Relevant bibliographies by topics / Toxoid

Academic literature on the topic 'Toxoid'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Toxoid"

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Ruan, Xiaosai, Donald C. Robertson, James P. Nataro, John D. Clements, and Weiping Zhang. "Characterization of Heat-Stable (STa) Toxoids of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Fused to Double Mutant Heat-Labile Toxin Peptide in Inducing Neutralizing Anti-STa Antibodies." Infection and Immunity 82, no. 5 (February 18, 2014): 1823–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01394-13.

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ABSTRACTA long-standing challenge in developing vaccines against enterotoxigenicEscherichia coli(ETEC), the most common bacteria causing diarrhea in children of developing countries and travelers to these countries, is to protect against heat-stable toxin type Ib (STa or hSTa). STa and heat-labile toxin (LT) are virulence determinants in ETEC diarrhea. LT antigens are often used in vaccine development, but STa has not been included because of its poor immunogenicity and potent toxicity. Toxic STa is not safe for vaccines, but only STa possessing toxicity is believed to be able to induce neutralizing antibodies. However, recent studies demonstrated that nontoxic STa derivatives (toxoids), after being fused to an LT protein, induced neutralizing antibodies and suggested that different STa toxoids fused to an LT protein might exhibit different STa antigenic propensity. In this study, we selected 14 STa toxoids from a mini-STa toxoid library based on toxicity reduction and reactivity to anti-native STa antibodies, and genetically fused each toxoid to a monomeric double mutant LT (dmLT) peptide for 14 STa-toxoid-dmLT toxoid fusions. These toxoid fusions were used to immunize mice and were characterized for induction of anti-STa antibody response. The results showed that different STa toxoids (in fusions) varied greatly in anti-STa antigenicity. Among them, STaN12S, STaN12T, and STaA14Hwere the top toxoids in inducing anti-STa antibodies.In vitroneutralization assays indicated that antibodies induced by the 3×STaN12S-dmLT fusion antigen exhibited the greatest neutralizing activity against STa toxin. These results suggested 3×STaN12S-dmLT is a preferred fusion antigen to induce an anti-STa antibody response and provided long-awaited information for effective ETEC vaccine development.
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Zhang, Weiping, Chengxian Zhang, David H. Francis, Ying Fang, David Knudsen, James P. Nataro, and Donald C. Robertson. "Genetic Fusions of Heat-Labile (LT) and Heat-Stable (ST) Toxoids of Porcine Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Elicit Neutralizing Anti-LT and Anti-STa antibodies." Infection and Immunity 78, no. 1 (October 26, 2009): 316–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00497-09.

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ABSTRACT Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains are a major cause of diarrheal disease in humans and farm animals. E. coli fimbriae, or colonization factor antigens (CFAs), and enterotoxins, including heat-labile enterotoxins (LT) and heat-stable enterotoxins (ST), are the key virulence factors in ETEC diarrhea. Unlike fimbriae or LT, STa has not often been included as an antigen in development of vaccines against ETEC diarrhea because of its poor immunogenicity. STa becomes immunogenic only after being coupled with a strongly immunogenic carrier protein. However, native or shorter STa antigens either had to retain toxic activity in order to become antigenic or elicited anti-STa antibodies that were not sufficiently protective. In this study, we genetically mutated the porcine LT (pLT) gene for a pLT192(R→G) toxoid and the porcine STa (pSTa) gene for three full-length pSTa toxoids [STa11(N→K), STa12(P→F), and STa13(A→Q)] and used the full-length pLT192 as an adjuvant to carry the pSTa toxoid for pLT192:pSTa-toxoid fusion antigens. Rabbits immunized with pLT192:pSTa12 or pLT192:pSTa13 fusion protein developed high titers of anti-LT and anti-STa antibodies. Furthermore, rabbit antiserum and antifecal antibodies were able to neutralize purified cholera toxin (CT) and STa toxin. In addition, preliminary data suggested that suckling piglets born by a sow immunized with the pLT192:pSTa13 fusion antigen were protected when challenged with an STa-positive ETEC strain. This study demonstrated that pSTa toxoids are antigenic when fused with a pLT toxoid and that the elicited anti-LT and anti-STa antibodies were protective. This fusion strategy could provide instructive information to develop effective toxoid vaccines against ETEC-associated diarrhea in animals and humans.
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Rahman M, S., K. Baek B, T. Hong S, and H. Lee J. "Antibody responses in buffalos immunized with Clostridium perfringens beta and epsilon toxoids." Veterinární Medicína 46, No. 9–10 (January 1, 2001): 241–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7886-vetmed.

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The antibody responses to toxoids were measured to investigate whether Clostridium perfringens beta and epsilon toxoids induced protective humoral immune responses in buffalos. Total of 24 buffalos were divided into 4 groups (n = 6), beta toxoid, epsilon toxoid, combination and control groups. These buffalo groups were administered each of the designated toxoids. Immunizations in the beta and epsilon toxoid groups induced strong antibody responses. The neutralizing antibody titres from the beta and epsilon toxoid groups were equally log101.2 on day 21 after inoculation whereas there was no antibody titre detected from the control group. A statistically significant (P < 0.01) increase in antibody titre was observed from day 0 to day 14 and 21 after inoculation. The antibody production did not vary significantly due to day of inoculation and toxoid interactions.
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Keller, James E. "Characterization of New Formalin-Detoxified Botulinum Neurotoxin Toxoids." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 15, no. 9 (July 30, 2008): 1374–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00117-08.

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ABSTRACT Antigenicities of several formalin-detoxified botulinum neurotoxin preparations were measured by inhibition and sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and immunogenicity was studied in mice. The toxoids were derived primarily from the serotype A 150-kDa neurotoxin protein, while one toxoid was derived from the naturally occurring 900-kDa toxin-hemagglutinin complex. Antigenicity was severely compromised in two commercially available toxoids. A variety of new toxoids were synthesized in-house by optimizing formaldehyde reaction conditions. Three of the resulting toxoids were found to be antigenically identical to the native toxin, as measured by inhibition ELISA, in spite of showing a reduction of toxicity by more than 100,000-fold. Sandwich ELISAs indicated that the in-house toxoids were two- to threefold less antigenic than the neurotoxin compared to commercial toxoids, which were about 100-fold less antigenic. Mice were immunized twice, on day 0 and day 14. By day 28, relatively high toxin-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers were detected in animals that had received any of the in-house toxoids, with greater than 99% being IgG1 and the remainder being IgG2. These immunized mice remained asymptomatic after being challenged with 50 to 1,000,000 50% lethal dose (LD50) units of the 900-kDa neurotoxin. In contrast, animals immunized with several different batches of commercially available toxoids did not develop measurable toxin-specific antibody titers. However, these mice survived neurotoxin challenges with 2 LD50 units but died when challenged with 6 LD50 units. Neutralizing titers measured from pools of sera generated with the in-house toxoid preparations ranged from 2.5 to 5 U/ml. In terms of predicting immunogenicity, inhibition ELISAs comparing each formalin toxoid to the parent toxin provided good insight for screening the new toxoids as well as for estimating their relative in vivo potencies. Inhibition ELISA data indicate that those toxoids that most closely resemble the native toxin are highly immunogenic and protective. The superior quality of these new toxoids makes them useful tools for continued use in ELISA development and for antitoxin production.
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Held, Daniel M., Amy C. Shurtleff, Scott Fields, Christopher Green, Julie Fong, Russell G. A. Jones, Dorothea Sesardic, Roland Buelow, and Rae Lyn Burke. "Vaccination of Rabbits with an Alkylated Toxoid Rapidly Elicits Potent Neutralizing Antibodies against Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype B." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 17, no. 6 (April 21, 2010): 930–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00493-09.

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ABSTRACT New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits were immunized with several different nontoxic botulinum neurotoxin serotype B (BoNT/B) preparations in an effort to optimize the production of a rapid and highly potent, effective neutralizing antibody response. The immunogens included a recombinant heavy chain (rHc) protein produced in Escherichia coli, a commercially available formaldehyde-inactivated toxoid, and an alkylated toxoid produced by urea-iodoacetamide inactivation of the purified active toxin. All three immunogens elicited an antibody response to BoNT/B, detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and by toxin neutralization assay, by the use of two distinct mouse toxin challenge models. The induction period and the ultimate potency of the observed immune response varied for each immunogen, and the ELISA titer was not reliably predictive of the potency of toxin neutralization. The kinetics of the BoNT/B-specific binding immune response were nearly identical for the formaldehyde toxoid and alkylated toxoid immunogens, but immunization with the alkylated toxoid generated an approximately 10-fold higher neutralization potency that endured throughout the study, and after just 49 days, each milliliter of serum was capable of neutralizing 107 50% lethal doses of the toxin. Overall, the immunization of rabbits with alkylated BoNT/B toxoid appears to have induced a neutralizing immune response more rapid and more potent than the responses generated by vaccination with formaldehyde toxoid or rHc preparations.
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Griffiths, G. D., C. D. Lindsay, A. C. Allenby, S. C. Bailey, J. W. Scawin, P. Rice, and D. G. Upshall. "Protection against inhalation toxicity of ricin and abrin by immunisation." Human & Experimental Toxicology 14, no. 2 (February 1995): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719501400201.

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1 Abrin and ricin are highly toxic plant proteins which are very similar in structure and function and inhibit protein synthesis in eukaryotes. 2 Rats have been immunised against either toxin using formaldehyde-toxoids by three subcutaneous injections at intervals of 3 weeks. For abrin, serum titres in 14 out of 15 rats were raised to between 1 : 12800 and 1 : 51200 after two injections, 6 weeks from the start of the experiment. Titres of between 1 : 256 and 1 : 1024 were also measured in lung washes after challenge with active abrin toxin. 3 The three major antibody classes, IgG, IgM and IgA were present in the immune sera but IgG and IgA only were detected in lung washes. The proportion of IgA to IgG was higher in the lung fluid than in sera. Rats immunised by abrin toxoid were protected against 5 LCt50's of abrin by inhalation but others exposed to ricin were not. 4 For ricin, serum titres ranged from 1 : 800 to 1 : 25600 after two injections and after a third injection the titre range was the same but population samples were weighted towards the higher titres. All rats immunised with ricin toxoid survived the challenge of 5 LCt50's of ricin toxin by inhalation over the observation period of 28 days post-challenge. 5 Representative immunised rats (abrin toxoid) were taken at various times post-exposure, humanely killed and tissues were examined for pathological changes. It was concluded that an apparently severe lung lesion occurred at a later time than in non-immunised, toxin challenged rats. This damage was not lethal over the experimental observation periods. 6 Immunisation by the sub-cutaneous route therefore protects against lethality from challenge by inhalation of ricin or abrin toxins but does not prevent significant lung damage.
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&NA;. "Tetanus toxoid." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1216 (August 2008): 32–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200812160-00087.

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&NA;. "Tetanus toxoid." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 460 (July 1993): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199304600-00049.

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&NA;. "Tetanus toxoid." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 364 (August 1991): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199103640-00057.

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&NA;. "Tetanus toxoid." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 518 (September 1994): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199405180-00046.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Toxoid"

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Michaelides, Alecos. "Chemical and enzymatic fragmentation of tetanus toxin and immunological studies on anti-tetanus toxin and toxoid sera." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/9661.

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This thesis describes the immunization protocols for the production of antibodies against tetanus toxin and toxoid in guinea pigs and mice. Antibodies were successfully raised against the toxin without mortalities in either species. The murine sera obtained, were isotyped by ELISA and the toxin was proven to be a superior antigen in eliciting production of IgG$\rm\sb{2a}$ and IgG$\sb3$. The two isotypes which have demonstrated antitumor activity. The anti-toxoid sera exhibited a lower reactivity towards the toxin and toxoid when compared with anti-toxin sera. The reactivity of recombinant tetanus toxin fragment C was studied and the results indicated that in the murine serum, 72% of anti-toxin or anti-toxoid antibodies were directed against epitopes on fragment C. The study of the guinea pig sera suggested that similar to mouse serum, it can develop in response to toxin as an antigen, antibodies against toxin which are mostly directed against the fragment C portion. On the other hand. guinea pigs seem to respond to the toxoid as an antigen by producing antibodies to more than fragment C. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Sheppard, A. J. "Studies on production and characterisation of monoclonal antibodies to tetanus toxin, and their use for developing immunopurified tetanus toxoid and toxin." Thesis, Open University, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235280.

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Nijland, Reindert. "Heterologous expression and secretion of Clostridium perfringens [beta]-toxoid by Bacillus subtilis." [S.l. : Groningen : s.n. ; University Library Groningen] [Host], 2007. http://irs.ub.rug.nl/ppn/301153868.

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Harrington, Noel P. "Suppression of murine splenic mononuclear cell response to mitogen by irradiation and tetanus toxoid: A study of possible mechanisms." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6528.

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This study examines the possible mechanisms by which radiation and the bacterial toxin, Tetanus toxoid (TT), suppress the murine splenic mononuclear cell (SMNC) response to mitogen. This study demonstrates that the lymphocyte proliferation response of SMNC to the mitogenic lectin PHA can be suppressed by TT in a dose-dependant manner in vitro, without affecting the viability of the cells, in the anti-proliferative concentrations used (0.5-5 $\mu$g/ml). SMNC pre-incubated with TT could suppress the pHA blastogenic response of fresh autologous cells during co-incubation suggestion the involvement of activated suppressor cells. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that TT does not produce an alteration in the cellular balance, indicating that the suppression would appear to be dependant upon a change in T cell function. TT down-regulated the expression of class II MHC antigens on antigen-presenting cells which may represent an inappropriate costimulatory signal required for T cell activation. Whole body irradiation has been reported to induce active immune suppression. In the present study, ionizing radiation (0-700 cGy) produced decreased spleen cellularity and decreased ability of surviving SMNC to respond to mitogen. There was no evidence, however, to indicate that irradiation (100 cGy) activated suppressor cells during the first 7 days post-irradiation. Similarly, radiation did not seem to interact with TT to increase the amount of TT-induced suppression. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Stefanovic, Helen. "Suppression of human peripheral blood mononuclear cell response to mitogen by tetanus toxoid. A study of the possible mechanisms." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/7603.

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Previous studies have shown that certain antigens can down-regulate immune responses of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) both in vivo and in vitro. This study demonstrates that tetanus toxoid (TT), in a dose-dependent fashion, suppresses the induction of a blastogenic response of PBMC by phytohemagglutinin (PHA), monoclonal anti-CD3, and anti-CD4 antibody. Pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-induction of IgG and IgM is suppressed as well. The suppression is partially reversed by indomethacin and IL-2, but not by IL-1 or tumor necrosis factor (TNF-$\alpha$). PBMC pre-incubated with TT could suppress the PHA blastogenic response of fresh autologous cells during co-incubation. The removal of CD4$\sp+$ cells prior to induction of suppression greatly diminished the suppression of PHA blastogenic response, whereas the elimination of CD8$\sp+$ cells had no effect. Therefore it is concluded that TT induces non-specific suppressor cells that can strongly dampen mitogenic responses, and that CD4$\sp+$ cells plays an important role in this suppression. CD4 $\sp+$ cell, together with monocytes, may suppress mitogenic responses involving a prostaglandin-dependent pathway.
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Bartels, Britta Marlen [Verfasser], and Carsten [Akademischer Betreuer] Bokemeyer. "Erfassung von Tetanus-Toxoid- und Influenza-Nukleoprotein-spezifischen Antikörpern bei Patienten mit multiplem Myelom / Britta Marlen Bartels. Betreuer: Carsten Bokemeyer." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1021499935/34.

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Gatsos, Xenia, and xgatsos@optusnet com au. "The development of live vectored vaccines targeting the alpha-toxin of Clostridium perfringens for the prevention of necrotic enteritis in poultry." RMIT University. Applied Sciences, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080212.142403.

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The ƒÑ-toxin of Clostridium perfringens is a toxin involved in numerous diseases of humans and agriculturally important animals. One of these diseases is necrotic enteritis (NE), a sporadic enteric disease which affects avian species world-wide. This study involved the inactivation of alpha-toxin (ƒÑ-toxin) for use as a potential vaccine candidate to combat NE in chickens, and other diseases caused by C. perfringens type A. During the course of this research a number of ƒÑ-toxin recombinant proteins were developed through molecular inactivation of the ƒÑ-toxin gene, plc. Proteins plc316 and plc204 were developed by the deletion of the first three and seven ƒÑ-helices of the N-terminal domain respectively. These deletions resulted in proteins which were unstable in solution, constantly aggregated into insoluble masses and elicited lower overall antibody responses when administered to mice. A third protein, plcInv3 was developed from the deletion of part of the catalytic domain of the ƒÑ-toxin. PlcInv3 was highly soluble and upon immunisation of mice elicited a significant antibody response which was also capable of protecting mice against a live challenge of C. perfringens. The fourth and final protein developed was plc104. The smallest of the recombinant ƒÑ-toxin proteins, it consisted entirely of the C-terminal domain of ƒÑ-toxin. Its small size did not affect its ability to induce a strong antibody response when administered to mice, the antibodies of which were also protective during a challenge with C. perfringens. STM1, an attenuated strain of S. Typhimurium was used in the development of a vectored vaccine for the expression and oral delivery of plcInv3 and plc104 within the mouse host. The proteins were expressed within STM1 from expression plasmids containing the in vivo inducible promoters PhtrA and PpagC. A measurable humoral immune response against ƒÑ-toxin was absent following three oral vaccinations with the vectored vaccines, although, cytokine profiling of splenocytes from vaccinated mice revealed an increase in the number of interleukin-4 (IL-4)secreting cells and the lack of interferon-gamma (IFN-ƒ×) secreting cells. This indicated the stimulation of a T-helper type 2 (TH2) immune response which also lead to partial protection against a live C. perfringens challenge. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using STM1 as a carrier for the in vivo expression of the C. perfringens ƒÑ-toxin recombinant proteins plcInv3 and plc104. It is the first study to express C. perfringens antigens within an attenuated strain of S. Typhimurium, STM1.The partial protection of mice immunised with these vaccines indicates there is potential for this vectored vaccine system to be used in the protection of diseases caused by the ƒÑ-toxin of C. perfringens.
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Rescia, Vanessa Cristina [UNIFESP]. "REVs-Chi: um novo sistema particulado para encapsulação de macromoléculas terapêuticas." Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 2009. http://repositorio.unifesp.br/handle/11600/10065.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:50:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-07-29
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
A quitosana (Chi), a (1-4)-amino-2-desoxi-ƒÒ-glicana, e a forma desacetilada da quitina, um polissacarideo das conchas de crustaceos. As suas caracteristicas unicas como a carga positiva, biodegradabilidade, biocompatibilidade, atoxicidade e estrutura rigida fazem com que esta macromolecula seja ideal para uso como sistema oral de entrega de vacinas. Foram preparadas vesiculas unilamelares grandes (REVs) envoltas por dentro e por fora (como um sanduiche) com quitosana (Chi) e poli-vinil alcool (PVA). Entretanto, existem alguns problemas as serem superados com relacao a estabilizacao da proteina durante este processo. Durante a fase de formacao de micelas reversas, no processo de nanoencapsulacao da proteina, expandem-se as interfaces hidrofobicas que entao levam as adsorcoes interfaciais seguidas por desenovelamento e agregacao das proteinas. Aqui, observaram-se atraves de tecnicas espectroscopicas e imunologicas, o uso dos sais da serie de Hoffmeister durante a fase de formacao de micela reversa para estudar a conformacao estavel do toxoide difterico (Dtxd). Foi estabelecida uma correlacao entre os sais usados na fase aquosa e as variacoes na solubilidade e conformacao de Dtxd. Como o conteudo em helice-ƒÑ foi praticamente estavel concluiu-se que a encapsulacao de Dtxd ocorreu sem agregacao ou sem exposicao de residuo hidrofobico na proteina. A agregacao de Dtxd foi evitada em 98 % quando se usou o cosmotropico PO2-4. Este ion foi usado para se preparar uma formulacao de Dtxd em REVs-Chi-PVA estavel e com identidade imunologica reconhecida na presenca de PO2-4. Entao, obteve-se uma solubilidade e estabilidade maxima de Dtxd depois de seu contacto com CH3CO2C2H5 para comecar a sua nanoencapsulacao em condicoes ideais. Este foi um avanco tecnologico importante porque uma solucao simples, como e a adicao de sais, evitou o uso de proteinas heterologas (Rescia et alii, 2009a). A proteina estabilizada foi entao encapsulada dentro de REVs como o descrito. Os lipossomas tem sido descritos como adjuvantes desde 1974 (Allison e Gregoriadis, 1974). A maior limitacao de seu uso em vacinas orais e a sua instabilidade estrutural causada pelas atividades enzimaticas do meio. O objetivo aqui foi combinar lipossomas, que podem encapsular antigenos (Dtxd, Diphtheria toxoid) com quitosana que protege estas particulas e promove a mucoadesibilidade. Empregaram-se tecnicas fisicas para se entender o processo pelo qual lipossomas (SPC: Cho, 3: 1) podem ser recobertos (interna e externamente) com quitosana (Chi) e PVA (poly-vinilic-alcohol) que sao polimeros biodegradaveis e biocompativeis. Obtiveram-se particulas de REVs-Chi (vesiculas preparadas por evaporacao de fase reversa recobertas interna e externamente com Chi) redondas e com as superficies rugosas e estabilizadas ou nao com PVA. As eficiencias de encapsulacao (Dtxd foi usada como antigeno) foram diretamente dependentes da presenca de Chi e PVA na formulacao. A adsorcao de Chi a superficie de REVs foi acompanhada por um aumento no potencial ƒê. Em contraste, a adsorcao de PVA a surperficie de REVs-Chi foi acompanhada por uma diminuicao do potencial . A presenca de Dtxd aumentou a eficiencia de adsorcao de Chi as superficies. A afinidade de PVA pela mucina foi 2000 vezes maior do que a observada somente com Chi e nao depende se a molecula esta em solucao ou se esta adsorvida a superficie lipossomal. A liberação do Dtxd foi retardada por sua encapsulação dentro de REVs-Chi-PVA. Concluiu-se que estas novas vesículas estabilizadas foram hábeis em se adsorverem às superfícies intestinais, resistiram às degradações e controlaram a liberação do antígeno. Assim, as partículas de REVs-Chi-PVA podem ser usadas como um veículo oral com capacidade adjuvante (Rescia et alii, 2009b). Os lipossomas revstidos por quitosana (REVs-Chi) como veículos orais para transporte de vacinas foram bem caraterizados neste laboratório. Estas partículas foram desenhadas para serem capturadas pelo muco, para interagirem com surperfícies orais e para resistirem às enzimas do trânsito gástrico. Foram usadas três formulações diferentes contendo o Dtxd (toxoide diftérico) para imunizar camundongos: REVs [Vesículas unilamelares obtidas por evaporação de fase reversa produzidas com SPC: Cho (3:1)]; REVs-Chi (REVs recobertas por Chi) e REVs-Chi-PVA (REVs recobertas por Chi e estabilizadas por PVA). Através do teste de adesibilidade e dos experimentos com anti-toxoide diftérico observou-se que houve uma correlação direta entre a complexidade da partícula (antígeno livre < REVs < REVs-Chi < REVs-Chi-PVA) e a produção de anticorpos (IgA, IgG1 and IgG2a) em todos os ensaios (R= 0,91766- 0,99718). O resultado mais interessante foi a total ausência da produção de IgA nos camundongos imunizados com o antígeno livre, provando então a excelência das partículas engenheiradas. Além do aumento da produção dos anticorpos de mucosa, ambas formulações com Chi ou com Chi-PVA estimularam tanto a produção de anticorpos humorais quanto a seletividade. Demonstrou-se que é possível de se estabelecer uma correlação entre REVs-Chi/Dtxd and REVs-Chi-PVA/Dtxd e o aumento da imunidade de mucosa. Estas partículas podem ser usadas como veículo geral tanto para transporte de drogas quanto de vacinas (Rescia et alli, 2009c).
Chitosan, - (1-4)-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucan) is a deacetylated form of chitin, a polysaccharide from crustacean shells. Its unique characteristics such as positive charge, biodegradability, biocompatibility, non-toxicity, and rigid structure make this macromolecule ideal for oral vaccine delivery system. We prepared reverse phase evaporation vesicles (REVs) sandwiched by chitosan (Chi) and polyvinylic alcohol (PVA). However, in this method there are still some problems to be circumvented related to protein stabilization. During the inverted micelle phase of protein nanoencapsulation, hydrophobic interfaces are expanded leading to interfacial adsorption followed by protein unfolding and aggregation. Here, spectroscopic and immunological techniques were used to ascertain the effects of the Hoffmeister series ions on Diphtheria toxoid (Dtxd) stability during the inverted micelle phase. A correlation was established between the salts used in aqueous solutions and the changes in Dtxd solubility and conformation. Dtxd α-helical content was quite stable what led us to conclude that encapsulation occurred without protein aggregation or without exposition of hydrophobic residues. Dtxd aggregation was 98 % avoided by the kosmotropic PO2-4. This ion was used to prepare a stable Dtxd and immunologically recognized REVs-Chi-PVA formulation in the presence of 50 mM PO42-. Under these conditions the Dtxd retained its immunological identity. Therefore, we could obtain the maximum Dtxd solubility and stability after contact with CH3CO2C2H5 to begin its nanoencapsulation within ideal conditions. This was a technological breakthrough because a simple solution like salt addition avoided heterologous proteins usage (Rescia et al., 2009a). The stabilized protein was as encapsulated within REVs as described. Liposomes have been used as adjuvants since 1974 (Allison and Gregoriadis, 1974). One major limitation for the use of liposomes in oral vaccines is the lipid structure instability caused by enzyme activities. Our goal was to combine liposomes which can encapsulate antigens (Dtxd, diphtheria toxoid) with chitosan which protects the particles and promotes mucoadhesibility. We employed physical techniques to understand the process by which liposomes (SPC: Cho, 3:1) can be sandwiched with chitosan (Chi) and stabilized by PVA (Poly-vinylic alcohol) which are biodegradable and biocompatible polymers. Round and smooth surfaced particles of REVs-Chi (Reversed phase vesicles sandwiched by Chi) stabilized by PVA were obtained. The REVs encapsulation efficiencies (Dtxd was used as the antigen) were directly dependent on the Chi and PVA present in the formulation. Chi adsorption on REVs surface was accompanied by an increase of  otential. In contrast, PVA adsorption on REVs-Chi surface was accompanied by a decrease of potential. The presence of Dtxd increased the Chi surface adsorption efficiency. The PVA affinity by mucine was 2000 higher than that observed with Chi alone and did not depend on the molecule being in solution or adsorbed on the liposomal surface. The liberation of encapsulated Dtxd was retarded by encapsulation within REVs-Chi-PVA. These results lead us to conclude that these new and stabilized particles were to able to adsorb to intestinal surfaces, resisted degradation and controlled the antigen release. Therefore, REVs-Chi-PVA particles can be used as an oral delivery adjuvant (Rescia et al., 2009b). Liposomes sandwiched by chitosan (REVs-Chi) as vehicles for oral vaccines have been well characterized in our laboratory. These particles were designed to be captured by mucus, to interact with oral surfaces and to withstand the enzymes of the gastric transit. Three different formulations containing Dtxd (diphtheria toxoid): REVs [reverse phase evaporation vesicles of SPC: Cho (3: 1)]; REVs-Chi (REVs sandwiched by chitosan) and REVs-Chi-PVA were used to immunize mice. Through adhesibility assays and antibody anti-diphtheria experiments we observed a direct correlation between particle complexity (free antigen < REVs < REVs-Chi < REVs-Chi-PVA) and antibody production (IgA, IgG1 and IgG2a) in all the assays (R= 0,91766- 0,99718). The most striking result was the absence of IgA production in those mice immunized with the free antigen, proving the excellence of the engineered particles. In addition to enhancement of mucosal antibodies production, the formulations with Chi and PVA stimulated both, humoral antibody production and selectivity. We have shown that it was possible to establish a correlation between REVs-Chi/Dtxd and REVs-Chi-PVA/Dtxd and the enhancement of mucosal immunity. These particles can be used as a general vehicle for oral drug or vaccine delivery systems (Rescia et al., 2009c).
TEDE
BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações
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Nass, Shafique Sani. "Evaluation of Active and Passive Neonatal Tetanus Surveillance Systems in Katsina State, Nigeria." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2095.

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The incidence and mortality rates of neonatal tetanus (NNT) remain underreported in Nigeria. This cross-sectional study was guided by the Mosley and Chen's model for the elements of child survival in developing countries. The goals of the study were twofold: (a) to compare the NNT prevalence and the mortality rates from the existing surveillance system and active surveillance of health facility records in 7 selected health facilities from 2010 to 2014 in Katsina state, Nigeria and (b) to assess the associations between selected NNT risk factors, number of maternal tetanus toxoid injections, frequency of antenatal visits, place of delivery, and cord care, and neonatal mortality as the outcome variable. Data from 332 NNT records were extracted through retrospective records review and analyzed using a logistic regression model. The prevalence of NNT and mortality rate were 336 cases and 3.4 deaths per 100,000 population, respectively, while the prevalence of NNT and mortality rate reported through the IDSR system were 111 cases and 1.0 death per 100,000 population, respectively. Only neonates whose mothers had 1 dose of tetanus toxoid vaccine were significantly associated with NNT mortality, (p < 0.05), OR = 4.12, 95% CI [1.04, 16.29]. Frequency of antenatal visits, place of delivery, and cord care were all not significant predictors of NNT mortality. Implications for positive social change include gaining knowledge on associations between NNT risk factors and neonatal mortality, and strengthening the NNT surveillance system with the capacity for early detection of potential risk factors to develop specific public health interventions aimed at improving the outcome of neonatal tetanus.
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Cunha, Tulio Nakazato da. "Estudo da imunogenicidade de antígenos de Neisseria meningitidis: utilização de toxóide como adjuvante, vetorizado em lipossomas, no modelo camundongo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/87/87131/tde-17042009-180710/.

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N.meningitidis é diplococcus gram-negativo, patógeno estritamente humano que similarmente a outras bactérias é circundado por membrana externa, com lipídios, proteínas (OMP) e lipopolissacárides. Ela tem sido uma das principais causas da meningite e de outras infecções invasoras no mundo. Este trabalho buscou usar o toxóide STX2 de E.coli como adjuvante para um possível e futuro modelo vacinal e como estimulante antigênico, proteínas da membrana externa do meningococo (OMP) transportados em lipossomas. Observaram-se diferenças na produção de anticorpos IgG obtidas entre os camundongos após cada uma das 3 sangrias mas, não quanto ao índice de avidez. A nova preparação antigênica desencadeou um alto título, mesmo após um ano da 1ª imunização, estimulou a produção de anticorpos para outros sítios de ligação e serviu como proteção ao LPS residual dos processos com deoxicolato da OMP, diminuindo toxicidade da preparação IM reduzindo os riscos para idosos e crianças muito pequenas e também, em imunizações de longo termo, com grande vantagem aos sistemas tradicionais.
N.meningitidis is diplococcus gram-negative strict human patogen that similarly to other bacteria are surrounded by external membrane with lipids, proteins (OMP) and LPS. It has been one of the main causes of the meningitidis and other invading infections in the world. This work searched to use STX2 toxoid of E.coli as adjuvant for a possible and future vaccine model and as antigenic stimulant proteins of the external membrane of meningococci (OMP) carried in liposomes. Differences in the production of IgG antibodies gotten between the mice each one of the 3 bleedings had been observed after but not how much to the avidity index. The new antigenic preparation unchained one high heading exactly after one year of 1st immunization stimulated the production of antibodies for other sites of linking and served as protection to the residual LPS of the processes with deoxicolate of the OMP diminishing toxicity of IM preparation reducing the aged risks for and very small children e also, in immunizations of long term with great advantage to the traditional systems.
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Books on the topic "Toxoid"

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Unbekannte Klägerfälle im amerikanischen Umwelthaftungsrecht: Das anonyme Opfer : Aufgabe und Chance für ein neues Haftungsmodell. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1993.

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Bergdoll, Merlin S. Toxic shock syndrome. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1991.

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Toxic. London: Constable, 2015.

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Toxin. London: Collins Crime, 1995.

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Toxic. Fort Collins, CO: Entangled Teen, 2012.

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Lynch, Maryanne. Toxic. Brisbane: Playlab Press, 2001.

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Robin, Cook. Toxin. London: BCA, 1998.

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Maggi, Marcos. Toxon. Buenos Aires: Botella al Mar, 2001.

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Robin, Cook. Toxin. New York: Berkley Books, 1999.

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Robin, Cook. Toxin. New York: Putnam, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Toxoid"

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Gooch, Jan W. "Toxoid." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 928. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_14985.

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Grabenstein, John D. "Toxoid Vaccines." In Vaccines: A Biography, 105–24. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1108-7_7.

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Renz, H., and B. Gierten. "Impfantikörper gegen Tetanus-Toxoid." In Springer Reference Medizin, 1237–38. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48986-4_1560.

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Renz, H., and B. Gierten. "Impfantikörper gegen Tetanus-Toxoid." In Lexikon der Medizinischen Laboratoriumsdiagnostik, 1–2. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49054-9_1560-1.

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Corradin, G., and C. Watts. "Cellular Immunology of Tetanus Toxoid." In Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 77–87. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85173-5_4.

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Burnette, W. Neal. "Parameters for the Rational Design of Genetic Toxoid Vaccines." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 61–67. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1382-1_9.

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Gürser, Mayda, and Gregory Gregoriadis. "Interleukin-2 as a Co-Adjuvant for Liposomal Tetanus Toxoid." In Vaccines, 45–50. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0357-2_5.

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Cutiño-Avila, B., E. Cunill-Semanat, D. F. Gil, M. A. Chávez, J. Díaz, and A. del Monte-Martínez. "Synthesis of Tetanus Toxoid-Sepharose CL 4B derivatives by Rational Design." In V Latin American Congress on Biomedical Engineering CLAIB 2011 May 16-21, 2011, Habana, Cuba, 160–63. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21198-0_41.

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Ponsuksili, S., E. Murani, and K. Wimmers. "Porcine Genome-wide Gene Expression in Response to Tetanus Toxoid Vaccine." In Animal Genomics for Animal Health, 185–95. Basel: KARGER, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000317159.

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Spranz, E., B. Siegemund, J. Frevert, and H. E. Knoell. "Study on the Penetration of Tetanus Toxoid Through the Nasal Mucosa." In Archives of Toxicology, 276–79. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74936-0_59.

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Conference papers on the topic "Toxoid"

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Ferreira, Camila G., Ta^nia M. Avalloni, Yoko Oshima-Franco, Sara de J. Oliveira, José M. de Oliveira, José C. Cogo, and Vito R. Vanin. "Irradiation of the Crude Venom of Bothrops jararacussu to Obtain Toxoid." In XXXIII BRAZILIAN WORKSHOP ON NUCLEAR PHYSICS. AIP, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3608972.

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Yumafita, Tiara, Setyo Sri Rahardjo, and Rita Benya Adriani. "Path Analysis on Factors Associated with Tetanus Toxoid Immunization Utilization among Pregnant Women." In The 5th International Conference on Public Health 2019. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/theicph.2019.03.17.

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Corrêa, Izabella, Rayane Marques, Renata Bastos, Patrícia Jurgilas, and Hilton Nascimento. "Molecular characterization of tetanus toxoid used in conjugate vaccines produced by Bio-Manguinhos - FIOCRUZ." In VI Seminário Anual Científico e Tecnológico. Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.35259/isi.sact.2018_26969.

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Corrêa, Marilza, Hilton Nascimento, Patrícia Jurgilas, Renata Bastos, José Silva Junior, Maria Leal, Ellen Jessouroun, and Ivna Silveira. "LC-MS/MS as a tool for analysis of underivatized glutamic and aspartic amino acids residues from tetanus toxoid." In III Seminário Anual Científico e Tecnológico de Bio-Manguinhos. Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.35259/isi.sact.2015_28601.

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Bansal, Vivek, Manu Dalela, Manoj Kumar, H. G. Brahmne, and Harpal Singh. "Evaluation of effectiveness of polymeric nanoparticles based vaccine delivery system over varying time intervals using tetanus toxoid as model antigen." In 2013 International Conference on Advanced Nanomaterials and Emerging Engineering Technologies (ICANMEET). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icanmeet.2013.6609259.

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Fletcher, E., W. van Maren, R. Cordfunke, J. Dinkelaar, R. Castelli, Jdc Codee, G. van der Marel, et al. "Abstract PR01: T cell responses to peptide-epitopes of choice can be boosted by immune complexes of circulating anti-tetanus toxoid antibodies." In Abstracts: Second CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; September 25-28, 2016; New York, NY. American Association for Cancer Research, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/2326-6066.imm2016-pr01.

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GOMPERTS, E. D., and K. WEINBERG. "LOSS OF IMMUNE TO RECALL ANTIGENS IN THERE HIV+ HEMOPHILIC CHILDREN." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644140.

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Three children with severe inherited bleeding disorders have been followed for a number of years at this center. One child (DOB 3/71) initially presented with mild hemophilia A, (Factor VIII 6%). He subsequently developed an inhibitor to Factor VIII (maximum 45 B. U.) and seroconverted to HIV+ Status 12/83. In 12/86 he had virtually lost his antibody response to infused Factor VIII (previously withheld), with a maximum increase in inhibitor titre to1 B. U. on challenge. In addition, his antitetanus antibody titre was very low at 0.01 u/ml earlier in theyear. His absolute T4 cell number at this time was very low at 64 and did not respond to skin antigen testing to PPD, tetanus and Candida.The second patient (severe hemophilia A DOB 7/76) had seroconvertedto HIV+ Status in 9/78. This child has lost his a-HBs seropositive status with an absolute T4 count of 239. His current anti-tetanus titre is 0.01 u/ml.The third patient (von Willebrand disease, Type III, DOB 7/74) seroconverted to HIV+E status by 5/83. His T4 absolute numbers have fallen to 53. His anti-tetanus antibody titre has fallen to extremely low levels (0.01 u/ml), and this failed to respond to re-immunization with tetanus toxoid. These three patients indicate that previously immunized children may lose their immune status and their ability to respond to recall antigens. It is pertinent to note that lymphocytes from all 3 patients failed to respond mitogenically in vitro to tetanus antigen pari passu with the observed very low anti-tetanus antibody titres. These phenomena would indicate that these patients are probably susceptible to previously preventable infectious agents including poliovirus, measles, mumps, rubella, diphtheria, tetanus and hepatitis B virus.
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Dichtelmuller, H., and W. Stephan. "IN VIVO AND IN VITRO NEUTRALIZATION OF BACTERIAL TOXINES BY IGM ENRICHED AND CONVENTIONAL I. V. IMMUNOGLOBULINS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644255.

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Severe septic phenomena are caused bybacterial toxins. We therefore investigated the neutralization of toxins derived from Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudcmonas aeruginosa by different i.v. irtmunoglobulin preparations using hemolysis inhibition tests and mouse protection tests. The efficacy of conventional i.v. immunoglobulin containing preparations were compared with an IgM enriched i.v. immunoglobulin (Pentaglobin).For hemolysis inhibition tests sterile filtered supernatant of Staphylococcusaureus was prepared and given to human erythrocytes. When IgM enriched immunoglobulin was added, toxin depended hemolysis was inhibited. By addition of three different i.v. immunoglobulin preparationsno inhibition of hemolysis was observed. In order to confirm these results in vivo, mice were exposed to the toxic supernatant of Staphylococcus aureus intraperitoneally and treated with i.v. immunoglobulins (3.1 mg/animal) 30 min after toxin exposure. Significant protection of toxin exposed animals was achieved by IgM enriched i.v. immunoglobulin (92 % protection) but not by conventional i.v. immunoglobulin (17 % protection). Similar results were obtained when mice were exposed to toxic supernatant of Pseudcmonas aeruginosa instead of Staphylococcus aureus. We therefore conclude, that IgM is essential for neutralization of bacterial toxins and IgM enriched i.v. immunoglobulins are more effective in therapy of severe septic phenomena, compared to conventional i.v. immunoglobulins.
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Tawfik, P. N. F. "Streptococcal Toxic Shock." In American Thoracic Society 2020 International Conference, May 15-20, 2020 - Philadelphia, PA. American Thoracic Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_meetingabstracts.a1676.

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Kelly, Dan, Xuedong Song, Daniel K. Frayer, Sergio B. Mendes, Nasser Peyghambarian, Basil I. Swanson, and Karen M. Grace. "Integrated optical toxin sensor." In Photonics East '99, edited by Mahmoud Fallahi and Basil I. Swanson. SPIE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.372899.

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Reports on the topic "Toxoid"

1

Snell, Madison Michelle, Courtney Jean Pruitt, and Kelsey Leigh Forde Curran. Toxic Endpoint Analysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1494357.

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Snell, Madison M., Courtney Jean Pruitt, and Kelsey Leigh Forde Curran. Toxic endpoint analysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1222535.

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Ana Palcic, Ana Palcic. Are zeolites toxic? Experiment, May 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18258/11299.

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Wilson, Amy, and Brian Fuchs. Toxic Cloud Defeat. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada471701.

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Kolker, A., A. F. Sarofim, C. A. Palmer, F. E. Huggins, G. P. Huffman, J. Lighty, J. Veranth, et al. TOXIC SUBSTANCES FROM COAL COMBUSTION. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/8985.

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Smith, P., M. Barr, and R. Barrans. Separations chemistry of toxic metals. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/212496.

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Balzli, Charles, April Lumley, Brian Duval, Bob Nichols, Rashelle McDonald, Brian Heimbuch, Delbert Harnish, and Michael McDonald. Toxic Aerosols and Pathogenic Bioaerosols. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1014070.

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Snell, Madison Michelle, Courtney Jean Pruitt, and Kelsey Leigh Forde Curran. Toxic Endpoint Analysis PowerPoint Presentation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1561810.

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Clay, Karen, Margarita Portnykh, and Edson Severnini. Toxic Truth: Lead and Fertility. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w24607.

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House, Christopher, and Yusufcan Masatlioglu. Managing Markets for Toxic Assets. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w16145.

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