Journal articles: 'Trachops'

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Cramer, Michael J., Michael R. Willig, and Clyde Jones. "Trachops cirrhosus." Mammalian Species 656 (January 2001): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/1545-1410(2001)656<0001:tc>2.0.co;2.

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Sousa, Ricardo Firmino de, Renata C. Claudino de Oliveira Tenório, and Karina De Cassia Faria. "First record of Trachops cirrhosus (Spix, 1823) (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) for the state of Mato Grosso, Central-West region, Brazil." Check List 9, no. 6 (November 1, 2013): 1527. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/9.6.1527.

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In September 2008, a male of Trachops cirrhosus was captured in a gallery forest in the Mário Viana Municipal Park, Nova Xavantina, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. This capture represents the first record of the species in the state of Mato Grosso.

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Feijó, José Anderson, and Hannah Larissa Nunes. "Mammalia, Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae, Artibeus planirostris (Spix, 1823) and Trachops cirrhosus (Spix, 1823): first record for the state of Sergipe, northeastern Brazil." Check List 6, no. 1 (February 1, 2010): 015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/6.1.015.

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Two specimens of bats deposited in the mammal collection of Universidade Federal da Paraíba have been found: one young female of Artibeus planirostris and one adult male of Trachops cirrhosus. These reports represent the first record of these species for the state of Sergipe, northeastern Brazil.

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Marques, Suely Aparecida. "Espécies associadas e algumas características físicas influindo na presença de Carollia perspicillata em bueiros na região de Manaus, AM (Mammalia, Chiroptera:Phyllostomidae)." Acta Amazonica 15, no. 1-2 (June 1985): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-43921985152248.

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Estudaram-se a presença, associações interespecíficas e a distribuição de morcegos em relação a bueiros com diferentes características físicas na Rodovia BR-174, AM. Grandes colônias foram significativamente associadas com água parada e grande espaço interno livre nos bueiros. Carollia perspicillata foi a espécie encontrada mais frequentemente e em maior abundância. Anoura caudifer foi a segunda espécie mais comem e em número bem menor que Carollia. Foram também observadas as espécies Trachops cirrhosus, Macrophyllum macrophyllum e Glossophaga soricina. Não era conhecida a coabitação entre T. cirruhusus e M. macrophyllum e entre T. cirrhosus e A. caudifer.

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Bravo-Salinas, Ronald, and Jaime A. Salas. "Registro de desorden cromático en Trachops cirrhosus (Spix, 1823) (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) en la Amazonia del Ecuador." Revista Peruana de Biología 29, no. 4 (November 8, 2022): e23598. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/rpb.v29i4.23598.

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Presentamos un caso de desorden cromático observado en un ejemplar de Trachops cirrhosus proveniente de bosques de tierras bajas de la Amazonía ecuatoriana. Durante el trabajo de campo, seis individuos de esta especie fueron capturados con redes de niebla en un hábitat intervenido, de los cuales, un ejemplar macho juvenil fue distinguible del resto de individuos debido a la presencia manchas blanquecinas en la región ventral, en el pecho y abdomen. Discutimos sobre los reportes previos de este tipo de trastornos pigmentarios en murciélagos de Ecuador, y en el Neotrópico, documentando el primer registro de esta especie con esta condición para el país.

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Barros, Helen Maria Duarte do Rêgo, Cibele Gomes de Sotero-Caio, Neide Santos, and Maria José de Souza. "Comparative cytogenetic analysis between Lonchorhina aurita and Trachops cirrhosus (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae)." Genetics and Molecular Biology 32, no. 4 (November 6, 2009): 748–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-47572009005000095.

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Flores, Victoria, Gerald G. Carter, Tanja K. Halczok, Gerald Kerth, and Rachel A. Page. "Social structure and relatedness in the fringe-lipped bat ( Trachops cirrhosus )." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 4 (April 2020): 192256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.192256.

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General insights into the causes and effects of social structure can be gained from comparative analyses across socially and ecologically diverse taxa, such as bats, but long-term data are lacking for most species. In the neotropical fringe-lipped bat, Trachops cirrhosus , social transmission of foraging behaviour is clearly demonstrated in captivity, yet its social structure in the wild remains unclear. Here, we used microsatellite-based estimates of relatedness and records of 157 individually marked adults from 106 roost captures over 6 years, to infer whether male and female T. cirrhosus have preferred co-roosting associations and whether such associations were influenced by relatedness. Using a null model that controlled for year and roosting location, we found that both male and female T. cirrhosus have preferred roosting partners, but that only females demonstrate kin-biased association. Most roosting groups (67%) contained multiple females with one or two reproductive males. Relatedness patterns and recapture records corroborate genetic evidence for female philopatry and male dispersal. Our study adds to growing evidence that many bats demonstrate preferred roosting associations, which has the potential to influence social information transfer.

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Racero-Casarrubia, Javier Alfonso, Jesús Ballesteros Correa, José Marrugo-Negrete, and José Joaquín Pinedo-Hernández. "Plaguicidas organoclorados en murciélagos (Chiroptera) asociados al bosque húmedo tropical en Córdoba, Colombia." Caldasia 43, no. 2 (August 4, 2021): 320–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/caldasia.v43n2.84862.

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Investigaciones sobre toxicidad ambiental por pesticidas se han realizado principalmente en mamíferos terrestres, pero existe poca información sobre plaguicidas organoclorados en murciélagos. Teniendo en cuenta el papel funcional de este grupo en varios procesos ecosistémicos como insectívoros, frugívoros y polinizadores, su afectación puede estar causando un impacto negativo en la salud de los ecosistemas naturales. En Colombia, no hay estudios que documenten esta problemática; por tanto, el objetivo fue determinar la presencia de plaguicidas organoclorados en el ensamblaje de murciélagos del bosque húmedo tropical (bh-T) en Córdoba, Colombia. Se evaluó la presencia de organoclorados en hígado y músculo de murciélagos del sector Manso-Tigre, un área protegida con ocupación campesina. La concentración de plaguicidas organoclorados como Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptacloro epóxido, α-BCH, βBCH, γ-BCH, 2,4-DDD, 2,4-DDT, 4,4-DDE y 4,4-DDT, se determinó por cromatografía de gases. Niveles de organoclorados en hígado y músculo presentaron diferencias significativas (P<0,05). Se detectó mayor contenido de organoclorados en hígado en las especies Trachops cirrhosus (α–BCH, γ-BCH, Endrin, pp-DDE), Desmodus rotundus (β-BCH), Micronycteris microtis (Aldrin), Platyrrhinus helleri (Heptacloro) y Phyllostomus hastatus (pp-DDT). En tejido muscular, la concentración de organoclorados fue mayor en Trachops cirrhosus (α-BCH, γ-BCH, Endrin, pp-DDE), Artibeus planirostris (β-BCH), Micronycteris microtis (Aldrin, Heptacloro) y Phyllostomus hastatus (pp-DDT). La contaminación por organoclorados en murciélagos posiblemente está relacionada con el uso de agroquímicos, insecticidas y compuestos fosfatados para uso agrícola. Los resultados permiten reconocer a los murciélagos como bioindicadores de contaminación ambiental al indicar procesos de cambios o disturbios en los hábitats.

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FRACASSO, MARIA PAULA DE AGUIAR, and LEANDRO DE OLIVEIRA SALLES. "Diversity of Quaternary Bats from Serra da Mesa (State of Goiás, Brazil)." Zootaxa 817, no. 1 (January 17, 2005): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.817.1.1.

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The aim of this paper is to evaluate the taxonomic diversity of fossil and extant bats from the region of the Serra da Mesa in the State of Goias, Central Brazil. Quaternary fossils were obtained from four limestone caves, namely Igrejinha, Carneiro, Nossa Senhora Aparecida, and Itambé. Information on extant bat fauna used for comparison were obtained from literature and from the collection of Museu Nacional (Rio de Janeiro). The taxonomic identification of the fragments was based on a comparative study of the masticatory apparatus of extant and fossil bat species. A total of 430 fragments were identified, comprising 27 species: Anoura geoffroyi, Artibeus sp., Carollia sp., Chrotopterus auritus, Desmodus rotundus, Desmodus sp., Emballonuridae sp. indet., Eptesicus/ Histiotus, Glossophaga sp., Lionycteris spurrelli, Lonchorhina aurita, Micronycteris megalotis, Mimon bennetti, Mimon crenulatum, Molossidae sp. indet., Myotis sp., Natalus stramineus, Phylloderma sp. n., Phyllostomus discolor, Phyllostomus hastatus, Platyrrhinus sp., Pteronotus davyi, Pteronotus parnelli, Sturnira sp., Tonatia sp. n., Lophostoma silvicola, and Trachops cirrhosus. Phyllostomidae was the most speciose family, but surprisingly most of the fossil fragments were attributed to the families Natalidae and Mormoopidae. Both of which are rare in the area today. The population reduction of these hot-humid-cave dwelling species (Natalus and Pteronotus) may suggest the climate of the area was warmer and wetter during some interval of the Late Pleistocene or Early Holocene. This study presents the first record of the genera Lionycteris, Lonchorhina and Trachops from the Quaternary of South America. The diversity of Chiroptera found in Serra da Mesa is equivalent to that described for Bahia, which heretofore has the most abundant record for Quaternary bats from South America.

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10

Flores, Victoria, Jill M. Mateo, and Rachel A. Page. "The role of male forearm crust odour in fringe-lipped bats (Trachops cirrhosus)." Behaviour 156, no. 15 (2019): 1435–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003573.

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Abstract Chemical signals can play important roles in communication, and this is especially true for social mammals such as bats. Male fringe-lipped bats (Trachops cirrhosus) produce an odorous substance on their forearm, called forearm crust. Only adult males with descended testes produce forearm crust. This is thus a sexually dimorphic odour, which suggests that it is a sexually selected trait. Since males lack a specific gland on their forearm we sought to identify the source of the forearm crust. Our second aim was to test female and male preference for this trait. Based on gas chromatography and mass spectrometry analyses we tentatively identified several compounds that were exclusive to the forearm crust. We found that the chemical composition of the forearm crust was not mainly composed of chest gland secretions or urine. We conducted a y-maze odour preference experiment to test whether adult females and reproductive males preferred the odour of a male with forearm crust compared to the odour of a male without forearm crust. Contrary to our prediction we found that females did not approach the scent of a male with forearm crust more frequently than the scent of male without forearm crust. We found that males with forearm crust, however, preferred the odour of males without forearm crust. Overall our results suggest that in this Neotropical bat species, reproductive males could use odorous signals in the forearm crust to mediate interactions between reproductive males and potentially avoid costly competition for mates or aggression. In sum, our results shed light on the role that chemical mediated signals can play in mammalian social behaviour.

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11

Almeida, Juliana Cardoso de, Mayara Almeida Martins, Patrícia Gonçalves Guedes, Adriano Lucio Peracchi, and Nicolau Maues Serra-Freire. "New records of mites (Acari: Spinturnicidae) associated with bats (Mammalia, Chiroptera) in two Brazilian biomes: Pantanal and Caatinga." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 25, no. 1 (March 11, 2016): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612016005.

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Abstract A first survey of mite species that ectoparasitize bats in the states of Ceará and Mato Grosso was conducted. The specimens of bats and their mites were collected in areas of the Caatinga and Pantanal biomes. A total of 450 spinturnicids representing two genera and ten species was collected from 15 bat species in the Private Reserve of the Natural Patrimony Serra das Almas, Ceará State, Northeast Brazil and 138 spinturnicids represented by two genera and four species were found in seven bats species collected in Private Reserve of the Natural Patrimony Sesc Pantanal, Mato Grosso State, Central-Western Brazil. The occurrence of Cameronieta genus and the species Mesoperiglischrus natali as well as four new associations (Periglischrus iheringi - Chiroderma vizottoi; P. micronycteridis - Micronycteris sanborni; P. paracutisternus – Trachops cirrhosus; Spinturnix americanus - Myotis riparius) are registered for the first time in Brazil.

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12

Jones, Patricia L., Timothy J. Divoll, M. May Dixon, Dineilys Aparicio, Gregg Cohen, Ulrich G. Mueller, Michael J. Ryan, and Rachel A. Page. "Sensory ecology of the frog-eating bat, Trachops cirrhosus, from DNA metabarcoding and behavior." Behavioral Ecology 31, no. 6 (October 21, 2020): 1420–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/araa100.

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Abstract Metabarcoding of prey DNA from fecal samples can be used to design behavioral experiments to study the foraging behavior and sensory ecology of predators. The frog-eating bat, Trachops cirrhosus, eavesdrops on the mating calls of its anuran prey. We captured wild T. cirrhosus and identified prey remains in the bats’ fecal samples using DNA metabarcoding of two gene regions (CO1 and 16S). Bats were preying on frogs previously unknown in their diet, such as species in the genus Pristimantis, which occurred in 29% of T. cirrhosus samples. Twenty-three percent of samples also contained DNA of Anolis lizards. We additionally report apparently rare predation events on hummingbirds and heterospecific bats. We used results from metabarcoding to design acoustic and 3D model stimuli to present to bats in behavioral experiments. We show predatory responses by T. cirrhosus to the calls of the frog Pristimantis taeniatus and to the rustling sounds of anoles moving through leaf-litter, as well as attacks on a stuffed hummingbird and a plastic anole model. The combination of species-specific dietary information from metabarcoding analyses with behavioral responses to prey cues provides a unique window into the foraging ecology of predators that are difficult to observe in the wild.

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13

Tuttle, Merlin D., Michael J. Ryan, and Jacqueline J. Belwood. "Acoustical resource partitioning by two species of phyllostomid bats (Trachops cirrhosus and Tonatia sylvicola)." Animal Behaviour 33, no. 4 (November 1985): 1369–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-3472(85)80204-9.

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14

Flores, Victoria, and Rachel A. Page. "Novel odorous crust on the forearm of reproductive male fringe-lipped bats (Trachops cirrhosus)." Journal of Mammalogy 98, no. 6 (October 31, 2017): 1568–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyx137.

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Tandler, Bernard, Toshikazu Nagato, and Carleton J. Phillips. "Ultrastructure of the unusual accessory submandibular gland in the fringe-lipped bat,Trachops cirrhosus." Anatomical Record 248, no. 2 (June 1997): 164–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0185(199706)248:2<164::aid-ar3>3.0.co;2-t.

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Kalko, Elisabeth K. V., Dorothea Friemel, Charles O. Handley, and Hans-Ulrich Schnitzler. "Roosting and Foraging Behavior of Two Neotropical Gleaning Bats, Tonatia silvicola and Trachops cirrhosus (Phyllostomidae)1." Biotropica 31, no. 2 (June 1999): 344–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.1999.tb00146.x.

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17

Jones, Patricia L., Frank Hämsch, Rachel A. Page, Elisabeth K. V. Kalko, and M. Teague O'Mara. "Foraging and Roosting Behaviour of the Fringe-Lipped Bat, Trachops cirrhosus, on Barro Colorado Island, Panamá." Acta Chiropterologica 19, no. 2 (December 2017): 337–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3161/15081109acc2017.19.2.010.

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Bruns, Volkmar, Hynek Burda, and Michael J. Ryan. "Ear morphology of the frog-eating bat (Trachops cirrhosus, family: Phyllostomidae): Apparent specializations for low-freqency hearing." Journal of Morphology 199, no. 1 (January 1989): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051990109.

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19

LIMA, Camila S., Luiz H. VARZINCZAK, Rafael de OLIVEIRA, and Fernando C. PASSOS. "New records on the use of man-made constructions as diurnal roosts by bats from the southern Amazon in central Brazil." Acta Amazonica 47, no. 1 (March 2017): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392201601443.

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ABSTRACT Roosts are a key part of bat species' life stories. Information on roost use enables us to understand the biological processes underlying bat ecology and is crucial with regard to the natural-roost loss and environmental pressures related to habitat destruction that has been considered as a threat affecting bat conservation. The aim of this study was to collect new data on the diurnal artificial-roost use by bats in a landscape from the southern Amazon. We observed bat species roosting at an abandoned house in a highly fragmented ecotone between the Amazon and Cerrado biomes. We observed one Trachops cirrhosus individual roosting in physical contact with one Phyllostomus hastatus. One year later, we noticed a compositional change at this roost, in which we found a large colony of Pteronotus parnellii. These findings may shed light on the potential flexibility of the roosting requirements of these species in such landscapes. Moreover, this is one of the first records of the use of human constructions by P. parnelli in such fragmented landscapes, a bat species that until recently was thought of as being associated only with well-preserved natural roosts.

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Passos, Fernando C., João M. D. Miranda, Itiberê P. Bernardi, Nathalia Y. Kaku-Oliveira, and Luana C. Munster. "Morcegos da região sul do Brasil: análise comparativa da riqueza de espécies, novos registros e atualizações nomenclaturais (Mammalia, Chiroptera)." Iheringia. Série Zoologia 100, no. 1 (March 30, 2010): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0073-47212010000100004.

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Uma análise comparativa da riqueza de espécies de morcegos da Região Sul do Brasil é apresentada, assim como análises de similaridades entre estados. O estado do Paraná apresentou a maior riqueza de espécies de morcegos, com 64 espécies, seguido por Santa Catarina com 46 e pelo Rio Grande do Sul com 40. A família Phyllostomidae influencia fortemente este padrão de riqueza. As distribuições geográficas de Trachops cirrhosus (Spix, 1823), Artibeus cinereus (Gervais, 1851) e Thyroptera tricolor Spix, 1823 são ampliadas até o Paraná, estabelecendo um novo limite sul de distribuição dessas espécies e da família Thyropteridae. Além disso, Myotis dinellii Thomas, 1902 foi registrado pela primeira vez no Brasil, em Santa Catarina e no Rio Grande do Sul, estabelecendo um novo limite leste para sua distribuição. Ainda, é ampliada a distribuição de Eptesicus taddeii Miranda, Bernardi & Passos, 2006 a partir de seu primeiro registro no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Uma lista atualizada dos morcegos dos estados sul-brasileiros é apresentada bem como algumas adequações nomenclaturais. É enfatizada a importância do emprego de maiores esforços de campo para levantamentos da quiropterofauna, que assim podem contribuir para medidas de conservação embasadas em inventariamentos e coleções científicas representativas.

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de Oliveira, Fred, Rodolfo Stumpp, and María Clara Nascimento-Costa. "Predation of Leptodactylus macrosternum (Anura: Leptodactylidae) by the Fringe-lipped bat, Trachops cirrhosus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in southeastern Brazil." Notas sobre Mamíferos Sudamericanos 01, no. 1 (August 2020): 001–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.31687/saremnms.20.0.21.

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Jones, Patricia L., Michael J. Ryan, Victoria Flores, and Rachel A. Page. "When to approach novel prey cues? Social learning strategies in frog-eating bats." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1772 (December 7, 2013): 20132330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2330.

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Animals can use different sources of information when making decisions. Foraging animals often have access to both self-acquired and socially acquired information about prey. The fringe-lipped bat, Trachops cirrhosus , hunts frogs by approaching the calls that frogs produce to attract mates. We examined how the reliability of self-acquired prey cues affects social learning of novel prey cues. We trained bats to associate an artificial acoustic cue (mobile phone ringtone) with food rewards. Bats were assigned to treatments in which the trained cue was either an unreliable indicator of reward (rewarded 50% of the presentations) or a reliable indicator (rewarded 100% of the presentations), and they were exposed to a conspecific tutor foraging on a reliable (rewarded 100%) novel cue or to the novel cue with no tutor. Bats whose trained cue was unreliable and who had a tutor were significantly more likely to preferentially approach the novel cue when compared with bats whose trained cue was reliable, and to bats that had no tutor. Reliability of self-acquired prey cues therefore affects social learning of novel prey cues by frog-eating bats. Examining when animals use social information to learn about novel prey is key to understanding the social transmission of foraging innovations.

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Brito, Daniela de Vasconcelos, and Adriana Bocchiglieri. "Comunidade de morcegos (Mammalia, Chiroptera) no Refúgio de Vida Silvestre Mata do Junco, Sergipe, nordeste do Brasil." Biota Neotropica 12, no. 3 (September 2012): 254–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032012000300025.

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A ordem Chiroptera é a segunda maior em riqueza de mamíferos no Brasil e a Mata Atlântica é o bioma com o melhor estado de conhecimento para esse grupo. Em Sergipe, estudos sobre quirópteros ainda são escassos, sendo necessário ampliar as pesquisas com esses animais. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar o inventário de morcegos do Refúgio de Vida Silvestre Mata do Junco (RVSMJ), segunda maior reserva de Mata Atlântica do estado de Sergipe. As coletas foram realizadas durante duas noites por mês, entre fevereiro de 2011 a fevereiro de 2012, exceto junho. Com um esforço de captura de 21.168 m².h foram registrados 189 indivíduos de duas famílias e 14 espécies. Destas, Artibeus planirostris, Chiroderma doriae, Myotis nigricans, Phyllostomus discolor, Trachops cirrhosus e Trinycteris nicefori correspondem a novas ocorrências para a localidade, sendo T. nicefori novo registro para o estado. Phyllostomidae foi a família com maior riqueza e abundância e A. lituratus (N = 67), Carollia perspicillata (N = 45) e Dermanura cinerea (N = 45) foram as espécies mais abundantes. Essas três espécies juntas representam 83,0% dos indivíduos capturados; sendo caracterizadas como generalistas no uso do habitat e dieta. Com relação às guildas alimentares, a maioria das espécies é frugívora (57,1%), devido a metodologia e existência de áreas agrícolas presentes no RVSMJ. O registro de novas espécies para a localidade, juntamente com os parâmetros obtidos de riqueza, abundância e guilda alimentar, contribuem para o aumento do conhecimento dos quirópteros em Sergipe e podem servir de base para estratégias de conservação e manejo dessa área.

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Rhebergen, F., R. C. Taylor, M. J. Ryan, R. A. Page, and W. Halfwerk. "Multimodal cues improve prey localization under complex environmental conditions." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1814 (September 7, 2015): 20151403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1403.

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Predators often eavesdrop on sexual displays of their prey. These displays can provide multimodal cues that aid predators, but the benefits in attending to them should depend on the environmental sensory conditions under which they forage. We assessed whether bats hunting for frogs use multimodal cues to locate their prey and whether their use varies with ambient conditions. We used a robotic set-up mimicking the sexual display of a male túngara frog ( Physalaemus pustulosus ) to test prey assessment by fringe-lipped bats ( Trachops cirrhosus ). These predatory bats primarily use sound of the frog's call to find their prey, but the bats also use echolocation cues returning from the frog's dynamically moving vocal sac. In the first experiment, we show that multimodal cues affect attack behaviour: bats made narrower flank attack angles on multimodal trials compared with unimodal trials during which they could only rely on the sound of the frog. In the second experiment, we explored the bat's use of prey cues in an acoustically more complex environment. Túngara frogs often form mixed-species choruses with other frogs, including the hourglass frog ( Dendropsophus ebraccatus ). Using a multi-speaker set-up, we tested bat approaches and attacks on the robofrog under three different levels of acoustic complexity: no calling D. ebraccatus males, two calling D. ebraccatus males and five D. ebraccatus males. We found that bats are more directional in their approach to the robofrog when more D. ebraccatus males were calling. Thus, bats seemed to benefit more from multimodal cues when confronted with increased levels of acoustic complexity in their foraging environments. Our data have important consequences for our understanding of the evolution of multimodal sexual displays as they reveal how environmental conditions can alter the natural selection pressures acting on them.

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Studholme, Keith M., Carleton J. Phillips, and G. Lawrence Forman. "Results of the Alcoa Foundation Suriname expeditions. X. Patterns of cellular divergence and evolution in the gastric mucosa of two genera of phyllostomid bats, Trachops and Chiroderma." Annals of the Carnegie Museum 55 (September 15, 1986): 207–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/p.330599.

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Almeida, E. O., E. C. Moreira, L. A. B. Naveda, and G. P. Herrmann. "Combate ao Desmodus rotundus rotundus (E. Geoffroy,1810) na região cárstica de Cordisburgo e Curvelo, Minas Gerais." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 54, no. 2 (April 2002): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-09352002000200002.

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Com o objetivo de avaliar em uma região cárstica o tipo de refúgio, as espécies de morcegos, a população de animais domésticos, as associações interespecíficas nas coabitações com outros mamíferos silvestres suscetíveis à raiva e a eficácia da warfarina aplicada no dorso do Desmodus rotundus rotundus foi realizada uma pesquisa de maio de 1998 a março de 2000, nos municípios de Cordisburgo e Curvelo, Minas Gerais. Em 49 refúgios vistoriados, 29 naturais e 20 artificiais, localizados em 14 propriedades, encontrou-se o Desmodus rotundus rotundus em 18 abrigos naturais. Destes, 17 eram cavernas formadas pela dissolução ou abatimento de rocha calcária, típica do carste, e um era túnel escavado na terra pela ação das águas de um rio. As características geomorfológicas e de localização espacial foram registradas com base nas coordenadas geográficas, obtidas com auxílio de um sensor geográfico de posição. Nesses abrigos foram capturados e identificados 1457 morcegos de 14 espécies, sendo 640 Glossophaga soricina (Pallas, 1766), 566 Desmodus rotundus (E. Geoffroy, 1810), 73 Anoura geoffroyi (Gray 1838), 58 Trachops cirrhosus (Spix, 1823), 38 Diphylla ecaudata ecaudata (Spix, 1823), 23 Platyhrrinus lineatus (E. Geoffroy, 1810), 16 Lasiurus ega (Gervais, 1856), 14 Carollia perspicillata (Linnaeus, 1758), 13 Phyllostomus hastatus hastatus (Pallas, 1767), 9 Artibeus lituratus (Olfers, 1818), 3 Mimmon bennettii (Gray, 1838), 2 Myotis nigricans (Schinz, 1821), 1 Eptesicus brasiliensis (Desmarest, 1819) e 1 Pygoderma bilabiatum (Wagner, 1843). Não se conseguiu isolar ou detectar o vírus rábico no cérebro de 25 hematófagos selecionados e em 52 de outras espécies. A maioria desses abrigos também era usada por pacas (Agouti paca Linnaues, 1766), capivaras (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris, Linnaues, 1766), guaxinins (Procyon cancrivorus, G. Cuvier, 1798) e raposas (Lycalopex vetulus, Lund, 1842) que são suscetíveis à raiva. Em 546 Desmodus rotundus rotundus foi aplicada na região interescapular, aproximadamente um grama de uma pasta contendo warfarina dissolvida em vaselina, na razão de dois gramas para cada 100 gramas do produto. Observou-se redução significativa na incidência de mordeduras em bovinos e eqüídeos e na presença ou vestígios recentes de Desmodus rotundus rotundus em quatro abrigos dos 18 que estavam habitados no início do trabalho. Nas vistorias pós-tratamento dos vampiros com warfarina, em todos os abrigos, não se encontraram morcegos não hematófagos ou mamíferos mortos ou com sinais clínicos de intoxicação atribuíveis ao anticoagulante.

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Xue, Wenwen, Lina Lu, Jianfeng Zhu, Xiangui He, Jiangnan He, Rong Zhao, and Haidong Zou. "A Cross-Sectional Population-Based Survey of Trachoma among Migrant School Aged Children in Shanghai, China." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8692685.

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We investigated the prevalence of clinical trachoma in 154,265 children aged 6 to 16 years in 206 Shanghai migrant schools. Clean water availability in school, each child’s facial cleanliness, eyelids, corneas, and the presenting distance visual acuities were examined. Trachoma was clinically diagnosed in accordance with the World Health Organization simplified classification. Eyes diagnosed with trachoma were swabbed to test for ocularChlamydia trachomatisinfections (OCTI) with a rapid latex immunochromatographic test. Among 153,977 students, no blindness was found related to trachoma. Trachoma was diagnosed in 8029 children (5.2%). In 87 schools clinical trachoma prevalence was higher than 5%. OCTI was confirmed in 2073 of 6823 trachoma diagnosed children (30.4%). Clinical trachoma prevalence was higher among females than males (p<0.001), but gender comparison showed no statistical difference in the prevalence of OCTI (p=0.077). Age and clinical trachoma (r=-0.014;p<0.001) or OCTI (r=-0.026;p=0.031) prevalence were negatively correlated. Clinical trachoma was different in different districts and counties (p<0.001). Trachoma warrants close attention in Shanghai migrant children because the condition remains endemic in some schools.

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Getachew Atsbha, Solomon. "A review of the prevalence of Trachoma, its Control program and challenges in Ethiopia." International Journal of Drug Regulatory Affairs 11, no. 1 (March 20, 2023): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ijdra.v11i1.585.

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The most prevalent infectious cause of blindness is trachoma. Trachoma is the third most common cause of low vision and the second most common cause of blindness in Ethiopia. It is more common in regions where personal and community cleanliness standards are inadequate. This review's objectives are to explore trachoma epidemiology and look at trachoma preventive and control initiatives in Ethiopia. Document review and Pub-med searches were made based on the search items: trachoma, epidemiology of trachoma worldwide and in Ethiopia, and prevention and control program of trachoma in Ethiopia. Trachoma prevalence declined from an average of 26.6% in 2015 to 13.3% in 2020 in Ethiopia, and Trachomatous trichiasis prevalence among those under the age of 15 decreased from 4% to 0.85%. Trachoma continues to be a serious public health issue in the nation despite the persistent efforts that were successful in ending the issue.

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Khandekar, R., and A. J. Mohammed. "Outcome of azithromycin treatment of active trachoma in Omani schoolchildren." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 9, no. 5-6 (March 31, 2003): 1026–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2003.9.5-6.1026.

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A prospective cohort study was made of 386 first-grade primary-school children in Oman with active trachoma and 386 matched controls without trachoma. All children were educated about trachoma prevention. In addition, trachoma cases were treated with a single dose of oral azithromycin [20 mg/kg]. Trachoma status was evaluated after 6 weeks, 6 months and 12 months. The follicles and inflammatory signs of active trachoma resolved 6 weeks or more after azithromycin treatment. The protection against subsequent trachoma infection cycles was optimal at 6 months [85.2% of cases, 99.0% of controls infection-free] but declined at 12 months [66.7% of cases, 98.2% of controls infection-free]. Clinical evaluation seems to be a useful tool to evaluate the response of azithromycin to active trachoma cases in schoolchildren in a country with limited resources

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Saboyá-Díaz, Martha Idalí, Angel F. Betanzos-Reyes, Sheila K. West, Beatriz Muñoz, Luis Gerardo Castellanos, and Marcos Espinal. "Trachoma elimination in Latin America: prioritization of municipalities for surveillance activities." Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública 43 (December 12, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26633/rpsp.2019.93.

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Objective. To identify and prioritize municipalities in 22 countries of Latin America for trachoma surveillance activities, to measure the absence or prevalence of trachoma, and to support validation and trachoma elimination efforts in the Region of the Americas. Methods. A prioritization scale was developed in 2017 to rank each municipality by considering a combination of three characteristics: (a) its trachoma vulnerability index, derived from three socioeconomic factors known to be risks for trachoma—lack of access to improved sanitation, to clean drinking water, and to adequate education, according to housing census data from early 2017; (b) its history of trachoma in countries where the disease was not a known public health problem in 2016; and (c) whether or not it shares a border with a municipality where trachoma was a known public health problem in 2016. Municipalities in 22 countries were classified as either very high, high, medium, or low priority for trachoma surveillance. From the Caribbean, only Trinidad and Tobago met inclusion criteria. Results. The prioritization scale identified 1 053 municipalities in Brazil, Colombia, and Guatemala as very high priority for trachoma surveillance. In Ecuador, El Salvador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela, 183 municipalities were ranked as high priority, and in Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, and Uruguay, 677 municipalities were designated a medium priority for trachoma surveillance. Conclusions. This prioritization scale will be useful to countries in Latin America that still need to ascertain their current trachoma situation. The absence or prevalence of trachoma in countries designated as very high and high priority for trachoma surveillance activities must be studied to determine the extent of the disease in Latin America.

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Ndisabiye, Desire, Athanase Gahungu, Donatien Kayugi, and Edward K Waters. "Association of environmental risk factors and trachoma in Gashoho Health District, Burundi." African Health Sciences 20, no. 1 (April 20, 2020): 182–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v20i1.23.

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Background: Burundi is currently not meeting targets for elimination of trachoma and trichiasis by 2020 (GET2020). The recommended SAFE strategy (Surgery, antibiotics, face washing and environmental improvement) is currently not fully implemented in many areas of Burundi. The existence of associations between face-washing, sanitation and trachoma prevalence remain undocumented. Methods: A convenience sample of 468 individuals from 117 households was drawn from attendees at trachoma clinics set up in four villages. Trachoma status, sex and age were recorded for all household members. Adult household members were surveyed about access to clean water and toilets, and knowledge of trachoma risk factors. Associations between cases of active trachoma per household and environmental risk factors were evaluated using generalised estimating equations. Results: The overall prevalence of active trachoma was 7.1% (95% CI 5.0-9.6%), but 19.5% (95% CI13.7-26.4%) in children under nine years old. 0.9% (95% CI 0.3-2.0) of participants had trichiasis. Access to a sanitary toilet more than halved the odds of active trachoma (OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.25-0.74%), however, participants did not appreciate this association. Conclusion: Access to sanitation was associated with the occurrence of active trachoma. Future research should focus on whether improving knowledge of and access to sanitation might reduce trachoma prevalence. Keywords: Environmental risk factors; trachoma; Gashoho Health District; Burundi.

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Sandi, Frank. "Ten Years After Mass Treatment with Two Doses of Azithromycin for Trachoma Elimination in Rombo District – Kilimanjaro: Is Trachoma Still Eliminated? A Case Study of Kahe Mpya Sub-Village." European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences 1, no. 6 (November 1, 2023): 764–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.59324/ejtas.2023.1(6).75.

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Purpose: This study aimed at evaluating the long term impact of mass distribution of azithromycin in a community which had high prevalence of trachoma and documenting the current prevalence of trachoma. Material and Methods: All residents of Kahe Mpya were given chance to participate in this study, in turn 575 residents participated. The conjunctiva of each consenting resident was examined for clinical signs of trachoma using WHO trachoma grading scheme. Results: The overall prevalence of active trachoma was 4.7% versus 8.1% found 10 years back after the second dose of azithromycin and 3.4% during the elimination period in 2005. In children < 10 years of age the prevalence of active trachoma was 3.3% versus 16.3% found after the second dose of azithromycin and 2.6% during elimination. Children < 10 years of age carry the majority (70%) of the active disease. TS, TT and CO were 109(19%) cases, 7(1.2%) cases and 2(0.3%) cases respectively, and almost all of these cases were in the age group older than 30 years. Conclusion: The prevalence of trachoma fell dramatically during the interventions period and continued to be low ten years after mass azithromycin distribution. Trachoma is still eliminated in this community. Complications of trachoma (TT and TS) still continue to develop.

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Kedir, Shemsu, Kemal Lemnuro, Mubarek Yesse, Bahredin Abdella, Mohammed Muze, Abdulmejid Mustefa, Mohammed Musema, and Leila Hussen. "Prevalence and Factors Associated with Active Trachoma among Children 1-9 years of Age in the Catchment Population of Tora Primary Hospital, Silte zone, Southern Ethiopia, 2020." Open Ophthalmology Journal 15, no. 1 (July 9, 2021): 108–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874364102115010108.

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Background: Trachoma is the foremost cause of wide-reaching, preventable blindness. According to the World Health Organization report, nearly 1.3 million human beings are sightless due to trachoma, whereas about eighty-four million are hurt from active trachoma. A survey revealed that the countrywide prevalence of active trachoma among children aged 1–9 years in Ethiopia was 40.1%. Limited data are present regarding the study area; therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the magnitude and factors associated with active trachoma among 1-9 years of children in the catchment population of Tora Primary Hospital, South Ethiopia. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was performed on 589 children in a study place from February 15 to March 13, 2020. We used Epi data program version 3.1 and SPSS version 20 for data entry and analysis, respectively. Results: The overall occurrence of active trachoma in the catchment was 29.4% [CI=25.7, 33.12]. Of these cases, the trachomatous follicle (TF) 90.9%, TI (4.8%), and combination of TF/TI (4.2%) were found. Households’ educational status, frequency of face washing, knowledge about trachoma, source of water for washing purposes, and garbage disposal system were the independently associated factors of active trachoma. Conclusion: In this study area, the occurrence of active trachoma was high. Hence, it needs instant attention, such as constructing a responsiveness application in the community, inspiring children and parents to try out face washing, improving knowledge about trachoma and appropriate excreta disposal.

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Zhang, Fangbiao, Zhihao Wang, Chunhui Zheng, Chun Zhao, Hongcan Shi, Shu Pan, and Weidong Zhang. "Biocompatibility and cellular compatibility of decellularized tracheal matrix derived from rabbits." International Journal of Artificial Organs 42, no. 9 (May 13, 2019): 500–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0391398819847216.

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Objective: To study the different concentrations of Triton X-100 and nuclease needed to remove cells from the tracheal matrix of rabbits and analyse their biocompatibility and cellular compatibility. Methods: Fifty tracheas were harvested from donor New Zealand rabbits. Thirty tracheas were randomly divided into five groups (n = 6 each). The tracheas in group A were untreated and served as a control group, and those in groups B, C, D and E were treated with different concentrations of Triton X-100 (1%, 2%, 3% and 4%), respectively. The tracheas of the five groups were assessed by histological observation, scanning electron microscopy and mechanical evaluation. The remaining 20 donor tracheas, which were divided into a control group and an optimally decellularized group, were used for xenogeneic transplantation and cell seeding. Results: Many epithelial cells and cartilage cells were observed in the tracheas of group A. There were fewer cartilage cells in the tracheas of groups C, D and E than in the tracheas of groups A and B under histological observation. In scanning electron microscopy, there were many ciliated epithelial cells in the tracheas of group A; in groups B and C, the ciliated epithelial cells disappeared, but the basement membrane was intact. The basement membranes were broken in the tracheas of groups D and E. Implanted decellularized tracheas showed good biocompatibility. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells grown in the decellularized tracheal matrix grew well. Conclusion: Decellularized tracheal matrix obtained from rabbits by 2% Triton X-100 may be suitable for the construction of tissue-engineered trachea because of its favourable morphological and biomechanical properties as well as its biocompatibility and cellular compatibly.

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Mahmud, Hamidah, Emma Landskroner, Abdou Amza, Solomon Aragie, William W. Godwin, Anna de Hostos Barth, Kieran S. O’Brien, Thomas M. Lietman, and Catherine E. Oldenburg. "Stopping azithromycin mass drug administration for trachoma: A systematic review." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 7 (July 8, 2021): e0009491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009491.

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The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends continuing azithromycin mass drug administration (MDA) for trachoma until endemic regions drop below 5% prevalence of active trachoma in children aged 1–9 years. Azithromycin targets the ocular strains of Chlamydia trachomatis that cause trachoma. Regions with low prevalence of active trachoma may have little if any ocular chlamydia, and, thus, may not benefit from azithromycin treatment. Understanding what happens to active trachoma and ocular chlamydia prevalence after stopping azithromycin MDA may improve future treatment decisions. We systematically reviewed published evidence for community prevalence of both active trachoma and ocular chlamydia after cessation of azithromycin distribution. We searched electronic databases for all peer-reviewed studies published before May 2020 that included at least 2 post-MDA surveillance surveys of ocular chlamydia and/or the active trachoma marker, trachomatous inflammation–follicular (TF) prevalence. We assessed trends in the prevalence of both indicators over time after stopping azithromycin MDA. Of 140 identified studies, 21 met inclusion criteria and were used for qualitative synthesis. Post-MDA, we found a gradual increase in ocular chlamydia infection prevalence over time, while TF prevalence generally gradually declined. Ocular chlamydia infection may be a better measurement tool compared to TF for detecting trachoma recrudescence in communities after stopping azithromycin MDA. These findings may guide future trachoma treatment and surveillance efforts.

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Getachew, Dawit, Fekede Woldekidan, Gizachew Ayele, Yordanos Bekele, Samrawit Sleshi, Eyob Tekalgn, Teshale Worku, Mengistu Ayenew, Biruk Bogale, and Abyot Asres. "High prevalence of active trachoma and associated factors among school-aged children in Southwest Ethiopia." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 17, no. 12 (December 15, 2023): e0011846. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011846.

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Background Active trachoma is a highly contagious ongoing stage of trachoma that predominantly occurs during childhood in an endemic area. This study assessed the prevalence and factors associated with active trachoma among school-aged children. Methodology/Principal findings A community-based analytical cross-sectional study was done from March 1st to June 30th, 2021, in Southwest Ethiopia’s people’s regional state. A total of 1292 school-aged children were surveyed. The quantitative data were collected using a pre-tested, structured interview-based questionnaire and observation check list. The World health organization (WHO) simplified trachoma grading system was used to assess stages of trachoma. In this study, the prevalence of active trachoma was 570(44.1%), 95% CI (41.4, 46.9). Also, age group 6–10; being female; flies at household (HH), flies on child’s face, improved water source, improved sanitation, presence of ocular discharge, presence of nasal discharge, and unclean faces of the child were significantly associated with active trachoma. Conclusions/Significance The very high prevalence of active trachoma in the study area is significantly associated with; age group 6–10, female gender, presence of flies in household and on child’s face, presence of ocular and nasal discharge, unclean faces, improved water source, improved sanitation in the household. Thus, environmental sanitation and facial cleans trachoma elimination strategy should be intensified in the study area.

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Snyder, Blake M., Ali Sié, Charlemagne Tapsoba, Clarisse Dah, Lucienne Ouermi, S. Alphonse Zakane, Jeremy D. Keenan, and Catherine E. Oldenburg. "Smartphone photography as a possible method of post-validation trachoma surveillance in resource-limited settings." International Health 11, no. 6 (July 22, 2019): 613–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihz035.

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Abstract Background Validation of trachoma elimination requires monitoring after discontinuation of trachoma program activities, though such evaluations are not commonly done. Methods Conjunctival examinations and smartphone photography were performed on a random sample of pre-school children from 15 villages in a region of Burkina Faso thought to have eliminated trachoma. Results No clinically active trachoma was detected by in-field or photographic evaluation. Smartphone images demonstrated high agreement with field grading (>99% concordance). Conclusions Trachoma appears to have been eliminated from this area of Burkina Faso. Smartphone cameras may be a useful aid for monitoring in resource-limited settings.

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Gebretnsae, Hailay, Nega Mamo, Tesfay Teklemariam, Kiros Fenta, Tesfay Gebrehiwet, Abera Berhe, Fana Gebreselasie, and Kiros Demoz. "Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices about Trachoma in Rural Communities of Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia: Implications for Prevention and Control." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2020 (July 25, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3270530.

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Background. Trachoma is a neglected tropical disease which is the leading infectious cause of blindness in the world. Trachoma is one of the major health problems in Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia. However, knowledge, attitudes, and practices about trachoma are not yet studied in depth. The objective of the study was to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices on trachoma and its associated factors among rural communities in two districts of Tigay Region, Northern Ethiopia. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted in two districts of Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia, from May 7–24, 2017. Data were collected on paper based, were entered into Epi Info version 3.5.1, and then exported to SPSS version 21 for analysis. Logistic regression analysis was done to identify factors associated with knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Results. In this study, a total of 194 respondents were included. The overall level of good knowledge, attitudes, and practices on trachoma was 51%, 49.5%, and 35.6%, respectively. Having ever received health education was significantly associated with good knowledge (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 4.10; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.91–8.79) and attitudes (AOR = 2.10; 95% CI: 1.02–4.25). Moreover, good knowledge was associated with good practices on trachoma prevention and control (AOR = 2.86; 95% CI: 1.46–5.62). Conclusion. Our study implies that areas with high burden of trachoma need to improve communities’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards trachoma prevention and control in order to eliminate trachoma as a public health problem. Therefore, health education focused on SAFE strategy should be provided to increase knowledge and changing attitudes that contribute for good practices towards trachoma prevention and control among communities.

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Alambo, Melese Menta, Eyasu Alam Lake, Shimelash Bitew Workie, and Addisu Yeshambel Wassie. "Prevalence of Active Trachoma and Associated Factors in Areka Town, South Ethiopia, 2018." Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases 2020 (October 16, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8635191.

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Background. Globally, 1.2 billion people live in trachoma endemic areas, 40.6 million people are suffering from active trachoma, and 48.5% of the global burden of active trachoma is distributed in five countries including Ethiopia. However, there is no evidence or no conducted survey/research data or document regarding trachoma prevalence in Areka Town. We, therefore, did a study to assess the prevalence of active trachoma and associated factors in Areka Town in South Ethiopia. Methods. A community-based cross-sectional study was employed. A total of 586 children aged 1–9 years were involved. We compiled a structured questionnaire from the relevant literature and pretested before use. A range of data was collected on the sociodemographic, facility, and service-related, and environmental factors. The outcome variable was measured by using frequencies, cross-tabulation, and percent. Multivariate logistic regression was applied to control potential confounders and to identify the predictors. Results. This study revealed that 37.9% of children aged 1–9 years have active trachoma (95% CI: 34%–42%). Households without latrine (AOR = 6.88; 95% CI: 2.13–22.18), openly disposing domestically produced waste (AOR = 4.62; 95% CI: 2.41–8.83), cooking in the same room (AOR = 5.13; 95% CI: 2.21–11.88), and using the cooking room without a window (AOR = 2.28; 95% CI: 1.11–4.69) were more likely to have their children develop active trachoma. Similarly, children with caretakers having inadequate knowledge about trachoma (AOR = 8.10; 95% CI: 2.04–32.17) were more likely to develop active trachoma. However, households consuming more than 20 liters of water per day were 82% (AOR = 0.18; 95% CI: 0.07–0.44) less likely to have their children develop active trachoma while compared to those consuming less than the figure. Conclusions. The prevalence of active trachoma in the children aged 1–9 years in the study area was found to be high, and it is much higher than the WHO elimination threshold.

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Asmare, Zufan Alamrie, Beminate Lemma Seifu, Kusse Urmale Mare, Yordanos Sisay Asgedom, Bizunesh Fantahun Kase, Abdu Hailu Shibeshi, Tsion Mulat Tebeje, et al. "Prevalence and associated factors of active trachoma among 1–9 years of age children in Andabet district, northwest Ethiopia, 2023: A multi-level mixed-effect analysis." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 17, no. 8 (August 17, 2023): e0011573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011573.

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Background Trachoma is the chief cause of preventable blindness worldwide and has been earmarked for elimination as a public health problem by 2030. Despite the five-year Surgery, Antibiotics, Facial cleanliness, and Environmental improvement (SAFE)-based interventions in the Andabet district, the prevalence of trachomatous follicular (TF) was 37%. With such a high prevalence of TF, the determinant factors were not revealed. Besides, there were no reports on the overall prevalence of active trachoma (i.e.TF and or trachomatous intense (TI)). Objective To determine the prevalence and associated factors of active trachoma among 1–9 years of age children in the Andabet district. Method A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among children aged under nine years from March 1–30, 2023 in Andabet district, Northwest Ethiopia. Multi-stage systematic random sampling was employed to reach 540 children. A multilevel mixed-effect logistic regression analysis was employed to assess factors associated with active trachoma. We fitted both random effect and fixed effect analysis. Finally, variables with p<0.05 in the multivariable multilevel analysis were claimed to be significantly associated with active trachoma. Result In this study, the overall prevalence of active trachoma was 35.37% (95% CI: 31.32%, 39.41%). The prevalence of TF and TI was 31.3% and 4.07% respectively. In the multilevel logistic regression analysis ocular discharge, fly-eye contact, latrine utilization, and source of water were significantly associated with the prevalence of active trachoma. Conclusion In this study, the prevalence of active trachoma was much higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) threshold prevalence. Ocular discharge, fly-eye contact, latrine utilization, and source of water were independent determinants of active trachoma among children (1–9 years). Therefore, paying special attention to these high-risk groups could decrease the prevalence of a neglected hyperendemic disease, active trachoma.

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Asgedom, Yordanos Sisay, Tsegaye Melaku, Amanuel Yosef Gebrekidan, Mengistu Meskele, Gedeon Asnake, Afework Alemu, Amelework Gonfa Efa, Kirubel Eshetu Haile, and Gizachew Ambaw Kassie. "Prevalence of active trachoma among 1–9 years of age children in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis." BMJ Open 14, no. 7 (July 2024): e079623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-079623.

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ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to determine the pooled prevalence of active trachoma among 1–9 years old children in Ethiopia.DesignA systematic review and meta-analysis were employed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews.Data sourcesMedline/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, African Journal of Online and Google scholar databases were systematically explored to find studies published in English until July 2023.Eligibility criteriaThe following criteria apply: (1) condition (Co): studies examined the prevalence of trachoma among children (1–9) years old; (2) context (Co): studies conducted in Ethiopia; (3) population (Pop): studies that were done among children (1–9) years old; (4) study type: observational studies and (5) language: studies published in English.Data extraction and synthesisThe data were extracted using a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. DerSimonian-Laird random effect model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of active trachoma among 1–9 years old children. Cochrane Q-tests and I2statistics were used across studies to assess heterogeneity. To identify possible publication bias, Egger’s test was performed.Primary outcomePrevalence of active trachoma among children aged (1-9 years old)".ResultsOverall, a total of 42 articles with 235 005 study participants were included in the final analysis. The estimated pooled prevalence of active trachoma using random effect model was 24% (95% CI 20% to 27%). The subgroup analysis by region revealed that the highest prevalence of trachoma was 36% (95% CI 13% to 58%) in the Tigray region, and publication year revealed the prevalence of trachoma was decreasing from 32% to 19% after 2015.ConclusionIn this review, the pooled prevalence of active trachoma was found to be high in Ethiopia compared with WHO threshold level. This underscores the need for increased focus on high-risk age groups to decrease trachoma and to achieve the elimination of trachoma from the country by 2030.

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Caleon, Ramoncito L., Fisseha Admassu, Solomon Aragie, Dagnachew Hailu, Adane Dagnew, Taye Zeru, Dionna M. Wittberg, et al. "Photographic grading to evaluate facial cleanliness and trachoma among children in Amhara region, Ethiopia." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 18, no. 7 (July 11, 2024): e0012257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0012257.

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Background Promotion of facial cleanliness is recommended for the elimination of blinding trachoma, largely because of observational studies that have found an association between various measures of facial uncleanliness and trachoma. However, when a field grader assesses both facial cleanliness and trachoma, associations may be biased. Assessment of photographs of the face and conjunctiva by masked graders may provide a less biased estimate of the relationship between facial cleanliness and trachoma. Methods Face photographs, conjunctival photographs, and conjunctival swabs were obtained on a random sample of 0–9-year-old children from each of 40 communities in Amhara region, Ethiopia. Face photographs were assessed for the presence of seven measures of an unclean face (i.e., wet nasal discharge, dry nasal discharge, wet ocular discharge, dry ocular discharge, food, dust/dirt, and flies) by three independent masked photo-graders. Conjunctival photographs were similarly graded in a masked fashion for signs of clinically active trachoma. Conjunctival swabs were processed for Chlamydia trachomatis DNA. Results Of 2073 children with complete data, 808 (39%) had evidence of clinically active trachoma, 150 (7%) had evidence of ocular chlamydia infection, and 2524 (91%) had at least one measure of an unclean face. Dry ocular discharge had the strongest association with clinically active trachoma (age- and sex-adjusted prevalence ratio [PR] 1.4, 95% CI 1.2–1.6) and ocular chlamydia infection (PR 1.9, 95%CI 1.3–2.9), although significant associations were observed between each of the measures of facial uncleanliness and trachoma. Conclusions Masked assessment of face and conjunctival photographs confirmed prior observational studies that have noted associations between various measures of facial uncleanliness and trachoma. The causal relationship between facial uncleanliness and trachoma is unclear since many features used to measure facial cleanliness (e.g., ocular discharge, nasal discharge, and flies) could be consequences of antecedent ocular chlamydia infection. Trial registration NCT02754583, clinicaltrials.gov.

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Marek, Anna. "„Jak Wojtek swoją rodzinę od jaglicy ratował”. Zwalczanie jaglicy w Polsce po II wojnie światowej." Medycyna Nowożytna 29, Suplement (November 2023): 319–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/12311960mn.23.032.18756.

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„How Wojtek saves his family from trachoma”. Fighting trachoma in Poland after Second World War The articles presents the history against trachoma in Poland after Second World War. The infestation of the country with trachoma felt down from 1,1% to about 0,2% i.e. more than 5 times. It was possible thanks to the use of new drugs, mainly antibiotics and sulfonamides, as well as raising the standard of living of the society and paying special attention to combating the disease in children.

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Courtright, Paul, Lisa A. Rotondo, Chad MacArthur, Iain Jones, Angela Weaver, Biruck Kebede Negash, Nicholas Olobio, et al. "Strengthening the links between mapping, planning and global engagement for disease elimination: lessons learnt from trachoma." British Journal of Ophthalmology 102, no. 10 (June 15, 2018): 1324–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-312476.

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BackgroundTrachoma is the leading infectious cause of blindness. Until recently, reliable data on the global extent of the disease, detailed plans for elimination, and government, donor and partner engagement were all inadequate.MethodsThe trachoma community undertook a systematic, three-pronged strategy to map trachoma district by district, develop national-level trachoma elimination plans, and create a framework for governments, donors and partners to convene and coordinate in support of trachoma elimination. ResultThere has been a frame-shift in internal and external perceptions of the global trachoma programme, from being an effort working towards disease control in focussed geographical areas, to one in the process of achieving worldwide disease elimination. Multiple factors contributed to the successful implementation of mapping, planning, and cross-sectional engagement of governments, partners and donors.ConclusionsElimination of trachoma is possible if the right combination of factors is in place. Planning for success is a critical first step. Some remaining challenges must still be addressed if the elimination targets are to be successfully attained.

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Tadesse Abera, Wendimagegn Tilahun, and Imiru Waqjira. "Trachoma prevention practice among mothers with child age of under-9 years and factors associated in rural district of Oromia Region, Ethiopia: Community based cross-sectional study." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 10, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 245–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.10.1.0136.

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Background: Worldwide, 2.2 million people are visually impaired, and nearly 1.2 million people are irreversibly blind because of Trachoma. Women and girls are particularly vulnerable to infection, as they are often the primary caregivers of children, and children are the greatest source of infection with Trachoma. As prevention option to Trachoma, World Health Organization recommends Facial cleanliness (F), Environmental Improvement (E), Antibiotics (A) and Surgery (S), which abbreviated as “SAFE”. Though research findings show that Trachoma found in communities with poor hygiene and unimproved environmental condition of a community, there is a research gap talking about the root cause for poor hygiene and unimproved environment related to Trachoma occurrence. Therefore, the objective of this study is to assess Trachoma preventive practice among mothers and factors associated in the study area. Method and Materials: Community based cross-sectional study design with interview questions was used from Dec 06-26/2017. The study was done on 845 mothers sampled using two stages stratified sampling technique followed by systematic random sampling from 10 Kebeles. To identify association between independent and dependent variables, multiple logistic regressions was applied using SPSS version 20 data analysis software. AOR with 95% CI at a p-of 0.05 was used to ascertain the association between dependent and independent variables. Results: Based on the study result, households with overall good Trachoma preventive practice were found to be 412 (51.5%). Residence (AOR= 1.8; p-0.01), household wealth (AOR= 1.8; p-0.01), mother trachoma preventive knowledge (AOR= 1.6; p-0.02) water getting frequency (AOR, = 0.6; p-0.01) and time taken to water point (AOR= 0.3; p-0.01) were factors significantly and independently associated to good preventive practice at p-0.05 in the study District. Conclusion: The overall Trachoma preventive practice of the study district was 51.5%. Improving HH wealth status, mother’s capacity building, special attention to urban sanitation and improving water supply status are recommended factors to improve the overall level of Trachoma preventive practice of study population to protect children of age under 9 years.

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Aboe, Agatha, Balla Musa Joof, Sarjo Kebba Kanyi, Abba Hydara, Philip Downs, Simon Bush, and Paul Courtright. "The Gambia has eliminated trachoma as a public health problem: Challenges and successes." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 3 (March 28, 2022): e0010282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010282.

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Trachoma is the leading infectious cause of blindness in the world and has been known to be a major public health problem in The Gambia for over 60 years. Nationwide blindness surveys, including trachoma, in 1986 and 1996 provided the foundation for a comprehensive plan to implement a trachoma elimination strategy. Impact and pre-validation surveillance surveys in 2011–13 demonstrated that active trachoma was below WHO threshold for elimination but trichiasis remained a public health problem. Trichiasis-only surveys in 2019 demonstrated that trichiasis was below WHO thresholds for elimination and in 2020 the Government of The Gambia completed and submitted its dossier for validation of elimination as a public health problem. Challenges that The Gambia faced on the pathway to elimination included effective use of data for decision making, poor trichiasis surgical outcomes, lack of access to antibiotic treatment for low prevalence districts, high attrition of ophthalmic nurses trained as trichiasis surgeons, unexpected active trachoma in madrassas, the misalignment of elimination of active trachoma and trichiasis, trichiasis in urban settings, and maintaining the quality of surgery post-elimination when trichiasis cases are rare. Elimination of trachoma does not end with the submission of an elimination dossier; The Gambia will need to sustain monitoring and support over the coming years.

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Reinheimer, T., P. Bernedo, H. Klapproth, H. Oelert, B. Zeiske, K. Racke, and I. Wessler. "Acetylcholine in isolated airways of rat, guinea pig, and human: species differences in role of airway mucosa." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 270, no. 5 (May 1, 1996): L722—L728. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.1996.270.5.l722.

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Stored endogenous acetylcholine (ACh) and in vitro synthesis of [3H]ACh were measured in isolated, mucosa-intact and mucosa-denuded airways of rat, guinea pig, and humans. In addition, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity and ACh content were measured in freshly isolated airway mucosa as well as in cultured epithelial cells of rat tracheas. Rat tracheas stored 25 nmol/g ACh, whereas guinea pig tracheas and human bronchi contained only 2-3 nmol/g ACh. When incubated with [3H]choline, the isolated airways of rat, guinea pig, and human synthesized significant amounts of [3H]ACh. In guinea pig and human airways, removal of the mucosa affected neither stored ACh nor in vitro synthesis of [3H]ACh. In rat tracheas, however, removal of the mucosa resulted in a 50% reduction of stored ACh. Freshly isolated mucosa wiped off from the luminal surface of rat tracheas contained large amounts of ACh (6.5 nmol/g airway), whereas in human mucosa (central bronchi) only small amounts of ACh were found. In enzymatically isolated mucosal cells of rat tracheas, a considerable ChAT activity (21 nmol.mg protein 1.h-1) was detected, blockable by bromoacetylcholine. Enzymatically isolated human mucosa contained a rather low ChAT-like activity (0.5 nmol.mg protein 1.h-1), not sensitive to bromoacetylcholine. In cultured epithelial cells of rat tracheas (4th-6th passage), neither ChAT activity nor ACh was detected. The large airways of rat, guinea pig, and humans contain considerable amounts of ACh, supporting histological evidence of a dense cholinergic innervation, particularly of rat tracheas. The mucosa of rat tracheas synthesizes and stores large amounts of ACh, whereas the low ChAT activity in human mucosa argues against the presence of cholinergic neurons able to synthesize and store ACh.

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Lange, Fiona D., Emma Baunach, Rosemary McKenzie, and Hugh R. Taylor. "Trachoma elimination in remote Indigenous Northern Territory communities: baseline health-promotion study." Australian Journal of Primary Health 20, no. 1 (2014): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py12044.

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Identify trachoma knowledge, attitudes and practice of staff in clinics, schools and community workplace settings to optimise trachoma-elimination health-promotion programs in the Katherine West Health Board region of the Northern Territory. Prior to the introduction of a suite of health promotion resources the Indigenous Eye Health Unit and Katherine West Health Board conducted a baseline survey of open, multi-choice and closed questions regarding knowledge, attitudes and practices in relation to trachoma with 72 staff members over a 6-month period in 2010−11. Data were analysed for differences between settings. Two significant barriers and one enabling factor were identified. One in five staff members in clinics and 29% of staff members in schools were unaware they lived and worked in a trachoma-endemic area. One-third of school staff and 38% of clinic staff considered it normal for children to have dirty faces. However, the majority of participants felt comfortable talking about hygiene issues with others. The presence of dirty faces in young Indigenous children underpins the continuing prevalence of trachoma. Increasing the awareness of the health effects of children’s nasal and ocular secretions and changing community acceptance of dirty faces as the norm will reduce the risk of trachoma and other childhood infections. Staff in clinics, schools and community work settings can play a role in trachoma elimination by actively encouraging clean faces whenever they are dirty and by including face washing in holistic hygiene and health education. Staff in schools may need additional support. Trachoma-elimination health promotion should increase awareness of trachoma prevalence and encourage all who work and live in remote Indigenous communities to take action to promote facial cleanliness and good hygiene practices.

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Travers, Anyess, Sheryl Strasser, Stephanie L. Palmer, and Christine Stauber. "The Added Value of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Interventions to Mass Drug Administration for Reducing the Prevalence of Trachoma: A Systematic Review Examining." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/682093.

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Trachoma is the leading cause of infectious blindness worldwide. The SAFE strategy, the World Health Organization-recommended method to eliminate blinding trachoma, combines developments in water, sanitation, surgery, and antibiotic treatment. Current literature does not focus on the comprehensive effect these components have on one another. The present systematic review analyzes the added benefit of water, sanitation, and hygiene education interventions to preventive mass drug administration of azithromycin for trachoma. Trials were identified from the PubMed database using a series of search terms. Three studies met the complete criteria for inclusion. Though all studies found a significant change in reduction of active trachoma prevalence, the research is still too limited to suggest the impact of the “F” and “E” components on trachoma prevalence and ultimately its effects on blindness.

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Tormos, José, Carlo Polidori, Roberto Boesi, and Josep Daniel Asís. "Prepupal Morphology of Trachypus denticollis (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae), with Comments on Larval Characters in the Subfamily Philanthinae." Journal of Entomological Science 42, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-42.1.52.

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The mature postdefecating larva of Trachypus denticollis Spinola is described. Larval morphology permits the separation of Trachypus Klug from Philanthus F., the two genera forming the subtribe Philanthina. The presence, in Trachypus, of maxillae with a pigmented lateral area represents an autapomorphy that allows recognition of the last larval stage of this genus.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Trachops'

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