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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Toxicity testing In vitro

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Academic literature on the topic 'Toxicity testing In vitro'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Toxicity testing In vitro"

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Ciabattoni, G., P. Montuschi, D. Curró, and P. Preziosi. "In vitro testing for lung toxicity." Toxicology in Vitro 7, no. 5 (September 1993): 581–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0887-2333(93)90091-i.

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Flint, Oliver. "In Vitro Toxicity Testing: Redefining our Objectives." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 20, no. 4 (October 1992): 571–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119299202000411.

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Soldatow, Valerie Y., Edward L. LeCluyse, Linda G. Griffith, and Ivan Rusyn. "In vitro models for liver toxicity testing." Toxicol. Res. 2, no. 1 (2013): 23–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2tx20051a.

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Lipman, Jack, Oliver Flint, June Bradlaw, John Frazier, Charlene McQueen, Carol Green, Daniel Acosta, et al. "Cell culture systems andin vitro toxicity testing." Cytotechnology 8, no. 2 (June 1992): 129–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02525495.

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DelRaso, N. J. "In vitro methodologies for enhanced toxicity testing." Toxicology Letters 68, no. 1-2 (May 1993): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4274(93)90122-e.

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Prieto, Pilar. "Barriers, Nephrotoxicology and Chronic Testing In Vitro." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 30, no. 2_suppl (December 2002): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119290203002s15.

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In many organs of the human body, there are effective physiological barriers which contribute to regulation of the uptake, transport and secretion of endogenous and exogenous materials. ECVAM is involved in the development of several in vitro models for detecting damage to various barriers, including, the renal epithelium, the intestinal barrier, and the blood–brain barrier, after acute and chronic exposure to chemicals and products of various kinds. Long-term toxicity testing is an important issue in toxicology. At present, there are no generally accepted in vitro models available for replacing chronic testing in animals. Under chronic exposure conditions, the cellular response is greater than that which can be predicted in the standard cytotoxicity models. Therefore, the approach to predicting chronic toxicity will need to involve more-complex in vitro models. Several currently available in vitro long-term toxicity systems are under evaluation.

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Flint, Oliver P. "In Vitro Toxicity Testing: Purpose, Validation and Strategy." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 18, no. 1_part_1 (November 1990): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119299001800103.1.

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The fullest potential for in vitro evaluation of toxicity will be realised in the context of the process of assessing the risk of human toxicity. This article is an attempt to clarify what contributions can be made by in vitro tests and what types of in vitro test can best be used. In vitro tests are clarified according to the type of biological endpoint evaluated, first into tests for general (‘basal’) cytotoxicity and, secondly, into tests for differentiated cell function. The role of each type of test is analysed and it is suggested that tests for general cytotoxicity, as opposed to differentiated function, are difficult to interpret in terms of in vivo toxicity. A general approach to evaluating in vitro tests is described, and a strategy for using these tests is proposed.

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Vinken, M. "Liver-based in vitro models for toxicity testing." Toxicology Letters 295 (October 2018): S7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.06.029.

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Jennings, P. "Kidney-based in vitro models for toxicity testing." Toxicology Letters 295 (October 2018): S7—S8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.06.030.

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Constant, S. "Lung-based in vitro models for toxicity testing." Toxicology Letters 295 (October 2018): S8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.06.031.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Toxicity testing In vitro"

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Radburn-Smith, Marcus Alexander. "Novel in vitro models and methods for ocular toxicity testing." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.443263.

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Yang, Jie. "Three dimensional perfused cell culture for in vitro toxicity testing." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a72b7015-cc57-4bb8-904a-a5a88e2194f1.

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This study describes the development of a novel method of three dimensional perfused cell culture for in vitro toxicity testing. Multiple parallel perfused microbioreactors (TissueFlex^TM) were adopted to provide a well-controlled cell culture environment. Alginate and collagen type I, commonly used as hydrogel scaffolds to support cell culture, were tested as the scaffolding materials for this application. Alginate supports cell proliferation, but does not support cell attachment. Collagen gel (type I), good for cell attachment but with poor mechanical strength, could be used at the high concentration of 5mg/ml to prevent the degradation of the gel. Improvement of collagen biomechanical property by a purpose-designed compressor to physically induce cross-linking showed promising results and merits further study. The suitability of alamarBlue® assay, a common non-toxic non-destructive viability assay method, was confirmed for this study and the protocol was optimised. To demonstrate the effectiveness of three dimensional perfused cell culture, human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) seeded in collagen type I were employed to test the cell inhibition of two antibiotics, trimethoprim and pyrimethamine. The results displayed the perfusion system has greater advantage and sensitivity than the static system, as does these of 3D scaffolds, compared with 2D. Such differences are related to the continuous supply of fresh culture medium to keep cells at a stable pH, temperature, oxygen, and a more physiological like environment. The cytotoxicity of two stereoisomer compounds, obtained confidentially from Pfizer. Ltd., was assessed using the developed method and compared to conventional 2D static and perfused culture by using rat adipose mesenchymal stem cells. The results successfully distinguished toxic and non-toxic compounds and also demonstrated that the 3D perfused system improved the prediction of drug toxicity over 2D culture. 3D perfused bioreactors were applied to hepatotoxicity study using freshly isolated rat hepatocytes. Only algimatrix^TM supported hepatocyte spheroid formation among those tested including collagen type I, alginate beads, poly lactic acid fibres, and Algimatrix^TM. A new variation of TissueFlex^TM bioreactor with micro-patterned surface, designed specifically for hepatocyte self-assembly culture without use of any scaffold, was tested. The results demonstrated that, compared with the standard sandwich culture, the self-assembly culture in the micro-patterned bioreactors showed high cell viability, biomarkers expression, as well as more physiological immunocytochemistry. Moreover, the differential gene expression indicated that self-assembly culture could provide more relevant information regarding metabolising processes than the 2D sandwich culture, which would potentially improve hepatotoxicity prediction. In conclusion, 3D perfused cell culture for in vitro toxicity testing improved the predictivity, reliability and physiological relevance of drug toxicity compared to traditional 2D culture.

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Lestari, Fatma Safety Science Faculty of Science UNSW. "Development of in vitro toxicity methods for fire combustion products." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Safety Science, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/24280.

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A large range of polymers are used in building and mass transport interiors which released more toxic products during combustion. This work explores the cytotoxicity of selected chemicals and smoke derived from materials combustion. A selection of polymers and fiberglass reinforced polymer (FRP) composites used in building and railway carriage interiors including: polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polycarbonate (PC), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), melamine plywood, and two FRPs were studied. A small scale laboratory fire test using a vertical tube furnace was designed for the generation of combustion products. The volatile organic compounds were identified using ATD-GCMS (Automatic Thermal Desorption-Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry). The in vitro techniques were developed for human cells exposure to fire effluents including the indirect (impinger) and direct (air/liquid interface using Harvard Navicyte Chamber) exposure. Cytotoxic effects were assessed based on cell viability using a range of in vitro assays. Human skin tissue was also used as preliminary study to assess the toxic effects at the tissue level. A minor change in the cellular function of the skin from the exposure of PMMA combustion products was observed. The combustion study was conducted under different burning stage of fire: non-flaming and flaming combustion. Results suggested that PVC was the most toxic material for both non-flaming (IC50 1.24 mg/L) and flaming combustion (IC50 1.99 mg/L). The degree of toxicity generated depends on the fire stage: non-flaming or flaming combustion. Some materials revealed to be more toxic under flaming combustion (PP, PC, FRPs), whilst others (PVC, PMMA, PE, and melamine plywood) appear to be more toxic under non-flaming combustion. A strong correlation was shown between the change in toxicity as measured by IC50 and TLC and the change in concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particulates. A comparison between in vitro data versus published in vivo combustion data indicated the in vitro results to be more sensitive than animal toxicity data. The outcome of this study has the potential for an alternative method to current fire toxicity standard, whilst providing more accurate toxicity information for fire safety professionals, materials manufacturer, building designers and consumer safety data.

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Lawrence, J. N. "Cryopreservation and toxicity studies with cultured rat and human hepatocytes." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.233123.

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Bruschi, Sam A. "Investigations into mechanisms of paracetamol-induced toxicity using ìn vitro' systems /." Title page, abstract and table of contents only, 1987. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phb192.pdf.

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Yu, Lok Chiu. "Cellular metabolism in in vitro toxicity and toxicology studies." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2005. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/675.

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McKay, Gillian Claire. "Cryopreservation of hepatocyte monolayers : a potential in vitro model system for toxicity testing." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366885.

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Bakand, Shahnaz Safety Science Faculty of Science UNSW. "Development of in vitro methods for toxicity assessment of workplace air contaminants." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Safety Science, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/24246.

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Exposure to air contaminants is significantly associated with both short-term and long-term health effects. However, the precise mechanisms that derive such effects are not always understood. While an extensive background database from in vivo toxicological studies have been developed, most toxicity data is from oral and dermal chemical exposures rather than inhalation exposure. There is a need to explore new alternative approaches to provide toxicity information particularly on this technically demanding area. This research explores the potential of in vitro methods for toxicity assessment of workplace air contaminants. A tiered approach for in vitro toxicity testing of workplace contaminants was designed in which appropriate air sampling and exposure techniques were developed. A diversified battery of in vitro assays including the MTS (tetrazolium salt, Promega), NRU (neutral red uptake, Sigma) and ATP (adenosine triphosphate, Promega) and a multiple human cell system including: A549- lung derived cells; HepG2-liver derived cells, and skin fibroblasts were used. Primarily the application and merits of in vitro methods for prediction of toxicity of selected workplace contaminants including Ammonium hydroxide, Cadmium chloride, Cobalt chloride, Formaldehyde, Glutaraldehyde, Manganese chloride, Mercuric chloride, Sodium dichromate, Sulphureous acid and Zinc chloride was confirmed. To study the toxicity of airborne contaminants an indirect exposure method was established using air sampling techniques followed by static and dynamic direct exposure methods by culturing cells on porous membranes to reveal representative data relating to human airborne exposures. The static method enabled the measurement of an airborne IC50 (50% inhibitory concentration) value for selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including: Xylene (IC50 = 5,350-8,200 ppm) and Toluene (IC50 = 10,500- 16,600 ppm) after 1 hr exposure. By implementing the dynamic method, airborne IC50 values were calculated for gaseous contaminants including: NO2 (IC50 = 11 ?? 3.54 ppm; NRU), SO2 (IC50 = 48 ?? 2.83 ppm; ATP) and NH3 (IC50 = 199 ?? 1.41 ppm; MTS). A higher sensitivity of in vitro methods was observed compared to in vivo published data. A range of in vitro bioassays in conjunction with exposure techniques developed in this thesis may provide an advanced technology for a comprehensive risk assessment of workplace air contaminants.

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Pu, Yubing. "Toxicity assessment of engineered nanoparticles." Thesis, Troyes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TROY0001/document.

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L'objectif de cette thèse est d'améliorer la compréhension de la toxicité de diverses nanoparticules de synthèse (ENPs) pour l'homme et l'écosystème. Les travaux réalisés s’appuient sur la combinaison de données toxicologiques et d’un modèle environnemental - le modèle USEtox. En tant qu'élément important de l'évaluation de l'impact du cycle de vie, le facteur de caractérisation (CF) a été utilisé, dans ce travail, comme indicateur de toxicité pour l'homme et l'écosystème. Pour avoir accès aux courbes dose-réponse et à différentes données toxicologiques, des expériences in vitro ont été réalisées en exposant des neutrophiles porcins fraîchement isolés à trois types de nanoparticules de synthèse. Les modifications morphologiques, les taux de mortalité et la chimioluminescence des neutrophiles ont été évaluées. De plus, pour estimer le temps de persistance des nanoparticules de synthèse dans l'écosystème eau douce, un modèle basé sur la science des colloïdes a été développé. Il prend en compte les comportements spécifiques des nanoparticules de synthèse et inclut des recommandations sur le choix des paramètres hydrologiques régionaux. Enfin, une enquête documentaire exhaustive a été réalisée pour recueillir les données écotoxicologiques de diverses nanoparticules de synthèse. Dans le cadre du modèle USEtox, le CF toxicologique non cancérogène pour cuivre NPs et les CF écotoxicologiques pour 14 ENPs sont recommandés. Ces valeurs des CF pourraient être utiles à l'avenir pour évaluer les impacts environnementaux des produits contenant des ENPs
The objective of this thesis is to improve understandings of toxicity of various engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) to human and ecosystem. It is realized via coordinating toxicological data and a scientific consensus environmental model -- the USEtox model. As an important element in life cycle impact assessment, the characterization factor (CF) is employed as a toxicity indicator for human and ecosystem in this work. To obtain the firsthand dose-response phenomena and human toxicological data, in vitro experiments have been conducted by exposing freshly isolated porcine neutrophils to three kinds of ENPs (i.e. copper, nickel and aluminum oxide nanoparticles). The morphologies, mortality rates, and chemiluminescence, of neutrophils are observed or monitored. Additionally, to estimate the persistence time of ENPs in freshwater ecosystem, a fate model on the basis of colloid science is developed. It takes nano-specific behaviors of ENPs into account and includes recommendations of regionalized hydrological parameters. Finally, a comprehensive literature survey is accomplished to collect the ecotoxicological data of various ENPs. Under the framework of USEtox model, the non-carcinogenic human toxicological CFs for Copper NPs and the ecotoxicological CFs for 14 ENPs are recommended. These CF values could be useful in the future when evaluating the environmental impacts of products containing ENPs

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Cadieux, Brigitte. "Development of a novel, rapid, in vitro assay for the detection of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin type E." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32836.

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Botulism is a foodborne intoxication caused by ingestion of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT). Preliminary studies focussed on the production of polyclonal antisera against BoNT/E by immunizing a rabbit with botulinal toxoid type E. The antiserum was subsequently used to detect BoNT/E using the slot blot immunoassay where samples were applied to a slot blot filtration manifold and drawn by vacuum through a membrane. The membrane was then immunologically processed before chemiluminescent detection. However, the antisera lacked specificity and cross-reacted with closely related clostridia strains.
The specificity of the antisera was increased by adsorbing cross-reactive antibodies from whole antisera with affinity columns made with total proteins from culture supernatants of closely related clostridia. Alternatively, specific antibodies were isolated with an affinity column prepared with C. botulinum type E toxoid.
Different methods of concentrating BoNT/E in each sample prior to testing them were evaluated to increase the sensitivity of the assay.
The slot blot immunoassay was then evaluated for detection of BoNT/E in mixed cultures and in food samples. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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Books on the topic "Toxicity testing In vitro"

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O’Hare, Sheila, and Chris K. Atterwill, eds. In Vitro Toxicity Testing Protocols. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/0896032825.

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Sheila, O'Hare, and Atterwill C. K, eds. In vitro toxicity testing protocols. Totowa, N.J: Humana Press, 1995.

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M, Frazier John, ed. In vitro toxicity testing: Applications to safety evaluation. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1992.

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Evelyn, Tiffany-Castiglioni, ed. In vitro neurotoxicology: Principles and challenges. Totowa, N.J: Humana Press, 2004.

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M, Goldberg Alan, Principe Marilyn L, and Johns Hopkins Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing. Symposium., eds. In vitro toxicology: New directions. New York: Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., 1989.

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M, Goldberg Alan, and Principe Marilyn L, eds. In vitro toxicology: Mechanisms and new technology. New York: Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., 1991.

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M, Goldberg Alan, Principe Marilyn L, and Johns Hopkins Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing., eds. Progress in in vitro toxicology. New York: Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., Publishers, 1988.

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M, Goldberg Alan, Principe Marilyn L, and Johns Hopkins Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing. (6th : 1989 : Baltimore, Md.), eds. In vitro toxicology: New directions. New York: M.A. Liebert, 1989.

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Clarke, Hilary. In vivo and in vitro studies on cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1997.

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Atterwill, C. K., and C. E. Steele. In vitro methods in toxicology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Toxicity testing In vitro"

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Repetto, Guillermo, Consuelo Alvarez Herrera, Raquel Rojas, Ana del Peso, and Sara Maisanaba. "In Vitro Toxicity Testing." In Toxicology for the Health and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 119–41. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203730584-8.

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Atterwill, Chris K. "Alternative Method of Assessing Toxicity." In In Vitro Toxicity Testing Protocols, 1–9. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-282-5:1.

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Clothier, Richard H. "The FRAME Cytotoxicity Test (Kenacid Blue)." In In Vitro Toxicity Testing Protocols, 109–18. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-282-5:109.

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White, David J., and Chris Seaman. "LLC-RK1 Cell Screening Test for Nephrotoxicity." In In Vitro Toxicity Testing Protocols, 11–16. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-282-5:11.

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Fiskesjö, Geirid. "Allium Test." In In Vitro Toxicity Testing Protocols, 119–27. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-282-5:119.

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Walum, Erik, and Anna Forsby. "Measurement of Cell Membrane Toxicity by Means of 2-Deoxy-D-Glucose." In In Vitro Toxicity Testing Protocols, 129–35. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-282-5:129.

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Supino, Rosa. "MTT Assays." In In Vitro Toxicity Testing Protocols, 137–49. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-282-5:137.

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Bianchi, Vera. "V79 Cytotoxicity Test for Membrane Damage." In In Vitro Toxicity Testing Protocols, 151–60. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-282-5:151.

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Blein-Sella, Odile, and Monique Adolphe. "SIRC Cytotoxicity Test." In In Vitro Toxicity Testing Protocols, 161–67. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-282-5:161.

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Blein-Sella, Odile, and Monique Adolphe. "Rabbit Articular Chondrocyte Functional Toxicity Test." In In Vitro Toxicity Testing Protocols, 169–75. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-282-5:169.

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Conference papers on the topic "Toxicity testing In vitro"

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Rommel, Christina E., Christian Dierker, Angelika Vollmer, Steffi Ketelhut, Björn Kemper, and Juergen Schnekenburger. "Multimodal label-free in vitro toxicity testing with digital holographic microscopy." In SPIE Photonics Europe, edited by Jürgen Popp, Valery V. Tuchin, Dennis L. Matthews, Francesco S. Pavone, and Paul Garside. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2054374.

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Rozman, Iza, Alja Štern, and Bojana Žegura. "New Approaches for Testing the (Geno)Toxic Activity of Nano-particles In Vitro." In Socratic lectures 10. University of Lubljana Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.55295/psl.2024.ii8.

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Abstract:The safety of nanomaterials, whether they are made of natural or artificial substances, represents a significant challenge because nanotechnology, as a young and up-and-coming field, is developing very quickly, while nanotoxicology and nanoecotoxicology are falling behind. Since the production, use, and consequently, the exposure of people to nanomaterials is increasing significantly, the acquisition of data on potential acute and chronic toxicity plays a crucial role. It is known that nanomaterials due to their high surface-to-volume ratio, high reactivity, and unique physical, chemical, and biological properties exhibit a greater risk of toxicity than the corresponding bulk material and that is why a comprehensive assessment of the toxicity of nanoparticles should always be done prior to their use. We develop 3D cell models as a new in vitro methodological approach for nanoparticle (geno)toxicity assessment to better understand the impact nanomaterials have on environmental and human health. Currently, as a part of our ongoing study, core-shell iron nanoparticles are being examined, where the core consists of FeO, and the shell is made of Fe3O4. So far, in vitro cyto- and genotoxicity were assessed in the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2, using the ATP assay and the comet assay, respectively, but due to ongoing genotoxicity testing and reservations about data publishing, the results will not be presented in this scientific contribution. Keywords: 3D cell models; 2D cell models; Cytotoxicity; DNA damage; Genotoxicity; Iron-based nanoparticles

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Gernand, Jeremy M. "Limitations on the Reliability of In Vitro Predictive Toxicity Models to Predict Pulmonary Toxicity in Rodents." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-67151.

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Given the rapidly proliferating varieties of nanomaterials and ongoing concerns that these novel materials may pose emerging occupational and environmental risks, combined with the possibility that each variety might pose a different unique risk due to the unique combination of material properties, researchers and regulators have been searching for methods to identify hazards and prioritize materials for further testing. While several screening tests and toxic risk models have been proposed, most have relied on cellular-level in vitro data. This foundation enables answers to be developed quickly for any material, but it is yet unclear how this information may translate to more realistic exposure scenarios in people or other more complex animals. A quantitative evaluation of these models or at least the inputs variables to these models in the context of rodent or human health outcomes is necessary before their classifications may be believed for the purposes of risk prioritization. This paper presents the results of a machine learning enabled meta-analysis of animal studies attempting to use significant descriptors from in vitro nanomaterial risk models to predict the relative toxicity of nanomaterials following pulmonary exposures in rodents. A series of highly non-linear random forest models (each made up of an ensemble of 1,000 regression tree models) were created to assess the maximum possible information value of the in vitro risk models and related methods of describing nanomaterial variants and their toxicity in rat and mouse experiments. The variety of chemical descriptors or quantitative chemical property measurements such as bond strength, surface charge, and dissolution potential, while important in describing observed differences with in vitro experiments, proved to provide little indication of the relative magnitude of inflammation in rodents (explained variance amounted to less than 32%). Important factors in predicting rodent pulmonary inflammation such as primary particle size and chemical type demonstrate that there are critical differences between these two toxicity assays that cannot be captured by a series of in vitro tests alone. Predictive models relying primarily on these descriptors alone explained more than 62% of the variance of the short term in vivo toxicity results. This means that existing proposed nanomaterial toxicity screening methods are inadequate as they currently stand, and either the community must be content with the slower and more expensive animal testing to evaluate nanomaterial risks, or further conceptual development of improved alternative in vitro screening methodologies is necessary before manufacturers and regulators can rely on them to promote safer use of nanotechnology.

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Stoeger, T., O. Schmid, D. Dittberner, S. Takenaka, and H. Schulz. "Deducing the Inflammatory In Vivo Toxicity of Combustion Derived Nanoparticles from In Vitro Testing." In American Thoracic Society 2009 International Conference, May 15-20, 2009 • San Diego, California. American Thoracic Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2009.179.1_meetingabstracts.a5240.

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George, Subin M., and Hyejin Moon. "Digital Microfluidic Platform for 3-D Tissue Based High Throughput Screening." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53995.

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Pharmaceutical drug development requires exhaustive testing of potential drugs in before animal and human clinical trials. Only one in ten drugs entering clinical trials receive the final approval. Most drugs fail in later stages due to lack of efficacy or toxicity which are discovered later on, after having cleared in vitro trials [1]. This highlights the need for improved laboratory testing methods to screen out failure candidates. It should be noted that 3-dimensional (3D) tissue constructs provide a better environment to mimic physiological processes as compared to conventional 2-dimensional (2D) cell based testing systems [2]

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Gernand, Jeremy M., and Elizabeth A. Casman. "Selecting Nanoparticle Properties to Mitigate Risks to Workers and the Public: A Machine Learning Modeling Framework to Compare Pulmonary Toxicity Risks of Nanomaterials." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-62687.

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Due to their size and unique chemical properties, nanomaterials have the potential to interact with living organisms in novel ways, leading to a spectrum of negative consequences. Though a relatively new materials science, already nanomaterial variants in the process of becoming too numerous to be screened for toxicity individually by traditional and expensive animal testing. As with conventional pollutants, the resulting backlog of untested new materials means that interim industry and regulatory risk management measures may be mismatched to the actual risk. The ability to minimize toxicity risk from a nanomaterial during the product or system design phase would simplify the risk assessment process and contribute to increased worker and consumer safety. Some attempts to address this problem have been made, primarily analyzing data from in vitro experiments, which are of limited predictive value for the effects on whole organisms. The existing data on the toxicity of inhaled nanomaterials in animal models is sparse in comparison to the number of potential factors that may contribute to or aggravate nanomaterial toxicity, limiting the power of conventional statistical analysis to detect property/toxicity relationships. This situation is exacerbated by the fact that exhaustive chemical and physical characterization of all nanomaterial attributes in these studies is rare, due to resource or equipment constraints and dissimilar investigator priorities. This paper presents risk assessment models developed through a meta-analysis of in vivo nanomaterial rodent-inhalational toxicity studies. We apply machine learning techniques including regression trees and the related ensemble method, random forests in order to determine the relative contribution of different physical and chemical attributes on observed toxicity. These methods permit the use of data records with missing information without substituting presumed values and can reveal complex data relationships even in nonlinear contexts or conditional situations. Based on this analysis, we present a predictive risk model for the severity of inhaled nanomaterial toxicity based on a given set of nanomaterial attributes. This model reveals the anticipated change in the expected toxic response to choices of nanomaterial design (such as physical dimensions or chemical makeup). This methodology is intended to aid nanomaterial designers in identifying nanomaterial attributes that contribute to toxicity, giving them the opportunity to substitute safer variants while continuing to meet functional objectives. Findings from this analysis indicate that carbon nanotube (CNT) impurities explain at most 30% of the variance pulmonary toxicity as measured by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) count. Titanium dioxide nanoparticle size and aggregation affected the observed toxic response by less than ±10%. Difference in observed effects for a group of metal oxide nanoparticle associated with differences in Gibbs Free Energy on lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) concentrations amount to only 4% to the total variance. Other chemical descriptors of metal oxides were unimportant.

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RAMETTA, GABRIELLA, VERA LA FERRARA, and GIROLAMO DI FRANCIA. "NANOMATERIALS TOXICITY: AN IN-VITRO INVESTIGATION." In Proceedings of the 12th Italian Conference. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812833594_0013.

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Sabata, R. W., and E. L. Dewailly. "Toxicity Testing With Bioluminescence." In Offshore Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/6301-ms.

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Sabaté, R. W., A. V. Stiffey, E. L. Dewailly, A. A. Hinds, and G. J. Vieaux. "Portable, Accurate Toxicity Testing." In Offshore Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/7406-ms.

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Massányi, Peter, Grzegorz Formicki, N. Lukáč, J. Slivková, J. Kováčik, R. Toman, Łukasz Binkowski, Agnieszka Greń, and Robert Stawarz. "REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY OF MERCURY IN VIVO AND IN VITRO." In XVIII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE RISK FACTORS OF FOOD CHAIN 2017. Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny w Krakowie, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/9788380840973.12.

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Reports on the topic "Toxicity testing In vitro"

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Hawkins, Brian T., and Sonia Grego. A Better, Faster Road From Biological Data to Human Health: A Systems Biology Approach for Engineered Cell Cultures. RTI Press, June 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2017.rb.0015.1706.

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Traditionally, the interactions of drugs and toxicants with human tissue have been investigated in a reductionist way—for example, by focusing on specific molecular targets and using single-cell-type cultures before testing compounds in whole organisms. More recently, “systems biology” approaches attempt to enhance the predictive value of in vitro biological data by adopting a comprehensive description of biological systems and using computational tools that are sophisticated enough to handle the complexity of these systems. However, the utility of computational models resulting from these efforts completely relies on the quality of the data used to construct them. Here, we propose that recent advances in the development of bioengineered, three-dimensional, multicellular constructs provide in vitro data of sufficient complexity and physiological relevance to be used in predictive systems biology models of human responses. Such predictive models are essential to maximally leveraging these emerging bioengineering technologies to improve both therapeutic development and toxicity risk assessment. This brief outlines the opportunities presented by emerging technologies and approaches for the acceleration of drug development and toxicity testing, as well as the challenges lying ahead for the field.

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Committee on Toxicology. COT FSA PBPK for Regulators Workshop Report 2021. Food Standards Agency, April 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.tyy821.

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The future of food safety assessment in the UK depends on the Food Standards Agency’s (FSA) adaptability and flexibility in responding to and adopting the accelerating developments in science and technology. The Tox21 approach is an example of one recent advancement in the development of alternative toxicity testing approaches and computer modelling strategies for the evaluation of hazard and exposure (New Approach Methodologies (NAMs). A key aspect is the ability to link active concentrations in vitro to likely concentrations in vivo, for which physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling is ideally suited. The UK FSA and the Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products, and the Environment (COT) held an “PBPK for Regulators” workshop with multidisciplinary participation, involving delegates from regulatory agencies, government bodies, academics, and industry. The workshop provided a platform to enable expert discussions on the application of PBPK to health risk assessment in a regulatory context. Presentations covered current application of PBPK modelling in the agrochemical industry for in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE), pharmaceutical industry for drug absorption related issues (e.g., the effect of food on drug absorption) and drug-drug interaction studies, as well as dose extrapolations to special populations (e.g., those with a specific disease state, paediatric/geriatric age groups, and different ethnicities), environmental chemical risk assessment, an overview of the current regulatory guidance and a PBPK model run-through. This enabled attendees to consider the wide potential and fitness for purpose of the application of PBPK modelling in these fields. Attendees considered applicability in the context of future food safety assessment for refining exposure assessments of chemicals with narrow margins of exposure and/or to fill data gaps from more traditional approaches (i.e., data from animal testing). The overall conclusions from the workshop were as follows: PBPK modelling tools were applicable in the areas of use covered, and that expertise was available (though it is in small numbers). PBPK modelling offers opportunities to address questions for compounds that are otherwise not possible (e.g., considerations of human variability in kinetics) and allows identification of “at risk” subpopulations. The use of PBPK modelling tends to be applied on a case-by-case basis and there appears to be a barrier to widespread acceptance amongst regulatory bodies due to the lack of available in-house expertise (apart from some medical and environmental agencies such as the European Medicines Agency, United States Food and Drug Administration, and the US Environmental Protection Agency, respectively). Familiarisation and further training opportunities on the application of PBPK modelling using real world case studies would help in generating interest and developing more experts in the field, as well as furthering acceptance. In a regulatory context, establishing fitness for purpose for the use of PBPK models requires transparent discussion between regulatory agencies, government bodies, academics, and industry and the development of a harmonised guidance such as by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) would provide a starting point. Finally, PBPK modelling is part of the wider “new approach methodologies” for risk assessment, and there should be particular emphasis in modelling both toxicodynamics and toxicokinetics.

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Dean, Jay B. Hyperbaric Imaging Equipment: Fluorescence Microscopy for In Vitro Studies of Oxygen Toxicity. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada425309.

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Levine, Barry S., Richard H. San, and Patrick D. Curry. In Vitro Mutagenicity Testing of WR6026 Hydrochloride. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada640560.

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Geiss, Kevin T., Dan L. Polland, and John M. Frazier. Toxicity of Experimental Jet Fuel System Ice-Inhibiting Agents: I. In Vitro Dosimetry. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada453145.

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Beitel, Jesse J., Craig L. Beyler, Lawrence A. McKenna, and Frederick W. Williams. Overview of Smoke Toxicity Testing and Regulations. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada342016.

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Rabalais, Lauren, Jennifer Laird, Alan Kennedy, John Farrar, Guilherme Lotufo, and James Biedenbach. Acute Toxicity Testing and Culture Methods for Calanoid Copepods in Water Column (Elutriate) Toxicity Evaluations. Environmental Laboratory (U.S.), July 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/27968.

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Ruffing, Anne, Travis Jensen, and Lucas Strickland. NMSBA: Aken Technologies Final Report: Toxicity Testing of Liquidoff. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1171600.

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Ruffing, Anne, Travis J. Jensen, Lucas Marshall Strickland, Nadeya C. Rader, and Bryan Carson. NMSBA: Aken Technologies. Final Report: Toxicity Testing of Liquidoff. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1177379.

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Albertini, R. J. The development of in vitro mutagenicity testing systems using t-lymphocytes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/615639.

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