cycle, t = 10.45, n = 12, p<0.0005). The increase in workload/recovery HR response and their changes as each type of ITACS progressed was not mode specific [F(l,40) = 0.94, p > 0.05]. Those subjects who possessed high BLa concentrations performed less work on the cycle ergometer. There was a strong negative relationship for average workloads and BLa accumulation for the standing cycling exercise (Spearmans rho = -0.799, n = 11, p<0.005) suggesting that BLa accumulation was a limiting factor in work production. The increase in BLa levels was not mode specific F(l,20) = 1.36, p > 0.05]. The BLa response was comparatively similar because the rate of increase in BLa accumulation and peak BLa values (19.7 vs 16.9 mmol-l'1, cycle vs run, t = 2.1, n = 11, p = 0.06) were not significantly different between the modes of activity. Mode in conjunction with time affected standing cycling BLa response to a greater extent than running BLa levels [F(4.80) =3.929, p <. 0.05]. Standing cycling BLa concentrations were significantly negatively correlated with knee extension peak torque (Spearmans rho = - 0.771, n = 11, p < 0.01) and total work (Spearmans rho = - 0.802, n = 11, p < 0.01) measurements. In running they were negatively correlated with knee flexion total work measurements (Spearman rho = - 0.685, n = 11, p < 0.05) These findings suggest that BLa accumulation occurs from different muscle fibre recruitment patterns. Less work was performed in isokinetic knee extension following standing cycling as compared to running (2234 ± 68.4 vs 2462 ± 78.9 Nm, t = 2.23, n = 11, p < 0.05) suggesting that standing cycling is more fatiguing on the quadriceps than running. There was no difference in the knee flexion testing (1799 ± 89.6 vs 1785 ± 69.2, cycle vs run, t = 2.23, n = 11, p = 0.96). There was a significant difference in mean creatine kinase (CK) activity between the two modes 24 hours after completing the ITACS (450 ± 73.2 vs 320 ± 46.5 I/U, running vs cycle, F = 6.44, df = 1,17, p < 0.01). There was a significantly greater increase in CK activity and therefore muscle damage, following the running (mean increase of 190 I/U) as compared to the standing cycling session (mean increase of 44.0 I/U). In terms of reducing the risk of injury, achieving a similar cardiovascular response and achieving comparable BLa accumulation (even though mechanism/s of accumulation may be different) standing cycling appears to be is a satisfactory substitute for running during an ITACS. The results of this research strengthen the concept of utilising a simulated mode of activity as a substitute for the primary activity in order to maximise transfer effects, providing there is a careful balance between the specific training and the near specific training. The differing physiological responses between the exercise modes (ie- different muscle fibre recruitment patterns, different workload capacity, different CK measures) suggest that standing cycling cannot act as a total/comprehensive replacement for running. A training study is warranted to further investigate the findings of this research.
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Books on the topic "Track running"

1

Karen, Rosen, ed. Sports illustrated track: Championship running. New York: Sports Illustrated, 1988.

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Rosen, Mel. Sports illustrated track: Championship running. Lanham, MD: Sports Illustrated Books, 1994.

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Marsico, Katie. Running. Cherry Lake Pub: Ann Arbor, 2009.

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Tony, Ward. Track. Oxford: Heinemann, 1996.

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Tony, Ward. Track. Crystal Lake, IL: Rigby, 1996.

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Ward, Tony. Track. London: Heinemann Library, 1995.

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Rosen, Mel. Sports illustrated track: The running events. New York, NY: Harper & Row, 1986.

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Track athletics. Tunbridge Wells: Wise Walrus, 2012.

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Brewer, John. Athletics - track events. London: Carlton, 2011.

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Sandelson, Robert. Track athletics. New York: Crestwood House, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Track running"

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Andreeva, Elena, and Horst Behncke. "Competitive Running on a Hilly Track." In Variational Calculus, Optimal Control and Applications, 241–50. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8802-8_24.

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Vaz Contreiras, Boniswa. "Luanda: Running on the Wrong Track Towards Global Acceptance." In City Imaging: Regeneration, Renewal and Decay, 125–31. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7235-9_10.

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Dižo, Ján, Miroslav Blatnický, and Stasys Steišūnas. "Multibody Simulation of Rail Vehicle Running Considering Track Flexibility." In TRANSBALTICA XI: Transportation Science and Technology, 309–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38666-5_33.

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Kemeth, Ferdinand, Sven Hafenecker, Ágnes Jakab, Máté Varga, Tamás Csielka, and Sylvie Couronné. "Guiding System for Visually Impaired Running on a Track." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 71–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25249-0_6.

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Huang, Guangzhi. "400m Running Training Methods and Means of Track and Field Athlete." In Advanced Technology in Teaching, 131–35. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29458-7_21.

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Abe, K., D. Satou, T. Suzuki, and M. Furuta. "Three-dimensional analysis of subway track vibrations due to running wheels." In Wave propagation Moving load – Vibration Reduction, 149–56. London: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003211372-20.

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Munehiro, Kazunori, Naohisa Nakamura, and Masaya Sato. "Experiments of Autonomous Vehicles Running at a Test Track, and Future Prospects." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 275–85. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0450-1_28.

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Hartmann, Ulrich, and Margot Niessen. "Performance diagnosis and training monitoring of human athletes in track & field running disciplines." In Applied equine nutrition and training, 113–33. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-740-0_8.

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Tkachuk, Mykola, Andrey Grabovskiy, Mykola Tkachuk, Iryna Hrechka, and Volodymyr Sierykov. "Contact Interaction of a Ball Piston and a Running Track in a Hydrovolumetric Transmission." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 195–203. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77823-1_20.

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Sheng, Xiaozhen, Gong Cheng, and David J. Thompson. "Modelling Wheel/Rail Rolling Noise for a High-Speed Train Running on a Slab Track." In Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design, 613–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70289-2_67.

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Conference papers on the topic "Track running"

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"On track to a greener future or running into the buffers?" In 19th Annual European Real Estate Society Conference: ERES Conference 2012. ERES, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres2012_113.

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Mahdavi, Fatemeh, Md Imam Hossain, Hasti Hayati, David Eager, and Paul Kennedy. "Track Shape, Resulting Dynamics and Injury Rates of Greyhounds." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-87156.

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A challenge for greyhound racing is optimizing the tracks to minimize the risk of injuries. The effects of different track design variables on greyhound injury rates has not been explored sufficiently. The purpose of this paper is to present some preliminary findings on the effect of greyhound racetrack design variables such as the track curvature and lure alignment. An analysis was carried out of two years of greyhound racing injury data from three different tracks in New South Wales, Australia. The data from before and after an intervention was introduced were compared. Variables in the study, which may affect\ the analysis were investigated to minimize the errors. The analysis showed that there is a reduction in injury rates for a longer lure arm in the tracks with short or no straight section. To verify the effect of track design variables on the greyhound dynamics a kinematic simulation of greyhound center of gravity was created. The simulation considered fundamental variables correlating directly with kinematics between the greyhound and the track. The simulation data showed that the rate of change in the rotation of the greyhound heading direction decreases when the track running path has a more gradual curvature. The result of the simulation showed excellent agreement with that of injury data analysis.
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Shimizu, Ryota, and Hisayuki Sugita. "Road Simulation Techniques for Reproducing Vehicle Behavior at Motocross Running on a Track." In SAE/JSAE Small Engine Technology Conference. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2018-32-0051.

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Kemeth, Ferdinand, Sven Hafenecker, Ágnes Jakab, Máté Varga, Tamás Csielka, and Sylvie Couronné. "BLINDTRACK: Guiding System for Visually Impaired - Locating System for Running on a Track." In International Congress on Sport Sciences Research and Technology Support. SCITEPRESS - Science and and Technology Publications, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0005143001830189.

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Sañudo Ortega, Roberto, Marina Miranda manzanares, Valeri Markine, and LUIGI DELL'OLIO. "THE INFLUENCE OF TRAIN RUNNING DIRECTION AND TRACK SUPPORTS POSITION ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF TRANSITION ZONES." In CIT2016. Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/cit2016.2016.4073.

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Different types of track infrastructure can be found along railway lines. Separation zones between these different types of structures are the source of a lot of problems. Transition zones on a railway line represent a gradual solution for the problems between conventional railway structure and singular structures located at different points along the line. The different nature, positioning and geometry used with the materials generate changes in the stiffness on both sides of these singular zones leading to an increase in wear and a loss of geometry, with the associated maintenance costs. This article describes the use of mathematical modelling to represent the behaviour of these zones as a function of train running direction and track supports. Available research into transition zones has not studied these separation points where high increases in load are generated for very short periods of time. Finite elements are used to model two types of track (conventional ballasted track and slab track), using a vehicle to dynamically simulate the behaviour in these zones as a function of train running direction and the position of track supports. The magnitudes analysed were the vertical stresses and the vertical displacements under the sleepers and the supports in both types of structure. The results show increased stresses at the separation zone between both structures which varied in magnitude and position depending most of track supports’ location than the train running direction.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.4073
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Besinovic, Nikola, Egidio Quaglietta, and Rob M. P. Goverde. "Calibrating dynamic train running time models against track occupation data using simulation-based optimization?" In 2013 16th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems - (ITSC 2013). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2013.6728369.

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Yang, Xinwen, and Caiyun Yan. "Simulation of Wheel/Rail Noise of High Speed Train Running on the Slab Track." In Ninth International Conference of Chinese Transportation Professionals (ICCTP). Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41064(358)469.

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Pfeiffer, Friedrich. "Dynamics of Roller Coasters." In ASME 2005 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2005-84093.

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Roller coasters are dynamically multibody systems with unilateral contacts due to the usual raceway design including straight parts and bends. In running down such tracks and passing parts of the track with changing curvature impacts with friction are generated in the track-wheel contacts. The impacts are always connected with large overloads of the wheels sometimes leading to damages. To investigate these problems the roller coaster carriages are modelled as a non-smooth multibody system with impacts and stick-slip processes. The results in terms of wheel loads are used to improve wheel design.
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della Rossa, Fabio, Massimiliano Gobbi, Giampiero Mastinu, and Giorgio Previati. "Countersteering to Recover Straight Ahead Running After a Disturbance." In ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-60001.

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The paper deals with the analysis of a manoeuvre occurring frequently before crashes. Due to an external disturbance the straight ahead running of a vehicle is degradated into an oscillating motion. The driver is required to countersteer to recover the straight ahead motion. The bifurcation analysis of a simple model describing a vehicle+driver running straight ahead is performed. The mechanical model of the car has two degrees of freedom and the related equations of motion contain the non linear tyre characteristics. The driver is described by a non linear model defined by three parameters, namely the gain (steering wheel angle per lateral deviation from desired path), the prevision distance, the reaction time delay. Unreferenced bifurcations are discovered for the understeering vehicle. A supercritical Hopf bifurcation may occur as forward speed is increased. Also tangent (fold) bifurcations occur as the speed (or disturbance) are further increased. The vehicle+driver model is validated by means of a number of tests performed in a track. The validation relies on the identification of driver’s parameters. The track is equipped with a plank sliding laterally when the vehicle rear axle passes on it. Such a lateral excitation applies a disturbance to the vehicle which initiates a spin to be counteracted by the driver. An analysis is performed on driver’s parameters identification. Such parameter identification seems a possible way to assess single driver’s ability to perform recovery manoeuvres.
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Danawe, Hrishikesh Gajanan, Sudhir Kumar Singh, Vikranth Racherla, Sanjay R. Singh, and Arun Prasad. "Behaviour of Metro Coach on Newly Built Track in Kolkata." In 2020 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2020-8080.

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Abstract This paper presents the behaviour of a new metro coach on a newly built track in Kolkata, India. Oscillation trials were conducted using LVDT sensors at different locations to monitor primary and secondary springs compression. Multibody dynamics model is built with actual parameters of coach and track in SIMPACK. The behaviour of the vehicle for given track with elevation and curvature changes has been studied. Vehicle performance has been evaluated based on safety, running behaviour and track fatigue mentioned in UIC 518. Results of primary and secondary spring compressions obtained from field trials and multibody dynamics model have been compared. Coach lateral and vertical acceleration, bogie lateral acceleration, static load at rail wheel contact and derailment coefficient obtained from the multibody dynamics model are discussed. Obtained results were within permission values. Scope of this paper lies in studying the vehicle performance in connection to safety and running behaviour of newly introduced metro in Kolkata.
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