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Published: 10 June 2023

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1

Taney, Norman E. "LABORATORY APPLICATIONS OF RADIOISOTOPIC TRACERS TO FOLLOW BEACH SEDIMENTS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 8 (January 29, 2011): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v8.17.

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For many years coastal scientists and engineers have attempted to label sedimentary particles in order that their movement paths might be determined. Several attempts have been made at the Beach Erosion Board, none of which met with any measure of success. Furthermore, inherent in this system is an extensive sampling program and arduous identification of the labeled particles. Recently, however, the labeling of natural sediments or simulated sediments with radioisotopes as tracers has proved successful and a long sought goal has been achieved. The utilization of radioactive material as sediment tracers has increased during the approximately 10 years since its inception. Since the initial test in the Thames River^1' in England, the utilization of this technique has spread until it is practically worldwide!2""8^ In the main, the objectives of these tests have been qualitative, the determination of movement path and of sedimentation areas of the tracer material, and thus of the sediments, which are being followed. Labeling techniques have varied widely and involve plating or precipitating a thin film of radioactive material on the natural sediments, the utilization of glass containing a radioactive tracer to simulate the natural sediments, the incorporation of radioactive material within the natural sediments or within simulated sediments, and ion exchange between the natural sediments and tracer material. The means of detection have also varied broadly: Geiger-Mueller systems with one or several GM tubes in gangs, scintillation systems making use of pulse-height spectrometry, and autoradiographic techniques have all been used. The monitoring has varied also as sediment and tracer materials have been monitored in situ or samples have been taken and the monitoring accomplished in the laboratory. The staff of the Beach Erosion Board has been interested in this new application of radioisotopes since 1955. A literature survey was initiated at that time and is continuing at present. A feasibility study was completed in 1958 which indicated that radioisotopic tracers presented a new technique with which to study sediment transport. The report strongly recommended that studies be planned and executed utilizing this technique. In the Annual Bulletin of the Beach Erosion Board, 1960,^9'several test objectives and procedures were outlined.

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2

Siddle, H. J., D. B. Jones, and C. D. Warren. "The Use of Tracer Techniques to Assess Groundwater Flows in Site Investigations." Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 2, no. 1 (1986): 375–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.1986.002.01.63.

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AbstractProcedures of site investigation included in BS 5930:1981 concentrate on obtaining information on ground conditions near proposed structures. Groundwater flow paths, however, are often influenced by hydrogeological conditions well beyond the area and tracer tests have been found a useful addition to investigations.Different types of groundwater tracers are described and their uses in establishing groundwater flow paths and other hydrogeological characteristics of some regimes are outlined. Precautions are always necessary when using tracers, however, and these are especially stringent with radioactive tracers. The paper shows how groundwater tracers were employed in investigations of landslips, waste disposal studies and other investigations with which the authors have been involved.The paper concludes that the specification of standard procedures for tracer tests is probably not appropriate but reference to the techniques available would be useful in promoting their application.

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3

Minchin, Peter E. H., and Michael R. Thorpe. "Using the short-lived isotope 11C in mechanistic studies of photosynthate transport." Functional Plant Biology 30, no. 8 (2003): 831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp03008.

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Tracer techniques have been central in studies of transport in plants. In the case of carbon, the only readily available radioactive tracer has been 14C, although 11C was used for a short time before 14C could be made. Tracers have usually had to be measured by destructive harvesting of the plant, giving a practical limit to the data resolution in both time and space. A major advantage of the short-lived, positron-emitting tracers, of which 11C is one example, is that in vivo measurement is possible, giving detailed time series of tracer data in many locations and opening up powerful new techniques of data analysis. Medical applications of these isotopes have utilised both dynamic imaging and time courses of uptake or washout. Unfortunately, few plant biology laboratories have realised the potential of these techniques, possibly because of the large physics infrastructure needed. In this paper we review the concepts behind the use of these short-lived tracers in plant physiology, and illustrate with several cases where 11C was an essential tool.

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4

Argoud, G. M., D. S. Schade, and R. P. Eaton. "Underestimation of hepatic glucose production by radioactive and stable tracers." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 252, no. 5 (May 1, 1987): E606—E615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1987.252.5.e606.

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Although negative hepatic glucose production rates are physiologically impossible, they have been observed when hepatic glucose production is measured with the tracer-dilution technique during the hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic glucose clamp. Because hepatic glucose production is determined from the difference between tracer-derived glucose disposal and the known exogenous glucose infusion rate, the negative values for hepatic glucose production must result from an underestimation of glucose disposal by the tracer technique. In the current investigation, tracer-derived glucose disposal was measured in 25 subjects undergoing hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic clamps. Glucose disposal was measured with both radioactive and stable isotopes that utilize different methodologies, to determine whether discriminant metabolism of the isotopes versus methodological error leads to underestimation of tracer-derived glucose disposal. Both the radioactive and stable methodologies underestimated the exogenous glucose infusion rate during the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp by 27 and 17%, respectively. Mean hepatic glucose production was -2.1 +/- 0.2 and -1.3 +/- 0.2 mg X kg-1 X min-1 as determined by the radioactive and stable isotope methodologies, respectively. Methodological error was an unlikely cause of this underestimation because it occurred with two different methodologies. The most likely explanation for underestimated rates of glucose disposal determined by the two types of isotope methodologies is discrepant metabolism of glucose tracers in comparison with unlabeled glucose.

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5

Cobelli, C., G. Toffolo, D. M. Bier, and R. Nosadini. "Models to interpret kinetic data in stable isotope tracer studies." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 253, no. 5 (November 1, 1987): E551—E564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1987.253.5.e551.

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In contrast to "weightless" radioactive tracers, stable isotope tracers have nonnegligible mass and are naturally present in the system, and the measured variable is a ratio of two isotopic species. These features do not allow stable isotopic tracer data analysis using straightforward analogy with radioactive tracer approaches, even though this practice is common. In this study, we present kinetic variables, models, and measurements for the analysis and interpretation of stable isotope tracer data. Assumptions and mathematical techniques for modeling the data when perturbation is both nonnegligible and negligible are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the rich information content of the dynamic portion of a stable isotope tracer curve and on the role of compartmental and noncompartmental modeling approaches for its interpretation. A presumed and commonly used analogy between the radioactive specific activity and stable isotopic enrichment is shown to be incorrect. We show that the proper analogue of specific activity is the tracer-to-tracee molar ratio. This variable is not a directly measurable one, but a formula is derived that allows its computation from the data. A method for reconstructing the time course in blood of the concentration component due to endogenous synthesis is presented. This allows measurement of the extent of the perturbation in the case where a nonweightless tracer is used. Special attention is given to data analysis originating from a multiple tracer experiment, a configuration necessary for studying more complex systems, e.g., the kinetics of interacting substrates.

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6

Hill, A. D., Kathryn E. Boehm, and T. J. Akers. "Tracer-Placement Techniques for Improved Radioactive-Tracer Logging." Journal of Petroleum Technology 40, no. 11 (November 1, 1988): 1484–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/17317-pa.

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7

Salbu, B. "Radioactive tracer techniques in speciation studies." Environmental Technology Letters 8, no. 1-12 (January 1987): 381–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593338709384497.

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8

Salman, Muhammad, Christina Macano, Rishabha D. Sharma, and Alfonso Antequerra. "Magnetic nanoparticle technique versus radioisotope technique in detection of sentinel lymph node in early breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis." International Surgery Journal 8, no. 6 (May 28, 2021): 1870. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20212284.

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Sentinel lymph node biopsy is the standard technique to stage the axilla in early breast cancer. The gold standard is the dual technique of radioisotope and blue dye injection. The drawbacks of dual technique include handling and disposal of radioactive material. Equally reliable, user and patient friendly, magnetic tracer super paramagnetic iron oxide, was compared with the radioisotope tracer in detection of Sentinel lymph node in a clinically node negative axilla in early breast cancer in this meta-analysis, with emphasis on the utility and safety of both techniques. PubMed, Medline were searched from April 2015 to October 2019. 1395 patients’ data was included from seven homogenous studies in this meta-analysis. A statistical analysis was performed using STATA 16.1 version for sentinel lymph node detection rate using standard technique, magnetic tracer technique and both techniques. Ratio of successes and failures of the outcomes was measured and analysed. A paired two sample ‘Z’ test was performed to compare between the standard technique and magnetic tracer techniques. The standardised mean difference of ratio of success rate between two techniques was; 1.013334 with a p value of 0.3136.The standardised mean difference of ratio of failure rate between two techniques was 1.016667, with a p value of 0.3132. Success and failure rate showed statistically no significant difference between the two techniques. This two-way analysis with paired two sample ‘Z’ test confirms that neither standard technique nor magnetic tracer techniques are superior or inferior to each other.

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9

Coggan, Andrew R. "Use of stable isotopes to study carbohydrate and fat metabolism at the whole-body level." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 58, no. 4 (November 1999): 953–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665199001263.

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The present review discusses the advantages and limitations of using stable-isotope tracers to assess carbohydrate and fat metabolism at the whole-body level. One advantage of stable-(v. radioactive-) isotope tracers is the relative ease with which the location of a label within a molecule can be determined using selected-ion-monitoring GC-mass spectrometry (SIM-GC- MS). This technique minimizes potential problems due to label recycling, allows the use of multiple-labelled compounds simultaneously (e.g. to quantify glucose cycling), and perhaps most importantly, has led to the development of unique stable-isotope methods for, for example, quantifying gluconeogenesis. However, the limited sensitivity of SIM-GC-MS sometimes requires that relatively large amounts of a stable-isotope tracer be used, thus increasing cost and potentially altering metabolism. At least theoretically, stable- (or radioactive-) isotope tracers can also be used in conjunction with indirect calorimetry to estimate utilization of muscle glycogen or triacylglycerol stores, thus potentially circumventing the need to obtain muscle biopsies. These calculations, however, require certain critical assumptions, which if incorrect could lead to major errors in the values obtained. Despite such limitations, stable-isotope tracers provide a powerful and sometimes unique tool for investigating carbohydrate and fat metabolism at the whole-body level. With continuing advances in availability, instrumentation and methods, it is likely that stable-isotope tracers will become increasingly important in the immediate future.

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10

Handoo, A. K., and P. K. Ray. "Sputtering of cobalt and chromium by argon and xenon ions near the threshold energy region." Canadian Journal of Physics 71, no. 3-4 (March 1, 1993): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p93-024.

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Sputtering yields of cobalt and chromium by argon and xenon ions with energies below 50 eV are reported. The targets were electroplated on copper substrates. Measurable sputtering yields were obtained from cobalt with ion energies as low as 10 eV. The ion beams were produced by an ion gun. A radioactive tracer technique was used for the quantitative measurement of the sputtering yield.57Co and 51Cr were used as tracers. The yield–energy curves are observed to be concave, which brings into question the practice of finding threshold energies by linear extrapolation.

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11

Robson, A. "Radioactive Tracer Techniques and their Applications in Industry." Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists 68, no. 1 (October 22, 2008): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1952.tb02732.x.

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12

White, Howard J. "Application of Radioactive Tracer Techniques to Textile Research." Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists 70, no. 7 (October 22, 2008): 284–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1954.tb02036.x.

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13

Benischke, Ralf. "Review: Advances in the methodology and application of tracing in karst aquifers." Hydrogeology Journal 29, no. 1 (January 20, 2021): 67–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-020-02278-9.

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AbstractTracer methods have been widely used in many fields of environmental and natural sciences, and also in human health sciences. In particular, tracers are used in the study of karst hydrogeology, typically focusing on phenomena such as sinkholes, sinking rivers and large karst springs. It is known that tracers have been used since antiquity. The aim of tracer tests has been to investigate underground flow paths, transport processes and water–rock interactions, and to get an insight into the functioning of a karst aquifer. In karst hydrogeology, tracer methods are the most important investigation tools beside conventional hydrological methods. In early times, tracer methods were applied only to investigate underground flow-paths. Later they were also used to elucidate transport processes associated with water flow, and today they are often the basis, together with detailed hydrological information, of groundwater protection investigations and aquifer modelling. Many substances (spores, microspheres, bacteriophages, salt tracers, fluorescent dyes, radioactive substances) have been investigated for their properties and potential usage in environmental investigations, in particular the often unknown and inaccessible underground systems of karst areas. A great number of analytical techniques is available. This includes instrumentation for laboratory applications and direct online, on-site or in-situ field measurements. Modern instruments have a high capability for data acquisition, storage and transmission in short intervals, as a basis for quantitative evaluation and modelling. This enables research on the hydrological and hydrochemical dynamics of aquifers and their response to different natural or anthropogenic impacts.

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14

Mohd Yunos, Mohd Amirul Syafiq, Siti Aslina Hussain, Hamdan Mohamed Yusoff, and Jaafar Abdullah. "Preparation and Quantification of Radioactive Particles for Tracking Hydrodynamic Behaviour in Multiphase Reactors." Applied Mechanics and Materials 625 (September 2014): 509–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.625.509.

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Radioactive Particle Tracking (RPT) technique has emerged as a potential and versatile technique, both in terms of richness of information and applicability to a variety of multiphase flow systems. RPT is not an off-the-shelf technique and thus has to be developed by the intended user. This paper is intended to present a simple method and procedure for preparing suitable radioactive particles tracer (Au-198 and Sc-46) irradiated simultaneously with neutrons using TRIGA Mark II research reactor. These present work focuses on the performance evaluation of encapsulated gold and scandium particle to be used as single radioactive particle tracer using qualitative and quantitative neutron activation analysis (NAA) and X-ray micro computed tomography (micro-CT) scanner installed at Malaysian Nuclear Agency.

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15

Varki, Ajit. "Radioactive tracer techniques in the sequencing of glycoprotein oligosaccharides." FASEB Journal 5, no. 2 (February 1991): 226–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.5.2.2004668.

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16

Yianatos, Juan, Francisco Díaz, and Jorge Rodríguez. "INDUSTRIAL FLOTATION PROCESS MODELLING: RTD MEASUREMENT BY RADIOACTIVE TRACER TECHNIQUE." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 35, no. 1 (2002): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20020721-6-es-1901.01160.

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17

Herbst, M. D., and J. H. Goldstein. "A review of water diffusion measurement by NMR in human red blood cells." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 256, no. 5 (May 1, 1989): C1097—C1104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1989.256.5.c1097.

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This review of water transport measurement in normal human erythrocytes attempts to harmonize discordant results obtained under diverse study conditions with two different techniques: nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and radioactive tracer (THO) diffusion. Natural aggregation of red cells into rouleaux appeared to cause most of the variation among results from NMR experiments. The remainder of the discrepancy was attributed to the use of inappropriate mathematical approximations of the two-site exchange equations, differences in blood storage time, and failure to adjust NMR calculations for the nonwater protons. Differences in hematocrit, frequency-magnetic field strength, or NMR pulse technique played no apparent role in the disparity among NMR reports. When these confounding factors were removed, diffusion results obtained by NMR or by influx or bulk diffusion of radioactive tracer agreed within a relatively narrow range of values. These techniques place the mean lifetime of water inside fresh normal human erythrocytes at room temperature (20-25 degrees C) between the extremes of 9.8 and 14 ms, where the uncorrected range was previously 9.8-21.7 ms. This new range of water exchange times corresponds to a range of diffusional permeability between 3.3 and 4.7 x 10(-3) cm/s.

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18

Coibion, Michel, Fabrice Olivier, Audrey Courtois, Nathalie Maes, Véronique Jossa, and Guy Jerusalem. "A Randomized Prospective Non-Inferiority Trial of Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Early Breast Cancer: Blue Dye Compared with Indocyanine Green Fluorescence Tracer." Cancers 14, no. 4 (February 10, 2022): 888. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14040888.

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Background: Indocyanine green (ICG) is a promising tracer for sentinel lymph node biopsy in early breast cancer. This randomized study was conducted to evaluate sentinel lymph node biopsy with ICG compared with blue dye as a tracer in woman with early breast cancer without any sign of lymph node invasion. Methods: Between January 2019 and November 2020, 240 consecutive women with early breast cancer were enrolled and randomized to sentinel lymph node biopsy using ICG or blue dye. The primary endpoint was the sentinel lymph node detection rate in both arms. Results: ICG was used in 121 patients and detected sentinel lymph nodes in all patients (detection rate, 100%; 95% CI: 96.9–100.0) while blue dye was used in 119 patients and detected sentinel lymph nodes in 116 patients (detection rate: 97.5%, 95% CI: 92.9–99.1). This analysis indicated the non-inferiority of ICG vs. blue dye tracer (90%CI: −1.9–6.9; p = 0.0009). Conclusion: ICG represents a new promising tracer to detect sentinel lymph nodes in early breast cancer with a detection rate similar to other conventional tracers, and is associated with easy learning and low cost. Our result suggest that this technique is a good alternative to avoid radioactive isotope manipulation.

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19

Charlton, J. S. "Radioactive Tracer Techniques in Process Optimization: Application in the Chemical Industry." Isotopenpraxis Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies 25, no. 4 (January 1989): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10256018908624078.

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20

Hopkins, Susan R., Mark O. Wielpütz, and Hans-Ulrich Kauczor. "Imaging lung perfusion." Journal of Applied Physiology 113, no. 2 (July 15, 2012): 328–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00320.2012.

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From the first measurements of the distribution of pulmonary blood flow using radioactive tracers by West and colleagues ( J Clin Invest 40: 1–12, 1961) allowing gravitational differences in pulmonary blood flow to be described, the imaging of pulmonary blood flow has made considerable progress. The researcher employing modern imaging techniques now has the choice of several techniques, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computerized tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). These techniques differ in several important ways: the resolution of the measurement, the type of contrast or tag used to image flow, and the amount of ionizing radiation associated with each measurement. In addition, the techniques vary in what is actually measured, whether it is capillary perfusion such as with PET and SPECT, or larger vessel information in addition to capillary perfusion such as with MRI and CT. Combined, these issues affect quantification and interpretation of data as well as the type of experiments possible using different techniques. The goal of this review is to give an overview of the techniques most commonly in use for physiological experiments along with the issues unique to each technique.

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21

Kern, Peter, Ann-Kathrin Bittner, Oliver Hoffmann, Rainer Kimmig, Ariane Schoffer, Stephanos Moukas, and Kay Friedrichs. "Sentinel-Lymphnode Biopsy in primary breast cancer: 99mTc versus ICG—A prospective, randomized trial." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2020): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.575.

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575 Background: Sentinel-Lymphnode Biopsy (SLNB) is the standard procedure in primary breast cancer, routinely performed with 99mTechnetium radioactive tracers. Awareness of nuclear waste, costs and time consumption lead to the desire of breast surgeons to find safe and effective alternative options for detection of sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) in breast cancer and melanoma. Indocyaningreen is a tracer which emits fluorescence with near-infrared light of 780-810 nm when injected in the peritumoral or periareolar region, enabling surgeons to detect SLN and lymphatic pathways at the breast. Methods: We performed a prospective, randomized trial with patients with primary breast cancer. Both detection methods have been applied to patients of the study cohort comparing the preparation time, time to identify, concordance of the two methods and costs. Reference method was preoperative lymphszintigraphy. Results: 55 patients have been analyzed in this first report. Preparation time was 75,8 min (range 60-120 min) for 99mTc-tracer and a standard of 20 min for ICG. Time to identify SLN at a mean of 3,8 min(range 1-15 min) for 99mTc and 3 min (range 1-8 min) for ICG. Concordance rates were 98,2 % for the 1st SLN, 93,8 % both for 2nd and 3rd SLN. After neoadjuvant chemotherapy, all SLN have been been detected by both techniques, in 3 patients additional SLN have been found by ICG. Costs have been cut down to 1/10 with the use of ICG, coming up to saving of 27 000 US-$ per each 100 SLNB procedures performed. Conclusions: We report a high concordance rate between the 2 techniques - 99mTechnetium and ICG with near-infrared - for detection of SLN in breast cancer. Preparation time is cut down to less than 30 %, and costs to less the 10 % of radioactive labelling. Clinical trial information: 18-8054-BO .

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Kobayashi, Y. "Applications of Nuclear Technique to Biological Sciences Labelled Compounds, Radioactive Tracers, and X-Ray Tomography." Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 16, no. 24 (August 2, 2016): 2694–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026616666160413134922.

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Alghamdi, Ahmed A., Thaar M. Aljuwaya, Abdullah S. Alomari, and Muthanna H. Al-Dahhan. "GEANT4 Simulation for Radioactive Particle Tracking (RPT) Technique." Sensors 22, no. 3 (February 5, 2022): 1223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22031223.

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In the past two decades, the radioactive particle tracking (RPT) measurement technique has been proven to visualize flow fields of most multiphase flow systems of industrial interest. The accuracy of RPT, and hence the data obtained, depend largely on the calibration process, which stands here as a basis for two subsequent processes: tracking and reconstruction. However, limitations in the RPT calibration process can be found in different experimental constrains and in assumptions made in the classical Monte Carlo approach used to simulate number of counts received by the detectors. Therefore, in this work, we applied a GEANT4-based Monte Carlo code to simulate the RPT calibration process for an investigated multiphase flow system (i.e., gas–liquid bubble column). The GEANT4 code was performed to simulate the number of counts received by 28 scintillation detectors for 931 known tracer positions while capturing all the types of photon interaction and overcoming solids’ angle limitations in classical approaches. The results of the simulation were validated against experimental data obtained using an automated RPT calibration device. The results showed a good agreement between the simulated and experimental counts, where the maximum absolute average relative deviation detected was about 5%. The GEANT4 model typically predicted the number of counts received by all the detectors; however, it over-estimated the counts when the number of primary events applied in the model was not the optimal.

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Tersalvi, Gregorio, Vittorio Beltrani, Martin R. Grübler, Alessandra Molteni, Yvonne Cristoforetti, Giovanni Pedrazzini, Giorgio Treglia, and Luigi Biasco. "Positron Emission Tomography in Heart Failure: From Pathophysiology to Clinical Application." Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease 10, no. 5 (May 17, 2023): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcdd10050220.

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Imaging modalities are increasingly being used to evaluate the underlying pathophysiology of heart failure. Positron emission tomography (PET) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses radioactive tracers to visualize and measure biological processes in vivo. PET imaging of the heart uses different radiopharmaceuticals to provide information on myocardial metabolism, perfusion, inflammation, fibrosis, and sympathetic nervous system activity, which are all important contributors to the development and progression of heart failure. This narrative review provides an overview of the use of PET imaging in heart failure, highlighting the different PET tracers and modalities, and discussing fields of present and future clinical application.

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Rennie, Michael J. "An introduction to the use of tracers in nutrition and metabolism." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 58, no. 4 (November 1999): 935–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002966519900124x.

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The present article is a review written at a level suitable for students and new workers to the field of techniques in common current use for the measurement of static and dynamic features of metabolism, especially nutritional metabolism. It covers the nature of radioactive and stable-isotope tracers, the means of measuring them, and the advantages and disadvantages of their use. The greater part of the review deals with methods for the measurement of pool sizes and metabolic processes, with the emphasis being on protein metabolism, a field the author knows best. The examples given are from a variety of sources, including the work of the author, but the principles underlying the techniques are universally applicable to all metabolic investigations using tracers.

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Muhammad, Nda, Mohd Shalahuddin Adnan, Mohd Azlan Mohd Yosuff, and Kabiru Abdullahi Ahmad. "A review of field methods for suspended and bedload sediment measurement." World Journal of Engineering 16, no. 1 (February 11, 2019): 147–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-07-2018-0226.

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Purpose Sediment measurement is usually accessible on a periodic or distinct basis. The measurement of sediment (suspended and bedload), especially in the field, is vital in keeping essential data of sediment transport and deposition. Various techniques for measuring sediment have been used over time each with its merits and demerits. The techniques discussed in this paper for suspended sediment include bottle, acoustic, pump, laser diffraction, nuclear and optical. Other techniques for bedload measurement are; River bedload trap (RBT), CSU/FU bedload trap, Helley–Smith, Polish Hydrological Services (PIHM) device, pit and trough, vortex tube, radioactive traces and bedload–surrogate technologies. However, the choice of technique depends on multiple factors ranging from budget constraint, availability of equipment, manpower and data requirement. The purpose of this paper is to present valuable information on selected techniques used in sediment measurement, to aid researchers/practitioners in the choice of sediment measurement technique. Design/methodology/approach This paper presents a general review of selected field techniques used in sediment measurement (suspended and bedload). Each techniques mode of operation, merits and demerits are discussed. Findings This paper highlights that each technique has its peculiar merits and demerits. However, two techniques are generally preferred over others; the bottle sampling and the Helley–Smith sampler for measuring suspended and bedload sediment. This is because the applicability of these techniques is quite widespread and time-tested. Originality/value This review paper provides an in-depth description and comparison of selected existing field sediment measurement techniques. The objective is to ease decision-making about the choice of technique, as well as to identify the suitability and applicability of the chosen technique.

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Milulescu, Amelia, Cristian Gabriel Viisoreanu, Nicolae Bacalbasa, Irina Balescu, Tiberiu-Augustin Georgescu, Corina Grigoriu, Costin Berceanu, and Roxana Elena Bohiltea. "Management of the axilla: Conventional tracers vs ICG-fluorescence in sentinel lymph node biopsy." Romanian Medical Journal 68, S6 (December 30, 2021): 126–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rmj.2021.s6.21.

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The evaluation of regional lymph nodes is part of breast cancer staging. Biopsy of the sentinel lymph node was established, in order to evaluate the condition of the axillary lymph nodes without having to complete an axillary dissection. The concept of sentinel lymph node (SLN) is based on the theory of sequential dissemination of tumor cells through the lymph. When lymphatic dissemination occurs, the invasion initially occurs in the first lymph node that drains lymph from the tumor. This lymph node has been named GS and depending on its negative or positive status, the presence or absence of metastases in the remaining regional lymph nodes can be established. Blue dye (BD) and radioactive isotopes (RI) are routinely used markers for identification of the sentinel lymph nodes during sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in early stage breast cancer. Unlike the blue dye technique, using radioactive isotopes has lower false-negative rates. Nonetheless, the need of lymphoscintigraphy, the time needed for preoperative injection, and undetected sentinel lymph nodes in some cases cause surgeons to rely only on the combination of blue dye and radioisotopes. At present, indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence method (ICG-SLNB) is starting to gain more and more field as an alternative to conventional mapping methods. The purpose of this review is to compare ICG with the conventional methods (blue dye and radioactive isotopes) and their role in detection of SLN.

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Yianatos, Juan B., and Luis G. Bergh. "RTD studies in an industrial flotation column: use of the radioactive tracer technique." International Journal of Mineral Processing 36, no. 1-2 (September 1992): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-7516(92)90065-5.

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Vollmer, K. O., W. Klemisch, and A. von Hodenberg. "High Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Radioactivity Detection: A Powerful Tool for Determining Drug Metabolite Profiles in Biological Fluids." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 41, no. 1-2 (February 1, 1986): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1986-1-218.

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Abstract High performance liquid chromatography coupled with continuous radioactivity detection represents an advancement in drug metabolism research. Using radioactive substances labelled in biologically stable positions, all metabolites can be specifically detected by radioactivity measurement. Thus no clean-up of biological fluids is required prior to HPLC. This can prevent artefact formation from unstable metabolites, reduces recovery problems and facilitates quantitation. Separation of highly polar and unpolar metabolites is possible in a single chromatographic run using gradient elution and reversed phase materials. This technique is also well-suited for preparative isolation and purification of metabolites for subsequent structure elucidation. Various metabolite profiles of drugs labelled with carbon-14 or tritium are shown. Metabolites of the following drugs are presented: norfenefrine, etozolin, thymoxamine, naloxone, and levobunolol. We review the general methodology and report our experience with this technique. In principle, this technique may be useful for all biological systems in which tracer techniques are applied.

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30

Speeckaert, Marijn M., Jesse Seegmiller, Griet Glorieux, Norbert Lameire, Wim Van Van Biesen, Raymond Vanholder, and Joris R. Delanghe. "Measured Glomerular Filtration Rate: The Query for a Workable Golden Standard Technique." Journal of Personalized Medicine 11, no. 10 (September 24, 2021): 949. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm11100949.

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Inulin clearance has, for a long time, been considered as the reference method to determine measured glomerular filtration rates (mGFRs). However, given the known limitations of the standard marker, serum creatinine, and of inulin itself, and the frequent need for accurate GFR estimations, several other non-radioactive (iohexol and iothalamate) and radioactive (51Cr-EDTA, 99mTc-DTPA, 125I iothalamate) exogenous mGFR filtration markers are nowadays considered the most accurate options to evaluate GFR. The availability of 51Cr-EDTA is limited, and all methods using radioactive tracers necessitate specific safety precautions. Serum- or plasma-based certified reference materials for iohexol and iothalamate and evidence-based protocols to accurately and robustly measure GFR (plasma vs. urinary clearance, single-sample vs. multiple-sample strategy, effect of sampling time delay) are lacking. This leads to substantial variation in reported mGFR results across studies and questions the scientific reliability of the alternative mGFR methods as the gold standard to evaluate kidney function. On top of the scientific discussion, regulatory issues are further narrowing the clinical use of mGFR methods. Therefore, this review is a call for standardization of mGFR in terms of three aspects: the marker, the analytical method to assess concentrations of that marker, and the procedure to determine GFR in practice. Moreover, there is also a need for an endogenous filtration marker or a panel of filtration markers from a single blood draw that would allow estimation of GFR as accurately as mGFR, and without the need for application of anthropometric, clinical, and demographic characteristics.

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31

Vinnett, Luis, Felipe Contreras, Francisco Díaz, Catalina Pino-Muñoz, and Tania Ledezma. "Estimating Residence Time Distributions in Industrial Closed-Circuit Ball Mills." Minerals 12, no. 12 (December 8, 2022): 1574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12121574.

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This paper compares two deconvolution methodologies used to estimate residence time distributions (RTD) in industrial closed-circuit ball mills. Parametric and non-parametric deconvolution techniques were evaluated. Both techniques allowed for direct RTD estimates from inlet and outlet tracer measurements in the mills, with no need for mass balances nor assumptions to correct the effect of the tracer recirculation in the grinding circuits. Measurements of inlet and outlet concentrations were conducted by radioactive solid tracers and on-stream detectors. The parametric deconvolution was applied assuming the N-perfectly-mixed-reactors-in-series model, whereas the non-parametric deconvolution consisted of a constrained least squares estimation subject to non-negativity. The shapes of the estimated RTDs were consistent between these methodologies, showing mound-shaped distributions in all cases. From the parametric approach, mixing regimes described by 2–4 perfect mixers in series were observed, which indicated significant differences regarding perfect mixing. The mean (τmean) and median (τ50) residence times were more consistent with the RTD shapes when applying the parametric deconvolution. The non-parametric approach was more sensitive to noise, a disadvantage leading to mean residence times significantly higher than the median, and less consistent with the RTD locations. From the comparisons, the estimation strategies proved to be applicable in industrial closed-circuit ball mills. The parametric deconvolution led to better overall performances for τ50 = 1.7–8.3 min, given a suitable model structure for the RTDs.

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Radovanovic, Z., A. Plzak, A. Golubovic, B. Stojiljkovic, and D. Radovanovic. "Detection of sentinel lymph node in breast cancer: blue dye technique versus combined blue dye-radioactive tracer technique." European Journal of Cancer Supplements 2, no. 3 (March 2004): 83–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6349(04)90699-4.

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33

Price, Clifford, Keith Ross, and Graham White. "A Further Appraisal of the 'Lime Technique' for Limestone Consolidation, Using a Radioactive Tracer." Studies in Conservation 33, no. 4 (November 1988): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1506313.

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34

Price, Clifford, Keith Ross, and Graham White. "A further appraisal of the ‘lime technique’ for limestone consolidation, using a radioactive tracer." Studies in Conservation 33, no. 4 (November 1988): 178–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/sic.1988.33.4.178.

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35

Gunnarsson, Magnus, Anna-Maria Jakobsson, Stefan Ekberg, Yngve Albinsson, and Elisabet Ahlberg. "Sorption Studies of Cobalt(II) on Colloidal Hematite Using Potentiometry and Radioactive Tracer Technique." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 231, no. 2 (November 2000): 326–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcis.2000.7149.

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36

Kaufman, Gabriel, Amber A. Guth, H. Leon Pachter, and Daniel F. Roses. "A Cautionary Tale: Anaphylaxis to Isosulfan Blue Dye after 12 Years and 3339 Cases of Lymphatic Mapping." American Surgeon 74, no. 2 (February 2008): 152–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313480807400214.

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Sentinel node biopsy has become the standard method for lymphatic staging in early-stage breast cancer and melanomas. The most commonly used technique uses both a radioactive tracer as well as blue dye, usually isosulfan blue. In this report, we discuss two episodes of anaphylaxis to isosulfan blue during lymphatic mapping, occurring 12 years and 3339 lymphatic mapping cases after adoption of the technique, and discuss management issues raised by these events.

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37

Toffolo, G., D. M. Foster, and C. Cobelli. "Estimation of protein fractional synthetic rate from tracer data." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 264, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): E128—E135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1993.264.1.e128.

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The fractional synthetic rate (FSR) is a key parameter characterizing protein turnover that is estimated from tracer kinetic data. Formulas to estimate this parameter usually assume a precursor-product model. Assuming this model is correct, we discuss these formulas to estimate the FSR in the steady and non-steady state both for the radioactive and stable isotope tracer. Then we deal with the non-steady-state case where the FSR becomes time varying and derive formulas for its estimation. A non-steady-state case study on the flooding-dose technique for measuring protein turnover is presented.

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38

Mohd Yunos, Mohd Amirul Syafiq, Mark Dennis Anak Usang, Hanafi Ithnin, Siti Aslina Hussain, Hamdan Mohamed Yusoff, and Susan Sipaun. "Reconstruction Algorithm of Calibration Map for RPT Techniques in Quadrilateral Bubble Column Reactor Using MCNPX Code." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 3, no. 1 (January 22, 2018): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2018.3.1.583.

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Radioactive Particle Tracking (RPT) is non-invasive evaluation technique capable of visualising and tracking the motion of the identified phase in bubble column reactor. The single radioactive particle emits γ-ray, and its movement in the column is tracked with the aid of arrays radiation detectors. In this study, Monte Carlo approach was programmed to reconstruct the particle tracer position so-called calibration map. The iterative reconstruction algorithms is used to generate and calculate the 2600 coordinates of calibration map from the number of photon counts from the ten NaI scintillation detectors. To validate the simulation precision, a spiral trajectory of radioactive particle inside the bubble column region consist of 84 grid point locations of the particle were applied. Calibration algorithm was developed for radioactive isotopes Au-198 and Sc-46 particle position verification and determination of statistical uncertainty from the introduction of a various number of primary photon emission. The result of the studies proved that higher number of particles used in the algorithm for position reconstruction gives more accuracy and we found that the Sc-46 obtain more accurate calculation and shows low statistical level than Au-198 particle. The outcome of this simulation based on random sampling from Monte Carlo N-Particle Extended (MCNPX) demonstrated that the calibration map could successfully be implemented in RPT technique to observe the dynamic movement of radioactive particle which represents the tracked media in the quadrilateral bubble column.

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39

Mohd Yunos, Mohd Amirul Syafiq, Mark Dennis Anak Usang, Hanafi Ithnin, Siti Aslina Hussain, Hamdan Mohamed Yusoff, and Susan Sipaun. "Reconstruction Algorithm of Calibration Map for RPT Techniques in Quadrilateral Bubble Column Reactor Using MCNPX Code." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 3, no. 1 (January 22, 2018): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2018.3.1.583.

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Radioactive Particle Tracking (RPT) is non-invasive evaluation technique capable of visualising and tracking the motion of the identified phase in bubble column reactor. The single radioactive particle emits ?-ray, and its movement in the column is tracked with the aid of arrays radiation detectors. In this study, Monte Carlo approach was programmed to reconstruct the particle tracer position so-called calibration map. The iterative reconstruction algorithms is used to generate and calculate the 2600 coordinates of calibration map from the number of photon counts from the ten NaI scintillation detectors. To validate the simulation precision, a spiral trajectory of radioactive particle inside the bubble column region consist of 84 grid point locations of the particle were applied. Calibration algorithm was developed for radioactive isotopes Au-198 and Sc-46 particle position verification and determination of statistical uncertainty from the introduction of a various number of primary photon emission. The result of the studies proved that higher number of particles used in the algorithm for position reconstruction gives more accuracy and we found that the Sc-46 obtain more accurate calculation and shows low statistical level than Au-198 particle. The outcome of this simulation based on random sampling from Monte Carlo N-Particle Extended (MCNPX) demonstrated that the calibration map could successfully be implemented in RPT technique to observe the dynamic movement of radioactive particle which represents the tracked media in the quadrilateral bubble column.

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40

Khan, Asma N., and Hemlata K. Bagla. "Application of tracer technique in remediation of Sr(II) from simulated low level radioactive waste." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 322, no. 1 (April 15, 2019): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10967-019-06514-9.

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41

Samer, M., H. J. Müller, M. Fiedler, W. Berg, and R. Brunsch. "Measurement of ventilation rate in livestock buildings with radioactive tracer gas technique: Theory and methodology." Indoor and Built Environment 23, no. 5 (April 26, 2013): 692–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x13481988.

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42

Lokhande, R. S., and P. U. Singare. "Comparative study on iodide and bromide isotopic exchange reactions by application of radioactive tracer technique." Journal of Porous Materials 15, no. 3 (December 13, 2006): 253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10934-006-9077-z.

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43

Evans, R. "Measurement of the permeability of thick membranes to liquefied hydrocarbons by a radioactive tracer technique." Journal of Applied Chemistry 18, no. 3 (May 4, 2007): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5010180305.

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44

Palacios, Daniel, Lászlo Sajó-Bohus, and Elisabeth M. Yoshimura. "SSNTD Techniques in Radon Surveys for Hydrocarbon Exploration and Occurrence of Natural Gas Seeps." Solid State Phenomena 238 (August 2015): 55–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.238.55.

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Leakages of hydrocarbon reservoirs often increase the radon concentration on the soil surface through distinct pathways; gas migration results in either prolific macro-seeps or micro-seeps. Soil gases, including radon, are recognized as potential tracers in geoscience. The surficial radiometric anomalies over hydrocarbon reservoirs provide the oil community with a complementary survey tool for oil exploration through the use of nuclear track methodology. The Solid State Nuclear Track Detector (SSNTD) is one of the recognized techniques to be employed advantageously in radon surveys for hydrocarbon exploration and occurrence of natural gas seeps. The nuclear track method provides information on the nature of radioactive gas sources, emanations from the soil and their transport pathways. Latent track etching conditions and their analysis are included.

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45

Hus, M., and M. J. Herak. "Investigation of ion adsorption on silver sulfide, iodide and bromide precipitates by the radioactive tracer technique." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Articles 171, no. 2 (July 1993): 407–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02219864.

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46

U. Singare, Pravin. "Radioactive Tracer Technique in Characterization of Nuclear Grade Anion Exchange Resins Indion-102 and Indion GS-300." Journal of Nuclear and Particle Physics 2, no. 5 (December 1, 2012): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5923/j.jnpp.20120205.03.

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47

Wall, C. M., D. C. Eberle, M. B. Treuhaft, and J. H. Arps. "Technique for high-sensitivity “in vitro” wear measurement of UHMWPE hip joint liners using radioactive tracer technology." Wear 259, no. 7-12 (July 2005): 964–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2005.02.039.

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48

Singare, P. U. "Nondestructive Radioactive Tracer Technique in Characterization of Anion Exchange Resins Purolite NRW-8000 and Duolite A-368." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 17 (September 2013): 14–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.17.14.

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Radioactive tracer isotopes 131I and 82Br were used to characterize anion exchange resins Purolite NRW-8000 and Duolite A-368 by application of nondestructive technique. The resin characterization was based on their performance during iodide and bromide ion-isotopic exchange reactions. It was observed that during the iodide ion-isotopic exchange reaction at a constant temperature of 40.0 °C, as the concentration of labeled iodide ion solution increases from 0.001 mol/L to 0.004 mol/L, the percentage of iodide ions exchanged increases from 62.10% to 68.10 % using Purolite NRW-8000 resins and from 44.20% to 46.80% using Duolite A-368 resins. Also at a constant temperature of 40.0 °C, 1.000 g of ion exchange resins and 0.003 mol/L labeled iodide ion solution, the values of specific reaction rate (min-1), amount of iodide ion exchanged (mmol), initial rate of iodide ion exchange (mmol/min) and log Kd were calculated as 0.260, 0.500, 0.130 and 11.8 respectively for Purolite NRW-8000 resin, which was higher than the respective values of 0.130, 0.345, 0.045 and 6.7 as that obtained for Duolite A-368 resins. The similar trend was observed for the two resins during bromide ion-isotopic exchange reaction. From the overall results it appears that under identical experimental conditions, Purolite NRW-8000 resins show superior performance over Duolite A-368 resins. It is expected here that the present nondestructive technique can be extended further for characterization of different industrial grade ion exchange resins, which will help in their selection for specific industrial application.

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49

Singare, P. U. "Nondestructive Radioactive Tracer Technique in Characterization of Anion Exchange Resins Purolite NRW-8000 and Duolite A-368." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 17 (September 7, 2013): 14–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-96r7u1.

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Radioactive tracer isotopes 131I and 82Br were used to characterize anion exchange resins Purolite NRW-8000 and Duolite A-368 by application of nondestructive technique. The resin characterization was based on their performance during iodide and bromide ion-isotopic exchange reactions. It was observed that during the iodide ion-isotopic exchange reaction at a constant temperature of 40.0 °C, as the concentration of labeled iodide ion solution increases from 0.001 mol/L to 0.004 mol/L, the percentage of iodide ions exchanged increases from 62.10% to 68.10 % using Purolite NRW-8000 resins and from 44.20% to 46.80% using Duolite A-368 resins. Also at a constant temperature of 40.0 °C, 1.000 g of ion exchange resins and 0.003 mol/L labeled iodide ion solution, the values of specific reaction rate (min-1), amount of iodide ion exchanged (mmol), initial rate of iodide ion exchange (mmol/min) and log Kd were calculated as 0.260, 0.500, 0.130 and 11.8 respectively for Purolite NRW-8000 resin, which was higher than the respective values of 0.130, 0.345, 0.045 and 6.7 as that obtained for Duolite A-368 resins. The similar trend was observed for the two resins during bromide ion-isotopic exchange reaction. From the overall results it appears that under identical experimental conditions, Purolite NRW-8000 resins show superior performance over Duolite A-368 resins. It is expected here that the present nondestructive technique can be extended further for characterization of different industrial grade ion exchange resins, which will help in their selection for specific industrial application.

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Chai, C. F., X. Y. Mao, Z. L. Liu, H. B. Fu, F. G. Zhang, F. Q. Chang, and C. R. Wang. "Study of distribution and absorption of a new type calcium supplement in rabbit by47Ca radioactive tracer technique." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Articles 205, no. 2 (May 1996): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02039415.

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