Journal articles: 'Trace metal pollution'

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Jovic, Mihajlo, and Slavka Stankovic. "Determination of marine pollution by comparative analysis of metal pollution indices." Archives of Biological Sciences 66, no. 3 (2014): 1205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs1403205j.

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Due to the specific geographical and hydrological structure of Boka Kotorska Bay, that is characterized by a low flow of water through the bay, the anthropogenic impact is pronounced, exerting direct effects on this unique ecosystem. Trace metal (Pb, Hg, Ni, Co and Cd) concentrations were measured in the winter, spring and fall of 2008 in two marine organisms (Posidonia oceanica and Mytilus galloprovincialis) selected as biomonitors of trace metals in the Boka Kotorska Bay. These marine organisms have the ability to accumulate trace metals from their environment. Metal pollution indexes (MPI) for both species were compared, confirming that the most polluted was Tivat bay and the least Kotor bay.

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Li, Xiang-dong, Wen-xiong Wang, and Yong-guan Zhu. "Trace metal pollution in China." Science of The Total Environment 421-422 (April 2012): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.09.087.

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Kabir, Ehsanul, Sharmila Ray, Ki-Hyun Kim, Hye-On Yoon, Eui-Chan Jeon, Yoon Shin Kim, Yong-Sung Cho, Seong-Taek Yun, and Richard J. C. Brown. "Current Status of Trace Metal Pollution in Soils Affected by Industrial Activities." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/916705.

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There is a growing public concern over the potential accumulation of heavy metals in soil, owing to rapid industrial development. In an effort to describe the status of the pollutions of soil by industrial activities, relevant data sets reported by many studies were surveyed and reviewed. The results of our analysis indicate that soils were polluted most significantly by metals such as lead, zinc, copper, and cadmium. If the dominant species are evaluated by the highest mean concentration observed for different industry types, the results were grouped into Pb, Zn, Ni, Cu, Fe, and As in smelting and metal production industries, Mn and Cd in the textile industry, and Cr in the leather industry. In most cases, metal levels in the studied areas were found to exceed the common regulation guideline levels enforced by many countries. The geoaccumulation index (Igeo), calculated to estimate the enrichment of metal concentrations in soil, showed that the level of metal pollution in most surveyed areas is significant, especially for Pb and Cd. It is thus important to keep systematic and continuous monitoring of heavy metals and their derivatives to manage and suppress such pollution.

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Wu, Wenjun, Jinnan Wang, Jun Bi, Zengwei Yuan, Hongqiang Jiang, and Lingxuan Liu. "Understanding aqueous trace metal characteristics from industrial sources in China." Water Policy 17, no. 5 (March 13, 2015): 791–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2015.071.

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Trace metals are a group of toxic pollutants that can cause serious damage to ecosystems and humans. To determine the distribution characteristics of aqueous trace metal contamination and identify critical pollution sources, it is necessary to develop a detailed estimation of trace metal emissions. By considering emission-related factors in each industrial sector, we estimate that the emissions were approximately 2, 61 t, 2,684 t, 301 t and 309 t for mercury, cadmium, chromium, arsenic and lead, respectively, in 2010 in China. These values are much higher than those provided in annual statistical reports. Our research identified critical emissions sources, including Shandong, Henan, Jiangsu and Guangdong Provinces and Raw Chemical, Non-ferrous Smelting, Non-ferrous Mining and Metal Products industries. However, Shandong and Metal Products are ignored in ‘The Twelfth 5-Year Plan for Complete Control of Trace Metal Pollution’. This research generally found that the allowable discharge levels had a significant impact on specific sectors. Total emissions are much lower than the maximum allowable under current Chinese emissions regulations but exceed limits recommended by Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (European Union). Furthermore, our study found that many regions located along upstream reaches of the Yangtze River, like Sichuan Province, are sources of cross-boundary pollution.

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Redwan, Mostafa, and Engy Elhaddad. "Assessment the Seasonal Variability and Enrichment of Toxic Trace Metals Pollution in Sediments of Damietta Branch, Nile River, Egypt." Water 12, no. 12 (November 30, 2020): 3359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12123359.

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This work appraises the extent of toxic trace metals and seasonal pollution degree in Damietta branch sediments of the River Nile of Egypt. The toxic trace metals Fe, Mn, Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn were analysed in sediments from six sites during the summer and winter seasons. The metal concentrations and organic matter were determined using inductively-coupled-plasma mass spectrometry and loss-on-ignition, respectively. Multivariate statistical methods were used in order to allocate the possible metals sources and their relationships in sediments. The seasonal mean sequence of toxic trace metals was: Fe > Mn > Zn > Pb > Cu > Ni > Co > Cd. The mean Cd, Pb, and Zn values exceeded the sediment quality guidelines and average shale and they represent severe potential toxicity for aquatic organisms. Cu and Co were enriched during winter. The geo-accumulation index stipulated that metal pollution degree in the sequence of: Pb > Zn > Cd > Co > Cu > Mn > Ni > Fe. The highest metal pollution index reported in winter in sites S4/S5 and during summer in sites S4–S6. Different agricultural, wastewater discharge, fisheries, and industrial activities, as well as the effect of dilution/concentration during summer/winter seasons, are the main factors that contributed to metal accumulations in Damietta branch sediments. Continuous monitoring and evaluation of toxic trace metal concentrations of the Damietta sediments and similar localities worldwide can help to protect the ecosystem from harmful metal contaminations.

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B., Rawlins, Lister T., and Mackenzie A. "Trace-metal pollution of soils in northern England." Environmental Geology 42, no. 6 (September 1, 2002): 612–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00254-002-0564-5.

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Mitrovic, Tatjana, Slavisa Stamenkovic, Vladimir Cvetkovic, Milos Nikolic, Rada Baosic, Jelena Mutic, Tatjana Andjelkovic, and Aleksandar Bojic. "Epiphytic lichen Flavoparmelia caperata as a sentinel for trace metal pollution." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 77, no. 9 (2012): 1301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc111124031m.

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Widely spread lichen specie Flavoparmelia caperata is used in a biomonitoring study for atmospheric trace metal pollution in natural ecosystems in Southeastern Serbia. The concentration and distribution pattern of 21 metals in lichens were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. The difference observed between metal deposition in peripheral and central parts of lichen thalli reflected air quality changes in the last and previous years. These findings were confirmed with principal component analysis. Our study demonstrated the accumulation of Ba, K, Mg, Na, Tl and Zn in peripheral parts of thalli, while As, B, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, In, Li, Ni, Pb and Se were concentrated in central parts of thalli.

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Waseem, Amir, Jahanzaib Arshad, Farhat Iqbal, Ashif Sajjad, Zahid Mehmood, and Ghulam Murtaza. "Pollution Status of Pakistan: A Retrospective Review on Heavy Metal Contamination of Water, Soil, and Vegetables." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/813206.

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Trace heavy metals, such as arsenic, cadmium, lead, chromium, nickel, and mercury, are important environmental pollutants, particularly in areas with high anthropogenic pressure. In addition to these metals, copper, manganese, iron, and zinc are also important trace micronutrients. The presence of trace heavy metals in the atmosphere, soil, and water can cause serious problems to all organisms, and the ubiquitous bioavailability of these heavy metal can result in bioaccumulation in the food chain which especially can be highly dangerous to human health. This study reviews the heavy metal contamination in several areas of Pakistan over the past few years, particularly to assess the heavy metal contamination in water (ground water, surface water, and waste water), soil, sediments, particulate matter, and vegetables. The listed contaminations affect the drinking water quality, ecological environment, and food chain. Moreover, the toxicity induced by contaminated water, soil, and vegetables poses serious threat to human health.

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Ivanina, Anna V., and Inna M. Sokolova. "Interactive effects of metal pollution and ocean acidification on physiology of marine organisms." Current Zoology 61, no. 4 (August 1, 2015): 653–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/61.4.653.

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Abstract Changes in the global environment such as ocean acidification (OA) may interact with anthropogenic pollutants including trace metals threatening the integrity of marine ecosystems. We analyze recent studies on the interactive effects of OA and trace metals on marine organisms with a focus on the physiological basis of these interactions. Our analysis shows that the responses to elevated CO2 and metals are strongly dependent on the species, developmental stage, metal biochemistry and the degree of environmental hypercapnia, and cannot be directly predicted from the CO2-induced changes in metal solubility and speciation. The key physiological functions affected by both the OA and trace metal exposures involve acid-base regulation, protein turnover and mitochondrial bioenergetics, reflecting the sensitivity of the underlying molecular and cellular pathways to CO2and metals. Physiological interactions between elevated CO2 and metals may impact the organisms’ capacity to maintain acid-base homeostasis and reduce the amount of energy available for fitness-related functions such as growth, development and reproduction thereby affecting survival and performance of estuarine populations. Environmental hypercapnia may also affect the marine food webs by altering predator-prey interactions and the trophic transfer of metals in the food chain. However, our understanding of the degree to which these effects can impact the function and integrity of marine ecosystems is limited due the scarcity of the published research and its bias towards certain taxonomic groups. Future research priorities should include studies of metal x PCO2 interactions focusing on critical physiological functions (including acid-base, protein and energy homeostasis) in a greater range of ecologically and economically important marine species, as well as including the field populations naturally exposed (and potentially adapted) to different levels of metals and CO2 in their environments.

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10

Byrne, Robert H. "Seawater trace metal speciation." Applied Geochemistry 3, no. 1 (January 1988): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(88)90057-1.

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Jabeen, F., and A. S. Chaudhry. "Cyprinus carpio as a biomarker to monitor metal pollution in the Indus River, Pakistan." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2009 (April 2009): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200029677.

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Fish has been regarded as a source of nutritious and highly desirable food. This is due to its high quality meat which is rich in essential amino acids, beneficial fatty acids, calcium, phosphorus and vitamins. However, the pollution of the aquatic environment with heavy metals has become a serious health concern for fish and human populations. Industrial and agricultural discharges are considered as the primary source of metal poisoning of fish (Pandey, 2003). The aim of this study was to assess the bioaccumulation of trace metals in samples of skin, scales, gills and fins of fish to monitor freshwater pollutions. This information may help adopt practices to avoid the impacts of these pollutants on the aquatic and human populations.

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12

Jing, Li, Li Fadong, Liu Qiang, Song Shuai, and Zhao Guangshuai. "Spatial distribution and sources of dissolved trace metals in surface water of the Wei River, China." Water Science and Technology 67, no. 4 (February 1, 2013): 817–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.608.

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For this study, 34 water samples were collected along the Wei River and its tributaries. Multivariate statistical analyses were employed to interpret the environmental data and to identify the natural and anthropogenic trace metal inputs to the surface waters of the river. Our results revealed that Zn, Se, B, Ba, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni and V were all detected in the Wei River. Compared to drinking water guidelines, the primary trace metal pollution components (B, Ni, Zn and Mn) exceeded drinking water standard levels by 47.1, 50.0, 44.1 and 26.5%, respectively. Inter-element relationships and landscape features of trace metals conducted by hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) identified a uniform source of trace metals for all sampling sites, excluding one site that exhibited anomalous concentrations. Based on the patterns of relative loadings of individual metals calculated by principal component analysis (PCA), the primary trace metal sources were associated with natural/geogenic contributions, agro-chemical processes and discharge from local industrial sources. These results demonstrated the impact of human activities on metal concentrations in the Wei River.

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13

Fergusson, Jack E. "The significance of the variability in analytical results for lead, copper, nickel, and zinc in street dust." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 65, no. 5 (May 1, 1987): 1002–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v87-171.

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Street dust has frequently been used as a material for the monitoring of trace element pollution, and in particular for the metal lead. The value of the analytical data, as a measure of pollution, depends on understanding the spatial, temporal, and bulk characteristics of the dust. The influence of each of these factors on the variability of trace element analytical results has been investigated in order to determine whether or not the variations reflect differing pollution levels. The concentrations of the four metals Pb, Cu, Ni, and Zn have been measured in street dust collected from a variety of situations. Coefficients of variation > 20% (particularly for lead) for a series of samples have been taken as a guide to real differences in lead levels between samples in the series. An important factor in the variability of heavy metal levels in dust is the distribution of particle size within a sample. Concentrations of the trace metals fall and then rise as the particle size decreases from 1000 μm down to silt sized particles.

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Hanna, R. G., and G. L. Muir. "Red sea corals as biomonitors of trace metal pollution." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 14, no. 2-3 (May 1990): 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00677917.

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15

Li, Guolian, Guijian Liu, Chuncai Zhou, Yu Kang, Wanqing Yuan, and Fazhi Xie. "Mobility, binding behavior and potential risks of trace metals in the sediments of the fifth largest freshwater lake, China." Water Science and Technology 67, no. 11 (June 1, 2013): 2503–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.099.

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The trace metal pollution of sediments in Chaohu Lake, one of the most highly eutrophic lakes in East China, was investigated. Surface sediment (0–5 cm) samples were collected from 35 different positions and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry to determine trace metal contents. Results showed that the mean content of trace metals was as follows: Cr, 85.09 mg kg−1; Cu, 34.49 mg kg−1; Ni, 26.46 mg kg−1; Pb, 34.17 mg kg−1 and Zn, 107.46 mg kg−1. The trace metal concentrations from different sampling sites displayed spatial diversity; the heavily polluted sampling sites were close to where estuaries flow in to the lake. A four-step sequential extraction was used to examine the partitioning of the trace metals. Results demonstrated that the percentage of the species bound to the oxidizable phase for all trace metals ranged from 15.6 to 37.7%, while for Cu, Cr and Ni, the main forms were residual (41.3, 62.3 and 69.8%, respectively). Trace metals in the oxidizable fraction may mainly exist in the form of sulfides. The ecological potential risks of trace metals decreased as follows: Pb > Zn > Cu > Cr > Ni.

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Sueoka, Y., M. Sakakibara, S. Sano, and K. Sera. "Heavy metal accumulation and the practical application of lichens as bioindicators for heavy metal pollution in surface soil." International Journal of PIXE 26, no. 03n04 (January 2016): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083517500024.

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Levels of trace element pollution in surface soil have been estimated using soil analyses and leaching tests. These methods may reveal different results due to the effect of soil properties on the elemental availability. Therefore, this study advocates an alternative method for monitoring and assessment of trace element pollution in surface soil using terricolous fruticose lichens. Lichens and their substrata were analyzed using particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE), inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and XRF to clarify the relationships between Cu, Zn, As and Pb concentrations in lichens and soils, including their absorption properties. Concentrations of these elements in the lichens were positively correlated with those in the soils regardless of lichen species, location, habitat, or conditions of soils. The analyzed lichens had neither competitive nor antagonistic properties in their elemental absorption, which made them good bioindicators of trace element pollution in surface soil. The distribution maps of average Cu, Zn, As and Pb concentrations at each sampling region was detected at almost all of the Cu, Zn and As pollution of the soils. Therefore, lichens could be used in practical applications to monitor Cu, Zn and As pollution in surface soils.

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Xu, Lingqian, Nasreen Jeelani, Shubo Fang, Shuqing An, and Aixin Hou. "Assessing the hazards of trace metals in different land use types around a coastal wetland nature reserve in China." Marine and Freshwater Research 69, no. 5 (2018): 730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf17123.

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An understanding of trace metal pollution due to reclamation activities around Yancheng National Nature Reserve is important for the utilisation and management of the reserve and surrounding coastal and marine areas. In the present study, we evaluated the current state of Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn pollution (total concentrations and ecological risk), their potential hazard (availability index and desorption rate) and soil properties (cation exchange capacity, iron and manganese oxide content, soil organic matter, salinity and pH) in different land use types around this nature reserve. Although the current state of trace metal pollution was not severe, the potential hazards of these trace metals should not be ignored, especially for Cd because of its significantly higher availability index values in farmlands and aquaculture ponds than in natural habitats (by 33 and 32% of the total amount of Cd respectively). Thus, strict monitoring and environmentally responsible land reclamation management practices should be considered for these coastal areas.

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Yacoub, Cristina, Agustí Pérez-Foguet, and Nuria Miralles. "Trace Metal Content of Sediments Close to Mine Sites in the Andean Region." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/732519.

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This study is a preliminary examination of heavy metal pollution in sediments close to two mine sites in the upper part of the Jequetepeque River Basin, Peru. Sediment concentrations of Al, As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, and Zn were analyzed. A comparative study of the trace metal content of sediments shows that the highest concentrations are found at the closest points to the mine sites in both cases. The sediment quality analysis was performed using the threshold effect level of the Canadian guidelines (TEL). The sediment samples analyzed show that potential ecological risk is caused frequently at both sites by As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn. The long-term influence of sediment metals in the environment is also assessed by sequential extraction scheme analysis (SES). The availability of metals in sediments is assessed, and it is considered a significant threat to the environment for As, Cd, and Sb close to one mine site and Cr and Hg close to the other mine site. Statistical analysis of sediment samples provides a characterization of both subbasins, showing low concentrations of a specific set of metals and identifies the main characteristics of the different pollution sources. A tentative relationship between pollution sources and possible ecological risk is established.

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Marsalek, J., W. E. Watt, and B. C. Anderson. "Trace metal levels in sediments deposited in urban stormwater management facilities." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 2 (January 1, 2006): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.051.

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Characteristics of solids recovered from stormwater best management practice (BMP) facilities, including stormwater ponds, constructed wetlands, an infiltration basin, a biofilter, a stormwater treatment clarifier, and three-chamber oil and grit separators were described with respect to their metal chemistry. The reported trace metal concentrations in BMP sediments were assessed against the Ontario Sediment Quality Guidelines. Between 80 to 100% of all samples were marginally-to-intermediately polluted by Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni and Zn. Severe pollution of sediments was noted for Cr (122 μg/g), Cu (151 and 196 μg/g), Mn (1,259 and 1,433 μg/g), and Zn (1,116 μg/g), at several facilities studied, and even higher levels of metals were reported in the literature for certain oil and grit separators. With respect to individual BMPs, the severe pollution was found in sediments from oil and grit separators (for Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn), the stormwater clarifier sludge (Cu, Mn and Zn), a biofilter (Cu and Mn), an industrial area stormwater pond (Cu only), and a commercial/residential pond (Cr only). Finally, the chemical pollution of pond sediment triggered toxicity testing at some of the facilities studied, and sediment toxicity was confirmed at several sites.

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Chigozie Damian, Ezeonyejiaku, Okoye Charles Obinwanne, and Ezenwelu Chijioke Obinna. "Ecological Assessment for Trace Metal Pollution in a Freshwater Ecosystem." International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology 4, no. 3 (2019): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijee.20190403.11.

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Leclaire, Sarah, Marion Chatelain, Anaïs Pessato, Bruno Buatois, Adrien Frantz, and Julien Gasparini. "Pigeon odor varies with experimental exposure to trace metal pollution." Ecotoxicology 28, no. 1 (November 30, 2018): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10646-018-2001-x.

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Jaffar, M., M. Ashraf, and Jaleel Tariq. "Marine trace metal pollution assessment by fish as indicator species." International Journal of Environmental Studies 47, no. 3-4 (March 1995): 197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207239508710959.

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Qafisheh, Nida, Manar Mfarrej, Dana Al Ghefari, Ayah Kaddoura, Olla Elkateeb, and Bisma Khan. "Water Pollution in the Arabian Gulf." Global Environment 13, no. 2 (June 15, 2020): 261–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/ge.2020.130202.

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Arabian Gulf water has been a victim over the years of the Gulf Wars which resulted in the spillage of millions of oil barrels. These have left a significant amount of pollutants that not only affect marine animals but also alter human lives by affecting soils, groundwater systems and environmental sustainability. This study aims to determine major pollutants that are present at the beaches of Abu Dhabi (a part of the Arabian Gulf). The examination of samples from four different locations was made around Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates. These locations included Al Bateen Beach, Saadiyat Beach, Yas Beach and Ras Al Akhdar beach. The methodology included the analysis of pH, salinity, TDS, heavy metal and trace element levels of seawater. The results indicated no presence of heavy metals in any of the four locations. However, there were traces of copper, aluminium, nitrate and magnesium. The results concluded that it is important to maintain the sustainability of Arabian Gulf water because water is the most important natural resource on this planet.

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Pan, Huiyun, Xinwei Lu, and Kai Lei. "Contamination Identification of Trace Metals in Roadway Dust of a Typical Mountainous County in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, China, and its Relationships with Socio-Economic Factors." Sustainability 12, no. 14 (July 13, 2020): 5624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145624.

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Trace metal contamination in urban road dust has attracted global concern due to its potential risk to the urban environment and human health. Compared to big cities, relative studies in counties and small towns have not been well quantified. This research identified the trace metal contamination characteristics and possible sources in the road dust of a typical mountainous county and a town in the Three Gorges Reservoir region, southwest China, and their associations with major regional socio-economic factors. The trace metal concentrations were determined, and the contamination levels were assessed. Concentrations of Zn, Pb, and Cu were relatively high in both locations, and a significant accumulation of them was confirmed by the geo-accumulation method. Multivariate analysis and geographic information system (GIS) mapping were combined to explore the sources of trace metals in the investigated area. Anthropogenic activities predominantly affected the contamination levels of Zn, Pb, Cu, and Co, and traffic emission, agricultural activities, and fossil fuel combustion were their main sources. The significant accumulation of Zn should attract special concern for its wide use in industrial and agricultural activities. Population and vehicle density were the main factors that controlled the trace metal contamination levels in the roadway dust. Rapid urbanizing promoted trace metal accumulation in counties and towns. Therefore, it is urgent to make appropriate strategies for trace metal pollution mitigation in the process of urbanization.

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Maddox, William E., Leon Duobinis-Gray, David A. Owen, and James B. Sickel. "X-ray Fluorescence Analysis of Trace Metals in the Annual Growth Layers of Freshwater Mussel Shells." Advances in X-ray Analysis 33 (1989): 665–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800020140.

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Freshwater mussels (Mollusca: Unionidae) are filter feeders that are relatively immobile, widely distributed and are known to concentrate trace metals in their shells (1,2,3). These characteristics make them good candidates for monitoring metal pollution in lakes and rivers. Another characteristic of mussels that make them particularly attractive as pollution monitors is the fact the shell is deposited in distinctive, annual growth layers. The concentrations of metals in these shell layers may provide a history ol the metals present in the environment where the mussel was collected.

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Miller, Jerry. "Methods and Advances in the Forensic Analysis of Contaminated Rivers." E3S Web of Conferences 125 (2019): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912501001.

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Trace metals and metalloids are a common and persistent form of riverine (river) contamination and are derived from a wide variety of sources, including mining and milling operations, industrial activities, urban runoff, agricultural chemicals, and atmospheric pollution, among a host of others. Documentation of trace metal sources and dispersal pathways in riverine ecosystems is essential to mitigate their potentially harmful effects to human and ecosystem health and is often required from a legal (environmental forensic) perspective to assess liability for the costs of remediation. Unfortunately, documenting the sources and source contributions of trace metals in rivers has proven difficult, time-intensive, and costly. Herein, a four-component, interdisciplinary framework is proposed to efficiently identify the sources and source contributions of trace metals in alluvial sediments where multiple natural and/or anthropogenic sources exist. The components include (1) the analysis of the river’s alluvial stratigraphic architecture and geomorphic history, (2) the temporal correlation of geochemically characterized alluvial deposits to potential anthropogenic trace metal sources, (3) the analysis of the spatial variations in selected geochemical parameters, and (4) the use of geochemical and/or isotopic tracers to quantitatively estimate the contributions of trace metals from the defined natural and anthropogenic sources. The four components are not intended to be exhaustive; the framework may require modification following multiple lines of evidence approach, in which additional methods and data are added to the investigation until there is confidence that all trace metal sources and their contributions have been effectively defined.

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Saha, Subrota Kumar, Md Yousuf Gazi, Mahir Tajwar, and Suzal Kumar. "Soil Contamination Assessment by Trace Elements in Barapukuria Coal Mine Region, Bangladesh." Environmental and Earth Sciences Research Journal 8, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/eesrj.080101.

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Coal mining areas in Bangladesh are exposing to extreme environmental problems due to the mobilization of heavy metals in the surrounding region. To assess the persisting risk, several soil samples were collected from the nearby coal mine areas. The amount of pollution of heavy metal has been calculated to determine the extent of the contamination. Soil contamination assessment was carried out using pollution evaluation indices such as heavy metal pollution index (HPI), the degree of contamination (Cd), and the contamination factor (CF). The concentration of S, As, Ba and, F exceeded the maximum concentration level in some soil samples. The HPI and the Cd yield similar results. The CF shows strong similarities with the Cd and gives a better evaluation of pollution levels. HPI indicates that about 71.42% of samples exceed the high level. Cd and CF show that about 71.42% sample is highly contaminated by trace element and 14.28% sample is highly contaminated by S, Cl, and F. Based on radioactive element analysis about 14.28% samples show medium contamination level. The findings of this research help us to assess the level of soil contamination and the extent of environmental and health concerns in the region of the Barapukuria coal mine.

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Hoehn, Eduard, and Hans R. von Gunten. "Distribution of Metal Pollution in Groundwater Determined from Sump Sludges in Wells." Water Science and Technology 17, no. 9 (September 1, 1985): 115–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1985.0086.

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Sludge material from the bottom of ground water sampling wells was investigated at a site near an infiltrating river in order to obtain information about the areal distribution and the partitioning of metals between sediments and interstitial waters. The concentrations of the dissolved metals in the interstitial water fluctuated more from well to well than the metal concentrations in the sludge sediments. The concentrations of most of the investigated heavy metal trace elements decreased with increasing grain sizes indicating their sorption from solution. A correlation was found between the concentration pattern at different grain size fractions and the organic carbon and the manganese content of the sediments. Some of the metals exhibited higher concentrations in the near field of the river than in the far field. This points to the river as a source for these metals. The physico-chemical conditions in the sludges are different from those in the aquifer with its flowing ground water.

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Mai, Nguyen Thi Phuong, Bui Thi Hieu, and Nguyen Duc Luong. "Pilot study on assessment of trace metals in PM10 at road sites in Bac Giang province, Vietnam." Journal of Science and Technology in Civil Engineering (STCE) - NUCE 15, no. 1 (January 22, 2021): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31814/stce.nuce2021-15(1)-11.

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In this study, characterization of PM10 mass and its trace metals concentration at road sites in Bac Giang province located in the North of Vietnam during two different seasons has been performed. PM10 samples at 11 road sites using the high volume SIBATA HV-500R (Japan) at the flow rate of 400 L/min were collected during 10 hours (from 7:00 to 17:00) at flat low-lying plain, midland, mountain and highland areas. Data on PM10 mass and metals were used to estimate the pollution level of PM10 and trace elements bounded with PM10. The results showed that 10-hour mean PM10 concentrations at road sites in Bac Giang ranged from 103.4 µg/m3 to 577.9 µg/m3 with the average value of 292.6 µg/m3. Generally, the level of trace metals appeared to be higher in autumn than that in summer period. Additionally, concentrations of trace metals were higher at the sites with high traffic density than those with low traffic density. While the concentrations of Cd, Mn and Cr exceeded the guideline values of WHO, arsenic concentration was larger than the concentration limit of EU Directives. The degree of contamination values suggested that level of metal was high contamination at flat low-lying plain, while those values were from low to considerable contamination at the mountain and highland areas. The pollution load index values at most of sampling sites were larger than 1, which indicated the existence of dust pollution at road sides in Bac Giang province. Keywords: PM10; trace metals; degree of contamination; pollution load index, roadsides.

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30

Holm, Thomas R. "Trace-metal speciation in landfill leachate." Applied Geochemistry 5, no. 3 (April 1990): 367–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(90)90012-t.

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Olowoyo, J. O., L. L. Mugivhisa, and Z. G. Magoloi. "Composition of Trace Metals in Dust Samples Collected from Selected High Schools in Pretoria, South Africa." Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5829657.

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Potential health risks associated with trace metal pollution have necessitated the importance of monitoring their levels in the environment. The present study investigated the concentrations and compositions of trace metals in dust samples collected from classrooms and playing ground from the selected high schools In Pretoria. Schools were selected from Pretoria based on factors such as proximity to high traffic ways, industrial areas, and residential areas. Thirty-two dust samples were collected from inside and outside the classrooms, where learners often stay during recess period. The dust samples were analysed for trace metal concentrations using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The composition of the elements showed that the concentrations of Zn were more than all other elements except from one of the schools. There were significant differences in the concentrations of trace metals from the schools (p<0.05). Regular cleaning, proximity to busy road, and well maintained gardens seem to have positive effects on the concentrations of trace metals recorded from the classrooms dust. The result further revealed a positive correlation for elements such as Pb, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Sb, indicating that the dust might have a common source.

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Al-Hasawi, Zaki M. "Environmental Parasitology: intestinal helminth parasites of the siganid fish Siganus rivulatus as bioindicators for trace metal pollution in the Red Sea." Parasite 26 (2019): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2019014.

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Studies on host-parasite systems as bioindicators for monitoring trace metal pollution in marine environments are still scarce. Here, 11, 14 and 17 infrapopulations of Gyliauchen volubilis (Trematoda: Digenea), Procamallanus elatensis (Nematoda) and Sclerocollum rubrimaris (Acanthocephala), respectively, were collected from the fish Siganus rivulatus (Siganidae) in the Red Sea, from a chronically polluted small bay at Sharm El-Sheikh, South Sinai, Egypt. Water and sediment samples from the bay, tissue samples (intestines, liver, and muscle) from each fish, and samples from each parasite were taken for heavy metal analyses of cadmium and lead. Cadmium concentrations in intestines, liver and muscle of non-infected and infected fishes were much lower than those of lead, and both metal concentrations decreased in the order: liver > intestines > muscle. Cadmium and lead concentrations in the tissues of fishes infected with G. volubilis or P. elatensis were slightly lower than those in non-infected ones, while in the tissues of fishes infected with Sc. rubrimaris, they were much lower. Low concentrations of cadmium and lead in G. volubilis and P. elatensis are associated with their limited ability or capacity to accumulate trace metals. Therefore, bioconcentration factors corresponding to these species were relatively low, and both are herein considered as weak bioindicators. By contrast, high concentrations of cadmium and lead in S. rubrimaris are associated with its high ability to accumulate trace metals. Of the present three host–parasite systems, only the Siganus rivulatus–Sclerocollum rubrimaris system seems to be promising for biomonitoring of metal pollution in the Red Sea.

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Cai, Kui, Minjie Zhang, Yanqiu Yu, and Kangjoo Kim. "Pollution, Source, and Relationship of Trace Metal(loid)s in Soil-Wheat System in Hebei Plain, Northern China." Agronomy 9, no. 7 (July 17, 2019): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9070391.

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To study the complex migration and transformation of trace metal(loid)s in a soil–wheat system, 225 pairs of surface soil and wheat samples were collected from the Taihang Mountains front plain, Hebei Province, northern China. The concentrations and pools (F1, water-soluble; F2, exchangeable; F3, carbonate-bound; F4, humic acid-bound; F5, Fe–Mn oxide-bound; F6, organic matter-bound; and F7, residual) of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Ni, Cd, and Hg, and the soil properties of the samples were analyzed. The sum of the F1, F2, F3, and F4 proportions of Cd was higher than that of the other trace metal(loid)s, implying that Cd has greater mobility. We found a significant correlation (p < 0.01) between pools of trace metal(loid)s and the corresponding elements in wheat and a significant correlation (p < 0.01) between pools of trace metal(loid)s and pH, cation exchange capacity, clay, and total organic carbon. The results of principle component analysis (PCA)indicated that Cr, Ni and As mainly come from natural sources and Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd from mixed groups related to farming and industry, Hg come from the coal burning. In addition, the total target hazard quotients showed the presence of harmful levels of trace metal(loid)s in wheat.

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Kupiec, Michał, Paweł Pieńkowski, Beata Bosiacka, Izabela Gutowska, Patrycja Kupnicka, Adam Prokopowicz, Dariusz Chlubek, and Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka. "Old and New Threats—Trace Metals and Fluoride Contamination in Soils at Defunct Smithy Sites." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 5 (March 6, 2019): 819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050819.

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The aim of this study was to investigate soil contamination with trace elements and fluoride at sites in Szczecin (NW Poland) where economic activity was historically associated with the use of trace metals. As the Polish legislation does not recognize the lasting impact of historical pollution on soils, land developers are not obliged to determine soil pollution in the new residential areas, including parks and playgrounds for children. Therefore, in this study, at the locations of defunct metalwork enterprises (smithies, foundries, chemical plants, and small metal production plants), which were closed down after World War II, we determined lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), and cobalt (Co) levels in the soil. In addition, we also determined fluoride (F) levels due to the contemporary fluoride pollution in the area generated by a large chemical plant with a post-production phosphogypsum waste landfill and a power plant complex. Our results show that soil at the sites of now-defunct smithies can still act as a significant source of trace metals. Pb concentration in the surface (0–20 cm) and subsurface (20–40 cm) layers exceeded concentration thresholds for soils with first-degree pollution. The concentrations of Zn and Cu also exceeded their natural background limits. Furthermore, our research indicates an increased concentration of fluoride in surface layers of the soil; however, not exceeding the fluoride content threshold. These observations have important consequences for public health and safety because, presently, the studied sites function as housing estates and other public facilities. Therefore, contaminated soil at these sites may pose a threat to the health of local residents and should be closely monitored for trace metal contamination levels.

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Venter, Andrew D., Pieter G. van Zyl, Johan P. Beukes, Micky Josipovic, Johan Hendriks, Ville Vakkari, and Lauri Laakso. "Atmospheric trace metals measured at a regional background site (Welgegund) in South Africa." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 6 (March 29, 2017): 4251–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-4251-2017.

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Abstract. Atmospheric trace metals can cause a variety of health-related and environmental problems. Only a few studies on atmospheric trace metal concentrations have been conducted in South Africa. Therefore the aim of this study was to determine trace metal concentrations in aerosols collected at a regional background site, i.e. Welgegund, South Africa. PM1, PM1–2. 5 and PM2. 5–10 samples were collected for 13 months, and 31 atmospheric trace metal species were detected. Atmospheric iron (Fe) had the highest concentrations in all three size fractions, while calcium (Ca) was the second-most-abundant species. Chromium (Cr) and sodium (Na) concentrations were the third- and fourth-most-abundant species, respectively. The concentrations of the trace metal species in all three size ranges were similar, with the exception of Fe, which had higher concentrations in the PM1 size fraction. With the exception of titanium (Ti), aluminium (Al) and manganese (Mg), 70 % or more of the trace metal species detected were in the smaller size fractions, which indicated the influence of industrial activities. However, the large influence of wind-blown dust was reflected by 30 % or more of trace metals being present in the PM2. 5–10 size fraction. Comparison of trace metals determined at Welgegund to those in the western Bushveld Igneous Complex indicated that at both locations similar species were observed, with Fe being the most abundant. However, concentrations of these trace metal species were significantly higher in the western Bushveld Igneous Complex. Fe concentrations at the Vaal Triangle were similar to levels thereof at Welgegund, while concentrations of species associated with pyrometallurgical smelting were lower. Annual average Ni was 4 times higher, and annual average As was marginally higher than their respective European standard values, which could be attributed to regional influence of pyrometallurgical industries in the western Bushveld Igneous Complex. All three size fractions indicated elevated trace metal concentrations coinciding with the end of the dry season, which could partially be attributed to decreased wet removal and increases in wind generation of particulates. Principal component factor analysis (PCFA) revealed four meaningful factors in the PM1 size fraction, i.e. crustal, pyrometallurgical-related and Au slimes dams. No meaningful factors were determined for the PM1–2. 5 and PM2. 5–10 size fractions, which was attributed to the large influence of wind-blown dust on atmospheric trace metals determined at Welgegund. Pollution roses confirmed the influence of wind-blown dust on trace metal concentrations measured at Welgegund, while the impact of industrial activities was also substantiated.

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Balls, P. W. "Trace metals in water and suspended particulates—a synopsis." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 90 (1986): 127–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000004929.

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Recent publications reporting dissolved trace metal data have highlighted the susceptibility of such determinations to contamination during sampling and analysis. Results from recent surveys using stringent anti-contamination procedures have suggested that much of the earlier data has been affected by contamination. New surveys are desirable, therefore, particularly in areas which are known to receive considerable burdens of trace metal pollution.

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Khan, Zafar Iqbal, Ilker Ugulu, Shagufta Sahira, Naunain Mehmood, Kafeel Ahmad, Humayun Bashir, and Yunus Dogan. "Human health risk assessment through the comparative analysis of diverse irrigation regimes for Luffa (Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem.)." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 10, no. 2 (May 8, 2020): 249–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2020.132.

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Abstract In the present study, the effects of untreated wastewater and associated health risks were assessed in an abundantly consumed vegetable, Luffa cylindrica. In this direction, trace metal accumulations in L. cylindrica samples irrigated with three different water regimes (municipal wastewater, groundwater, and canal water) were determined. The metal levels were defined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer equipped with a graphite furnace and D2 corrector. Trace metal concentrations in L. cylindrica samples were in the range of 7.91–9.01, 3.78–4.22, 0.54–0.63, 39.18–43.27, 15.76–20.82, 29.04–42.49, 6.96–8.24, 5.85–7.72, 4.06–4.39 and 0.18–0.42 mg/kg for Mo, As, Se, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, Cd and Co, respectively. The health risk index values of As, Cd, Pb, Mo, Ni, Se and Co; and pollution load index values of As, Mo, Ni, Cu, Cd and Pb were high, indicating possible phytotoxicity. As had the highest value for the pollution load index suggesting high-risk levels. High levels of some metals could be an alarm call for consumers as the vegetable is irrigated with untreated wastewater.

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38

George, Rejomon, G. D. Martin, S. M. Nair, and N. Chandramohanakumar. "Biomonitoring of Trace Metal Pollution Using Fishes From the Cochin Backwaters." Environmental Forensics 13, no. 3 (September 2012): 272–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15275922.2012.702334.

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39

Ravichandran, Mahalingam, Mahalingam Baskaran, Peter H. Santschi, and Thomas S. Bianchi. "History of Trace Metal Pollution in Sabine-Neches Estuary, Beaumont, Texas." Environmental Science & Technology 29, no. 6 (June 1995): 1495–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00006a010.

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40

Bichet, Coraline, Renaud Scheifler, Michaël Cœurdassier, Romain Julliard, Gabriele Sorci, and Claire Loiseau. "Urbanization, Trace Metal Pollution, and Malaria Prevalence in the House Sparrow." PLoS ONE 8, no. 1 (January 16, 2013): e53866. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053866.

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41

Kaya, G., and M. Yaman. "Trace metal concentrations in cupressaceae leaves as biomonitors of environmental pollution." Trace Elements and Electrolytes 25, no. 07 (July 1, 2008): 156–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5414/tep25156.

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42

Samhan, Omar, Mazin Zarba, and Victor Anderlini. "Multivariate geochemical investigation of trace metal pollution in Kuwait marine sediments." Marine Environmental Research 21, no. 1 (January 1987): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-1136(87)90072-9.

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43

Wilson, Bobby L., and Damon L. Mitchell. "Trace metal study of sediment samples near electrical generating facility." Journal of Environmental Science and Health . Part A: Environmental Science and Engineering and Toxicology 26, no. 4 (May 1991): 493–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10934529109375650.

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44

Kļaviņš, Māris, Agnese Pujāte, Ilga Kokorīte, Laimdota Kalniņa, Valērijs Rodinovs, Linda Ansone, Jonas Mažeika, Maruta Jankēvica, Egils Bogans, and Anda Švāgere. "Reconstruction of past anthropogenic impact intensity in Lake Engure using sedimentary record analysis." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 65, no. 5-6 (January 1, 2011): 146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10046-011-0030-4.

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Reconstruction of past anthropogenic impact intensity in Lake Engure using sedimentary record analysis Environmental pollution with trace elements is considered as one of the most important environmental problems. Analysis of trace element accumulation in sedimentary phases of lakes may reflect the overall regional pollution level, and analysis of trace element accumulation patterns in sediment profiles can help to reconstruct the history of anthropogenic impact. The aim of this study was to analyse trace element concentrations in sediments of Lake Engure in Latvia and to determine factors influencing their availability. The metal concentrations in sediments of Lake Engure are at background levels, especially compared with metal concentrations in West European countries. However, the change in element concentration in sedimentary profiles provides information about trends of recent accumulation (within the last 100 years) and on the balance between natural and human-induced accumulation processes.

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AL-Awadi, L., A. R. Khan, and R. Al-Kandari. "Trace Metal Mercury Levels in Residential Homes in Kuwait." American Journal of Environmental Sciences 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2008.77.83.

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Marx, S. K., B. S. Kamber, and H. A. McGowan. "Scavenging of atmospheric trace metal pollutants by mineral dusts: Inter-regional transport of Australian trace metal pollution to New Zealand." Atmospheric Environment 42, no. 10 (March 2008): 2460–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.12.014.

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Youssef, Mohamed, Hashem Madkour, Raafat El Attar, Abbas Mansour, and Amani Badawi. "Assessment of metal contamination in coastal marine sediments of Makadi Bay on the Red Sea, Egypt." Marine and Freshwater Research 71, no. 10 (2020): 1241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf19306.

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To assess the heavy metal contamination in the sediments of Makadi Bay (Hurghada, Egypt), surface samples were collected from 32 locations. Six heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd) were analysed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The order of trace metal concentration in the samples was Mn>Zn>Pb>Cu>Cd. The analytical results were subjected to univariate statistical analyses to evaluate the distribution and abundance of the metals in the area. The degree of pollution of the sediments by these metals was evaluated by calculating enrichment factors and the geoaccumulation, pollution load and soil pollution indices. The results indicated that all marine sediment locations are practically unpolluted by metals. The high metal concentrations of Pb and Cd due to anthropogenic sources (mean 38.76 and 2.43μgg–1 respectively) recorded in most samples are essentially attributable to the anomalous concentrations of Pb and Cd in these samples. Both natural and anthropogenic sources of Pb and Cd contamination around Makadi Bay are possible. Generally, the levels of heavy metals in the study area do not constitute any serious environmental risk, except in the case of Pb and Cd.

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Jiang, Feng, Bozhi Ren, Andrew Hursthouse, and Yingying Zhou. "Trace Metal Pollution in Topsoil Surrounding the Xiangtan Manganese Mine Area (South-Central China): Source Identification, Spatial Distribution and Assessment of Potential Ecological Risks." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 11 (October 31, 2018): 2412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112412.

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In this study, we identified the sources of trace metals, investigated their spatial distribution in topsoil and assessed their potential ecological risk in the area surrounding a typical manganese mining area in Xiangtan, Hunan Province, China. The concentrations of Mn, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni, Cr and Hg in the topsoil of the study area were measured. Except for Cr and Hg, all trace metals exceeded the corresponding soil background values for Hunan Province. The spatial variation in trace metals was visualized by GIS, and the results show that trace metals in topsoil are enriched mainly around mines and smelters. Two groups of trace metals were identified using the spatial distribution, trend analysis, Pearson’s correlation and principal component analysis: Mn, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd and Ni can be attributed to industrial and mining activities, whereas Cr and Hg are of natural origin. The results also revealed the extent of the influence of secondary processes such as the prevailing wind direction, erosion of mine tailings and rainwater runoff play significant roles in the wider dispersal and transfer of trace metals. In addition, the environmental risk of metal pollution was evaluated by applying the geoaccumulation index and potential ecological risk index (PERI) to the study area. The accumulated PERI for metals of concern is at highest risk level in the main manganese mine area. This decreases to a moderate risk around the manganese mine area, highlighting locations for further risk management concern. Furthermore, nearly 80% of the potential ecological risk was from Cd across the study area.

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Krailertrattanachai, Nattanan, Daojarus Ketrot, and Worachart Wisawapipat. "The Distribution of Trace Metals in Roadside Agricultural Soils, Thailand." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 5 (February 27, 2019): 714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050714.

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Vehicle emissions have been known to cause trace metal contamination in soils. The extent of such contaminations in soils, and of the effects of traffic density and distance from highways on the concentration of trace metals in roadside agricultural soils is largely unknown. This study examined the total concentrations of common trace metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn) in roadside agricultural soils from Thailand with diverse traffic densities (approximately 30–200 million vehicles/kilometer/year), roadside distances (0, 10, 20, 50, and 100 m from the road edge), and crops (rice, maize, and sugarcane). Cadmium, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations significantly decreased with increasing distance away from the roads (p < 0.05). However, the concentrations of these metals were not correlated with traffic density, probably due to extensive road maintenance and expansion. The contamination factor demonstrated that the road edge soils were moderately- to highly-polluted with Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn. The safest distance to minimize metal pollution for agricultural production is proposed to be greater than 10 m away from the road edge.

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Johnstone, Keera M., Philip S. Rainbow, Paul F. Clark, Brian D. Smith, and David Morritt. "Trace metal bioavailabilities in the Thames estuary: continuing decline in the 21st century." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 96, no. 1 (December 14, 2015): 205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315415001952.

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Levels of pollution, including contamination by toxic metals, in the Thames estuary reduced over the last four decades of the 20th century. This 2014 study investigates whether the declines in the bioavailabilities of trace metals (Ag, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, Zn) have continued in the 21st century, using a suite of littoral biomonitors also employed in 2001 – the brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosus, the strandline, talitrid amphipod Orchestia gammarellus and the estuarine barnacle Amphibalanus improvisus. Bioaccumulated concentrations represent relative measures of the total bioavailabilities of each metal to the biomonitor over a previous time period, and can be compared over space and over time. Trace metal bioavailabilities varied along the estuary, and, in general, fell between 2001 and 2014, a reflection of the continuing remediation of the Thames estuary from its severely polluted state in the middle of the 20th century.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Trace metal pollution'

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