Relevant bibliographies by topics / Toxicity testing

Academic literature on the topic 'Toxicity testing'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Toxicity testing"

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Coker, Samuel T. "Multispecies Toxicity Testing." International Journal of Crude Drug Research 25, no. 3 (January 1987): 188–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13880208709060927.

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Matsumoto, Kiyoshi, and Masuo Tobe. "General toxicity testing." Japan journal of water pollution research 12, no. 10 (1989): 608–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2965/jswe1978.12.608.

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Matthiessen, Peter. "Multispecies toxicity testing." Marine Pollution Bulletin 17, no. 7 (July 1986): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(86)90222-5.

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Hulla, Janis E., and A. Wallace Hayes. "Disrupt toxicity testing." Toxicology Research and Application 1 (January 1, 2017): 239784731772357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2397847317723571.

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Dimensions of time that are relevant to molecular mechanisms are not incorporated into conventional toxicity testing methodologies. Historically, this was due to technological limitations. These limitations no longer exist. Application of real-time imaging and chemical sensor technologies presents an opportunity to overcome the challenges that have stalled essential transformation of toxicity testing methodology.
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Netter, K. J. "Testing for toxicity." Toxicology 34, no. 4 (March 1985): 356–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-483x(85)90150-7.

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Meier, J. "Multispecies toxicity testing." Toxicon 28, no. 6 (January 1990): 746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(90)90278-f.

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Hodson, Peter V. "Multispecies toxicity testing." Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 27, no. 2 (February 1987): 246–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-3575(87)90052-6.

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Eskov, A., R. Kaumov, and A. Sokolov. "Quick cellular toxicity testing." Toxicology Letters 196 (July 2010): S132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.03.460.

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ARNAUD, CELIA HENRY. "TOXICITY TESTING WITHOUT ANIMALS." Chemical & Engineering News 85, no. 32 (August 6, 2007): 34–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v085n032.p034.

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Fischer, Ida, Catherine Milton, and Heather Wallace. "Toxicity testing is evolving!" Toxicology Research 9, no. 2 (April 2020): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxres/tfaa011.

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Abstract The efficient management of the continuously increasing number of chemical substances used in today’s society is assuming greater importance than ever before. Toxicity testing plays a key role in the regulatory decisions of agencies and governments that aim to protect the public and the environment from the potentially harmful or adverse effects of these multitudinous chemicals. Therefore, there is a critical need for reliable toxicity-testing methods to identify, assess and interpret the hazardous properties of any substance. Traditionally, toxicity-testing approaches have been based on studies in experimental animals. However, in the last 20 years, there has been increasing concern regarding the sustainability of these methodologies. This has created a real need for the development of new approach methodologies (NAMs) that satisfy the regulatory requirements and are acceptable and affordable to society. Numerous initiatives have been launched worldwide in attempts to address this critical need. However, although the science to support this is now available, the legislation and the pace of NAMs acceptance is lagging behind. This review will consider some of the various initiatives in Europe to identify NAMs to replace or refine the current toxicity-testing methods for pharmaceuticals. This paper also presents a novel systematic approach to support the desired toxicity-testing methodologies that the 21st century deserves.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Toxicity testing"

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Widdowson, Alexandra. "Microbial toxicity testing of inorganic nanoparticles." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2015. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=227625.

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NPs are toxic to a wide range of organisms across trophic levels; gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli), algae (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata), crustaceans (Daphnia magna and Thamnocephalus platyurus), fish (rainbow trout, zebrafish, trout) and plants (Lactuca sativa L. and Raphanus sativus L). Due to their lack of target specificity, NPs may pose an environmental risk. The antibacterial properties of Ag and Cu nanoparticles (NP) are enhanced by their large reactive surface area, compared to bulk counterparts. Toxicity of NPs is attributed to their solubility and subsequent release of ions. However, the cytotoxic effects of NPs cannot always be attributed to the free ion fraction. The underpinning objective of this study was to link the response of microbial biosensors to detailed chemical analysis of NP dissolution products. NPs were suspended in Millipore water and in the presence of the steric stabiliser Na citrate and the resulting NP solubility characterised. Using chemical analysis this study quantified the flux of total dissolved metal (total [M]) and free metal ions [M+] from Ag and Cu NPs (Chapter 3). Two bioluminescent biosensors were used to assess the bioavailable metal fraction ([M]bio) of NP dissolution (Chapters 5 and 6). E. coli HB101 pUCD607 (bacterial) and M. citricolor (fungal) were chosen to represent NP toxicity across trophic levels using the same response mechanism. Additionally, the metal-induced bioreporter, P. fluorescens DF57-Cu15, was used to quantify the Cu bioavailability of Cu NP dissolution. By combining chemical and biological analysis this study inferred NP toxicity is not mass dependent, toxicity is dissolution dependent. Dissolution of Ag and Cu NPs in Millipore water was mostly in the [M+] form. This remained the case for Ag NPs in the presence of Na citrate. However, dissolution of Cu NPs in Na citrate was mostly as total [Cu]. This was due to Cu ions complexing readily with citrate. Toxicity of Ag NP dissolution in Millipore water was concentration dependent. Total [Ag] correlated with E. coli HB101 toxicity response. The addition of Na citrate reduced Ag NP dissolution and therefore reduced toxicity to E. coli HB101. M. citricolor was less sensitive than E. coli HB101 to the dissolution products of Ag NPs in Millipore water. However, the sensor was more sensitive to the dissolution of Ag NPs in Na citrate than E. coli HB101. Cu NPs were chemically stable in Millipore water. The bioreporter P. fluorescens DF57-Cu15 was not induced by Millipore suspensions and E. coli HB101 was not inhibited. However, M. citricolor responded to [Cu]bio of Millipore suspensions with a maximum 54% inhibition of bioluminescence. P. fluorescens DF57-Cu15 was induced by the dissolution products of Cu NPs with the addition of Na citrate, only at high NP concentrations (> 500 mg/L). [Cu]bio of the Na citrate suspensions was toxic to E. coli HB101. However, toxicity was greater for M. citricolor with a maximum biosensor inhibition of 83%. There was no correlation between total [Cu], [Cu2+] or [Cu]bio with the response of either biosensors nor the bioreporter. Interpretation of Ag and Cu NP toxicity was made possible by the combining of chemical and biological toxicity assessment. Dissolution of Ag NPs suspended in Millipore water could be attributed as the main factor in toxicity to E. coli HB101 because of the knowledge gained by chemical analysis. It also allowed the conclusion that NP dissolution was a key factor to toxicity in all cases but biological assessment attributed NP assimilation as a contributing factor. Biological assessment is vital as no chemical analysis can quantify [M]bio, especially when [M]bio was perceived differently by biosensors of different trophic levels and modes of action. Combining chemical and biological assessment in this study was essential for interpreting NP toxicity.
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Macdonald, Niall Patrick. "Microsystems manufacturing technologies for pharmaceutical toxicity testing." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2013. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5070/.

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To meet the demands of political, ethical and scientific pressures on animal testing, research into possible alternatives is required. Data obtained with animal models often cannot be related to humans. Testing with current cell-based assays, microdosing and pharmacokinetic models contribute to reducing animal testing and improving the drug development process. Micro-fabrication and rapid prototyping techniques offer potential solutions to reduce the need for animal toxicity testing. The aim of this research was to develop biological platforms for in vitro toxicity testing to provide physiologically relevant, high-throughput solutions to reduce animal testing. This was achieved by investigating and integrating microfabrication methods of microfluidics, dielectrophoresis and additive manufacturing. Three approaches were taken: (i) micro-pattern protein arrays for primary hepatocyte cell culture enclosed within microfluidics devices for high-throughput toxicity testing. It was observed that hepatocytes attached to the micro-pattern within microfluidics and maintained viability, however liver specific functions observed by florescence assays, the P450 enzymes, were observed to be reduced compared to Petri dish conditions. (ii) A biomimetic dielectrophoretic cell patterning technique to form liver lobule-like tissue structures within agar on a paper substrate was developed for toxicity testing. Observation of these biomimetic micro liver structures showed high viability (80-90%) and an increase in liver specific function marker albumin protein (20%) compared to control samples after 48 hours. (iii) Rapid prototyping methods were explored with regard to fabrication of microfluidic chips for the automated trapping, imaging and analysis of zebrafish embryos. Monolithic microfluidic chips for zebrafish were developed to be suitable for optical based toxicity assays. The biocompatibility of 3D printed materials was investigated. A method to render the photopolymer Dreve Fototec 7150 compatible with zebrafish culture was observed to provide 100% viability. Future development of this research will aim to (i) develop the liver lobule-like system to use layers of multiple cell types to form complex micro-liver models using additive manufactured microfluidic systems for toxicity testing. (ii) Automation of zebrafish handing using additive manufactured microfluidic devices for in-situ analysis of dechorionated zebrafish for high-throughput toxicity studies.
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Taylor, Nadine Suzanne. "Novel approaches to toxicity testing in Daphnia magna." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/668/.

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Current regulatory risk assessment strategies have several limitations, such as linking subcellular changes to higher-level biological effects, and an improved knowledge-based approach is needed. Ecotoxicogenomic techniques have been proposed as having the potential to overcome the current limitations, providing greater mechanistic information for ecotoxicological testing. In this thesis, metabolomics is explored as a novel method for toxicity testing using Daphnia magna. Initially I evaluated the potential application of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) based metabolomics for use in regulatory toxicity testing. Subsequently, I aimed to use this approach to discriminate between toxicant modes of action (MOA) and to link toxicant induced metabolic effects to reduced reproductive output in D. magna. FT-ICR MS metabolomics was determined to be a feasible approach for toxicity testing of both whole-organism homogenates and haemolymph of D. magna. It is capable of discriminating between life-stages of D. magna as well as determining toxicant-induced metabolic effects. Highly predictive multivariate classification models were capable of significantly discriminating between four different toxicant MOAs; achievable in both haemolymph and whole-organism extracts, with the latter being the more information-rich sample type. Multivariate regression models were predictive of reduced reproductive output in D. magna following toxicant exposure, and determined that a metabolic biomarker signature was significantly able to predict the reproductive output of D. magna. Ultimately this research has concluded that an FT-ICR MS metabolomics approach for use in regulatory toxicity testing using Daphnia magna is both viable and can provide valuable information.
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Payne, Chris 1971. "Phylogenetic trends in phytoplankton resistance to Cd and Cu toxicity." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=24033.

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Some species of marine phytoplankton are believed to be more tolerant of high concentrations of trace metals than others, but no conclusive test of this hypothesis has been conducted. Eleven species of phytoplankton representing 5 classes were grown in Aquil medium containing Cd$ sp{2+}$ concentrations between 10$ sp{-9.85}$ and 10$ sp{-6.84}$ M. Growth rates and intracellular concentrations of Cd, C, N and S were measured. Cadmium quotas (mol Cd/litre-cell volume) were lower in members of Bacillariophyceae than in Chlorophyceae, Prymnesiophyceae, Dinophyceae and Cyanophyceae (ANOVA, p $<$ 0.001). Cellular C:S molar ratios decreased in phytoplankton grown at high (pCd 7.37-6.84) compared to low Cd (no added Cd), as S/litre-cell volume increased. Similar results were observed for C:N molar ratios. In two species that were examined, C:S ratios decreased as a linear function of increasing Cd concentration. Mean Cd$ sp{2+}$ concentration that reduced growth rate to 50% of maximum (pCd$ sp{50})$ was not significantly different among phytoplankton classes (ANOVA, p $<$ 0.05). When these experimental data were combined with pCd$ sp{50}$s calculated from published sources, Chlorophyceae were found to be the most resistant class (ANOVA, p $<$ 0.01). Cadmium and Cu resistance (pCd$ sp{50}$ and pCu$ sp{50})$ were correlated (r = 0.52, p $<$ 0.05), suggesting co-tolerance of phytoplankton to toxic levels of these metals. Chlorophyceae were most tolerant and Cyanophyceae the least tolerant of Cu (ANOVA, p $<$ 0.01). No significant differences were observed among Bacillariophyceae, Prymnesiophyceae, and Dinophyceae, which were of intermediate sensitivity to both metals. The results confirm the existence of a phylogenetic dependence of resistance to trace metal toxicity in phytoplankton.
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Adler, Sarah. "The use of pluripotent cells in developmental toxicity testing." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=976069806.

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Radburn-Smith, Marcus Alexander. "Novel in vitro models and methods for ocular toxicity testing." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.443263.

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Yang, Jie. "Three dimensional perfused cell culture for in vitro toxicity testing." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a72b7015-cc57-4bb8-904a-a5a88e2194f1.

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This study describes the development of a novel method of three dimensional perfused cell culture for in vitro toxicity testing. Multiple parallel perfused microbioreactors (TissueFlexTM) were adopted to provide a well-controlled cell culture environment. Alginate and collagen type I, commonly used as hydrogel scaffolds to support cell culture, were tested as the scaffolding materials for this application. Alginate supports cell proliferation, but does not support cell attachment. Collagen gel (type I), good for cell attachment but with poor mechanical strength, could be used at the high concentration of 5mg/ml to prevent the degradation of the gel. Improvement of collagen biomechanical property by a purpose-designed compressor to physically induce cross-linking showed promising results and merits further study. The suitability of alamarBlue® assay, a common non-toxic non-destructive viability assay method, was confirmed for this study and the protocol was optimised. To demonstrate the effectiveness of three dimensional perfused cell culture, human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) seeded in collagen type I were employed to test the cell inhibition of two antibiotics, trimethoprim and pyrimethamine. The results displayed the perfusion system has greater advantage and sensitivity than the static system, as does these of 3D scaffolds, compared with 2D. Such differences are related to the continuous supply of fresh culture medium to keep cells at a stable pH, temperature, oxygen, and a more physiological like environment. The cytotoxicity of two stereoisomer compounds, obtained confidentially from Pfizer. Ltd., was assessed using the developed method and compared to conventional 2D static and perfused culture by using rat adipose mesenchymal stem cells. The results successfully distinguished toxic and non-toxic compounds and also demonstrated that the 3D perfused system improved the prediction of drug toxicity over 2D culture. 3D perfused bioreactors were applied to hepatotoxicity study using freshly isolated rat hepatocytes. Only algimatrixTM supported hepatocyte spheroid formation among those tested including collagen type I, alginate beads, poly lactic acid fibres, and AlgimatrixTM. A new variation of TissueFlexTM bioreactor with micro-patterned surface, designed specifically for hepatocyte self-assembly culture without use of any scaffold, was tested. The results demonstrated that, compared with the standard sandwich culture, the self-assembly culture in the micro-patterned bioreactors showed high cell viability, biomarkers expression, as well as more physiological immunocytochemistry. Moreover, the differential gene expression indicated that self-assembly culture could provide more relevant information regarding metabolising processes than the 2D sandwich culture, which would potentially improve hepatotoxicity prediction. In conclusion, 3D perfused cell culture for in vitro toxicity testing improved the predictivity, reliability and physiological relevance of drug toxicity compared to traditional 2D culture.
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Naidoo, Vinasan. "Diclofenac in Gyps vultures a molecular mechanism of toxicity /." Electronic thesis, 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07032008-093716/.

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Mitchell, Roger Dale 1955. "Systemic indicators of inorganic arsenic toxicity in several species." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276678.

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Seven prospective biological indicators of systemic toxicity were examined at time points ranging from 15 minutes to 24 hours using male Sprague-Dawley rats, B6C3F1 mice, Golden-Syrian hamsters and Hartley guinea pigs following intraperitoneal dosing with 0.1 mg/kg and 1.0 mg/kg sodium arsenite. Rats and mice were also dosed with 1.0 mg/kg sodium arsenate. Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity was significantly depressed at early time points in mice, hamsters and guinea pigs and at later time points in rats dosed with arsenic (III). Rats and mice dosed with arsenic (V) also exhibited PDH depression at early time points. Uroporphyrin and coproporphyrin excretion was elevated in mice following arsenic (III) dosing. Coproporphyrin excretion was elevated in rats following arsenic (V) dosing. Blood glucose, creatinine, urea nitrogen and creatinine were unchanged by arsenic dosing. Based upon the amount and types of biological responses observed, the mouse appears to be the most sensitive animal model for the further study of arsenic toxicity.
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Cikutovic, Salas Marcos A. "Pathologies in earthworms: sublethal biomarkers of xenobiotic toxicity." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1991. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc798085/.

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This research is part of an overall program to develop and use a suite of acute and sublethal toxicity biomarkers, and testing protocols for use in assaying potential effects of complex mixtures of xenobiotics such as found in soils containing agricultural biocides and petrochemical wastes dredged sediments, and hazardous waste sites (HWS). The purpose of this study was to evaluate four biomarkers of sublethal pathology that could be used in an integrative model of multiple toxicity endpoints with the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris.
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Books on the topic "Toxicity testing"

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Cairns, J., ed. Community Toxicity Testing. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp920-eb.

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Thompson, K. Clive, Kirit Wadhia, and Andreas P. Loibner, eds. Environmental Toxicity Testing. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444305531.

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C, Lee Brian, and U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission., eds. Toxicity testing plan. Washington, DC: U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, 1993.

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Federation, Water Environment, ed. Toxicity testing digest. Alexandria, Va: Water Environment Federation, 1992.

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United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response and United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Research and Development, eds. Biological toxicity testing. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, 1995.

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1923-, Cairns John, Ecological Society of America, and SETAC (Society), eds. Multispecies toxicity testing. New York: Pergamon Press, 1985.

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Bidoia, Ederio Dino, and Renato Nallin Montagnolli, eds. Toxicity and Biodegradation Testing. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7425-2.

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Gabriel, Bitton, and Dutka Bernard J, eds. Toxicity testing using microorganisms. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1986.

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O’Hare, Sheila, and Chris K. Atterwill, eds. In Vitro Toxicity Testing Protocols. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/0896032825.

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Eskes, Chantra, Erwin van Vliet, and Howard I. Maibach, eds. Alternatives for Dermal Toxicity Testing. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50353-0.

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Book chapters on the topic "Toxicity testing"

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Fire, Frank L. "Toxicity Testing." In Combustibility of Plastics, 221–35. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6614-0_10.

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Newman-Martin, Geoffrey. "Toxicity Testing." In Toxins and Targets, 157–61. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315076911-19.

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Mance, Geoffrey. "Toxicity Testing Techniques." In Pollution Threat of Heavy Metals in Aquatic Environments, 9–21. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3421-4_2.

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Sivagourounadin, Kiruthika. "Mutagenic Toxicity Testing." In Introduction to Basics of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 549–71. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5343-9_43.

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Dave, Göran. "Toxicity Testing Procedures." In Fish Physiology: Recent Advances, 170–95. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-6558-7_11.

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Robinson, Keith, Susan Y. Smith, and Andre Viau. "Dog Juvenile Toxicity." In Pediatric Nonclinical Drug Testing, 183–212. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118168226.ch10.

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Lansdown, A. B. G. "Testing For Reproductive Toxicity." In The Future of Predictive Safety Evaluation, 77–106. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3201-2_6.

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Schrand, Amanda M., Liming Dai, John J. Schlager, and Saber M. Hussain. "Toxicity Testing of Nanomaterials." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 58–75. New York, NY: Springer US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3055-1_5.

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González-Martín, Carmen, Esther Gramage, María José Polanco, and Carmen Rodríguez-Rivera. "In Vivo Toxicity Testing." In Toxicology for the Health and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 142–55. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203730584-9.

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Repetto, Guillermo, Consuelo Alvarez Herrera, Raquel Rojas, Ana del Peso, and Sara Maisanaba. "In Vitro Toxicity Testing." In Toxicology for the Health and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 119–41. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203730584-8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Toxicity testing"

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Sabata, R. W., and E. L. Dewailly. "Toxicity Testing With Bioluminescence." In Offshore Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/6301-ms.

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Sabaté, R. W., A. V. Stiffey, E. L. Dewailly, A. A. Hinds, and G. J. Vieaux. "Portable, Accurate Toxicity Testing." In Offshore Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/7406-ms.

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Guo, Lili, Rongsong Huang, Xiahua Chen, Jinzhi Liao, and Jianying Shen. "Toxicity Testing of Bensulfuron-Methylto Anabaena azotica." In 2015 Seventh International Conference on Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation (ICMTMA). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmtma.2015.333.

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Panel Speakers. "Handling Chemicals in the Laboratory: (Information Sources on Toxicity and Controls)." In Optical Fabrication and Testing. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oft.1980.ma3.

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The laboratory and pilot plant research worker in optics encounters a wide range of chemicals. In many cases there are little data available on the effects from exposure. One is not normally concerned with handling gram amounts of material once or twice a year, but frequently interesting materials are followed for extended periods resulting in chronic exposure to low concentrations over a period of time. Some of you are acquainted with the data base available on the toxic effects from these chemicals. For those of you who are not, I intend to introduce you to selected sources of information and prepare you for the interpretation of that data. In the second part of my talk I will discuss one control technique -- the laboratory hood and how one can use it effectively.
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Daly, J. M. "Flammability and toxicity testing of wire and cable." In 36th Annual Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference. IEEE, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pcicon.1989.77892.

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TamizhMani, GovindaSamy, Stephanie Shaw, Cara Libby, Adit Patankar, and Bulent Bicer. "Assessing Variability in Toxicity Testing of PV Modules." In 2019 IEEE 46th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pvsc40753.2019.8980781.

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"Toxicity testing in the 21st century: an overview." In Bioinformatics of Genome Regulation and Structure/ Systems Biology. institute of cytology and genetics siberian branch of the russian academy of science, Novosibirsk State University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/bgrs/sb-2020-315.

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Foster, William J., Dieter Korn, and Martin Aberhan. "BIOINDICATORS OF DEEP-TIME HEAVY METAL TOXICITY: TESTING THE END-PERMIAN HEAVY METAL TOXICITY HYPOTHESIS." In GSA Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-332214.

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Schmidt, H. "Inorganic-Organic Polymers as Materials for Optical Applications." In Optical Fabrication and Testing. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oft.1987.waa3.

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The use of organic polymers for optical purposes requires special properties: The refractive index should be high or able to be adapted, light scattering should be extremely low, low thermal expansion and high surface hardness are advantageous. Temperature stability should be as high as 100 to 120 °C. Only a few organic polymeric materials have been used for optical purposes in the past e.g. PMMA, polycarbonate, polystyrene and CR 39 for eye glass lenses. Materials for contact lenses are a speciality, since additional requirements such as non-toxicity, oxygen permeability or surface hydrophilicity exist.
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Barroso Peña, Álvaro, Björn Kemper, Steffi Ketelhut, Stefan Graß, Jens Reiber, and Jürgen Schnekenburger. "Microplastics detection and environmentally toxicity testing by multimodal optical metrology." In Advances in Microscopic Imaging, edited by Francesco S. Pavone, Emmanuel Beaurepaire, and Peter T. So. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2527227.

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Reports on the topic "Toxicity testing"

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Beitel, Jesse J., Craig L. Beyler, Lawrence A. McKenna, and Frederick W. Williams. Overview of Smoke Toxicity Testing and Regulations. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada342016.

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Rabalais, Lauren, Jennifer Laird, Alan Kennedy, John Farrar, Guilherme Lotufo, and James Biedenbach. Acute Toxicity Testing and Culture Methods for Calanoid Copepods in Water Column (Elutriate) Toxicity Evaluations. Environmental Laboratory (U.S.), July 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/27968.

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Ruffing, Anne, Travis Jensen, and Lucas Strickland. NMSBA: Aken Technologies Final Report: Toxicity Testing of Liquidoff. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1171600.

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Ruffing, Anne, Travis J. Jensen, Lucas Marshall Strickland, Nadeya C. Rader, and Bryan Carson. NMSBA: Aken Technologies. Final Report: Toxicity Testing of Liquidoff. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1177379.

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Ciofalo, Vincent B., and Susan E. Armondi. Limited Toxicity and Mutagenicity Testing of Five Unicharge Propellant Compounds. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada251416.

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Ciofalo, Vincent B., and Victor T. Mallory. Limited Toxicity and Mutagenicity Testing of Five Unicharge Propellant Compounds. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada251421.

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Ciofalo, Vincent B. Limited Toxicity and Mutagenicity Testing of Five Unicharge Propellant Compounds. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada251423.

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Ciofalo, Vincent B., and Victor T. Mallory. Limited Toxicity and Mutagenicity Testing of Five Unicharge Propellant Compounds. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada251480.

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Ciofalo, Vincent B., and Victor T. Mallory. Limited Toxicity and Mutagenicity Testing of Five Unicharge Propellant Compounds. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada251786.

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Ciofalo, Vincent B., and Victor T. Mallory. Limited Toxicity and Mutagenicity Testing of Five Unicharge Propellant Compounds. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada252109.

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