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1
Levashova, Ekaterina V., Sergey G. Skublov, and Vladimir A. Popov. "Distribution of Trace Elements Controlled by Sector and Growth Zonings in Zircon from Feldspathic Pegmatites (Ilmen Mountains, the Southern Urals)." Geosciences 11, no. 1 (December 25, 2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11010007.
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The present study contains the detailed ion microprobe data on trace and rare earth elements distribution in the large zircon crystal about 10 × 6 mm in size with distinct growth and sector zonings from Ilmen Mountains feldspathic pegmatite. The zircon crystal morphology is a combination of a prism {110} and a dipyramid {111}. It is found out that the growth sector of the prism {110} generally contains higher concentrations of Th, U, REE, Y, and Nb and exhibits a more gently sloping HREE distribution pattern and a steeper LREE distribution pattern, in contrast to zircon from the growth sector of the dipyramid {111} development. Such a sector zoning pattern was formed at a late stage in crystal growth, when the prism {110} began to prevail over the dipyramid {111}. The zircon studied displays the growth zoning formed of alternating bands in back-scattered electron (BSE) image: wide dark and thin light bands. The last ones contain elevated Th, U, REE, Y, Nb, and Ti concentrations, Th/U ratio and Ce/Ce*. This growth zoning is most probably due to simultaneous crystallization of other minerals that concentrate trace elements, e.g., apatite and monazite, and the lack of equilibrium between zircon and fluid (melt).
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Jourdan, A. L., T. W. Vennemann, J. Mullis, and K. Ramseyer. "Sector zoning of trace elements and oxygen isotopes in natural quartz crystals." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 70, no. 18 (August 2006): A298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.06.605.
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Shumyhai, I., V. Konishchuk, V. Martynenko, and P. Dushko. "Agro-ecological processes under conditions of biogeochemical imbalance of molybdenum in agrolandscapes of the Forest-Step zone." Balanced nature using, no. 4 (October 25, 2023): 80–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.33730/2310-4678.4.2023.292730.
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A special place in the theory and practice of landscape geochemistry belongs to biogeochemical zoning. Biogenic migration of substances and chemical elements can rightfully be considered one of the criteria for the typological classification of geochemical landscapes, which is the basis for building a map of geochemical landscapes of Ukraine. The scientific result of zoning is the recognition of spatial boundaries and areas of the territory consisting of connected components with uniform conditions of geochemical migration of chemical elements. With a long-term violation of the ratio between microelements, various diseases appear, which are called endemic, and the phenomenon itself — biogeochemical endemics. The latter most often occur due to a lack or excess of some threshold value of the concentration of microelements or a violation of the ratio of other microelements associated with it. On the basis of landscape-geochemical analysis and zoning, the authors defined the territory of the biogeochemical provinces of the Forest Steppe, where a lack of molybdenum content in the soil for normal plant development was found. In addition, the features of the molybdenum province are determined by low biogenic accumulation and intensive physicochemical dispersion of essential trace elements, increased mobility of most toxic trace elements in natural waters, and the absence of conditions for the formation of barriers of hydroamphoteric elements, including Mo2+. Also, in the territories of biogeochemical provinces, there is a high probability of the development of certain endemic phytopathologies and microelement diseases due to the imbalance of biogeochemical food chains.
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Wang, Guoqiang, Xiangmin Li, Dongliang Zhang, Jiyuan Yu, and Yujie Liu. "Genesis of the Yingzuihongshan Tungsten Deposit, Western Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, North China: Constraints from In Situ Trace Elements Analyses of Scheelite." Minerals 11, no. 5 (May 11, 2021): 510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11050510.
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In situ analyses of trace elements and rare-earth elements (REEs) were performed by use of laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) on scheelite samples from the Yingzuihongshan tungsten deposit in western Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. The contents of trace elements Nb, Ta and Mo of scheelite indicate that the ore-forming fluid is magmatic hydrotherm and is exsolved from highly fractionated granitic melt. The scheelite has high REE contents and ∑REE values, and a very inhomogeneous distribution of REEs exists in different scheelite grains or even in one scheelite grain. The cathodoluminescence (CL) images of scheelite grains display well-developed zoning or fine oscillatory zoning. Development of zoning is closely related to the variable contents of REEs, and the darkness of shade of CL images are mainly determined by ∑REE values, but they have no correlation with the distribution patterns of REEs. The chondrite-normalized REE distribution patterns of scheelite are classified as the middle REEs (MREEs)-enriched type, except for a strong negative Eu-anomaly, which could be a REE-flat type and or a MREEs-depleted type. Trace element composition of scheelites from the Yinzuihongshan tungsten deposit reflect that the ore-forming materials mainly came from the crust and the ore-forming fluids are dominantly derived from the granitic magma in an oxidizing environment, in which very dynamic conditions of the hydrothermal system prevailed during precipitation of scheelite. On the basis of the above understanding and field geological featured, we considered that the Yingzuihongshan tungsten deposit is the quartz-vein-hosted tungsten type that is genetically associated with monzonitic granite.
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Azadbakht, Zeinab, and David R. Lentz. "High-resolution LA-ICP-MS trace-element mapping of magmatic biotite: A new approach for studying syn- to post-magmatic evolution." Canadian Mineralogist 58, no. 3 (May 1, 2020): 293–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3749/canmin.1900101.
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ABSTRACT Biotite grains from 22 felsic intrusions in New Brunswick were mapped in situ using a laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (LA-ICP-MS). We investigated the extent to which biotite can retain its magmatic zoning patterns and, where zoning does exist, how it can be used to elucidate early to late stage, syn-magmatic to post-crystallization processes. Although the major element and halogen contents of the examined biotite phenocrysts are homogeneous, two-thirds of the grains display trace-element zoning for Ba, Rb, and Cs. The results also indicated that zoning is better retained in larger grains (i.e., > 500 × 500 μm) with minimal alteration and mineral inclusions. An exceptionally well-zoned Li-rich siderophyllite from the Pleasant Ridge topaz granite in southwestern New Brunswick shows Ti, Ta, Sn, W, Cs, Rb, and V (without Li or Ba) zoning. Cesium values increase from 200 to 1400 ppm from core to rim. Conversely, Sn and W values decrease toward the rim (50 to 10 and 100 to 10 ppm, respectively). Tantalum and Ti values show fewer variations but drop abruptly close to the rim of the grain (100 to 20 and 2000 to 500 ppm, respectively). These observations may indicate crystallization of mineral phases with high partition coefficients for these highly incompatible elements (except Ti) (e.g., cassiterite and rutile) followed by fractionation of a fluid phase at a later stage of magma crystallization. The preservation of zoning may indicate rapid cooling post-crystallization of the parent magma.
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McCurdy, Karr, Norman Russell, and Stephen E. Kesler. "Primary Dispersion of Trace Elements, Fluid Inclusion Zoning, and Alteration Zoning at the Pueblo Viejo Au-Ag Deposit, Dominican Republic." Journal of Geochemical Exploration 25, no. 1-2 (March 1986): 259–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(86)90060-9.
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Hossain, Mobarok, and Pulak Kumar Patra. "Contamination zoning and health risk assessment of trace elements in groundwater through geostatistical modelling." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 189 (February 2020): 110038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.110038.
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Azarenko, Yu A. "Trace elements in the system “soil-plants” and optimization of their use in agrocenoses of the Omsk Irtysh Land." Kormlenie sel'skohozjajstvennyh zhivotnyh i kormoproizvodstvo (Feeding of agricultural animals and feed production), no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 42–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-05-2102-05.
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The data on the content and reserves of trace elements (Mn, Cu, Zn, Co, Mo, B) in soils, reveals patterns of their distribution and quantitative characteristics of relationships in the “soil-plants” system in agrocenoses of the Omsk Irtysh Land have been systematized in the article. The assessment of trace elements in soils and plants has been carried out from the ecological and agrochemical positions. The peculiarities of the intake and accumulation of trace elements in plants depending on zonal soil and climatic conditions have been revealed. Indicators for evaluating the potential of trace elements entering plants have been proposed, and its comparison for diff erent trace elements in the “soil-microfertilizerplant” system has been given. The use of this indicator in calculating and normalizing fertilizer doses and predicting the accumulation of trace elements in plants has been justified. The regularities of the distribution and shape of boron in diff erent types of soils of saline complexes have been studied. For the fi rst time a comprehensive assessment of the effect of high boron concentrations on crop productivity was carried out. A system of indicators for diagnosing the toxic eff ect of the element on plants and a scale of their borostability has been developed. The factors affecting the intake of boron in plants and their resistance to excess of the element have been revealed. Quantitative parameters of the eff ect of chemical reclamation on the boron content in the “soil-meliorant-plants” system have been obtained. The scheme of soil-geochemical zoning of the territory of the Omsk region reflecting the availability of trace elements in the soil has been developed. New data on the availability of trace elements in the main arable soils of the surveyed territory have been presented. The values of optimal levels of trace elements for agricultural crops were corrected. The economic and bioenergetic effi ciency of methods for optimizing plant nutrition with trace elements under the environments of agrocenoses of the Omsk Irtysh Land have been revealed.
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Viana, Rúbia R., Hanna J. Evangelista, and Willem B. Stern. "Chemical zoning of muscovite megacrystal from the Brazilian Pegmatite Province." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 79, no. 3 (September 2007): 431–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652007000300007.
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Macroscopically homogenous muscovite plate from the Cruzeiro pegmatite, located in the Eastern Pegmatite Province in Minas Gerais, may show complex distribution patterns of some trace elements. In geochronological and petrological studies, as for example in the distinction of magmatic and post-magmatic mica, the cause of zoning could be taken into consideration. The complex chemical zoning in the studied mica plate can be best explained by growth in an evolving magma followed by alteration due to percolation of hydrothermal fluids. Enrichment of Rb towards the border is interpreted as resulting from the chemical evolution of the residual magma during crystal growth. The depletion in (IV Al+VI Al) as well as the increase in (Fe+Mg) and Si along a fracture could be due to the hydrothermal celadonitic substitution of muscovite. This alteration also caused depletion in the contents of Rb, Ga, Y, Nb, Sn, and Zn and residual concentration of Ti. Elements such as Ga, Y, Nb, Sn, and Zn, rarely considered in the discussion of differentiation or alteration processes in micas, have been shown to be as significant as the alkali-elements.
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MacRae, Colin M., Nicholas C. Wilson, and Joel Brugger. "Quantitative Cathodoluminescence Mapping with Application to a Kalgoorlie Scheelite." Microscopy and Microanalysis 15, no. 3 (May 22, 2009): 222–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927609090308.
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AbstractA method for the analysis of cathodoluminescence spectra is described that enables quantitative trace-element-level distributions to be mapped within minerals and materials. Cathodoluminescence intensities for a number of rare earth elements are determined by Gaussian peak fitting, and these intensities show positive correlation with independently measured concentrations down to parts per million levels. The ability to quantify cathodoluminescence spectra provides a powerful tool to determine both trace element abundances and charge state, while major elemental levels can be determined using more traditional X-ray spectrometry. To illustrate the approach, a scheelite from Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, is hyperspectrally mapped and the cathodoluminescence is calibrated against microanalyses collected using a laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. Trace element maps show micron scale zoning for the rare earth elements Sm3+, Dy3+, Er3+, and Eu3+/Eu2+. The distribution of Eu2+/Eu3+ suggests that both valences of Eu have been preserved in the scheelite since its crystallization 1.63 billion years ago.
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Paterson, Bruce A., and W. Edryd Stephens. "Kinetically induced compositional zoning in titanite: implications for accessory-phase/melt partitioning of trace elements." Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 109, no. 3 (January 1992): 373–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00283325.
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Belousova, E. A., W. L. Griffin, and N. J. Pearson. "Trace element composition and cathodoluminescence properties of southern African kimberlitic zircons." Mineralogical Magazine 62, no. 3 (June 1998): 355–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/002646198547747.
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AbstractZircon frequently occurs as a minor mineral in kimberlites, and is recognised as a member of a suite of mantle-derived megacryst minerals. Cathodoluminescence (CL) microscopy and laser ablation ICPMS analysis were used to study the internal structure and chemical composition of zircon crystals from southern African kimberlites. Zoning revealed by CL ranges from fine oscillatory to broad homogeneous cores and overgrowths. The ICPMS data show that kimberlite zircons have distinctive trace element contents, with well defined ranges for REE, Y, U, Th, P and some other trace elements. Both low REE contents (ΣREE < 50 ppm), and distinctive chondrite-normalised REE patterns with low and flat HREE are characteristic of kimberlite zircons. Samples or zones with yellow CL have higher Th, U, Y, and REE than those with blue-violet CL. Variations in the concentrations of a range of trace elements lead to different amounts of lattice defects, creating the possibility for different levels of direct excitation of luminescence centres, and therefore different CL colours. The distinctive CL and compositional features described here can rapidly identify kimberlite zircons in prospecting samples taken during exploration for kimberlite bodies.
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Wang, Yifeng, and Enrique Merino. "Dynamic model of oscillatory zoning of trace elements in calcite: Double layer, inhibition, and self-organization." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 56, no. 2 (February 1992): 587–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(92)90083-u.
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Sheikh, Lawangin, Wasiq Lutfi, Zhidan Zhao, and Muhammad Awais. "Geochronology, trace elements and Hf isotopic geochemistry of zircons from Swat orthogneisses, Northern Pakistan." Open Geosciences 12, no. 1 (June 25, 2020): 148–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2020-0109.
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AbstractIn this study, zircon grains are applied for U–Pb dating, Hf isotopes and trace elements to reveal the origin of magmatism and tectonic evolution of Late Paleozoic rocks of the Indian plate, Northern Pakistan. Most of the zircons are characterized by oscillatory zoning, depletion of light rare earth elements (LREE) and enrichment of heavy rare earth elements (HREE) with Ce and Eu anomalies. The yielded ages for these rocks are 256 ± 1.9 Ma and are plotted in the zones defined for the continental setting with few deviated toward the mid-oceanic ridge and the oceanic arc setting. Deviated zircons are recognized as inherited zircons by displaying a high concentration of normalized primitive La and Pr values, while others are plotted in the continental zones. Rare earth elements (REE) and trace elements including Th, Hf, U, Nb, Sc and Ti discriminate Swat orthogneisses into the within plate setting and the inherited zircons are plotted in the orogenic or the arc-related setting. The LREE discriminated these zircons into a magmatic zone with inherited zircons deviated toward the hydrothermal zone. The temperature calculated for these rocks based on the Ti content in zircon ranges from 679 to 942°C. The εHf(t) ranging from −11.1 to +1.4 reveals that the origin is the continental crust with the minute input of the juvenile mantle.
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Wei, Chen, Lin Ye, Zhilong Huang, Yusi Hu, and Haoyu Wang. "In situ trace elements and S isotope systematics for growth zoning in sphalerite from MVT deposits: A case study of Nayongzhi, South China." Mineralogical Magazine 85, no. 3 (March 26, 2021): 364–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/mgm.2021.29.
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AbstractZoning texture in sphalerite has been described in many studies, although its genesis and ore formation process are poorly constrained. In this investigation, we compare the in situ trace element and isotopic composition of colour-zoned sphalerites from Nayongzhi, South China, to explain the zoning growth process. Petrographic observations identified two broad types of zoned sphalerite, core–rim (CR) and core–mantle–rim (CMR) textures. Each zoned sphalerite displays two or three colour zones, including brown core, light colour bands and/or pale-yellow zones. In situ laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry trace-element analyses show that the three colour zones display variable trace-element compositions. Brown cores exhibit distinctly high Mn, Fe, Co, Ge, Tl and Pb concentrations, whereas pale-yellow and light colour zones have elevated Ga, Cd, Sn, In and Sb concentrations. Copper, Sb, In and Sn show slight variations between pale-yellow and light zones, the latter having higher In and Sn, but lower Cu and Sb abundances. Given the low concentration range of Pb, Ge, Tl, Mn Sb, Cd, etc., the colour of sphalerite is attributed mainly to Fe compositional variation. The δ34S values of sphalerite from Nayongzhi range from +22.3 to +27.9‰, suggesting reduced sulfur was generated by thermochemical sulfate reduction of marine sulfate in ore-hosted strata. Single-crystal colour-zoned sphalerite exhibits intracrystalline δ34S variation (up to 4.3‰), which is attributed to the δ34S composition of H2S in the original fluid. The lack of correlation between trace elements and δ34S values indicates episodic ore solution influxes and mixes with the reduced sulfur-rich fluid derived from the aquifers of the ore-hosted strata, which play a key role in the formation of the zoned Nayongzhi sphalerite. In conclusion, in situ trace element and S isotope studies of zoned sphalerite crystals might provide insight into the ore-forming process of MVT deposits.
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Shah, Sajjad Ahmad, Yongjun Shao, Yu Zhang, Hongtao Zhao, and Lianjie Zhao. "Texture and Trace Element Geochemistry of Quartz: A Review." Minerals 12, no. 8 (August 19, 2022): 1042. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12081042.
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Quartz is one of the most abundant minerals. Used in a variety of materials, it preserves geological history and reflects alteration conditions. Data were collected (>2400 data points) from more than 40 ore deposits to understand its internal texture and geochemistry. Cathodoluminescence imaging is a technique for examining the internal texture of quartz that may reveal information about the crystal’s origin and evolution. The dominant trace elements in quartz lattice are Al, P, Li, Ti, Ge, K, and Na. These, combined with internal texture, can distinguish quartz from different origins and can differentiate between different types of ore deposits, as each type of ore deposit has its own unique CL characteristics. Therefore, Al did not correlate with cathodoluminescence (CL) in epithermal Au-Sb-Hg, Carlin-type Au, epithermal Ag, or shale-hosted Zn deposits. Epithermal base metal and porphyry-Cu-type deposits were intermediate, and Mississippi-Valley-type, epithermal Au-Ag, and porphyry Cu-Mo deposits were characterized for Al correlation with CL. Furthermore, Gigerwald, Rohdenhaus, and Westland deposits had Li/Al ratios less than one, suggesting that H (as hydroxyl substituting for oxygen) completed the charge. However, trace elements (i.e., Ge, Sb, Ti, and Al), sector zoning, and resorption surfaces were vital parameters to differentiate between magmatic and hydrothermal quartz. Additionally, titanium and aluminum were the most important trace elements. Their values could be used to differentiate between different quartz types. Among them, hydrothermal and pegmatitic quartz were characterized by lower temperatures and Ti concentrations. Rhyolitic quartz was characterized by the lowest Al, the highest temperatures, and lower Al/Ti ratios. Aluminum, Li, and H were most important in hydrothermal and metamorphic quartz, but magmatic quartz was generally enriched with Ti.
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Abdel Gawad, Ahmed E., Antoaneta Ene, Sergey G. Skublov, Alexandra K. Gavrilchik, Mohamed A. Ali, Mohamed M. Ghoneim, and Aleksey V. Nastavkin. "Trace Element Geochemistry and Genesis of Beryl from Wadi Nugrus, South Eastern Desert, Egypt." Minerals 12, no. 2 (February 6, 2022): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12020206.
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Beryl occurs in the ancient Roman mines at Wadi Nugrus, South Eastern Desert of Egypt. It ranges from small crystals to 10 mm in size, and it varies in color, appearing as bright green, pale green, dark green and brown-green with biotite inclusions. The trace and minor elements were analyzed by the SIMS method. The two rims are richer in Cs, Na, Mg, Fe, Sc, V, Rb and H2O than cores but are poor in Mn, Ca, Co, Sr and Li. The bright-green rim is richer than the pale-green one in Na, P, K, Ca, Fe, Rb, Cs and F, but poorer in Mg and Li. The alkaline elements (Cs, Na, Rb) and Fe correlate with the color zoning, and where beryl crystals have a maximum of these elements, the green color is strong and bright. The emerald of Wadi Nugrus has similarities with the geological setting of the Canadian emeralds. Emeralds occur along the contact zone between biotite schists, pegmatites and quartz veins. A large-scale interaction between Be-bearing magmatic fluids from granites and related pegmatites took place with hydrothermal fluids enriched in Cr, V, Sc, Mg and Ca after percolation through pre-existing serpentinite and talc carbonates, metagabbros and biotite schists and additional fluids bearing H2O, NaCl and CO2.
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Kristall, Brian, Diane Nielsen, Mark D. Hannington, Deborah S. Kelley, and John R. Delaney. "Chemical microenvironments within sulfide structures from the Mothra Hydrothermal Field: Evidence from high-resolution zoning of trace elements." Chemical Geology 290, no. 1-2 (November 2011): 12–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.08.008.
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Pring, Allan, Benjamin Wade, Aoife McFadden, Claire E. Lenehan, and Nigel J. Cook. "Coupled Substitutions of Minor and Trace Elements in Co-Existing Sphalerite and Wurtzite." Minerals 10, no. 2 (February 9, 2020): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10020147.
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The nature of couple substitutions of minor and trace element chemistry of expitaxial intergrowths of wurtzite and sphalerite are reported. EPMA and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analyses display significant differences in the bulk chemistries of the two epitaxial intergrowth samples studied. The sample from the Animas-Chocaya Mine complex of Bolivia is Fe-rich with mean Fe levels of 4.8 wt% for wurztite-2H and 2.3 wt% for the sphalerite component, while the sample from Merelani Hills, Tanzania, is Mn-rich with mean Mn levels in wurztite-4H of 9.1 wt% and for the sphalerite component 7.9 wt% In both samples studied the wurtzite polytype is dominant over sphalerite. LA-ICP-MS line scans across the boundaries between the wurtzite and sphalerite domains within the two samples show significant variation in the trace element chemistries both between and within the two coexisting polytypes. In the Merelani Hills sample the Cu+ + Ga3+ = 2Zn2+ substitution holds across both the wurztite and sphalerite zones, but its levels range from around 1200 ppm of each of Cu and Ga to above 2000 ppm in the sphalerite region. The 2Ag+ + Sn4+ = 3Zn2+ coupled substitution does not occur in the material. In the Animas sample, the Cu+ + Ga3+ = 2Zn2+ substitution does not occur, but the 2(Ag,Cu)+ + Sn4+ = 3Zn2+ substitution holds across the sample despite the obvious growth zoning, although there is considerable variation in the Ag/Cu ratio, with Ag dominant over Cu at the base of the sample and Cu dominant at the top. The levels of 2(Ag,Cu)+ + Sn4+ = 3Zn2+ vary greatly across the sample from around 200 ppm to 8000 ppm Sn, but the higher values occur in the sphalerite bands.
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Hernández-Filiberto, Lorena, Encarnación Roda-Robles, William B. Simmons, and Karen L. Webber. "Garnet as Indicator of Pegmatite Evolution: The Case Study of Pegmatites from the Oxford Pegmatite Field (Maine, USA)." Minerals 11, no. 8 (July 23, 2021): 802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11080802.
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Almandine-spessartine garnets, from the Oxford County pegmatites and the Palermo No. 1 pegmatite, record significant compositional variations according to the degree of evolution of their hosting rock. Garnets from the most fractionated pegmatites (Mt. Mica, Berry-Havey, and Emmons) show the highest Mn, Nb, Ta, Zr, and Hf values, followed by those from the intermediate grade pegmatites (Palermo No. 1) and, finally, garnets from the barren pegmatites show the lowest values (Perham and Stop-35). Iron, Ca, and Mg contents follow an inverse order, with the highest contents in the latter pegmatites. Major element zoning shows increasing Mn values from core to rim in most garnet samples, while trace element zoning is not systematic except for some crystals which show a core to rim depletion for most of these elements. Chondrite normalized HREE (Heavy Rare Earth Elements) spectra show positive slopes for garnets from barren pegmatites, both positive and negative slopes for those associated with the intermediate pegmatite, and negative or flat slopes in garnets from the highly fractionated pegmatites. Ion exchange mechanisms, including Fe2+−1Mn2+1, (Fe2+, Mn2+)−1Si−1Li1P1; and, (Y, Ho3+)2(vac)1(Fe2+, Mn2+)−3, could explain most of the compositional variations observed in these garnets. These compositional variations are the reflection of the composition of the pegmatitic magma (barren pegmatites originate from a more ferromagnesian magma than fractionated pegmatites); and of the coexisting mineral phases competing with garnets to host certain chemical elements, such as biotite, schorl, plagioclase, apatite, Fe-Mn phosphates, Nb-Ta oxides, zircon, xenotime, and monazite.
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Kang, Zhi-Juan, Guang-Hai Shi, Wei-Yan Lei, Cai-Xiu An, Lu Liu, Shu-Hong Liu, Feng Lu, and Lin Xu. "Mineralogy and Geochemistry of JingFenCui (Rhodonite Jade) Deposit from Beijing, China." Crystals 12, no. 4 (March 31, 2022): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12040483.
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JingFenCui is a type of rhodonite jade from the Changping district of Beijing, China, which is a manganese skarn deposit formed through the metasomatism of the granite aplite and Cambrian limestone. The pink color of JingFenCui is richer and brighter than that of rhodonite jade from other deposits. The surface of JingFenCui exhibits dendritic iron and manganese oxides, which is the outstanding advantage of rhodonite jade for carving works. The zoning pattern of mineralogy between the contact zone with the wallrock is obvious. The main skarn minerals consist mainly of spessartine, diopside, augite, manganotremolite, clino-suenoite, rhodonite, galena, etc. Compared with rhodonite jade from the Makeng in Fujian and the Luziyuan in western Yunnan, vittinkiite (MnSiO3) is more concentrated in the rhodonite of the JingFenCui Deposit as a Mn-Ag-Pb-Zn-Fe polymetallic deposit. There is a good agreement among the rhodonite, amphibole, and galena in the spider diagrams of the trace elements. The results of trace elements and REE analysis show that the metallogenic fluids of the JingFenCui deposit are mainly from magma related to the Heixiongshan granite. It is suggested that the JingFenCui deposit is a manganese skarn deposit formed through the metasomatism of the manganese-bearing limestone and fine-grained granite of the Heixiongshan.
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Brodbeck, Maurice, Teresa Ubide, Ilka Kleinhanns, Ronny Schoenberg, and Balz Kamber. "Quantitative Data Extraction from Orthopyroxene Trace Element Maps and Its Potential to Examine the Formation of the UG2 Unit, Bushveld Complex." Minerals 9, no. 2 (January 27, 2019): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9020073.
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We present a mineral chemical stratigraphy across the UG2 Unit, situated in the Upper Critical Zone of the Bushveld Complex. The magmatic evolution of the rocks hosting this world-class ore deposit for chromium and platinum group elements (PGEs) is still under debate. Orthopyroxene is a common phase across the magmatic stratigraphy of the unit. It hosts trace metals, whose relative contents can record information about magmatic processes. This study determined laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) trace element data for orthopyroxene and spot LA multi-collector ICP-MS Sr-isotope data for plagioclase. Mapping of trace element distributions revealed internal zoning in Cr, V, Y, and Th. Unlike in conventional spot analysis, quantitative trace element concentrations were extracted post-analysis from two-dimensional LA-ICP-MS maps. This approach offered advantages over spot analysis. The maps revealed internal complexities (e.g., inclusions, exsolved phases, zonations and diffusion halos) that could be avoided with suitable thresholds for chemical filter elements (i.e., 100 ppm < Cr < 4000 ppm, Y < 6 ppm), permitting fast, automated extraction of pure orthopyroxene data pixels from elemental maps covering noritic, troctolitic, anorthositic and chromititic mineral assemblages. Diffusive equilibration in orthopyroxene was evaluated by comparing zonations in elements with different known diffusivities. Magnesium and Ni are homogenously distributed, indicative of rapid diffusive processes, while Cr and V show zonations, interpreted to largely reflect primary distribution. Thorium and Y apparently diffused along discrete pathways, indicated by concentration anomalies following orthopyroxene lamellae. A systematic study of the trace element inventory of orthopyroxene across the succession of the UG2 Unit, complemented with Sr isotope signatures of plagioclase, revealed clear evidence for open-system processes: compatible elements (Cr, Ni) are decoupled from Mg# variations in orthopyroxene from specific UG2 subunits; distinct Mg# peaks coincide with negative V excursions in orthopyroxene from chromite-bearing subunits; towards the top of the unit, plagioclase shows a distinct 87Sr/86Srinitial peak and orthopyroxene shows Cr-depleted and Th-enriched rims. These chemical features cannot be explained by crystal mixing alone and argue for the involvement of at least two chemically distinct melts in the formation of the studied UG2 section.
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King, Samuel Anthony, Nigel John Cook, Cristiana Liana Ciobanu, Kathy Ehrig, Yuri Tatiana Campo Campo Rodriguez, Animesh Basak, and Sarah Gilbert. "Coupled Microstructural EBSD and LA-ICP-MS Trace Element Mapping of Pyrite Constrains the Deformation History of Breccia-Hosted IOCG Ore Systems." Minerals 14, no. 2 (February 15, 2024): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min14020198.
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Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) methods are used to investigate the presence of microstructures in pyrite from the giant breccia-hosted Olympic Dam iron–oxide copper gold (IOCG) deposit, South Australia. Results include the first evidence for ductile deformation in pyrite from a brecciated deposit. Two stages of ductile behavior are observed, although extensive replacement and recrystallization driven by coupled dissolution–reprecipitation reaction have prevented widespread preservation of the earlier event. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) element maps of pyrite confirm that many pyrite grains display compositional zoning with respect to As, Co, and Ni, but that the zoning is often irregular, patchy, or otherwise disrupted and are readily correlated with observed microstructures. The formation of ductile microstructures in pyrite requires temperatures above ~260 °C, which could potentially be related to heat from radioactive decay and fault displacements during tectonothermal events. Coupling EBSD methods with LA-ICP-MS element mapping allows a comprehensive characterization of pyrite textures and microstructures that are otherwise invisible to conventional reflected light or BSE imaging. Beyond providing new insights into ore genesis and superimposed events, the two techniques enable a detailed understanding of the grain-scale distribution of minor elements. Such information is pivotal for efforts intended to develop new ways to recover value components (precious and critical metals), as well as remove deleterious components of the ore using low-energy, low-waste ore processing methods.
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Chen, Zhen-Yu, Li-Fei Zhang, Zeng Lü, and Jin-Xue Du. "Episodic Fluid Action in Chinese Southwestern Tianshan HP/UHP Metamorphic Belt: Evidence from U–Pb Dating of Zircon in Vein and Host Eclogite." Minerals 9, no. 12 (November 25, 2019): 727. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9120727.
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Fluid plays a key role in metamorphism and magmatism in subduction zones. Veins in high-pressure (HP) to ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) rocks are the products of fluid–rock interactions and can thus provide important constraints on fluid processes in subduction zones. In this study, we present an integrated study of zircon in situ U–Pb dating, trace element and mineral inclusion analysis for a complex vein and its host eclogite in the southwestern Tianshan UHP terrane, aiming to decipher the episodic fluid action during slab subduction and exhumation. Both zircon in eclogite and vein have euhedral, prismatic morphology similar to those crystallized from metamorphic fluid. Zircon in eclogite shows core–rim structures with distinct bounds and mineral inclusions. Zircon in the vein shows sector zoning or weak zoning, with bright rims around most zircon grains, which suggests recrystallization of the zircon crystals after their formation and multiple evolution of the vein. Eclogite zircon rims yield a weighted mean of 311 ± 3 Ma and cores yield a range from 413 ± 4 to 2326 ± 18 Ma, respectively. Vein zircon yields four groups of age (~355 Ma, ~337 Ma, ~315 Ma, and ~283 Ma), which date four episodes of fluid flow involving zircon growth. The first two groups of age may represent prograde epidote–amphibolite facies and amphibolite/blueschist facies metamorphism stage, respectively. The third group is similar to that of eclogite zircon rims, which is thought to date the eclogitic facie metamorphism (320–305 Ma), and the fourth group dates a later retrograde metamorphism after greenschist facies. The vein-forming fluid system was supposed to be an open system indicated by trace element of vein zircon and mineral assemblage of the vein. The coexistence of rutile, zircon, and garnet in prograde vein and the heavy rare earth elements (HREE) enrichment characteristic of vein zircon suggest that the vein-forming fluid are enriched in high field strength elements (HFSE) and HREE, and such fluid could be formed under low P–T conditions.
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Sari, Y. K., A. D. Titisari, I. W. Warmada, and F. Hakim. "Petrogenesis of Botorubuh igneous rocks at Gunungkidul: A preliminary study for paleomagmatism phenomenon in the southern beach of Yogyakarta - Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 851, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/851/1/012029.
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Abstract Botorubuh Beach is located at Southern Beach of Gunungkidul, in the Southern Mountain of Yogyakarta - Indonesia and is a promontory composed of Middle - Late Miocene igneous rock with a columnar jointing structure. This isolated igneous rock area is surrounded by limestone. Therefore, the regional geological map of Surakarta-Giritontro classifies this area as the Punung-Wonosari Formation which is dominated by limestone. Because of the geological phenomenon of the isolated igneous rock area, it is necessary to study the petrogenesis of the igneous rocks at the area. The petrogenesis research is based on a preliminary study of the petrographical and geochemical characteristics of this igneous rock samples. The petrographic identification of andesite samples shows porphyritic, trachytic, oscillatory zoning, and sieve textures. The results of geochemical analysis (major and trace elements) show that the rock samples are are classified to andesite rocks and calc-alkaline suites. These rocks are enriched in LILEs (Rb, Ba, K) and depleted in HFSEs (Nb, Ti, Ce). Additionally, REE shows a slight enrichment of light-REE and a slight negative anomaly of Eu. The patterns of the trace elements including REE show a typical pattern of calc alkaline arc. Petrographical and geochemical characteristics suggest evidence of magma differentiation process, that is by a mechanism of crystallization fractionation. The andesite was formed in relation to a Middle – Late Miocene paleomagmatism and the Late Miocene-Pliocene subduction zone.
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Zellmer, Georg F., Peter Dulski, and Yoshiyuki Iizuka. "Combined Major and Trace Element LA-ICP-MS Analysis of Compositional Variations in Simple Solid Solutions through Cross Correlation with an EPMA-Characterized Working Standard." Microscopy and Microanalysis 18, no. 4 (July 30, 2012): 852–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927612000463.
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AbstractDetermining correlated major and trace element zoning profiles is an important goal in modern microanalysis and is critical to some geospeedometric applications. We show that a precise determination of relative variations in major element compositions of simple solid solutions is possible by LA-ICPMS, and that low accuracy (analytical bias) can be corrected for through cross correlation with electron problem microanalyzer (EPMA)-characterized working standards. Further, the relative uncertainties on binary or quasibinary solid solution endmember proportions are always lower than the relative uncertainties on the ratio of the principle substituting elements by at least a factor of 2. In calcic plagioclase, for example, the relative uncertainty on XAn is a factor of (1 − XAn) smaller than the relative uncertainty on Ca/Na. Using a well-characterized, concentrically zoned bytownite crystal as an example, we compare reproducibilities of FE-EPMA and W-EPMA analyses with 2 μm beam diameter and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) with 16 μm beam diameter. While the accuracy of LA-ICP-MS analyses is low (analytical bias), the precision of LA-ICP-MS analyses is slightly higher than that of FE-EPMA data and comparable to that of the W-EPMA data. EPMA-corrected LA-ICP-MS data can thus be used to characterize major oxide compositional variations and potential covariations with trace elements within individual crystals.
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Xia, Qiong-Xia, Peng Gao, Guang Yang, Yong-Fei Zheng, Zi-Fu Zhao, Wan-Cai Li, and Xu Luo. "The Origin of Garnets in Anatectic Rocks from the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis, Southeastern Tibet: Constraints from Major and Trace Element Zoning and Phase Equilibrium Relationships." Journal of Petrology 60, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 2241–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egaa009.
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Abstract Amphibolite- and granulite-facies metamorphic rocks are common in the eastern Himalayan syntaxis of southeastern Tibet. These rocks are composed mainly of gneiss, amphibolite and schist that underwent various degrees of migmatization to produce leucogranites, pegmatites and felsic veins. Zircon U–Pb dating of biotite gneiss, leucocratic vein and vein granite from the syntaxis yields consistent ages of ∼49 Ma, indicating crustal anatexis during continental collision between India and Asia. Garnets in these rocks are categorized into peritecitc and anatectic varieties based on their mode of occurrence, mineral inclusions and major- and trace-element zoning. The peritectic garnets mainly occur in the biotite gneiss (mesosome layer) and leucocratic veins. They are anhedral and contain abundant mineral inclusions such as high-Ti biotites and quartz, and show almost homogeneous major-element compositions (except Ca) and decreasing HREE contents from core to rim, indicating growth during the P- and T-increasing anatexis. Peak anatectic conditions at 760–800°C and 9–10·5 kbar are well constrained by phase equilibrium calculations, mineral assemblages, and garnet isopleths. In contrast, anatectic garnets only occur in the vein granite. They are round or subhedral, contain quartz inclusions, and exhibit increasing spessartine and trace-element contents from core to rim. The garnet–biotite geothermometry and the garnet–biotite–plagioclase–quartz geobarometry suggest that the anatectic garnets crystallized at ∼620–650°C and 4–5 kbar. Some garnet grains show two-stage zoning in major and trace elements, with the core similar to the peritectic garnet but the rim similar to the anatectic garnet. Mineralogy, whole-rock major- and trace-element compositions and zircon O isotopes indicate that the two types of leucosomes were produced by hydration (water-present) melting and dehydration (water-absent) melting, respectively. The leucocratic veins contain peritectic garnet but no K-feldspar, have lower whole-rock K2O contents and Rb/Sr ratios, higher whole-rock CaO contents and Sr/Ba ratios, and show homogeneous δ18O values that are lower than those of relict zircons, indicating that such veins were produced by the hydration melting. In contrast, the vein granite contains peritectic garnet and K-feldspar, has higher whole-rock K2O contents and Rb/Sr ratios, lower whole-rock CaO contents and Sr/Ba ratios, and shows comparable δ18O values with those of relict zircons, suggesting that this granite were generated by the dehydration melting. Accordingly, both hydration and dehydration melting mechanisms have occurred in the eastern Himalayan syntaxis.
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Sciuba, Marjorie, and Georges Beaudoin. "Texture and Trace Element Composition of Rutile in Orogenic Gold Deposits." Economic Geology 116, no. 8 (December 1, 2021): 1865–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4857.
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Abstract Rutile from a wide range of orogenic gold deposits and districts, including representative world-class deposits, was investigated for its texture and trace element composition using scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis, and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Deposits are hosted in various country rocks including felsic to ultramafic igneous rocks and sedimentary rocks, which were metamorphosed from lower greenschist to middle amphibolite facies and with ages of mineralization that range from Archean to Phanerozoic. Rutile presents a wide range of size, texture, and chemical zoning. Rutile is the dominant TiO2 polymorph in orogenic gold mineralization. Elemental plots and partial least square-discriminant analysis suggest that the composition of the country rocks exerts a strong control on concentrations of V, Nb, Ta, and Cr in rutile, whereas the metamorphic facies of the country rocks controls concentrations of V, Zr, Sc, U, rare earth elements, Y, Ca, Th, and Ba in rutile. The trace element composition of rutile in orogenic gold deposits can be distinguished from rutile in other deposit types and geologic settings. Elemental ratios Nb/V, Nb/Sb, and Sn/V differentiate the rutile trace element composition of orogenic gold deposits compared with those from other geologic settings and environments. A binary plot of Nb/V vs. W enables distinction of rutile in metamorphic-hydrothermal and hydrothermal deposits from rutile in magmatic-hydrothermal deposits and magmatic environments. The binary plot Nb/Sb vs. Sn/V distinguishes rutile in orogenic gold deposits from other geologic settings and environments. Results are used to establish geochemical criteria to constrain the source of rutile for indicator mineral surveys and potentially guide mineral exploration.
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Oeser, Martin, Ingo Horn, Ralf Dohmen, and Stefan Weyer. "Depth profile analyses by femtosecond laser ablation (multicollector) inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for resolving chemical and isotopic gradients in minerals." European Journal of Mineralogy 35, no. 5 (October 4, 2023): 813–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ejm-35-813-2023.
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Abstract. Femtosecond laser ablation (fs-LA) coupled to a multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) instrument has been proven to be a powerful means to analyze isotope ratios of “non-traditional” stable isotope systems with high spatial resolution, precision, and accuracy. The technique has been successfully applied, e.g., to investigate diffusion-generated isotopic zoning of the elements Li, Mg, and Fe in magmatic crystals. Here, we present a novel sampling technique employing a fs-LA system that is equipped with a computer numerical control (CNC) laser stage, using the open-source software LinuxCNC. Combining this laser set up with ICP-MS or MC-ICP-MS allows us to perform depth profile analyses of major and trace elements, respectively, as well as metal stable isotope variations of Fe and Mg in olivine crystals and in experimental diffusion couples. Samples are ablated in circular patterns with profile diameters of 100–200 µm using a laser spot size of 25–30 µm. Depending on the scan speed and the repetition rate of the laser, each ablated sample layer is between 300 nm and 3.0 µm thick. The integrated signal of one ablated layer represents one data point of the depth profile. We have tested this technique by analyzing 5–50 µm deep depth profiles (consisting of 15–25 individual layers) of homogeneous and chemically zoned olivine crystal cuboids. The minor and trace element analyses of the zoned cuboids, conducted by fs-LA-ICP-MS, were compared with “horizontal” profiles analyzed in polished sections of the cuboids with electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). Furthermore, we analyzed Fe–Mg isotopic depth profiles of the same cuboids with fs-LA-MC-ICP-MS, of which the chemically zoned ones also showed isotopic zoning at identical scales. Isotopic depth profiles were also conducted on an unzoned olivine cuboid that was coated with a 26Mg- and 56Fe-enriched olivine thin film (of ∼ 800 nm) in order to investigate top-to-bottom contamination during depth profiling. Our results indicate that (i) concentration data acquired by fs-LA depth profiling match well with EPMA data, (ii) precise and accurate Fe and Mg isotopic data can be obtained (i.e., precision and accuracy are ≤ 0.12 ‰ and ≤ 0.15 ‰ for both δ26Mg and δ56Fe, respectively), and (iii) potential top-to-bottom contamination during depth profiling of isotope ratios can be avoided. The technique presented herein is particularly suitable for the investigation of minerals or glasses with chemical and/or isotopic gradients (e.g., diffusion zoning) vertical to planar surfaces. It can also be applied in materials sciences in order to analyze thin films, coatings, or surface contaminations on solids.
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Su, Qiangwei, Jingwen Mao, Jia Sun, Linghao Zhao, and Shengfa Xu. "Geochemistry and Origin of Scheelites from the Xiaoyao Tungsten Skarn Deposit in the Jiangnan Tungsten Belt, SE China." Minerals 10, no. 3 (March 18, 2020): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10030271.
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The type, association, variations, and valence states of several metal elements of scheelite can trace the source and evolution of the ore-forming fluids. There are four types of scheelite from the Xiaoyao deposit: (1) scheelite intergrown with garnet in the proximal zone (Sch1a) and with pyroxene in the distal zone (Sch1b), (2) scheelite replaced Sch1a (Sch2a) and crystallized as rims around Sch1b (Sch2b), (3) quartz vein scheelite with oscillatory zoning (Sch3), and 4) scheelite (Sch4) within micro-fractures of Sch3. Substitutions involving Mo and Cd are of particular relevance, and both elements are redox-sensitive and oxidized Sch1a, Sch2b, Sch3 are Mo and Cd enriched, relatively reduced Sch1b, Sch2a, Sch4 are depleted Mo and Cd. Sch1a, Sch2a, Sch3, and Sch4 are characterized by a typical right-inclined rare earth element (REE) pattern, inherited from ore-related granodiorite and modified by the precipitation of skarn minerals. Sch1b and Sch2b are characterized by low light rare earth element/heavy rare earth element (LREE/HREE) ratios, influenced by a shift in fO2 during fluid-rock alteration. Sch1b, Sch2b and Sch3 have higher Sr contents than those of Sch1a and Sch2a, reveal that host-rock alteration and fluid–rock interaction have elevated Sr contents. The Y/Ho ratios of scheelite gradually increase from skarn to quartz vein stages, due to fluid fractionation caused by fluid–rock interaction. Thus, the variation in REE and trace elements in scheelite in time and space reflects a complex magmatic-hydrothermal process involving various fluid–rock interactions and fluid mixing.
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Andersen, Tom, and Marlina A. Elburg. "Open-system behaviour of detrital zircon during weathering: an example from the Palaeoproterozoic Pretoria Group, South Africa." Geological Magazine 159, no. 4 (December 14, 2021): 561–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001675682100114x.
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AbstractDetrital zircon in six surface samples of sandstone and contact metamorphic quartzite of the Magaliesberg and Rayton formations of the Pretoria Group (depositional age c. 2.20–2.06 Ga) show a major age fraction at 2.35–2.20 Ga, and minor early Palaeoproterozoic – Neoarchaean fractions. Trace-element concentrations vary widely, with Ti, Y and light rare earth elements (LREEs) spanning over three orders of magnitude. REE distribution patterns range from typical zircon patterns (LREE depletion, heavy REE enrichment, well-developed positive Ce and negative Eu anomalies) to patterns that are flat to concave downwards, with indistinct Ce and Eu anomalies. The change in REE pattern correlates with increases in alteration-sensitive parameters such as Ti concentration and (Dy/Sm) + (Dy/Nd), U–Pb discordance and content of common lead, and with a gradual washing-out of oscillatory zoning in cathodoluminescence images. U and Th concentrations also increase, but Th/U behaves erratically. Discordant zircon scatters along lead-loss lines to zero-age lower intercepts, suggesting that the isotopic and chemical variations are the results of disturbance long after deposition. The rocks sampled have been in a surface-near position (at least) since Late Cretaceous time, and exposed to deep weathering under intermittently hot and humid conditions. In this environment, even elements commonly considered as relatively insoluble could be mobilized locally, and taken up by radiation-damaged zircon. Such secondary alteration effects on U–Pb and trace elements can be expected in zircon in any ancient sedimentary rock that has been exposed to tropical–subtropical weathering, which needs to be considered when interpreting detrital zircon data.
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Zhang, Yu, Pete Hollings, Yongjun Shao, Dengfeng Li, Huayong Chen, and Hongbin Li. "Magnetite texture and trace-element geochemistry fingerprint of pulsed mineralization in the Xinqiao Cu-Fe-Au deposit, Eastern China." American Mineralogist 105, no. 11 (November 1, 2020): 1712–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2020-7414.
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Abstract The origin of stratabound deposits in the Middle-Lower Yangtze River Valley Metallogenic Belt (MLYRB), Eastern China, is the subject of considerable debate. The Xinqiao Cu-Fe-Au deposit in the Tongling ore district is a typical stratabound ore body characterized by multi-stage magnetite. A total of six generations of magnetite have been identified. Mt1 is commonly replaced by porous Mt2, and both are commonly trapped in the core of Mt3, which is characterized by both core-rim textures and oscillatory zoning. Porous Mt4 commonly truncates the oscillatory zoning of Mt3, and Mt5 is characterized by 120° triple junction texture. Mt1 to Mt5 are commonly replaced by pyrite that coexists with quartz, whereas Mt6, with a fine-grained foliated and needle-like texture, commonly cuts the early pyrite as veins and is replaced by pyrite that coexists with calcite. The geochemistry of the magnetite suggests that they are hydrothermal in origin. The microporosity of Mt2 and Mt4 magnetite, their sharp contacts with Mt1 and Mt3, and lower trace-element contents (e.g., Si, Ca, Mg, and Ti) than Mt1 and Mt3 suggest that they formed via coupled dissolution and reprecipitation of the precursor Mt1 and Mt3 magnetite, respectively. This was likely caused by high-salinity fluids derived from intensive water-rock interaction between the magmatic-hydrothermal fluids associated with the Jitou stock and Late Permian metalliferous black shales. The 120° triple junction texture of Mt5 suggests it is the result of fluid-assisted recrystallization, whereas Mt6 formed by replacement of hematite as a result of fracturing. The geochemistry of the magnetite suggests that the temperature increased from Mt2 to Mt3 and implies that there were multiple pulses of fluids from a magmatic-hydrothermal system. Therefore, we propose that the Xinqiao stratiform mineralization was genetically associated with multiple influxes of magmatic hydrothermal fluids derived from the Early Cretaceous Jitou stock. This study demonstrates that detailed texture examination and in situ trace-elements analysis under robust geological and petrographic frameworks can effectively constrain the mineralization processes and ore genesis.
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Hazarika, Pranjit, Biswajit Mishra, and Kamal Lochan Pruseth. "Trace-element geochemistry of pyrite and arsenopyrite: ore genetic implications for late Archean orogenic gold deposits in southern India." Mineralogical Magazine 81, no. 3 (June 2017): 661–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2016.080.128.
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AbstractThe distribution of Au and associated trace elements in pyrite and arsenopyrite from late Archean Hutti and Hira-Buddini orogenic gold deposits, eastern Dharwar Craton, southern India was investigated by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. X-ray element maps acquired by electron probe microanalyser reveal oscillatory zoning of Co and As indicating the crystallization of pyrite and arsenopyrite in an episodic fluid flow regime in which fluid salinity fluctuated due to fault-valve actions. The absence of any relationship between Au and As in pyrite obviate the role of As in the incorporation of Au into pyrite, particularly here and may be generally the case in orogenic gold deposits. On the other hand, positive correlations of Au with Cu, Ag and Te suggest possible influence of these chalcophile elements in the enhanced gold concentrationin sulfides. Pb-Bi-Te-Au-Ag bearing micro-particles (<2 μm) are observed exclusively in micro-fractures and pores in arsenopyrite. The absence of replacement features and element gradient suggests direct precipitation of Pb, Bi, Te, Au and Ag from a fluid that was unreactive towards arsenopyrite. An intermittent fall in fluid pressure caused by the fault-valve action would have resulted in the sporadic precipitation of Au, Pb, Ag, Bi and Te.
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Fedak, І. О., and Ya М. Koval. "Lithofacial Zoning of Producing Horizons of Oil and Gas Fields Using Artificial Neural." Prospecting and Development of Oil and Gas Fields, no. 1(74) (March 31, 2020): 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9973-2020-1(74)-96-105.
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The quality of an oil and gas field development project depends greatly on the accuracy of forecasting the processes that occur in the pore space of reservoirs during the extraction of hydrocarbons under certain technolo-gical conditions in production wells. The forecasting is possible if there is a geological model of the field. The more detailed the model is, the more accurate the prediction will be. The whole amount of information used to create a geological model of a field is of discrete nature, and its level of detail is determined by the number of wells that have discovered pay formations. One of the most important elements of the geological model is the nature of changes in reservoir properties of productive formations along their stretch and perpendicular to bedding. The creation of elements of this type requires information from laboratory studies of core material, interpretation of the wells logging results and methods for predicting the nature of changes in reservoir properties in the interwell space. The presence of these elements makes it possible to investigate the situation in which sedimentation (within the existing wells) took place and what types of facies the geological sections of the drilled producing intervals correspond to. Lithofacial zoning of the productive formation according to this information makes it possible to trace the regularities of distribution of facies of various types, to establish their mutual location, and accordingly to predict the nature of changes in reservoir properties in the interwell space. The lack of a sufficient amount of core material is a typical problem that makes it difficult to identify facies. There is another way to solve this problem – this is the identification of facies according to the morphology of logging curves. Nowadays, this problem is solved at a qualitative level. In this paper, it is proposed to apply a quantitative method for identifying facies using an artificial neural network. In particular, the morphology of curves is formalized by a number of parameters that form the input vector of an artificial neural network. At the output of the network, the clusters of logging curves with a similar morpho-logy are formed. The authors refer these clusters to a certain type of facies analytically. On the basis of the information obtained, lithofacial zoning of the productive formations is carried out.
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Piccoli, Philip, Philip Candela, and Mark Rivers. "Interpreting magmatic processes from accessory phases: titanite—a small-scale recorder of large-scale processes." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 91, no. 1-2 (2000): 257–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300007422.
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In this study we examined variations in ore and other trace-metal concentrations in titanite, a ubiquitous product of magmatic (and subsequent sub-solidus) crystallisation in oxidised silicic magmas. Accessory titanite occurs in the Tuolumne Intrusive Suite (TIS), Sierra Nevada Batholith, as euhedral to anhedral, poikilitic, or interstitial grains. Zoned crystals of titanite were analysed by electron microprobe and synchrotron X-ray fluorescence for major and trace elements. Backscatter electron images reveal zoning, with bright areas correlating positively with total REE concentrations. REE concentrations generally decrease toward the edge of titanite crystals; however, some crystals are reversely zoned, and others exhibit oscillatory or patchy zoning; some grains contain discrete anhedral cores. Most elements in magmatic titanite decrease in concentration towards crystal rims, independent of host rock composition.At least one major reduction event in the magma chamber(s) transiently stabilised ilmenite, now present only as inclusions in titanite, and resulted in a reduction in the REE concentration in titanite. We suggest the hypothesis that the reduction in the REE concentration in these zones is due to the diminished activity of the (REE)Fe3+Ca−1Ti−1exchange component; however, the scatter in the data, together with the operation of other exchange vectors for Fe and Al, did not allow us to test this hypothesis herein. Secondary (i.e. sub solidus, hydrothermal) titanite can be recognised on the basis of its chemistry, sometimes by its anhedral form, and by its position as an alteration rim around primary magmatic phases; however, secondary titanite growth on primary titanite crystals may be harder to discern. Secondary titanite rims on magnetite contain higher Cr, Zr and Mo, and lower REE, relative to magmatic titanite. U/Th ratios increase toward the rim of most titanite grains; however, Th decreases in concentration from core to rim. This is due, most likely, to complications resulting from the coupled substitutions necessary for replacement of Ca by tetravalent Th; factors of this sort are commonly overlooked in trace element analysis.The analysed titanites are from rocks of the normally zoned TIS which ranges in87Sr/86Sri, from 0·7059 (tonalite and quartz-diorite) to 0·7066 (granite). Many element ratios in the titanites exhibit little to no functional dependence on87Sr/86Sri. However, log Mo/W increases with increasing87Sr/86Sri, of the host unit from the equigranular quartz-diorite and tonalite, to the interior granodiorites, possibly reflecting the greater crustal contribution to the interior, more felsic units. Neither Mo nor W increase significantly from core to rim in titanite. If these trends are indicative of the general behaviour of these elements duringin-situfractionation, then these data suggest that Mo and W are not strongly incompatible, and indeed may behave compatibly, in some titaniteand magnetite-bearing granodioritic magmas.
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He, Xiaohu, Congfa Bao, Yongyan Lu, Nicole Leonard, Zheng Liu, and Shucheng Tan. "LA–ICP–MS U–Pb Dating, Elemental Mapping and In Situ Trace Element Analyses of Cassiterites from the Gejiu Tin Polymetallic Deposit, SW China: Constraints on the Timing of Mineralization and Precipitation Environment." Minerals 12, no. 3 (February 28, 2022): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12030313.
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As a major constituent in magmatic–hydrothermal ore deposits, cassiterites, with moderate amounts of U and low Pb, can be dated with U–Pb geochronology. The tetragonal lattice structure makes cassiterites capable of incorporating dozens of elements within its crystal lattice (e.g., Fe, Ti, W, Zr, Hf, Ta, Nb, Mn, Sc, V, and Sb). Variations of these elements record information of potential elemental substitution mechanisms and precipitation environments of cassiterites. In this study, we collected cassiterite grains from four different ore styles of the Gejiu tin polymetallic deposit to perform LA–ICP–MS U–Pb dating, multiple element mapping, and in situ trace element analysis on these cassiterites. Systematic U–Pb dating yielded Tera–Wasserburg lower intercepted ages at around 85 Ma, coinciding with zircon U–Pb ages of regional Late Yanshanian granitoids, within their respective analytical uncertainties. Such age coincidence, combined with the spatial association, suggests that tin mineralization may be genetically related to the Late Cretaceous granitic magmatism. Multielemental mapping shows that the distribution of Nb, Ta, and Ti in the cassiterite grains correlates well with the regular oscillatory zoning patterns in cathodoluminescence (CL) images. The relatively high Sb, Fe, W, Ga, and U concentrations control the dark luminescing domains in these cassiterite grains. The systematic variations in chemical compositions suggest that trace elements such as Sc, V, Fe, and Ga incorporate in cassiterites via coupled substitutions of Sc3+ + V5+ ↔ 2 (Sn, Ti)4+, Fe3+ + Ga5+ ↔ 2 (Sn, Ti)4+ and Fe3+ + OH– ↔ Sn4+ + O2– or Fe3+ + H+ ↔ Sn4+. The covariation of redox sensitive elements such as W, U, Fe, and Sb indicates that the ”tin-granite” type of cassiterites were formed under an oxidized state whereas cassiterites from skarn, massive sulfide, and oxidized ore styles were precipitated in a reducing environment.
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Janoušek, Vojtěch, Tomáš Navrátil, Jakub Trubač, Ladislav Strnad, František Laufek, and Luděk Minařík. "Distribution of elements among minerals of a single (muscovite-) biotite granite sample – an optimal approach and general implications." Geologica Carpathica 65, no. 4 (August 1, 2014): 257–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/geoca-2014-0017.
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Abstract The petrography and mineral chemistry of the coarse-grained, weakly porphyritic (muscovite-) biotite Říčany granite (Variscan Central Bohemian Plutonic Complex, Bohemian Massif) were studied in order to assess the distribution of major and trace elements among its minerals, with consequences for granite petrogenesis and availability of geochemical species during supergene processes. It is demonstrated that chemistry-based approaches are the best suited for modal analyses of granites, especially methods taking into account compositions of whole-rock samples as well as their mineral constituents, such as constrained least-squares algorithm. They smooth out any local variations (mineral zoning, presence of phenocrysts, schlieren…) and are robust in respect to the presence of phenocrysts or fabrics. The study confirms the notion that the accessory phases play a key role in incorporation of many elements during crystallization of granitic magmas. Especially the REE seem of little value in petrogenetic modelling, unless the role of accessories is properly assessed and saturation models for apatite, zircon, monazite±rutile carefully considered. At the same time, the presence of several P-, Zr- and LREE-bearing phases may have some important consequences for saturation thermometry of apatite, zircon and monazite.
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He, Lei, Ting Liang, Denghong Wang, Zheng Zhao, Bosheng Liu, Jinggang Gao, and Jubiao Cen. "Geochemical Characteristics of Garnet from Zinc–Copper Ore Bodies in the Changpo–Tongkeng Deposit and Its Geological Significance." Minerals 13, no. 7 (July 13, 2023): 937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13070937.
Full textAbstract:
The Changpo–Tongkeng tin polymetallic deposit in Dachang, Guangxi, is a world-class, superlarge, polymetallic tin deposit consisting of lower skarn zinc–copper ore bodies and upper tin polymetallic ore bodies. Garnet is the main gangue mineral in the skarn zinc–copper ore bodies and has a granular texture. Based on hand specimens and microscopic observations, the existing garnet can be divided into two generations: an early generation (Grt I) and a late generation (Grt II). The results of electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) in situ microanalysis show that the contents of SiO2 and CaO in the garnets from the two generations present limited variations, while the FeOT and Al2O3 contents vary significantly, indicating the grossular–andradite solid solution series (Gro29–82And12–69). Compared with Grt I (Gro72And25), Grt II (Gro39And59) is Fe-enriched and oscillatory zoning is developed. The total rare earth element (REE) contents in the two generations of garnet are relatively low, showing light rare earth element (LREE) depletion and heavy rare earth element (HREE) enrichment patterns. Grt II has higher REE content than Grt I and exhibits significant negative Eu anomalies (δEu = 0.18–0.44). The contents and variation characteristics of the major and trace elements in the two generations of garnet suggest that there were variable redox conditions and water/rock ratios in the hydrothermal system during the crystallization process of garnet. In the early stage, skarnization was in a relatively closed and low-oxygen fugacity system, with hydrothermal diffusion metasomatism being dominant, forming homogeneous Grt I lacking well-developed zoning. In the late stage of skarnization, the oxygen fugacity of the ore-forming fluids increased, with infiltration metasomatism being dominant, forming Grt II with well-developed oscillatory zoning. The contents of Sn, As, W, In, and Ge in the garnets are relatively high and increase with the proportion of andradite. Sn in zinc–copper ore bodies mainly exists in the form of isomorphic substitution in garnet, which may be the main reason for the lack of tin ore bodies during the skarn stage. This paper compares the trace element contents in garnets from domestic skarn deposits. The results indicate that the Sn content and δEu in garnet can be used to evaluate the tin-forming potential of skarn deposits.
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., Dac Xuan Ngo, Son Hai Trinh, Tin Duc Quach, Hung The Khuong, Thu Thi Le, Thoa Thi Hoang, and Giang Hoang Phan. "In situ U-Pb isotopic dating method on titanite, and application to determine REE-Fe-Cu mineralization age of the Sin Quyen deposit, Lao Cai province." Journal of Mining and Earth Sciences 64, no. 6 (December 1, 2023): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.46326/jmes.2023.64(6).06.
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Titanite (CaTiSiO5) is an important common accessory mineral in hydrothermal deposits, with appreciable amounts of U and Th incorporated into their structures for age dating. Titanite crystals are usually larger than zircon and monazite and may have zoning in texture and geochemistry which represent different parageneses likely related to multiple hydrothermal or mineralization events. In line with the development of laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) that has high sensitivity and spatial resolution, in-situ U-Pb isotopic dating method on titanite has become a powerful tool to investigate the ages of different zones from a mineral. Titanite typically accommodates a significant amount of Rare Earth Elements (REEs) and High Field Strength Elements (HFSEs) and the titanite generated from different origins exhibits distinct trace element geochemistry. Therefore, the trace element geochemistry of titanite can serve as an indicator of its formation environment. Titanite occurred in different mineralization stages of the Sin Quyen deposit, making it a suitable mineral for investigating the timing of mineralization. In this paper, we present the U-Pb age of titanite from different stages of the Sin Quyen deposit used to constrain the timing and origin of such events. The hydrothermal titanites are dated by in situ LA-ICP-MS technique and have U-Pb ages of 873±12 Ma and 844±12 Ma which indicate two mineralization/hydrothermal events at the same time, respectively. These ages from the Sin Quyen deposit are well correlated with regional tectono-thermal events during the long-lived Neoproterozoic subduction in the western Yangtze Block.
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Cherniak, D. J., and E. B. Watson. "Ti diffusion in feldspar." American Mineralogist 105, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 1040–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2020-7272.
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Abstract Chemical diffusion of Ti has been measured in natural K-feldspar and plagioclase. The sources of diffusant used were TiO2 powders or pre-annealed mixtures of TiO2 and Al2O3. Experiments were run in crimped Pt capsules in air or in sealed silica glass capsules with solid buffers (to buffer at NNO). Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) was used to measure Ti diffusion profiles. From these measurements, the following Arrhenius relations are obtained for diffusion normal to (001):For oligoclase, over the temperature range 750–1050 °C:DOlig=6.67×10-12exp(-207±31kJ/mol/RT)m2s-1For labradorite, over the temperature range 900–1150 °C:DLab=of4.37×10-14exp(-181±57kJ/mol/RT)m2s-1For K-feldspar, over the temperature range 800–1000 °C:DKsp=3.01×10-6exp(-342±47kJ/mol/RT)m2s-1. Diffusivities for experiments buffered at NNO are similar to those run in air, and the presence of hydrous species appears to have little effect on Ti diffusion. Ti diffusion also shows little evidence of anisotropy. In plagioclase, there appears to be a dependence of Ti diffusion on An content of the feldspar, with Ti diffusing more slowly in more calcic plagioclase. This trend is similar to that observed for other cations in plagioclase, including Sr, Pb, Ba, REE, Si, and Mg. In the case of Ti, an increase of 30% in An content would result in an approximate decrease in diffusivity of an order of magnitude. These data indicate that feldspar should be moderately retentive of Ti chemical signatures, depending on feldspar composition. Ti will be more resistant to diffusional alteration than Sr. For example, Ti zoning on a 50 μm scale in oligoclase would be preserved at 600 °C for durations of ~1 million years, with Sr zoning preserved only for ~70 000 yr at this temperature. These new data for a trace impurity that is relatively slow-diffusing and ubiquitous in feldspars (Hoff and Watson 2018) have the potential to extend the scope and applicability of t-T models for crustal rocks based on measurements of trace elements in feldspars.
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Zheng, Beiqi, and Meihua Chen. "Gem Elbaite as a Recorder of Pegmatite Evolution: In Situ Major, Trace Elements and Boron Isotope Analysis of a Colour-Zoning Tourmaline Crystal." Crystals 11, no. 11 (November 8, 2021): 1363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11111363.
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Few studies have focused on gem-quality tourmaline acting as a petrogenetic recorder, and the colour genesis of pink elbaite is still controversial. We carry out in situ major, trace element and boron isotope composition analyses on a single tourmaline crystal. This crystal is characterized by sudden transformation from colourless to pink, which can represent full pegmatite magma evolution. According to the analysis results, all spots are divided into alkali groups according to X-site occupancy and subdivided into elbaite series. The pink part accommodates higher concentrations of volatile and incompatible elements. The result is most consistent with successive pegmatite evolution in which the colourless part crystallized from the early stage, while the pink part crystallized from the late stage. The relatively consistent δ11B value between the colourless and the pink part suggests no fluid exsolution occurred during pegmatite evolution. The slight increase of δ11B values within the pink part and the colourless part may be due to mica crystallization. The combination of (Li++Mn2+) (Al3++Xvac)-1 and the exclusive positive linear relationship of Mn2+ vs. Ti4+ indicate that Mn2+ is the main cause of pink, while Mn2+-Ti4+ intervalence charge transfer also plays an important role.
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Ai Zamruddin, Nur Nadwa Syahirah, Nor Syazwani Zainal Abidin, Zakaria Endut, Charles Makoundi, Low Keng Lok, and Mohd Suhaili Ismail. "Trace Element Analysis of Pyrite and Arsenopyrite Using the LA-ICPMS Technique in Pulai, Central Belt of Peninsular Malaysia." Minerals 13, no. 8 (July 31, 2023): 1026. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13081026.
Full textAbstract:
The Pulai gold deposit is one of the most promising gold prospects in the Central Belt of Peninsular Malaysia. It is found within the Permian-Triassic Gua Musang sequence of metasediments and metavolcanics and in a structurally controlled NE-SW major fault. Various ore minerals, including pyrite, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, pyrrhotite, and galena are typically associated with this deposit. Four types of pyrite (Pyrite 1, Pyrite 2, Pyrite 3, and Pyrite 4) and two types of arsenopyrite (Arsenopyrite 1 and Arsenopyrite 2) were characterised based on their morphological and textural differences. In this region, gold occurs as refractory gold in the nanoparticle form and in the state of Au+ within the structure of sulphides of variable concentrations. Through the detailed laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) trace element mapping analysis of pyrite and arsenopyrite, the main Au-bearing sulphides were found within vein-hosted Pyrite 4 and Arsenopyrite 2 during late phase mineralisation, while Pyrite 3 had the lowest Au concentration. Two phases of Au enrichment were recorded in Pyrite 4, mainly in the core (2 to 11.7 ppm; average 1.4 ppm) and margin of the grain (0.3 to 8.8 ppm; average 1.2 ppm), whereas the highest Au content was detected in the core of Arsenopyrite 2 (0.3 to 137.1 ppm; mean 31.9 ppm). The enrichment of Au is associated with As, forming a zoning elemental pattern distribution. Other trace elements, including Co, Ni, Sb, Pb, Bi, Cu, and Zn, show systematic variation in their composition between the various types of pyrite and arsenopyrite. For early-phase sulphides, the Au enrichment localised at the margin of Pyrite 2 and Arsenopyrite 1, together with Co–Ni, Pb–Bi–Sb, and Ag in the same oriented pattern, suggesting the remobilisation and redistribution of Au in sulfides. Meanwhile, the late crystallisation phase of vein-hosted sulphides formed a rich Au–As ore zoning pattern in the core of Arsenopyrite 2 and Pyrite 4. The second phase of Au enrichment continued at the margin of Pyrite 4 through the remobilisation and precipitation of Au together with Ni, Co, Sb, Pb, Bi, Ag, and Cu. Subsequent deformation then reactivated the late fluid system with the enrichment of Sr, Ba, Rb, Ag, and Zn along the fractures and outermost rim of Pyrite 4 and Rb–Sr–Ba–Pb–Bi along the rim of Arsenopyrite 2. The Pulai gold prospect is interpreted as an orogenic-style gold mineralisation where arsenic can be used as an indicator for proximity to ore mineralisation in exploration.
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Kadetov, Nikita G., and Angelina E. Gnedenko. "SITES WITH INCREASED PHYTODIVERSITY IN THE FIRE-BURNED PART OF THE KERZHENSKY NATURE RESERVE: SIGNIFICANCE, ORIGIN, MAPPING." Географический вестник = Geographical bulletin, no. 3(58) (2021): 142–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2079-7877-2021-3-142-152.
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The position of the Nizhny Novgorod Trans-Volga region in vegetation zoning schemes has long been a subject of discussion, which is due to the peculiarities of its landscape structure and long-term anthropogenic impact. This study examines the role of areas of increased phytodiversity in the post-fire part of the Kerzhensky Nature Reserve as an important component of the communities’ recovery after fires, an also deals with their spatial structure and floristic composition. A combination of field observations (geobotanical descriptions, soil profiles) and cartographic materials were used as the main research methods. We have found that the studied complex of communities was formed along an ancient long hollow, within which, due to the peculiarities of the landscape structure, was formed environment with an increased content of trace elements in soils and a greater accumulation of snow, which determined the development of rich linden-pine forests. They reflect the zonal features of the vegetation in the sandy Trans-Volga region; their preservation and further study are necessary to understand the formation processes of the vegetation cover and landscapes of this territory.
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Henning, Sören, Torsten Graupner, Thomas Krassmann, Hans-Eike Gäbler, Simon Goldmann, Jolanta Kus, and Peter Onuk. "Processes of Enrichment of Trace Metals for High-Tech Applications in Hydrothermal Veins of the Ruhr Basin and the Rhenish Massif, Germany." Canadian Mineralogist 60, no. 6 (November 1, 2022): 881–912. http://dx.doi.org/10.3749/canmin.2100053.
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ABSTRACT The increasing demand for high-tech trace elements supports the need for systematic investigations of their primary occurrences. Mineralogy and trace element characteristics of hydrothermal base-metal veins from the Ruhr Basin (Ruhrgebiet) and the Rhenish Massif (Bergisches Land) in Germany were studied by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence mapping, laser ablation-ICP-mass spectrometry, and electron microprobe analyses. Quantitative trace element analysis proves elevated concentrations of Ge and Ga in sphalerite from the Ruhrgebiet. In addition to about 6 Mt of sphalerite-dominated ore, a potential of about 10 t of Ge is indicated to be concentrated in the Auguste Victoria and Graf-Moltke base-metal deposits in the Ruhrgebiet. Assessments on physicochemical fluid properties and metal sources using vitrinite reflectance analysis and host rock investigation indicate a genetic link between the Carboniferous carbonaceous rocks (hosting a number of coal seams) and significant trace metal enrichment in the veins. Gallium enrichment, outlining primary growth zones in ore stage 1 sphalerite, is facilitated by the alteration of Al-bearing minerals in adjacent host rocks due to intense fluid/rock interaction. Reduced Ga and very low In concentrations in ore stage 2 may reflect sealed fluid pathways or changes in the fluid properties. The high level of organic matter in the system probably supported enrichment of Ge in the hydrothermal fluids. The constantly high levels of fixation of Ge in sector zoning patterns of the sphalerite during both ore stages indicate a continuous supply. Elevated contents of Sb together with Cu, As, and Pb in sectors of the sphalerite grains point to a local enrichment of nanometer-scale inclusions of sulfosalt-like phases. Sphalerite of both districts and even of the two ore stages in the Ruhrgebiet shows variations in δ34S isotope compositions due to varying sulfur sources. Both the host rock composition and the presence of organic matter contributed to the trace metal enrichment in the Ruhrgebiet base-metal sulfides as compared to the low contents typical of base-metal ore from the Bergisches Land.
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Savonina, E. Yu, O. N. Katasonova, and T. A. Maryutina. "Extraction concentrating of the acid-soluble forms of rare earth elements from oils of the Volga-Ural oil and gas province using rotating coiled columns." Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials 87, no. 12 (December 18, 2021): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2021-87-12-5-10.
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Trace elements in oils are the natural markers of the oil origin of and the mechanism of oil genesis. Direct determination of rare earth elements (REE) in crude oils is rather difficult due to their low concentrations (10–6 wt. %). Information about the forms of trace elements in oils is of particular interest. The goal of the study is determination of the content of acid-soluble forms of REE in oils from various fields of the Volga-Ural oil and gas province. Six samples of oils of heavy and medium density and viscosity were analyzed. Extraction of acid-soluble forms of REE was carried out using rotating coiled columns in 0.5 M aqueous solution of nitric acid. Toluene was used to dilute the oils up to the necessary values of the density and viscosity providing the possibility of extraction in the system aqueous acid solution – oil. The content of REE was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry on an Agilent 7900 spectrometer. Their content in an acid-soluble form in oil samples under study ranged within 172 – 2173 ng/kg. Such a wide range of values is attributed to the difference in the geology and age of deposit formation. The highest content of acid-soluble forms of REE (2173 ng/kg) was observed in the oil sample from the Novo-Elkhovsky field, whereas the lowest value (172 ng/kg) was measured in the oil sample of the Pioneer field. It is shown that the content of acid-soluble forms of REE depends on tectonic zoning, productive horizons and layers, as well as on the physical and chemical properties of oils. The distribution of acid-soluble forms of light and heavy REE was evaluated. Most of the REE (75 – 99%) determined in the analyzed oil samples are light REE. It is noted that systematization of the data on the properties of oils, geological and geochemical characteristics of the deposits will provide reliable forecasting of the various forms of REE present in oils.
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Li, Wurui, Bo Xu, Zhuang Miao, Zheyi Zhao, and Hangyu Liu. "Exploring the CAM18 Crystal as a Potential Reference Material for U–Pb Analysis of Zircon." Crystals 13, no. 9 (September 11, 2023): 1364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst13091364.
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In the process of in situ zircon U–Pb dating, it is an effective means to overcome the matrix effect by using a matrix-matched external reference material. However, the limited number of available zircon reference materials still makes it difficult to meet the research needs. In this paper, we performed a preliminary analysis of the gemological characteristics, trace elements and U–Pb ages of natural zircon CAM18 to assess its suitability as a reference material for laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) U–Pb dating. This tawny, gem-quality zircon has no visible inclusions and weighs approximately 0.55 g. Its density, full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the Raman peak and alpha flux (Dα) indicate that the sample has suffered mild-to-moderate radiation damage without any thermal treatment. The LA-ICP-MS U–Pb dating results reveal that the trace elements content and U–Pb ages of the sample are fairly homogeneous at the 50 μm scale, and there is no obvious loss of radiogenic Pb. The 206Pb/238U age (571.0 ± 3.0 Ma, 2s) and 207Pb/235U age (573.4 ± 6.0 Ma, 2s) are consistent within the analytical uncertainty, and the calculated concordia age is 571.4 ± 1.4 Ma (2s, n = 20). The variation in the 206Pb/238U ages is small, with a measurement repeatability of 0.46% (RSD), which is within the uncertainty of the age accuracy obtained by LA-ICP-MS. The oscillatory zoning, Th/U ratio (0.2) and chondrite-normalized rare-earth element (REE) pattern imply a magmatic origin of zircon CAM18. The Ti-in-zircon temperature ranges from 714 to 742 °C, and the oxygen fugacity ranges from ΔFMQ−2.87 to ΔFMQ−3.17, suggesting that it is crystallized in a reducing environment. All the results show that zircon CAM18 may has great potential in LA-ICP-MS U–Pb dating.
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Sutherland, Frederick, Khin Zaw, Sebastien Meffre, Jay Thompson, Karsten Goemann, Kyaw Thu, Than Nu, Mazlinfalina Zin, and Stephen Harris. "Diversity in Ruby Geochemistry and Its Inclusions: Intra- and Inter- Continental Comparisons from Myanmar and Eastern Australia." Minerals 9, no. 1 (January 5, 2019): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9010028.
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Ruby in diverse geological settings leaves petrogenetic clues, in its zoning, inclusions, trace elements and oxygen isotope values. Rock-hosted and isolated crystals are compared from Myanmar, SE Asia, and New South Wales, East Australia. Myanmar ruby typifies metasomatized and metamorphic settings, while East Australian ruby xenocrysts are derived from basalts that tapped underlying fold belts. The respective suites include homogeneous ruby; bi-colored inner (violet blue) and outer (red) zoned ruby; ruby-sapphirine-spinel composites; pink to red grains and multi-zoned crystals of red-pink-white-violet (core to rim). Ruby ages were determined by using U-Pb isotopes in titanite inclusions (Thurein Taung; 32.4 Ma) and zircon inclusions (Mong Hsu; 23.9 Ma) and basalt dating in NSW, >60–40 Ma. Trace element oxide plots suggest marble sources for Thurein Taung and Mong Hsu ruby and ultramafic-mafic sources for Mong Hsu (dark cores). NSW rubies suggest metasomatic (Barrington Tops), ultramafic to mafic (Macquarie River) and metasomatic-magmatic (New England) sources. A previous study showed that Cr/Ga vs. Fe/(V + Ti) plots separate Mong Hsu ruby from other ruby fields, but did not test Mogok ruby. Thurein Taung ruby, tested here, plotted separately to Mong Hsu ruby. A Fe-Ga/Mg diagram splits ruby suites into various fields (Ga/Mg < 3), except for magmatic input into rare Mogok and Australian ruby (Ga/Mg > 6). The diverse results emphasize ruby’s potential for geographic typing.
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Nguyen, Niem Van, Dung Tien Nguyen, Duan Tran, Tu Trong Mai, Nguyen Duc Do, Hieu Cong Duong, and Viet Huu Bui Thanh Hung Pham. "Geochemical - geology characteristics implicating original sources and copper - deposit type in Kon Ra ore - field." Journal of Mining and Earth Sciences 62, no. 5 (October 31, 2021): 12–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.46326/jmes.2021.62(5).02.
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Based on the research results on petrographic - mineralogical characteristics, tectonic structural features, geochemistry of major and trace elements of the bedrock, alternative rock, ore, soil, mineralogical geochemistry, mineral facies, inclusions, the origin of ore formation related to oxidized granite and skarnoid - typed metasomatic process in Kon Ra copper ore field have been identified. Petrological and mineral characteristics indicate the process of transitional metasomatism between the skarn and hornfels, also known as bimetasomatic stage (skarnoid deposit type). Diopxite represents the Progade skarnoid stage. Tremolite, actinolite, quartz, chlorite, magnetite, molybdenite, less of chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, and pyrite indicate the retrogade skarnoid stage. The following is sulfide - quartz stage (major minerals include: quartz, chalcopyrite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, molybdenite). This result is also consistent with the formation temperature 210÷270 0C and the geochemical zoning of elements from intrusive blocks through the outer contact zone that contains the ore and surrounding rocks are as follows: Cu, Zn, Ca (the zone has lime-rich formations), Fe3+, Mo increases in the outer contact zone containing ore closed to acid intrusive rocks. Inversely, the ratios of Pb/Cu, Zn/Cu, and As content increased in the alteration from this zone to the outer one. In addition, uranium mineralization is associated with a later magma stage (pegmatite granite in endo-contact is high uranium radiation: U = 0.17÷0.2%, 3,420,000÷8,020,000 µR/h and contains uraninite).
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Di Muro, A., E. Bonaccorsi, and C. Principe. "Complex colour and chemical zoning of sodalite-group phases in a haüynophyre lava from Mt. Vulture, Italy." Mineralogical Magazine 68, no. 4 (August 2004): 591–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0026461046840206.
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AbstractThe haüynophyre emitted from a parasitic vent of the Vulture stratovolcano is a S- and Cl-rich, leucitemelilite- bearing lava flow containing an unusually large amount of sodalite-group minerals (>23 vol.%). Mineralogical and chemical study of phenocrysts has led to the identification of black haüynes, blue lazurites and of Cl-rich white or black noseans. X-ray diffraction (XRD) study confirms the occurrence of nosean having a low symmetry (P23). Raman spectra and XRD data show that S is fully oxidized to SO4 in black haüynes and in white noseans, while it is partly reduced to form S3– groups in blue lazurites, which also contain H2O molecules. Structural and chemical data strongly question the validity of the Hogarth and Griffin (1976) method widely used to resolve the ratio S6+/S2– in sodalite-group phases from EMPA data. Among euhedral phenocrysts, large lazurites are only faintly zoned. All other phases show variable core-rim chemical zoning and many phenocrysts are partially resorbed and/or colour-zoned. Black haüynes have highly variable S/Cl and slightly lower SiO2/Al2O3 ratios, larger FeTOT contents and more compatible trace elements than lazurites. Thin opaque noseansodalite rims surrounding all crystals are interpreted as a result of rapid crystallization driven by exsolution of a S-scavenging fluid phase. We suggest that the extreme complexity of the mineralogical assemblage reflects variable aSiO2 and aH2O of the silicate melts.
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Liu, Zhen-Jun, Li-Qiang Yang, Dong Xie, Wei Yang, Da-Peng Li, Tao Feng, and Jun Deng. "Hydrothermal Alteration Processes of Xincheng Gold Deposit Jiaodong Peninsula, China: Constraints from Composition of Hydrothermal Rutile." Minerals 14, no. 4 (April 18, 2024): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min14040417.
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Delineating the process of hydrothermal alteration is crucial for effectively enhancing exploration strategies and better understanding the gold mineralization process. Rutile, with its capacity to accommodate a wide range of trace elements including high-field-strength elements and base metals, serves as a reliable fluid tracer in ore systems. As one of the most significant gold ore concentrations globally, Jiaodong boasts a gold reserve exceeding 5500 t. The Xincheng gold deposit is a world-class high-grade mine, boasting a proven gold reserve exceeding 200 t, and stands as one of the largest altered-type gold deposits in the vast gold province of the Jiaodong Peninsula, Eastern China. In this study, rutile (Rt1,2,3) was identified in the K-feldspar alteration, sericitization, and pyrite–sericite–quartz alteration stages of the Xincheng gold deposit in Jiaodong based on petrographic characteristics. Rt1 coexists with hydrothermal K-feldspar and quartz, while Rt2 coexists with minerals such as sericite, quartz, muscovite, and pyrite. Rt3 is widely distributed in hydrothermal veins and is primarily associated with minerals including quartz, pyrite, chalcopyrite, and sericite. Raman spectroscopy, EPMA, and LA-ICP-MS analysis were conducted to investigate the characteristics and evolution of altered hydrothermal fluids. This study indicates that the Zr vs. W and Nb/V vs. W diagrams suggest that Rt1 is of magmatic–hydrothermal origin, while Rt2 and Rt3 are of metamorphic–hydrothermal origin. Notably, the W content in Rt2 and Rt3 is significantly higher than in Rt1 (<100 ppm), suggesting a close relationship between the W content in rutile and mineralization. The three types of rutile exhibit significantly different concentrations of trace elements such as W, V, Nb, Zr, Sn, and Fe, displaying distinct bright spots and elemental zoning characteristics in backscattered electron images and surface scans. These features arise from the isomorphic substitution of Ti4+. While Rt1 exhibits no significant element exchange with the hydrothermal fluids, Rt2 and Rt3 show a stronger substitution of W, Nb, V, and Fe, indicating a gradual enrichment of F and Cl in the fluids. This process activates and transports these elements into the fluids, leading to their continuous accumulation within the system. From Rt1 to Rt3, the increasing concentrations of Fe and W, along with the negative Eu anomaly, suggest a decrease in fluid temperature and oxygen fugacity during the alteration and mineralization process. The gradual increase in the contents of REEs and high-field-strength elements such as W, V, Nb, and Sn indicates that the hydrothermal fluids are enriched in F and Cl, exhibiting weak acidity. The nature of the fluids during hydrothermal alteration is closely related to the composition of rutile, making it a promising tool for studying hydrothermal alteration and related mineralization processes.