Journal articles: 'Toxicological knowledge'

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Sherhod, Richard, Philip N. Judson, Thierry Hanser, Jonathan D. Vessey, Samuel J. Webb, and Valerie J. Gillet. "Emerging Pattern Mining To Aid Toxicological Knowledge Discovery." Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 54, no. 7 (June 18, 2014): 1864–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ci5001828.

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Castranova, Vincent. "Overview of Current Toxicological Knowledge of Engineered Nanoparticles." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 53 (June 2011): S14—S17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jom.0b013e31821b1e5a.

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Boyles, R. R., A. E. Thessen, A. Waldrop, and M. A. Haendel. "Ontology-based data integration for advancing toxicological knowledge." Current Opinion in Toxicology 16 (August 2019): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cotox.2019.05.005.

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Kamp, Hennicke Georg. "Industry perspective on AOP-based toxicological approaches: From knowledge to implementation." Toxicology Letters 258 (September 2016): S20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.06.1186.

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Dix, David J., Keith A. Houck, Richard S. Judson, Nicole C. Kleinstreuer, Thomas B. Knudsen, Matthew T. Martin, David M. Reif, et al. "Incorporating Biological, Chemical, and Toxicological Knowledge Into Predictive Models of Toxicity." Toxicological Sciences 130, no. 2 (September 14, 2012): 440–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfs281.

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Kamal, Gopendra Chandra, Ashwini Kumar S. Bharati, and Chaitra H. Gururaj. "DERMATOLOGICAL MANIFESTATIONS DUE TO TOXINS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VISHA." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 6, no. 4 (April 30, 2018): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v6.i4.2018.1476.

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Background: Ayurveda treatises are collection of vast knowledge regarding medical and environmental aspects. It has a separate branch called Agada Tantra which deals with the toxicological aspects. We aim to evaluate this knowledge regarding dermatological manifestation due to Visha (toxins) vis-à-vis contemporary knowledge. Method: The references available regarding the different types of poison and their dermatolgical manifestations in classical text were studied and compared with the available information in the contemporary medical literatures. Results: The term Visha and its types incorporates all kind of toxins. Initially, exposure to sthavara visha manifests into contact dermatitis and jangama visha manifests into contact urticaria. Dooshivisha and gara visha can be understood in terms with pesticide exposure, cosmetic toxicity, occupational exposures etc. Conclusion: The dematological manifestations play clear cut role in diagnosis and prognosis. The abundant reference in Ayurveda literatures regarding same is useful at exploring the causative factors through toxicological aspect.

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Tulegenova, G., A. Sagynbazarova, and Brimzhanova A. "A LECTURE TOGETHER AS AN INNOVATIVE METHOD IN TEACHING TOXICOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY"." ASJ. 1, no. 42 (November 9, 2020): 77–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/asj.2707-9864.2020.1.42.39.

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The article discusses the lecture method, together in the teaching of toxicological chemistry at the Department of Pharmaceutical Disciplines, which provides knowledge, the formation of skills and development of the students' value system, professional skills and competencies.

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Nizhenkovskaya, Iryna, and Elena Welchinskaya. "MODERN INTEGRATION INTO THE WORLDWIDE EDUCATION PROCESS ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE TOXICOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY DISCIPLINE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF THE BOLOGNA SYSTEM IN UKRAINE." CBU International Conference Proceedings 1 (June 30, 2013): 296–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v1.48.

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On the current moment of time one of most important strategic tasks of modernization of the system of higher education inUkraineis the education of high quality provided to the pharmacists in order to satisfy the worldwide needs. Therefore, the improvement of higher education system and formatting of new conceptual directions of its development on the basis of analytical marking and strategic approaches are very important for studying of pharmaceutical courses, namely Toxicological chemistry. Nowadays people live in the conditions of toxicological strain; therefore, we have an important task to give the complete, systematic and accessible knowledge of Toxicological chemistry to the future pharmacists. The purpose of this work is the implementation of new pedagogical, psychological, statistical, chemical, analytical and biochemical methods into the studying of Toxicological chemistry in the conditions of Bologna System inUkraine. Testing control is the first most important modern diagnostic and control instrument used for the evaluation of students’ activities in the conditions of credit-modular system. The second most important instrument is a complex of principles used during the studying of this course such as "general-to-specific and specific-to-general" and “from simple to complex, from complex to simple”, “synthesis and analysis of information”, “visualization of toxicological processes on the new schemes”, work “on-line”. The third important instrument is the connection with modern sciences. All these instruments are provided by credit-modular educational system.

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dos Santos, Carlos E. Matos, Raul Ghiraldelli Miranda, Danielle Palma de Oliveira, and Daniel Junqueira Dorta. "Challenges and Opportunities for Integrating In Silico Models and Adverse Outcomes Pathways to Set and Relate New Biomarkers." Water 12, no. 12 (December 17, 2020): 3549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12123549.

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The Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework has been considered the most innovative tool to collect, organize, and evaluate relevant information on the toxicological effects of chemicals, facilitating the establishment of links between molecular events and adverse outcomes at the critical level of biological organization. Considering the combination of the high volume of toxicological and ecotoxicological data produced and the application of artificial intelligence algorithms from the last few years, not only can higher mechanistic interpretability be reached with new in silico models, but also a potential increase in predictivity in hazard assessments and the identification of new potential biomarkers can be achieved. The current paper aims to discuss some potential challenges and ways of integrating in silico models and AOPs to predict toxicological effects and to set and relate new biomarkers for defined purposes. With the use of the AOP framework to organize the ecotoxicological, toxicological, and structural data generated from in chemico, in vitro, ex vivo, in vivo, and population studies, it is expected that the generated biological and chemical construct will improve its application, establishing a knowledge platform to set and relate new biomarkers by key event relationships (KERs).

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Thomas, Russell S., Michael B. Black, Lili Li, Eric Healy, Tzu-Ming Chu, Wenjun Bao, Melvin E. Andersen, and Russell D. Wolfinger. "Response to “Incorporating Biological, Chemical, and Toxicological Knowledge Into Predictive Models of Toxicity”." Toxicological Sciences 130, no. 2 (September 20, 2012): 442–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfs284.

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Pavagadhi, Shruti, and Rajasekhar Balasubramanian. "Toxicological evaluation of microcystins in aquatic fish species: Current knowledge and future directions." Aquatic Toxicology 142-143 (October 2013): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.07.010.

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Esquivel, Abdieel, Greisbel Mendoza, Raúl Soria, and Nayeli Velázquez. "Pharmacovigilance of Antivenoms in Toxicological Emergencies." Latin american journal of clinical sciences and medical technology 1, no. 1 (April 23, 2019): 8–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.34141/ljcs3729722.

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Antivenoms (AVs) are biological therapies indicated in the treatment of envenoming by bites or stings of venomous animals. However, access, supply problems, quality of manufacturing, sociocultural issues, and regulatory aspects are factors related to the effectiveness and safety of AVs. Likewise, the controlled clinical research is limited apparently for the low prevalence registered in tropical regions such as Latin America, Middle East, Africa, and Asia; therefore, a lack of evidence may elicit an unsuitable approach on the emergency or intensive care units. Moreover, the clinical trials are controversial because they would not reflect the reality inside the clinical setting of envenoming. Accordingly, there are factors influencing the therapeutic response to AVs. Here, the implementation of pharmacovigilance (PV) may help to improve the management of the AVs-related risks through the identification and assessment of suspected drug adverse reactions, ineffecti- veness, and other drug-related problems. Notwithstanding, the knowledge of the PV within clinical toxicology, emergency, and intensive care units is limited. Then, the PV must be established as a routine activity within an integral process of the medical attention of envenoming by bites or stings from venomous animals (BSVA) to guarantee a suitable and safe medication. The aim of this paper is outlining an overview about the clinical setting of envenoming, the current treatment and its relationship with the PV as a complementary activity to improve the quality, effectiveness, safety of AVs, through a perspective of experts in Mexico.

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Grulke, Christopher M., Michael-Rock Goldsmith, and Daniel A. Vallero. "Toward a Blended Ontology: Applying Knowledge Systems to Compare Therapeutic and Toxicological Nanoscale Domains." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/308381.

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Bionanomedicine and environmental research share need common terms and ontologies. This study applied knowledge systems, data mining, and bibliometrics used in nano-scale ADME research from 1991 to 2011. The prominence of nano-ADME in environmental research began to exceed the publication rate in medical research in 2006. That trend appears to continue as a result of the growing products in commerce using nanotechnology, that is, 5-fold growth in number of countries with nanomaterials research centers. Funding for this research virtually did not exist prior to 2002, whereas today both medical and environmental research is funded globally. Key nanoparticle research began with pharmacology and therapeutic drug-delivery and contrasting agents, but the advances have found utility in the environmental research community. As evidence ultrafine aerosols and aquatic colloids research increased 6-fold, indicating a new emphasis on environmental nanotoxicology. User-directed expert elicitation from the engineering and chemical/ADME domains can be combined with appropriate Boolean logic and queries to define the corpus of nanoparticle interest. The study combined pharmacological expertise and informatics to identify the corpus by building logical conclusions and observations. Publication records informatics can lead to an enhanced understanding the connectivity between fields, as well as overcoming the differences in ontology between the fields.

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Černe, Katarina. "Toxicological properties of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 71, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2020-71-3301.

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AbstractCannabis sativa L. contains more than 100 phytocannabinoids that can interact with cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2. None of the cannabinoid receptor ligands is entirely CB1- or CB2-specific. The effects of cannabinoids therefore differ not just because of different potency at cannabinoid receptors but also because they can interact with other non-CB1 and non-CB2 targets, such as TRPV1, GPR55, and GPR119. The most studied phytocannabinoid is Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). THC is a partial agonist at both cannabinoid receptors, but its psychotomimetic effect is produced primarily via activation of the CB1 receptor, which is strongly expressed in the central nervous system, with the noteworthy exception of the brain stem. Although acute cognitive and other effects of THC are well known, the risk of irreversible neuropsychological effects of THC needs further research to elucidate the association. Unlike THC, phytocannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD) does not appear to have psychotomimetic effects but may interact with some of the effects of THC if taken concomitantly. CBD administered orally has recently undergone well-controlled clinical trials to assess its safety in the treatment of paediatric epilepsy syndromes. Their findings point to increased transaminase levels as a safety issue that calls for postmarketing surveillance for liver toxicity. The aim of this review is to summarise what is known about acute and chronic toxicological effects of both compounds and address the gaps in knowledge about the safety of exogenous cannabinoids that are still open.

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Zhou, H., T. Guog, H. Dai, Y. Yu, Y. Zhang, and L. Ma. "Deoxynivalenol: toxicological profiles and perspective views for future research." World Mycotoxin Journal 13, no. 2 (March 6, 2020): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2019.2462.

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Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a secondary metabolite mainly produced by the fungi Fusarium in agricultural crops, widely existing in feeds and cereal-based foodstuffs. Because of the high occurrence and potentials to induce a variety of toxic effects on animals and humans, DON has been a very harmful exogenous dietary toxicant threating public health. The focus of this review is to summarise the DON-induced broad spectrum of adverse health effects, to probe the current state of knowledge of combined toxicity of DON with other mycotoxins and its derivatives, and to put forward prospective ideas that multi-generational toxicity of DON and its overall impacts on intestinal-immuno-neuroendocrine system could receive more attention in future investigations. The general aim is to provide a scientific basis for the necessity to re-consider risk-assessment and regulations.

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Ortolani, Marc. "L'empoisonnement à Nice sous la Restauration: enquête judiciaire et expertise toxicologique." Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis / Revue d'Histoire du Droit / The Legal History Review 76, no. 1-2 (2008): 95–131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181908x277581.

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AbstractPoisoning at Nice under the Restoration, judicial investigations and toxicological experts' reports. – Poisoning may be a fairly well-known crime in legal history, but the judgements of the Senate in Nice (at the time of the Restoration in the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia) shed some new light on some of its issues. The court worked according to principles of organisation, a legal system and a procedure which had all been inherited from the Ancien Régime and re-established under the Restoration, and which allowed it to conduct core criminal investigations. These investigations aimed at finding out the intention of the criminal and the means used in committing the crime. They relied, in spite of the limitations of scientific knowledge, on toxicological expertise, which became an essential stage in prosecuting cases of poisoning.

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Jayjock, Michael A. "How much is enough to accept hormesis as the default? or ‘At what point, if ever, could/should hormesis be employed as the principal dose-response default assumption in risk assessment?'." Human & Experimental Toxicology 24, no. 5 (May 2005): 245–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0960327105ht519oa.

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Hormesis as the principal human dose-response default assumption must reasonably await the development of the science of toxicology and molecular biology before this dramatic change can occur. The inherent quality of typical toxicological data is simply too limited to allow for an understanding of what really occurs in human tissues at the relatively low doses generally extant in the environment. Thus, forwarding or asserting the quantitative use of hormesis (or any model of low doseresponse) without this reasonable knowledge is simply an argument without data. It is this writer's opinion that any widespread and default acceptance of hormesis will need to look forward to and draw upon the inevitable development and use of tools from the realm of molecular biology and a resulting and distinct change in the entire toxicological testing paradigm.

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Kaur, Gagandeep, Rakeysha Pinkston, Benathel Mclemore, Waneene C. Dorsey, and Sanjay Batra. "Immunological and toxicological risk assessment of e-cigarettes." European Respiratory Review 27, no. 147 (February 28, 2018): 170119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0119-2017.

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Knowledge of the long-term toxicological and immunological effects of e-cigarette (e-cig) aerosols remains elusive due to the relatively short existence of vaping. Therefore, we performed a systematic search of articles published in public databases and analysed the research evidence in order to provide critical information regarding e-cig safety. Electronic nicotine delivery systems (or e-cigs) are an alternative to traditional cigarettes for the delivery of nicotine and are typically filled with glycerol or propylene glycol-based solutions known as e-liquids. Though present in lower quantities, e-cig aerosols are known to contain many of the harmful chemicals found in tobacco smoke. However, due to the paucity of experimental data and contradictory evidence, it is difficult to draw conclusive outcomes regarding toxicological, immunological and clinical impacts of e-cig aerosols. Excessive vaping has been reported to induce inflammatory responses including mitogen-activated protein kinase, Janus tyrosine kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription and nuclear factor-κB signalling, similar to that induced by tobacco smoke. Based on recent evidence, prolonged exposure to some constituents of e-cig aerosols might result in respiratory complications such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and inflammation. Future studies are warranted that focus on establishing correlations between e-cig types, generations and e-liquid flavours and immunological and toxicological profiles to broaden our understanding about the effects of vaping.

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Barachevskiy, Yuri E., A. G. Soloviev, and R. V. Kubasov. "Toxicological competence of students as principle of educating improvement in medical university." Health Care of the Russian Federation 64, no. 2 (April 20, 2020): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.46563/0044-197x-2020-64-2-97-104.

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Introduction. Chemicals are spread in all human life spheres that proposed a high risqué of poisons and occasions. In this one it’s urgent to improve of toxicological training of medical staff. Aim: to reveal a basic knowledge at students about toxicology for developing a new offer in studying of this discipline in medical education facilities. Material and methods. A survey of students of the Northern State Medical University was conducted on the subject of their awareness of the household, environmental and industrial aspects of chemical hazard, the structure of chemicals in the environment of the Arkhangelsk region. Results. The degree of awareness on the basic issues of toxicology, as well as the readiness of medical students to provide first aid to people poisoned by chemicals outside the medical organization, their knowledge of the procedure for conducting preventive measures and the adoption of organizational and medical decisions in case of mass poisoning turned out to be unsatisfactory, which is due to extremely insufficient attention to discipline «Toxicology» in the implementation of the educational program. Conclusions. It is proposed to take into account the results of students’ knowledge for the correction of the learning process with a focused study of the structure of household and industrial chemicals specific to the territory of residence and employment, as well as the assessment of chemicals from the standpoint of medical and tactical characteristics. The necessity of restoring the academic discipline «Toxicology and radiology with medical protection against toxic substances» with at least 3 credits and developing an interdepartmental program in a medical university within the framework of a new scientific and practical direction - toxicological preventology is substantiated.

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Ostapenko, Yu N., B. B. Yatsinyuk, S. A. Vasil’ev, A. M. Laptev, and P. P. Gavrikov. "USE OF QUALITY CRITERIA IN ORDER TO ASSESS THE MEDICAL CARE IN «TOXICOLOGY»." Toxicological Review, no. 2 (April 28, 2019): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.36946/0869-7922-2019-2-3-8.

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In accordance with Federal and Departmental documents, a set of characteristics reflecting the timeliness of medical care including toxicological care and the degree of achievement of the planned result is given, the organization and the need for departmental control of quality and safety of medical activities, which consists of documentary and targeted audits, are presented. Experts assessing the quality of care in toxicology (time characteristic of the provision of medical services, consultation with specialists, classification of the diagnosis, timeliness of care, use of antidote therapy and chemical toxicological diagnostics) rely on the procedure, standards, protocols, recommendations and national guidance. The knowledge by doctors of various specialties of the criteria for providing assistance assessing the quality of the provision of medical services to patients with acute chemical trauma are necessary to improve their competencies and prevent unwanted complications.

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Kolisnik, S. V., O. G. Pogosyan, S. M. Poluian, Z. V. Shovkova, and T. A. Kostina. "Topicality of teaching analytical toxicology at the National University of Pharmacy." Social Pharmacy in Health Care 7, no. 1 (March 12, 2021): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24959/sphhcj.21.215.

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Aim. To analyze the methods of teaching analytical toxicology in the National University of Pharmacy (NUPh). Materials and methods. Analytical, systematic, logical methods of teaching the discipline, as well as scientific publications of domestic and foreign scientists were used. Results. The topicality of teaching the discipline “Analytical toxicology” at the Department of Analytical Chemistry and Analytical Toxicology of the NUPh (Kharkiv) has been discussed in the article. The features of teaching the discipline in current conditions have been analyzed. The possibility of conducting the chemico-toxicological analysis, which results are necessary for solving many legal and other important issues, has been described. The main tasks facing analytical toxicology, its difference from analytical chemistry and other pharmaceutical disciplines, as well as the significance of the knowledge gained by applicants for higher education that they need in their further practical activities have been considered. The structure of the educational process when studying the discipline “Analytical toxicology”, including theoretical and practical sections, is presented. Modern chemical and physicochemical methods of analysis widely used in analytical toxicology have been described. Conclusions. To train applicants for higher education in the specialty 226 “Pharmacy, Industrial pharmacy”, the study of the discipline “Analytical toxicology”, which is closely related to chemical, biological and medical disciplines, is important. The knowledge gained by applicants for higher education makes it possible to correctly understand the fundamentals of analytical toxicology, apply the theoretical and practical skills obtained in their further practical activities and become fully qualified specialists in the field of chemico-toxicological analysis. Key words: analytical toxicology; analytical chemistry; chemico-toxicological analysis; intoxication; toxicant.

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Schmitz, Gabriela Luisa, Saulo Roth Dalcin, Cláudia Sirlene Oliveira, and João Batista Teixeira Rocha. "Brazilian high school students conceptions about alcoholic beverages." Cadernos de Educação Tecnologia e Sociedade 14, no. 1 (March 12, 2021): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.14571/brajets.v14.n1.79-88.

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Alcohol consumption is high among adolescents. It is important to implement preventive policies to avoid alcohol consumption by adolescents. We assessed the preconceptions of 171 Brazilian adolescents (15 to 18 years) from high school, on the use of alcohol. We compared students’ view with the scientific information to inform educators about the potential social and biological hazards of ethanol consumption that could be used as support material in the classroom. Students’ approval of alcohol consumption was high. However, the knowledge about chronic toxicological risks of alcohol consumption was almost absent. These results indicate that, in the students' conception, the neurobiological reward provided by alcohol outweighs the negative impacts of this substance. Thus, we strongly suggest that basic school curricula must cover the socio-toxicological effects of ethanol consumption as a strategy to increase the visibility and perceptions about the negative impact of alcohol consumption.

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Stephens, Martin L., Sevcan Gül Akgün-Ölmez, Sebastian Hoffmann, Rob de Vries, Burkhard Flick, Thomas Hartung, Manoj Lalu, et al. "Adaptation of the Systematic Review Framework to the Assessment of Toxicological Test Methods: Challenges and Lessons Learned With the Zebrafish Embryotoxicity Test." Toxicological Sciences 171, no. 1 (June 13, 2019): 56–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfz128.

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AbstractSystematic review methodology is a means of addressing specific questions through structured, consistent, and transparent examinations of the relevant scientific evidence. This methodology has been used to advantage in clinical medicine, and is being adapted for use in other disciplines. Although some applications to toxicology have been explored, especially for hazard identification, the present preparatory study is, to our knowledge, the first attempt to adapt it to the assessment of toxicological test methods. As our test case, we chose the zebrafish embryotoxicity test (ZET) for developmental toxicity and its mammalian counterpart, the standard mammalian prenatal development toxicity study, focusing the review on how well the ZET predicts the presence or absence of chemical-induced prenatal developmental toxicity observed in mammalian studies. An interdisciplinary team prepared a systematic review protocol and adjusted it throughout this piloting phase, where needed. The final protocol was registered and will guide the main study (systematic review), which will execute the protocol to comprehensively answer the review question. The goal of this preparatory study was to translate systematic review methodology to the assessment of toxicological test method performance. Consequently, it focused on the methodological issues encountered, whereas the main study will report substantive findings. These relate to numerous systematic review steps, but primarily to searching and selecting the evidence. Applying the lessons learned to these challenges can improve not only our main study, but may also be helpful to others seeking to use systematic review methodology to compare toxicological test methods. We conclude with a series of recommendations that, if adopted, would help improve the quality of the published literature, and make conducting systematic reviews of toxicological studies faster and easier over time.

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Jirau-Colón, Hector, Leonardo González-Parrilla, Jorge Martinez-Jiménez, Waldemar Adam, and Braulio Jiménez-Velez. "Rethinking the Dental Amalgam Dilemma: An Integrated Toxicological Approach." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 6 (March 22, 2019): 1036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16061036.

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Mercury (Hg) has been identified as one of the most toxic nonradioactive materials known to man. Although mercury is a naturally occurring element, anthropogenic mercury is now a major worldwide concern and is an international priority toxic pollutant. It also comprises one of the primary constituents of dental amalgam fillings. Even though dental mercury amalgams have been used for almost two centuries, its safety has never been tested or proven in the United States by any regulatory agency. There has been an ongoing debate regarding the safety of its use since 1845, and many studies conclude that its use exposes patients to troublesome toxicity. In this review, we present in an objective way the danger of dental amalgam to human health based on current knowledge. This dilemma is addressed in terms of an integrated toxicological approach by focusing on four mayor issues to show how these interrelate to create the whole picture: (1) the irrefutable constant release of mercury vapor from dental amalgams which is responsible for individual chronic exposure, (2) the evidence of organic mercury formation from dental amalgam in the oral cavity, (3) the effect of mercury exposure on gene regulation in human cells which supports the intrinsic genetic susceptibility to toxicant and, finally, (4) the availability of recent epidemiological data supporting the link of dental amalgams to diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson.

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Wille, Sarah M. R., Karolien Van Dijck, Antje Van Assche, Vincent Di Fazio, Maria del Mar Ramiréz-Fernandéz, Vanessa Vanvooren, and Nele Samyn. "The Interest of a Systematic Toxicological Analysis Combined with Forensic Advice to Improve the Judicial Investigation and Final Judgment in Drug Facilitated Sexual Assault Cases." Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 5 (May 4, 2021): 432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14050432.

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The conviction rate in drug facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) cases is known to be very low. In addition, the potential impact of toxicological results on the case is often not well understood by the judicial authorities. The aims of this study were (1) to obtain more knowledge concerning the prevalence of incapacitating substances in DFSA cases, (2) to create a more efficient DFSA analysis strategy taking background information into account, and (3) to evaluate the potential impact of systematic toxicological analysis (STA) on the final judicial outcome. This small-scale epidemiological study (n = 79) demonstrates that ‘commonly-used’ illicit drugs, psychoactive medicines and ethanol are more prevalent in DFSA cases in contrast to the highly mediatized date rape drugs. Additionally, via case examples, the interest of performing STA—to prove incapacitation of the victim—in judicial procedures with mutual-consent discussions has been demonstrated as it led to increased convictions. However, more attention has to be paid to ensure a short sampling delay and to get more accurate information from the medical treatment of the alleged victim. This will improve the interpretation of the toxicological analysis and thus its applicability in a DFSA case. The future is multi-disciplinary and will certainly lead to an efficient and more cost-effective DFSA approach in which STA can impact the final judgment.

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Petricevich, Vera, and Rodolfo Abarca-Vargas. "Allamanda cathartica: A Review of the Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Biotechnology." Molecules 24, no. 7 (March 29, 2019): 1238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24071238.

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In this work, we explore the current knowledge about the phytochemistry and in vitro and in vivo evaluations of the extracts and, where appropriate, the main active components characterized and isolated from the Allamanda cathartica. Of the 15 Allamanda species, most phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological studies have focused on A. cathartica. These plants are used for the treatment of various health disorders. Numerous phytochemical investigations of plants from the A. cathartica have shown the presence of hydrocarbons, alcohols, esters, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, fatty acids, phospholipids, volatile compounds, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, terpenes, lactones, and carbohydrates. Various studies have confirmed that extracts and active substances isolated from the A. cathartica have multiple pharmacological activities. The species A. cathartica has emerged as a source of traditional medicine used for human health. Further studies on the phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological properties and their mechanisms of action, safety, and efficacy in the species of A. cathartica is recommended.

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Shyaula, Sajan L. "Phytochemicals, Traditional Uses and Processing of Aconitum Species in Nepal." Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 12 (July 22, 2012): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v12i0.6496.

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The tuberous roots of genus Aconitum are commonly applied for various diseases, such as rheumatic fever, painful joints and some endocrinal disorders. It stimulates the tip of sensory nerve fibers. These tubers of Aconitum are used in the herbal medicines only after processing. At the mean time, there remain high toxicological risks of the improper usages of Aconitum. The cardio- and neurotoxicity of this herb are potentially lethal. Some of the species like A. ferox and A. spicatum are deadly poisonous while others like A. oreochryseum and A. bisma are used as the antidote for Aconitum poisoning. It is therefore, a valuable drug as well as an unpredictable toxic material. In the current review, assessments of Aconitum species are carried out, to increase knowledge for the safety uses, in context of Nepal. The traditional uses, phytochemical studies, its processing techniques and toxicological principles are reviewed.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v12i0.6496 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 12 (2011) 171-178

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Abarca-Vargas, Rodolfo, and Vera L. Petricevich. "Bougainvillea Genus: A Review on Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Toxicology." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2018 (June 24, 2018): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9070927.

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This review discusses the current knowledge of the phytochemistry and in vitro and in vivo evaluations carried out using the extracts and, where appropriate, the main active components isolated from the genus Bougainvillea. Out of 18 species, most phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological studies focused on four species with different cultivars and one hybrid. Some plants are used for the treatment of various health disorders. Numerous phytochemical investigations of plants in this genus confirm the presence of aliphatic hydrocarbons, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, volatile compounds, phenolic compounds, peltogynoids, flavonoids, phytosterols, terpenes, carbohydrates, and betalains. Various studies have confirmed that these extracts or active substances that were isolated from the genus Bougainvillea have multiple pharmacological activities. Some species of Bougainvillea have emerged as sources of traditional medicine in human health. More studies of the phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological properties and their mechanisms of action, safety, and efficacy in all Bougainvillea species, cultivars, and hybrids are advisable for future research.

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van de Sandt, Johannes J. M., and Victor J. Feron. "Relevance of Animal Studies in Regulatory Toxicology: Current Approaches and Future Opportunities." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 24, no. 2 (March 1996): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119299602400208.

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With rapidly increasing knowledge of toxicological processes, the scientific value and relevance of toxicity studies for risk assessment must be re-evaluated. In this paper, it is proposed that the rigid risk evaluation currently required should be replaced by a more flexible, case-by-case approach, in order to increase the relevance of each animal test conducted. The development of new types of toxicity studies and their application in risk evaluation are also described.

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Siman-Tov, Maya, Benny Davidson, and Bruria Adini. "Maintaining Preparedness to Severe Though Infrequent Threats—Can It Be Done?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 7 (March 31, 2020): 2385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072385.

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Background: A mass casualty incident (MCI) caused by toxicological/chemical materials constitutes a potential though uncommon risk that may cause great devastation. Presentation of casualties exposed to such materials in hospitals, if not immediately identified, may cause secondary contamination resulting in dysfunction of the emergency department. The study examined the impact of a longitudinal evaluation process on the ongoing emergency preparedness of hospitals for toxicological MCIs, over a decade. Methods: Emergency preparedness for toxicological incidents of all Israeli hospitals were periodically evaluated, over ten years. The evaluation was based on a structured tool developed to encourage ongoing preparedness of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), equipment and infrastructure, knowledge of personnel, and training and exercises. The benchmarks were distributed to all hospitals, to be used as a foundation to build and improve emergency preparedness. Scores were compared within and between hospitals. Results: Overall mean scores of emergency preparedness increased over the five measurements from 88 to 95. A significant increase between T1 (first evaluation) and T5 (last evaluation) occurred in SOPs (p = 0.006), training and exercises (p = 0.003), and in the overall score (p = 0.004). No significant changes were found concerning equipment and infrastructure and knowledge; their scores were consistently very high throughout the decade. An interaction effect was found between the cycles of evaluation and the hospitals’ geographical location (F (1,20) = 3.0, p = 0.056), proximity to other medical facilities (F (1,20) = 10.0 p = 0.005), and type of area (Urban vs. Periphery) (F (1,20) = 13.1, p = 0.002). At T5, all hospitals achieved similar high scores of emergency preparedness. Conclusions: Use of accessible benchmarks, which clearly delineate what needs to be continually implemented, facilitates an ongoing sustenance of effective levels of emergency preparedness. As this was demonstrated for a risk that does not frequently occur, it may be assumed that it is possible and practical to achieve and maintain emergency preparedness for other potential risks.

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Marchwiany, Maciej E., Magdalena Birowska, Mariusz Popielski, Jacek A. Majewski, and Agnieszka M. Jastrzębska. "Surface-Related Features Responsible for Cytotoxic Behavior of MXenes Layered Materials Predicted with Machine Learning Approach." Materials 13, no. 14 (July 10, 2020): 3083. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13143083.

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To speed up the implementation of the two-dimensional materials in the development of potential biomedical applications, the toxicological aspects toward human health need to be addressed. Due to time-consuming and expensive analysis, only part of the continuously expanding family of 2D materials can be tested in vitro. The machine learning methods can be used—by extracting new insights from available biological data sets, and provide further guidance for experimental studies. This study identifies the most relevant highly surface-specific features that might be responsible for cytotoxic behavior of 2D materials, especially MXenes. In particular, two factors, namely, the presence of transition metal oxides and lithium atoms on the surface, are identified as cytotoxicity-generating features. The developed machine learning model succeeds in predicting toxicity for other 2D MXenes, previously not tested in vitro, and hence, is able to complement the existing knowledge coming from in vitro studies. Thus, we claim that it might be one of the solutions for reducing the number of toxicological studies needed, and allows for minimizing failures in future biological applications.

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Rezaei, Razieh, Mohsen Safaei, Hamid Reza Mozaffari, Hedaiat Moradpoor, Sara Karami, Amin Golshah, Behroz Salimi, and Hossein Karami. "The Role of Nanomaterials in the Treatment of Diseases and Their Effects on the Immune System." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 7, no. 11 (June 16, 2019): 1884–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.486.

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Nanotechnology has been widely exploited in recent years in various applications. Different sectors of medicine and treatment have also focused on the use of nanoproducts. One of the areas of interest in the treatment measures is the interaction between nanomaterials and immune system components. Engineered nanomaterials can stimulate the inhibition or enhancement of immune responses and prevent the detection ability of the immune system. Changes in immune function, in addition to the benefits, may also lead to some damage. Therefore, adequate assessment of the novel nanomaterials seems to be necessary before practical use in treatment. However, there is little information on the toxicological and biological effects of nanomaterials, especially on the potential ways of contacting and handling nanomaterials in the body and the body response to these materials. Extensive variation and different properties of nanomaterials have made it much more difficult to access their toxicological effects to the present. The present study aims to raise knowledge about the potential benefits and risks of using the nanomaterials on the immune system to design and safely employ these compounds in therapeutic purposes.

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Atakpama, Wouyo, Komlan Batawila, Marra Dourma, Hodabalo Pereki, Kpérkouma Wala, Kangbéni Dimobe, Koffi Akpagana, and Messanvi Gbeassor. "Ethnobotanical Knowledge of Sterculia setigera Del. in the Sudanian Zone of Togo (West Africa)." ISRN Botany 2012 (November 14, 2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/723157.

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Ethnobotanical knowledge is useful in development of management and conservation of plant genetic resources. In this study, ethnobotanical investigations were conducted in Sudanian zone of Togo to identify use values knowledge of Sterculia setigera tree. Information was obtained with the aid of semistructured interviews. Three (3) ethnic groups: Bassar, Moba, and Konkomba belonging to ten (10) localities were investigated. Use knowledge of Sterculia setigera through these ethnic groups was assessed using four use indices: reported use (RU), plant part value (PPV), specific reported use (SU), and intraspecific use value (IUV). Sixty (60) informants of 43 years old were interviewed. The plant parts values and specific uses are raised more in the Moba's ethnic group. The main quoted uses are medicinal, religious, food, and cosmetic. Thus, fourteen (14) treatments of ailments are assigned to it. Considering the various uses, it is crucial to validate scientifically the therapeutic uses and safety of these plants through phytochemical screening, different biological activity tests, and toxicological studies.

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Qi, Lei Lei. "Safety and Evaluation of the Nano-Materials." Applied Mechanics and Materials 312 (February 2013): 382–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.312.382.

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Although the research on the safety of the nanomaterials has made some progress, there are still some problems, such as: lacking the knowledge of the entire life cycle of nanomaterials----the production, the application and the transformation; more research on the safety of the nanomaterials which enter the body through inhalation, but less on other approaches; the lack of ideal reference materials; a shortage of appropriate toxicological endpoints in vitro experiments and standards to determine the dose. This paper mainly analyzes the security and evaluation of nanomaterials.

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Loerracher, Ann-Kathrin, and Thomas Braunbeck. "Cytochrome P450-dependent biotransformation capacities in embryonic, juvenile and adult stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio)—a state-of-the-art review." Archives of Toxicology 95, no. 7 (June 20, 2021): 2299–334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00204-021-03071-7.

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AbstractGiven the strong trend to implement zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos as translational model not only in ecotoxicological, but also toxicological testing strategies, there is an increasing need for a better understanding of their capacity for xenobiotic biotransformation. With respect to the extrapolation of toxicological data from zebrafish embryos to other life stages or even other organisms, qualitative and quantitative differences in biotransformation pathways, above all in cytochrome P450-dependent (CYP) phase I biotransformation, may lead to over- or underestimation of the hazard and risk certain xenobiotic compounds may pose to later developmental stages or other species. This review provides a comprehensive state-of-the-art overview of the scientific knowledge on the development of the CYP1-4 families and corresponding phase I biotransformation and bioactivation capacities in zebrafish. A total of 68 publications dealing with spatiotemporal CYP mRNA expression patterns, activities towards mammalian CYP-probe substrates, bioactivation and detoxification activities, as well as metabolite profiling were analyzed and included in this review. The main results allow for the following conclusions: (1) Extensive work has been done to document mRNA expression of CYP isoforms from earliest embryonic stages of zebrafish, but juvenile and adult zebrafish have been largely neglected so far. (2) There is insufficient understanding of how sex- and developmental stage-related differences in expression levels of certain CYP isoforms may impact biotransformation and bioactivation capacities in the respective sexes and in different developmental stages of zebrafish. (3) Albeit qualitatively often identical, many studies revealed quantitative differences in metabolic activities of zebrafish embryos and later developmental stages. However, the actual relevance of age-related differences on the outcome of toxicological studies still needs to be clarified. (4) With respect to current remaining gaps, there is still an urgent need for further studies systematically assessing metabolic profiles and capacities of CYP isoforms in zebrafish. Given the increasing importance of Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) concepts, an improved understanding of CYP capacities appears essential for the interpretation and outcome of (eco)toxicological studies.

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Pestka, J. "Toxicological mechanisms and potential health effects of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol." World Mycotoxin Journal 3, no. 4 (November 1, 2010): 323–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2010.1247.

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Produced by the mould genus Fusarium, the type B trichothecenes include deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV) and their acetylated precursors. These mycotoxins often contaminate cereal staples, posing a potential threat to public health that is still incompletely understood. Understanding the mechanistic basis by which these toxins cause toxicity in experimental animal models will improve our ability to predict the specific thresholds for adverse human effects as well as the persistence and reversibility of these effects. Acute exposure to DON and NIV causes emesis in susceptible species such as pigs in a manner similar to that observed for certain bacterial enterotoxins. Chronic exposure to these mycotoxins at low doses causes growth retardation and immunotoxicity whereas much higher doses can interfere with reproduction and development. Pathophysiological events that precede these toxicities include altered neuroendocrine responses, upregulation of proinflammatory gene expression, interference with growth hormone signalling and disruption of gastrointestinal tract permeability. The underlying molecular mechanisms involve deregulation of protein synthesis, aberrant intracellular cell signalling, gene transactivation, mRNA stabilisation and programmed cell death. A fusion of basic and translational research is now needed to validate or refine existing risk assessments and regulatory standards for DON and NIV. From the perspective of human health translation, biomarkers have been identified that potentially make it possible to conduct epidemiological studies relating DON consumption to potential adverse human health effects. Of particular interest will be linkages to growth retardation, gastrointestinal illness and chronic autoimmune diseases. Ultimately, such knowledge can facilitate more precise science-based risk assessment and management strategies that protect consumers without reducing availability of critical food sources.

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Soufan, Othman, Jessica Ewald, Charles Viau, Doug Crump, Markus Hecker, Niladri Basu, and Jianguo Xia. "T1000: a reduced gene set prioritized for toxicogenomic studies." PeerJ 7 (October 29, 2019): e7975. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7975.

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There is growing interest within regulatory agencies and toxicological research communities to develop, test, and apply new approaches, such as toxicogenomics, to more efficiently evaluate chemical hazards. Given the complexity of analyzing thousands of genes simultaneously, there is a need to identify reduced gene sets. Though several gene sets have been defined for toxicological applications, few of these were purposefully derived using toxicogenomics data. Here, we developed and applied a systematic approach to identify 1,000 genes (called Toxicogenomics-1000 or T1000) highly responsive to chemical exposures. First, a co-expression network of 11,210 genes was built by leveraging microarray data from the Open TG-GATEs program. This network was then re-weighted based on prior knowledge of their biological (KEGG, MSigDB) and toxicological (CTD) relevance. Finally, weighted correlation network analysis was applied to identify 258 gene clusters. T1000 was defined by selecting genes from each cluster that were most associated with outcome measures. For model evaluation, we compared the performance of T1000 to that of other gene sets (L1000, S1500, Genes selected by Limma, and random set) using two external datasets based on the rat model. Additionally, a smaller (T384) and a larger version (T1500) of T1000 were used for dose-response modeling to test the effect of gene set size. Our findings demonstrated that the T1000 gene set is predictive of apical outcomes across a range of conditions (e.g., in vitro and in vivo, dose-response, multiple species, tissues, and chemicals), and generally performs as well, or better than other gene sets available.

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Rios Rossi Lima, Thania, Nathália Pereira de Souza, Lílian Cristina Pereira, and João Lauro Viana de Camargo. "Adverse outcome pathways – development and potential regulatory application." Vigilância Sanitária em Debate: Sociedade, Ciência & Tecnologia 9, no. 3 (August 31, 2021): 2–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22239/2317-269x.01835.

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Introduction: Over the last two decades, chemical safety assessment and regulatory toxicology have progressed from empirical science based on direct observation of apical adverse outcomes in whole organisms to a predictive practice that infers outcomes and risks on the basis of accumulated understanding of toxicological mechanisms and modes of action. Objective: To provide general concepts on how Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs) are developed and examples related to skin sensitization, endocrine, disruption, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Method: Narrative review based on data of the scientific literature relevant to the theme addressed and on the experience of the authors. Results: An AOP framework provides a systematic approach to organize knowledge about mechanisms of toxicity that may inform analytical domains in regulatory decision-making. AOPs are open structures that may indicate not only data gaps in the understanding of a toxicity process, but also testing procedures that will generate the necessary knowledge to fill those gaps. Every AOP should be continuously refined through the collaborative efforts of the scientific community. Depending on the amount and detail of information that is successively inserted, AOP may progress from the stage of a putative AOP to the stages of qualitative and quantitative AOPs, which are more fit-for-purpose to support regulatory decision-making. Conclusions: Continuous collaboration between AOP developers within the scientific community and the regulatory corps toward the development of this mechanistic structure will support the advancement of toxicological sciences, regardless of its immediate application for regulatory purposes.

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Calabrese, E. J., and L. A. Baldwin. "Radiation hormesis: its historical foundations as a biological hypothesis." Human & Experimental Toxicology 19, no. 1 (January 2000): 41–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/096032700678815602.

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This paper represents the first systematic effort to describe the historical foundations of radiation hormesis. Spanning the years from 1898 to the early 1940‘s the paper constructs and assesses the early history of such research and evaluates how advances in related scientific fields affected the course of hormetic related research. The present effort was designed to not only address this gap in current knowledge, but to offer a toxicological basis for how the concept of hormetic dose-response relationships may affect the nature ofthe bioassay and its role in the risk assessment process.

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Beau, P. G., and J. Chalabreysse. "Knowledge Gained from Bioassay Data on Some Metabolic and Toxicological Features of Uranium Hexafluoride and its Degradation Products." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 26, no. 1-4 (January 1, 1989): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/26.1-4.107.

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Beau, P. G., and J. Chalabreysse. "Knowledge Gained from Bioassay Data on Some Metabolic and Toxicological Features of Uranium Hexafluoride and its Degradation Products." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 26, no. 1-4 (January 1, 1989): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a080389.

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Medić, Branislava, Marko Stojanović, Bojan V. Stimec, Nevena Divac, Katarina Savić Vujović, Radan Stojanović, Mirjana Čolović, Danijela Krstić, and Milica Prostran. "Lithium - Pharmacological and Toxicological Aspects: The Current State of the Art." Current Medicinal Chemistry 27, no. 3 (February 19, 2020): 337–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867325666180904124733.

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: Lithium is the smallest monovalent cation with many different biological effects. Although lithium is present in the pharmacotherapy of psychiatric illnesses for decades, its precise mechanism of action is still not clarified. Today lithium represents first-line therapy for bipolar disorders (because it possesses both antimanic and antidepressant properties) and the adjunctive treatment for major depression (due to its antisuicidal effects). Beside, lithium showed some protective effects in neurological diseases including acute neural injury, chronic degenerative conditions, Alzheimer's disease as well as in treating leucopenia, hepatitis and some renal diseases. Recent evidence suggested that lithium also possesses some anticancer properties due to its inhibition of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) which is included in the regulation of a lot of important cellular processes such as: glycogen metabolism, inflammation, immunomodulation, apoptosis, tissue injury, regeneration etc. : Although recent evidence suggested a potential utility of lithium in different conditions, its broader use in clinical practice still trails. The reason for this is a narrow therapeutic index of lithium, numerous toxic effects in various organ systems and some clinically relevant interactions with other drugs. Additionally, it is necessary to perform more preclinical as well as clinical studies in order to a precise therapeutic range of lithium, as well as its detailed mechanism of action. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge concerning the pharmacological and toxicological effects of lithium.

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Flament, Estelle, Jérôme Guitton, Jean-Michel Gaulier, and Yvan Gaillard. "Human Poisoning from Poisonous Higher Fungi: Focus on Analytical Toxicology and Case Reports in Forensic Toxicology." Pharmaceuticals 13, no. 12 (December 11, 2020): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph13120454.

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Several families of higher fungi contain mycotoxins that cause serious or even fatal poisoning when consumed by humans. The aim of this review is to inventory, from an analytical point of view, poisoning cases linked with certain significantly toxic mycotoxins: orellanine, α- and β-amanitin, muscarine, ibotenic acid and muscimol, and gyromitrin. Clinicians are calling for the cases to be documented by toxicological analysis. This document is therefore a review of poisoning cases involving these mycotoxins reported in the literature and carries out an inventory of the analytical techniques available for their identification and quantification. It seems indeed that these poisonings are only rarely documented by toxicological analysis, due mainly to a lack of analytical methods in biological matrices. There are many reasons for this issue: the numerous varieties of mushroom involved, mycotoxins with different chemical structures, a lack of knowledge about distribution and metabolism. To sum up, we are faced with (i) obstacles to the documentation and interpretation of fatal (or non-fatal) poisoning cases and (ii) a real need for analytical methods of identifying and quantifying these mycotoxins (and their metabolites) in biological matrices.

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Erkent, Ulkem, Alper B. Iskit, Rustu Onur, and Mustafa Ilhan. "The effect of coniine on presynaptic nicotinic receptors." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 71, no. 5-6 (May 1, 2016): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2015-0194.

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Abstract Toxicity of coniine, an alkaloid of Conium maculatum (poison hemlock), is manifested by characteristic nicotinic clinical signs including excitement, depression, hypermetria, seizures, opisthotonos via postsynaptic nicotinic receptors. There is limited knowledge about the role of presynaptic nicotinic receptors on the pharmacological and toxicological effects of coniine in the literature. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the possible role of presynaptic nicotinic receptors on the pharmacological and toxicological effects of coniine. For this purpose, the rat anococcygeus muscle and guinea-pig atria were used in vitro. Nicotine (100 μM) elicited a biphasic response composed of a relaxation followed by contraction through the activation of nitrergic and noradrenergic nerve terminals in the phenylephrine-contracted rat anococcygeus muscle. Coniine inhibited both the nitrergic and noradrenergic response in the muscle (–logIC50 = 3.79 ± 0.11 and –logIC50 = 4.57 ± 0.12 M, respectively). The effect of coniine on nicotinic receptor-mediated noradrenergic transmission was also evaluated in the guinea-pig atrium (–logIC50 = 4.47 ± 0.12 M) and did not differ from the –logIC50 value obtained in the rat anococcygeus muscle. This study demonstrated that coniine exerts inhibitory effects on nicotinic receptor-mediated nitrergic and noradrenergic transmitter response.

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Lam, Simon W., Kristin M. Engebretsen, and Seth R. Bauer. "Toxicology Today." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 24, no. 2 (March 14, 2011): 174–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190011400552.

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Clinicians are frequently confronted with toxicological emergencies and challenged with the task of correctly identifying the possible agents involved and providing appropriate treatments. In this review article, we describe the epidemiology of overdoses, provide a practical approach to the recognition and diagnosis of classic toxidromes, and discuss the initial management strategies that should be considered in all overdoses. In addition, we evaluate some of the most common agents involved in poisonings and present their respective treatments. Recognition of toxidromes with knowledge of indications for antidotes and their limitations for treating overdoses is crucial for the acute care of poisoned patients.

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Chan, JTS, RSD Yeung, and SYH Tang. "An Overview of Chemical Warfare Agents." Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine 9, no. 4 (October 2002): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102490790200900404.

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Chemical warfare agent is defined as a chemical which is intended for use in military operations to kill, seriously injure, or incapacitate humans (or animals) through its toxicological effects. Chemical agents are relatively simple to make and easy to transport. Moreover, their effects are immediate and dramatic. Therefore chemical weapons are commonly used by terrorists to kill or injure in order to achieve certain political purposes. Although chemical incident is uncommon, however, once it occurs, the consequence will be great. Therefore, fundamental knowledge about the basic concepts, toxicity, personal protection, decontamination and treatment with respect to chemical incident are very important.

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Douma, Mountasser, Mohammed Loudiki, Brahim Oudra, Khadija Mouhri, Youness Ouahid, and Francisca F. del Campo. "Taxonomic diversity and toxicological assessment of Cyanobacteria in Moroccan inland waters." Revue des sciences de l'eau 22, no. 3 (August 3, 2009): 435–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/037781ar.

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AbstractResearch on the ecology, biodiversity and toxicology of cyanobacteria in Moroccan inland waters has been carried out since 1994. The results demonstrate the existence of several taxa of cyanobacteria. Most of them are toxic, bloom‑forming species present in various water bodies of the country. The present study follows upon this earlier work and spans the 2003-2006 period. The major aim was to update and supplement the existing national cyanobacteria inventory and to isolate new toxic strains. During the study period, more than 40 aquatic environments were visited and sampled.Almost 300 taxa of cyanobacteria were recorded. They belonged to 3 orders, 14 families and 46 genera. Among these, about 78 taxa are recorded for the first time in Morocco; 29 strains of cyanobacteria were successfully isolated and cultured in the laboratory. All the collected cyanobacteria, including natural blooms, mats, and cultured strains, were analyzed for toxicity and hepatotoxins (microcystins) were quantified. Using the High-performance liquid chromatography technique coupled to photodiode array (PDA) detector (HPLC-PDA), four samples ofMicrocystisblooms showed the presence of microcystins (MCs), with a concentration ranging between 1.87 and 64.4 µg•g‑1MC‑LR eq (microcystin-LR equivalents). A total of five different structural variants of MCs were detected (MC-LR, -RR, -YR, -FR, -WR). Furthermore, 3 of 29 isolates were confirmed as MCs producing strains.The results show that the widening of the survey led to a better knowledge of the diversity of cyanobacteria. The taxonomic inventory was greatly increased and several cyanobacteria strains were characterized for their toxicity. The results should be useful as a database for the identification of various aquatic environments contaminated by cyanobacterial toxins (microcystins), which represent a potent sanitary risk for human and animals.

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Blaauboer, Bas J. "Biokinetic and Toxicodynamic Modelling and its Role in Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 31, no. 3 (May 2003): 277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119290303100310.

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Toxicological risk assessment for chemicals is still mainly based on highly standardised protocols for animal experimentation and exposure assessment. However, developments in our knowledge of general physiology, in chemicobiological interactions and in (computer-supported) modelling, have resulted in a tremendous change in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the toxicity of chemicals. This permits the development of biologically based models, in which the biokinetics as well as the toxicodynamics of compounds can be described. In this paper, the possibilities are discussed of developing systems in which the systemic (acute and chronic) toxicities of chemicals can be quantified without the heavy reliance on animal experiments. By integrating data derived from different sources, predictions of toxicity can be made. Key elements in this integrated approach are the evaluation of chemical functionalities representing structural alerts for toxic actions, the construction of biokinetic models on the basis of non-animal data (for example, tissue–blood partition coefficients, in vitro biotransformation parameters), tests or batteries of tests for determining basal cytotoxicity, and more-specific tests for evaluating tissue or organ toxicity. It is concluded that this approach is a useful tool for various steps in toxicological hazard and risk assessment, especially for those forms of toxicity for which validated in vitro and other non-animal tests have already been developed.

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Ropeik, D. "On the roots of, and solutions to, the persistent battle between “chemonoia” and rationalist denialism of the subjective nature of human cognition." Human & Experimental Toxicology 34, no. 12 (November 26, 2015): 1272–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327115603592.

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Despite remarkable advances over the past 35 years in the field of toxicology generally, and the development of a vast body of knowledge detailing the nature and degree of many human and environmental toxicological risks, the excessive fear of anything connected with chemicals that some refer to as “chemonoia” persists. So too, unfortunately, does the rationalist belief that once the facts are all in, everyone will agree on what those facts say. This article examines the roots of what is essentially a cultural conflict, explains what various bodies of social science research reveal about the psychological roots of that conflict, and offers suggestions on how to move forward.

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Stojak, Joanna. "Use of entomotoxicology in estimating post-mortem interval and determining cause of death." Issues of Forensic Science 295 (2017): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.34836/pk.2017.295.2.

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Entomotoxicology allows the estimation of the post-mortem interval and the determination of the cause of death in cases in which the corpse has decomposed and the tissues necessary for toxicological analysis are no longer available. Obtaining information about toxic substances potentially present in the body is possible by isolation of larvae and pupae of true flies (Diptera) and/or adult forms of, e.g., beetles (Coleoptera) present on or near the corpse. This article was intended to summarize the current knowledge in the field of entomotoxicology, including examples from the literature, and to present the impact of selected toxic substances and medicines on the development of necrophagous larvae of insects.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Toxicological knowledge'

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