Journal articles: 'Toxic marine algae Australia'

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Winton, V. Holly L., Ross Edwards, Andrew R. Bowie, Melita Keywood, Alistair G. Williams, Scott D. Chambers, Paul W. Selleck, Maximilien Desservettaz, Marc D. Mallet, and Clare Paton-Walsh. "Dry season aerosol iron solubility in tropical northern Australia." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 19 (October 14, 2016): 12829–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12829-2016.

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Abstract. Marine nitrogen fixation is co-limited by the supply of iron (Fe) and phosphorus in large regions of the global ocean. The deposition of soluble aerosol Fe can initiate nitrogen fixation and trigger toxic algal blooms in nitrate-poor tropical waters. We present dry season soluble Fe data from the Savannah Fires in the Early Dry Season (SAFIRED) campaign in northern Australia that reflects coincident dust and biomass burning sources of soluble aerosol Fe. The mean soluble and total aerosol Fe concentrations were 40 and 500 ng m−3 respectively. Our results show that while biomass burning species may not be a direct source of soluble Fe, biomass burning may substantially enhance the solubility of mineral dust. We observed fractional Fe solubility up to 12 % in mixed aerosols. Thus, Fe in dust may be more soluble in the tropics compared to higher latitudes due to higher concentrations of biomass-burning-derived reactive organic species in the atmosphere. In addition, biomass-burning-derived particles can act as a surface for aerosol Fe to bind during atmospheric transport and subsequently be released to the ocean upon deposition. As the aerosol loading is dominated by biomass burning emissions over the tropical waters in the dry season, additions of biomass-burning-derived soluble Fe could have harmful consequences for initiating nitrogen-fixing toxic algal blooms. Future research is required to quantify biomass-burning-derived particle sources of soluble Fe over tropical waters.

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Arthur, Karen E., Colin J. Limpus, and Joan M. Whittier. "Baseline blood biochemistry of Australian green turtles (Chelonia mydas) and effects of exposure to the toxic cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula." Australian Journal of Zoology 56, no. 1 (2008): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo08055.

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Quantifying health in wild marine turtles is challenging because reptiles have characteristically wide-ranging normal reference values for many indicators of health and because of the shortage of population-specific baseline data for wild animals. We measured blood biochemistry profiles (calcium, magnesium, sodium, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), urea, cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose) of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) in Moreton and Shoalwater Bays, Australia, and compared them in relation to capture site, age, sex and exposure to harmful algal blooms of the toxic cyanobacteria Lyngbya majuscula. Turtles were considered to be clinically healthy when no external injuries or lesions were observed and there was no evidence of disease or emaciation. Differences in blood profiles were detected between sites, but not between age groups or sexes. Turtles that were exposed to L. majuscula generally had lower plasma glucose concentrations and decreased LDH activity, which may represent a metabolic downregulation resulting from food limitation. This study provides the first blood biochemistry reference values for green turtles in Queensland, Australia, that can be used in future assessments of green turtles in these foraging habitats.

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Rosiana, I. Wayan, Putu Angga Wiradana, Anak Agung Ayu Putri Permatasari, Yesha Ainensis El G. Pelupessy, Matius Victorino Ola Dame, Agoes Soegianto, Bambang Yulianto, and I. Gede Widhiantara. "Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Three Brown Seaweed (Phaeophyta: Phaeophyceae) Collected from Tourism Area in Sanur Beach, Coast of Denpasar, Bali and Public Health Risk Assessment." Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan 14, no. 2 (August 30, 2022): 327–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jipk.v14i2.33103.

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Highlight Research Brown seaweed heavy metals content varies between species Risk assessment showed low health risk for heavy metal from intake of the three brown seaweed The three types of brown seaweed did not show carcinogenic properties to metal Arsenic (As) Abstract Marine brown seaweed are known as one of the potential biological agents to be developed as functional food and medicinal sectors. This study aims to examine the concentration of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg, and As) in brown algae (Sargassum aquifolium, Padina australis, and Turbinaria ornata.) and the possible exposure to health risks caused by consumption. Heavy metal concentrations were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) on brown seaweed samples obtained from three different sites. The average concentration of heavy metals in the dry weight of brown seaweed remains within the guidelines established by The Food and Drug Supervisory Agency (BPOM) Number 32 of 2019 concerning the Safety and Quality of Traditional Medicines, which is then used to calculate the estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ and TTHQ), and target cancer risk (TCR) for arsenic associated with food exposure to potentially toxic metallic elements. Each species of brown seaweed has a THQ and TTHQ level of <1, indicating that one or more toxic metal elements in the same meal provide no significant non-carcinogenic risk. The TCR for arsenic in these seaweeds are all less than 1 x 10-4, indicating no cancer risk. There are no chronic health hazards related with the ingestion of brown seaweed harvested from the coast of Sanur Beach at Denpasar, Bali.

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Kraft, Gerald T. "Algae of Australia: Marine benthic algae of north-western Australia 2. Red algae." Phycologia 58, no. 2 (February 6, 2019): 225–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2018.1551025.

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Baxter, P. J. "Toxic marine and freshwater algae: an occupational hazard?" Occupational and Environmental Medicine 48, no. 8 (August 1, 1991): 505–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.48.8.505.

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Moestrup, Øjvind. "Bibliographic Checklist of Non-marine Algae in Australia." Phycologia 35, no. 6 (November 1996): 569. http://dx.doi.org/10.2216/i0031-8884-35-6-569.1.

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Steffensen, Dennis, Michael Burch, Brenton Nicholson, Mary Drikas, and Peter Baker. "Management of toxic blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) in Australia." Environmental Toxicology 14, no. 1 (February 1999): 183–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1522-7278(199902)14:1<183::aid-tox24>3.0.co;2-g.

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De Lara‐Isassi, Graciela. "Screening for toxic activity of some marine benthic algae." Food Additives and Contaminants 12, no. 3 (May 1995): 485–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652039509374334.

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Yılmaz, Hilal, Gülsen Avaz, Ülkü Yetiş, and Melek Özkan. "Toxicity of environmentally important micropollutants on three trophic levels." Aquatic Research 5, no. 1 (2022): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3153/ar22003.

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Micropollution is a serious environmental problem caused by continuous entry of trace quantities of toxic chemical substances into the aquatic environment. In the present study, three trophic levels of the aquatic ecosystems were used to evaluate the acute toxicities of environmentally important micropollutants including heavy metals, pesticides and drugs. There is a scarcity of information on toxicity of the studied substances on marine water algae. Among studied micropollutants, the most toxic chemical to Daphnia magna and Danio rerio was found to be 1-Chloro-2,4 dinitrobenzene with EC50 of 0.002 and 4.2 mg/L, respectively. Although this compound was also toxic to marine algae, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, arsenic showed the highest toxicity to the algae with EC50 of 2.4 mg/L. As compared to other organisms, D. magna was found to have higher sensitivity to all of the tested micropollutants.

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Manzo, Sonia, Maria Lucia Miglietta, Gabriella Rametta, Silvia Buono, and Girolamo Di Francia. "Toxic effects of ZnO nanoparticles towards marine algae Dunaliella tertiolecta." Science of The Total Environment 445-446 (February 2013): 371–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.051.

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Bird, C. J., and J. P. van der Meer. "Systematics of economically important marine algae: a Canadian perspective." Canadian Journal of Botany 71, no. 3 (March 1, 1993): 361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b93-040.

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Marine algae of economic importance encompass species of positive value, such as seaweeds harvested for food or hydrocolloid extractives, and species with negative effect, such as toxic phytoplankton or nuisance macrophytes. Only a small part of the global algal resource is obtained in Canada, and the overall benefit to the nation's economy is relatively minor, but there exists the potential for further development of useful species. On the other hand, the negative effects of toxic microalgae are increasing, in the form of losses to the shellfish fishery and aquaculture industry and the cost of providing toxicity-testing and phytoplankton-monitoring services. It is obvious that effective utilization of valuable algae, or defense against undesirable ones, must be attended by sound taxonomy to ensure that algae of interest are correctly identified and recognizable. However, the algae present particular problems to systematists, a major one being the variety of life histories, which may involve independent and conspicuous dissimilar phases. In addition, many algae are phenotypically highly variable in response to environment, which is often insufficiently appreciated. The converse situation also exists, in that morphologically similar species are sometimes regarded as a single entity. Algal taxonomists should strive to determine which variations are genetic and therefore taxonomically significant. To illustrate these points, we review recent taxonomic studies on some algal genera of present or potential economic importance in Canada. Key words: marine algae, systematics, economic potential, variability, genetics.

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Su, Dan. "Biological Toxicity of Five Metal Ions on Marine Algea." Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (February 2013): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.17.

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Internationally validated methods (ISO standards) for the determination of toxic effects were used in this study to evaluate the toxicity of metals [i.e. Hg, Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd] to a kind of marine algae, namely Chlorella autotrophica. In the test, the no observable effect concentration (NOEC) and the effective concentration for 50% of test algae (EC50) were obtained after 96-h of incubation at 25±1°C, by comparing the growth of the Chlorella autotrophica in the test samples and in the control. Among the 5 metal ions, mercury (Hg) was found to be the most toxic metal in the test (EC50=1.04 mmol/L), while cadmium (Cd) was the least toxic (EC50=151.37 mmol/L). The results from the Chi-square test of each dose-response equations showed that 96h-EC50s calculated were all precise and credible. According to both NOEC and 96h-EC50, the toxic sequence of these metals from high to low on the inhibition of Chlorella autotrophica’s growth was Hg2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Pb2+ and Cd2+.

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Tang, Junyu, Qizhao Liang, Changling Li, Xianghu Huang, Xiaoqing Xian, Jinhe Li, Zhuangzhuang Shang, Chunjin Pang, Yu Liu, and Rui Zhang. "Application of Marine Algae in Water Pollution Control." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 966, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/966/1/012001.

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Abstract Water pollution is mainly caused by chemical pollution, especially inorganic and organic pollutants, including toxic metals and metalloids as well as various synthetic or organic chemicals. Marine algae have good adsorption capacity for heavy metals such as As, Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb et.al in polluted water, and can also have certain removal ability for pollutants such as nitrogen and phosphorus in sewage. This paper reviews the current application status of wastewater treatment and the mechanism and application of marine algae in wastewater treatment, aiming at providing reference for further research and development of marine algae in wastewater treatment.

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Fedoseeva, Elena V., Iya Yu Grigorieva, Olga V. Nikolaeva, and Vera A. Terekhova. "Features of algae tests of samples containing dissolved organic matter." Issues of modern algology (Вопросы современной альгологии), no. 2(23) (2020): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33624/2311-0147-2020-2(223)-40-45.

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Algae tests are widely used due to the availability of cultivation conditions and high reproducibility. Freshwater and marine algae are used to estimate the toxicity of drinking, natural and wastewater, water extracts from soils, sewage sludge and production and consumption waste. The presence of dissolved organic matter in the samples, stimulating the growth of algae and the intensity of chlorophyll fluorescence, can significantly affect the result of algae tests, and therefore on the decision on the presence or absence of a toxic effect. When choosing algae as a test culture to determine toxic effects, it is necessary to take into account the possibility of hyperstimulating the number of cells with dissolved organic matter.

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Pham, Thanh-Luu. "Effect of Silver Nanoparticles on Tropical Freshwater and Marine Microalgae." Journal of Chemistry 2019 (May 30, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9658386.

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The increase in synthesis and application of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in the last decade has resulted in contamination of AgNPs in the aquatic environment. The presence of AgNPs in aquatic environments has posed toxic effects to aquatic organisms and ecological damage. In this study, two tropical microalgae species including the freshwater Scenedesmus sp. and the marine diatom Thalassiosira sp. were employed to examine the toxic effects of AgNPs. The toxic effects were determined by analyzing different end points, such as half maximal effective concentration (EC50), algae growth inhibition, algae cell size, chlorophyll-a content, and total lipid accumulation. The results suggested that AgNPs presented different toxicity mechanisms for microalgae and showed to be more toxic in freshwater than in marine environment. The EC50 values of AgNPs after 72 h for the growth inhibition of Scenedesmus sp. and Thalassiosira sp. were 89.92 ± 9.68 and 107.21 ± 7.43 μg/L, respectively. AgNPs at a certain concentration have resulted in change in cell diameter, reduction in chlorophyll-a content, and enhancement of the total lipid production in the tested microalgae. Thus, local species should be involved in the toxic assessment. This research contributes on understanding the toxicity of AgNPs on freshwater and marine environments.

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Skinner, Stephen, and Timothy Entwisle. "Non-marine algae of Australia : 3. Audouinella and Balbiania (Rhodophyta)." Telopea 9, no. 3 (January 5, 2002): 713–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7751/telopea20024009.

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Aune, T. "Testing for Algal Toxins In Vitro." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 14, no. 3 (March 1987): 172–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119298701400315.

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Toxic blooms of several strains of blue-green algae are found in both natural and man-made freshwater lakes. Furthermore, mussels may accumulate toxic marine dinoflagellates, rendering them toxic to humans. Traditionally, the presence of algal toxins is tested by intraperitoneal injections of extracts in mice. However, toxic waterblooms and mussels can both be detected by means of freshly prepared rat hepatocytes in suspension.

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Guedes, Elíca Amara Cecília, Cenira M. de Carvalho, Karlos Antonio Lisboa Ribeiro Junior, Thyago Fernando Lisboa Ribeiro, Lurdiana Dayse de Barros, Maria Raquel Ferreira de Lima, Flávia de Barros Prado Moura, and Antônio Euzebio Goulart Sant’Ana. "Larvicidal Activity againstAedes aegyptiand Molluscicidal Activity againstBiomphalaria glabrataof Brazilian Marine Algae." Journal of Parasitology Research 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/501328.

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This study investigated the biological activities of five benthic marine algae collected from Northeastern Region of Brazil. The tested activities included larvicidal activity againstAedes aegypti, molluscicidal activity againstBiomphalaria glabrata,and toxicity againstArtemia salina. Extracts ofUlva lactuca(Chlorophyta),Padina gymnospora, Sargassum vulgare(Phaeophyta),Hypnea musciformis,andDigenea simplex(Rhodophyta) were prepared using different solvents of increasing polarity, including dichloromethane, methanol, ethanol, and water. Of the extracts screened, the dichloromethane extracts ofH. musciformisandP. gymnosporaexhibited the highest activities and were subjected to bioassay-guided fractionation in hexane and chloroform. The chloroform fractions of theP. gymnosporaandH. musciformisextracts showed molluscicidal activity at values below 40 μg·mL−1(11.1460 μg·mL−1and 25.8689 μg·mL−1, resp.), and the chloroform and hexane fractions ofP. gymnosporashowed larvicidal activity at values below 40 μg·mL−1(29.018 μg·mL−1and 17.230 μg·mL−1, resp.). The crude extracts were not toxic toA. salina, whereas the chloroform and hexane fractions ofP. gymnospora(788.277 μg·mL−1and 706.990 μg·mL−1) showed moderate toxicity, indicating that the toxic compounds present in these algae are nonpolar.

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Coppejans, Eric. "Algae of Australia: Marine Benthic Algae of Lord Howe Island and the Southern Great Barrier Reef, 1. Green Algae." Journal of Phycology 44, no. 3 (June 2008): 834–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2008.00529.x.

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Littler, Mark M., and Diane S. Littler. "ALGAE OF AUSTRALIA: MARINE BENTHIC ALGAE OF LORD HOWE ISLAND AND THE SOUTHERN GREAT BARRIER REEF, 2. BROWN ALGAE." Journal of Phycology 46, no. 3 (April 1, 2010): 626–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2010.00847.x.

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Skinner, Stephen, and Timothy Entwisle. "Non-marine algae of Australia : 2. Some conspicuous tuft-forming Cyanobacteria." Telopea 9, no. 3 (January 5, 2002): 685–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.7751/telopea20024008.

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Whitfield, Frank B., Fay Helidoniotis, Kevin J. Shaw, and Denice Svoronos. "Distribution of Bromophenols in Species of Marine Algae from Eastern Australia." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 47, no. 6 (June 1999): 2367–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf981080h.

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Azmat, Rafia, Uzma ., and Fahim Uddin. "Biosorption of Toxic Metals from Solid Sewage Sludge by Marine Green Algae." Asian Journal of Plant Sciences 6, no. 1 (December 15, 2006): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajps.2007.42.45.

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Bilal, Muhammad, Tahir Rasheed, Juan Sosa-Hernández, Ali Raza, Faran Nabeel, and Hafiz Iqbal. "Biosorption: An Interplay between Marine Algae and Potentially Toxic Elements—A Review." Marine Drugs 16, no. 2 (February 19, 2018): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md16020065.

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Chasapis, Christos T., Massimiliano Peana, and Vlasoula Bekiari. "Structural Identification of Metalloproteomes in Marine Diatoms, an Efficient Algae Model in Toxic Metals Bioremediation." Molecules 27, no. 2 (January 7, 2022): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27020378.

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The biosorption of pollutants using microbial organisms has received growing interest in the last decades. Diatoms, the most dominant group of phytoplankton in oceans, are (i) pollution tolerant species, (ii) excellent biological indicators of water quality, and (iii) efficient models in assimilation and detoxification of toxic metal ions. Published research articles connecting proteomics with the capacity of diatoms for toxic metal removal are very limited. In this work, we employed a structural based systematic approach to predict and analyze the metalloproteome of six species of marine diatoms: Thalassiosira pseudonana, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Fragilariopsis cylindrus, Thalassiosira oceanica, Fistulifera solaris, and Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata. The results indicate that the metalloproteome constitutes a significant proportion (~13%) of the total diatom proteome for all species investigated, and the proteins binding non-essential metals (Cd, Hg, Pb, Cr, As, and Ba) are significantly more than those identified for essential metals (Zn, Cu, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Co, and Ni). These findings are most likely related to the well-known toxic metal tolerance of diatoms. In this study, metalloproteomes that may be involved in metabolic processes and in the mechanisms of bioaccumulation and detoxification of toxic metals of diatoms after exposure to toxic metals were identified and described.

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Poremba, Knut, Wilfried Gunkel, Siegmund Lang, and Fritz Wagner. "Marine Biosurfactants, III. Toxicity Testing with Marine Microorganisms and Comparison with Synthetic Surfactants." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 46, no. 3-4 (April 1, 1991): 210–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1991-3-409.

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Eight synthetic and nine biogenetic surfactants were tested on their toxicity. Because of their possible application as oil dispersants against oil slicks on sea. the test organisms used were marine microorganisms (mixed and pure cultures of bacteria, microalgae, and protozoa). Bacterial growth was hardly effected or stimulated, whilst that of algae and flagellates was reduced. All substances tested were biodegradaded in sea water. The bioluminescence of Photobacter phosphoreum (Microtox test) was the most sensitive test system used. A ranking shows that most biogenetic surfactants were less toxic than synthetic surfactants. No toxicity could be detected with the glucose-lipid GL. produced by the marine bacterium Alcaligenes sp. MM 1.

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Abramova, L. S., V. V. Gershunskaya, A. V. Kozin, D. A. Bondarenko, and A. N. Murashev. "Study of toxicity of arsenic-containing compounds isolated from brown algae Saccharina japonica in laboratory animals." Trudy VNIRO 181 (2020): 223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.36038/2307-3497-2020-181-223-234.

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The ability of various marine organisms, especially algae and invertebrates, to accumulate arsenic in high concentrations can pose a threat to public health when consumed. It is known from the literature that inorganic arsenic compounds (arsenites and arsenates) are the most toxic, in comparison with methylated forms of the element, and especially with complex organic compounds (arsenobetain, arsenocholine, tetramethylarsonium, arsenoriboses), which are considered non-toxic for live organisms. Monitoring of safety indicators of aquatic biological resources in the main commercial basins of the Russian Federation has shown that the most common excess of total arsenic content is characteristic for algae. According to TR CU 021/2011, the total arsenic content in algae should be 5 mg / kg and the established norm without separation of organic and inorganic arsenic compounds creates a barrier to the rational use of seafood. In this regard, the justification of the norms for the content of inorganic arsenic in algae and the assessment of their toxicity is a very urgent problem. Study of the samples of commercial brown algae Saccharina (=Laminaria) japonica and its derivates with ICP-MS, HPLC–MS-ISP methods, the maximum permissible level of arsenic was found to be exceeded, but the most toxic inorganic forms made up from 6 to14 % of the total amount of arsenic in the raw material. Acute toxicity on laboratory animals (rats) was studied and the absence of toxic effects was shown when an oral suspension containing high doses of arsenic was administered. Repeated administration of the same substances to laboratory mice of the CD 1 line has shown no toxic effects even after multiple doses of arsenic isolated from algae.

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Balaji Prasath, Barathan, Ying Wang, Yuping Su, Wanning Zheng, Hong Lin, and Hong Yang. "Coagulant Plus Bacillus nitratireducens Fermentation Broth Technique Provides a Rapid Algicidal Effect of Toxic Red Tide Dinoflagellate." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 4 (April 8, 2021): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9040395.

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When the toxic red tide alga Gymnodinium catenatum H.W. Graham accumulates in sediment through sexual reproduction, it provides the provenance of a periodic outbreak of red tide, a potential threat to the marine environment. In our study, the flocculation effects of four coagulants were compared. Bacteria fermentation (Ba3) broth and coagulant were combined with Ba3 to reduce the vegetative cells of G. catenatum, inhibit the cystic germination in the sediment, and control the red tide outbreak. To promote a more efficient and environmentally friendly algae suppression method, we studied these four coagulants combined with algae suppression bacteria for their effect on G. catenatum. The results show that polyaluminum chloride (PAC) is more efficient than other coagulants when used alone because it had a more substantial inhibitory effect. Ba3 broth also had a beneficial removal effect on the vegetative cells of G. catenatum. The inhibition efficiency of 2-day fermentation liquid was higher than that of 1-day and 3-day fermentation liquids. When combined, the PAC and Ba3 broth produced a pronounced algae inhibition effect that effectively hindered the germination of algae cysts. We conclude that this combination provides a scientific reference for the prevention and control of marine red tide. Our results suggest that designing environmentally friendly methods for the management of harmful algae is quite feasible.

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MEDLIN, LINDA K., MARINA MONTRESOR, EDNA GRANELI, BEATRIX REUGERA, ROBIN RAINE, BENTE EDVARDSEN, JANE LEWIS, CHRIS ELLIOTT, YOLANDA PAZOS, and LUCIE MARANDA. "MIDTAL (Microarrays for the Detection of Toxic Algae)." Phytotaxa 127, no. 1 (August 29, 2013): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.127.1.19.

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Microalgae in marine and brackish waters of Europe regularly cause harmful effects, considered from the human perspective, in that they cause economic damage to fisheries and tourism. Cyanobacteria cause similar problems in freshwaters. These episodes encompass a broad range of phenomena collectively referred to as harmful algal blooms (HABs). For adequate management of these phenomena, monitoring of microalgae is required. However, present day monitoring is time consuming and based on morphology as determined by light microscopy, which may be insufficient to give definitive species and toxin attribution. In the European Union (EU) FP7 project MIDTAL (microarrays for the detection of toxic algae), we will first target rapid species identification using rRNA genes. The variable regions of the rRNA genes can be used for probe design to recognize species or even strains. Second, a toxin based microarray will be developed that includes antibody reactions to specific toxins produced by these microalgae because even when cell numbers are low, toxins can be present and can accumulate in the shellfish. Microarrays are the state of the art technology in molecular biology for the processing of bulk samples for detection of target RNA/DNA sequence. Existing rRNA probes and antibodies for toxic algal species/strains and their toxins will be adapted and optimized for microarray use. The purpose of MIDTAL is to support the common fisheries policy and to aid the national monitoring agencies by providing new rapid tools for the identification of toxic algae and their toxins so they can comply with EU directive 91/1491/CEE to monitor for toxic algae, and reduce the need for the mouse bioassay.

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Paz, Soraya, Carmen Rubio-Armendáriz, Inmaculada Frías, Fernando Guillén-Pino, Daniel Niebla-Canelo, Samuel Alejandro-Vega, Ángel J. Gutiérrez, Arturo Hardisson, and Dailos González-Weller. "Toxic and Trace Elements in Seaweeds from a North Atlantic Ocean Region (Tenerife, Canary Islands)." Sustainability 14, no. 10 (May 14, 2022): 5967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14105967.

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Canary Islands is a North Atlantic Ocean archipelago in the Macaronesian region that stand out for its great algae diversity and its climatic conditions. However, even in this low industrialised area, human activities tend to increase the marine pollution. Asparagopsis spp. and Liagora spp. algae are red algae frequent in the Canary Islands’ coasts. Therefore, they could be used as bio-indicators of marine pollution for trace elements. A total of 30 samples of both algae’s species from Tenerife’s southern coast, specifically in Playa Grande, Porís de Abona, in Arico (Tenerife, Spain) were used to determine trace element content (Mn, B, Ba, Cu, Cd, Co, Fe, Li, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr, V, Zn, Al, Cr) through inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP—OES). Highest Fe concentrations were found in Liagora spp. concentrations (1190 ± 1545 mg/kg dw) and Al (288 ± 157 mg/kg dw) was more significant in Asparagopsis spp. High concentrations of B were also registered in both species 80.2 ± 34.2 mg/kg dw and 77.9 ± 34.2 mg/kg dw, respectively. The recorded concentrations show a high contamination scenario in the collected area. Porís is known by its marine diversity and by its higher pollution levels, compared with other locations of Tenerife, due to the currents present on the Canary Island and its singular north orientation, actions must be taken to reduce pollution.

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ZHANG, HUA, YOLANDA LEUNG, DANIEL LOUDEN, ROCKY DE NYS, and ROBERT LAMB. "THE POTENTIAL INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC TOXICITY OF SILICA NANOPARTICLES AND ITS IMPACT ON MARINE ORGANISMS." Nano 03, no. 04 (August 2008): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292008001337.

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The intrinsic and extrinsic toxicity of SiO 2 nanoparticles (Aerosil OX50, ϕ ~ 40 nm) are investigated with a comparison to the particles in micron size ( SiO 2 gel, ϕ ~ 1.5 μ m). Nanoparticles potentially functioned as a carrier of harmful substances transfer was assessed by examining the surface adsorption behavior of the nanoparticles towards γ-picoline (4-methylpyridine), recognized as one type of the marine pollutants, as well as the penetration behavior of the nanoparticles towards a typical marine macro-organism (Caulerpa taxifolia). Silica nanoparticle surface can take up to 2.6 molecules/nm2 of γ-picoline in an aqueous solution comparable to the marine environment. These nanoparticles can further travel onto the surface and into the bulk of the algae (Caulerpa taxifolia) with a depth of ~ 1 μm while carrying toxic γ-picoline. The integrated intrinsic and extrinsic toxicity of SiO 2 nanoparticles has a significant effect on the growth of the algae. The large surface area of the silica nanoparticles results in a high adsorption capability and allows the particles to participate in possible toxic carrier activities in water medium towards marine organisms.

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Gong, Shaohua, Yanfei Ding, Yi Wang, Guangze Jiang, and Cheng Zhu. "Advances in DNA Barcoding of Toxic Marine Organisms." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 10 (September 26, 2018): 2931. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19102931.

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There are more than 200,000 marine species worldwide. These include many important economic species, such as large yellow croaker, ribbonfish, tuna, and salmon, but also many potentially toxic species, such as blue-green algae, diatoms, cnidarians, ctenophores, Nassarius spp., and pufferfish. However, some edible and toxic species may look similar, and the correct identification of marine species is thus a major issue. The failure of traditional classification methods in certain species has promoted the use of DNA barcoding, which uses short, standard DNA fragments to assist with species identification. In this review, we summarize recent advances in DNA barcoding of toxic marine species such as jellyfish and pufferfish, using genes including cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI), cytochrome b gene (cytb), 16S rDNA, internal transcribed spacer (ITS), and Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase gene (rbcL). We also discuss the application of this technique for improving the identification of marine species. The use of DNA barcoding can benefit the studies of biological diversity, biogeography, food safety, and the detection of both invasive and new species. However, the technique has limitations, particularly for the analysis of complex objects and the selection of standard DNA barcodes. The development of high-throughput methods may offer solutions to some of these issues.

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Rubini, Silva, Sabrina Albonetti, Simonetta Menotta, Antonio Cervo, Emanuele Callegari, Monica Cangini, Sonia Dall’Ara, Erika Baldini, Silvia Vertuani, and Stefano Manfredini. "New Trends in the Occurrence of Yessotoxins in the Northwestern Adriatic Sea." Toxins 13, no. 9 (September 9, 2021): 634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13090634.

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Yessotoxins (YTXs) are polycyclic toxic ether compounds produced by phytoplanktonic dinoflagellates which accumulate in filter-feeding organisms. We know that the water temperature in our areas Northwestern Adriatic Sea is optimal for the growth of potentially toxic algae (around 20 °C). In recent years, these temperatures have remained at these levels for longer and longer periods, probably due to global warming, which has led to an excessive increase in toxin levels. The interruption of mussel harvesting caused by algae negatively affects farmers’ revenues and the availability of local fish, causing a major economic loss in Italy’s main shellfish sector. Methods: In the nine years considered, 3359 samples were examined: 1715 marine waters, 73 common clams; 732 mussels; 66 oysters; and 773 veracious clams. Bivalve molluscs were examined for the presence of marine biotoxins, including YTXs, while potentially toxic algae, including those producing YTXs, were searched for and counted in marine waters. The method adopted for the quantification of lipophilic toxins involves the use of an LC-MS/MS system. The enumeration of phytoplankton cells was performed according to the Utermhöl method. Results: Between 2012 and 2020, 706 molluscs were tested for YTXs. In total, 246 samples tested positive, i.e., 34.84%. Of the positive samples, 30 exceeded the legal limit. Conclusion: In this regard, it is essential to develop and activate, as soon as possible, an “early warning” system that allows a better control of the production areas of live bivalve molluscs, thus allowing an optimal management of the plants in these critical situations.

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Millar, Alan J. K. "New records of marine benthic algae from New South Wales, eastern Australia." Phycological Research 52, no. 2 (June 2004): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1835.2004.tb00320.x.

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Miao, Zichen. "Damage of Oxybenzone in Sunscreen to Coral Reefs." International Journal of Biology and Life Sciences 1, no. 1 (November 2, 2022): 17–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ijbls.v1i1.2273.

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Coral reef is a kind of reef, which is distributed in the warm shallow sea. It is made up of coral skeleton. Different coral individuals are bound together by connecting substances and live in groups for generations. Coral reefs provide spaces of different sizes, where many fish, shrimps, shellfish, algae and other kinds of marine life inhabit, grow and multiply. Cryophyte is symbiotic in polyps. Yellow algae is an algae plant, which absorbs sunlight and provides nutrients for corals through photosynthesis. Global warming will cause the sea level to rise, which will seriously threaten the survival of corals. In addition to the vicious impact of global warming on the marine ecological environment, oxybenzone in sunscreen and other skin care products has been detected in marine and freshwater entertainment areas, and oxybenzone will accumulate in aquatic animals and degrade into toxic substances. This paper analyzes the main causes of coral reef destruction, and puts forward corresponding protection measures.

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Entwisle, Timothy J., and John Huisman. "Algal systematics in Australia." Australian Systematic Botany 11, no. 2 (1998): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb97006.

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Documentation of the algal flora of Australia had its beginnings in the seventeenth century and has progressed sporadically but with increasing vigour ever since. Earlier studies dealing with Australian algae were undertaken by overseas phycologists working with specimens collected during scientific voyages or short visits. Recent floristic studies have concentrated on specific regions, isolated localities, or particular taxonomic or ecological groupings. The algal flora of Australia is unevenly documented: northern Australia remains largely uncollected for seaweeds and marine phytoplankton, freshwater algal sampling sites are eclectically scattered across Australia, and collecting of terrestrial algae has been almost completely neglected. At present, numbers and names of species reported from Australia can only be provisional, and an immense amount of floristic and revisionary work is needed before we can match our current knowledge of the vascular plant flora. Until recently, documentation of records was poor and voucher material seldom adequate. We recommend extensive collecting, thorough taxonomic revisions, and regular contribution to Floras and guidebooks. A critical corollary is the training and employment of systematic phycologists in Australian herbaria and universities. Only then can we follow the path that leads ‘beyond the Floras’.

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Millar, AJK. "Marine red algae of the Coffs Harbour region, northern New South Wales." Australian Systematic Botany 3, no. 3 (1990): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9900293.

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The marine benthic red algae of the Coffs Harbour region are described and illustrated in detail. The survey constitutes the first ever detailed descriptive and illustrative mainland regional monograph of any area along the entire eastern Australian seaboard. Collections made intertidally and to depths of 20 m have included 119 species in 74 genera, 26 families, and 8 orders of Rhodophyta, of which 54 (45%) were previously unrecorded from eastern Australia, 22 (18%) are new records for the whole of Australia (16 being new Southern Hemisphere records), 1 (Dictyothumnion) constitutes a new genus, and 16 (13%) are new species in the genera Gracilaria, Curdiea, Botryocladia, Dictyothamnion, Antithamnion, Ceramium, Callithumnion, Anotrichium, Nitophyllum, Phycodrys, Apoglossum, Dasya, Fernandosiphonia, and Herposiphonia. Also included are major Australian revisions of the genera Martensia and Nitophyllum, and six new combinations are proposed (Chondria infestans, Curdiea angustata, Dasya pilosa, Haraldiophyllum sinuosum, Myriogramme pulchellum, and Stenograrnme phyllophoroides). The Coffs Harbour flora, although related to the north-eastern and, to a lesser degree, southern Australian floras, has a number of species previously known only from much more remote localities, such as Japan (6 species), California (4 species), New Zealand (3 species), India (2 species), South America (2 species), the Galapagos Islands (1 species), China (1 species), South Africa (1 species), and the Mediterranean (1 species). Twelve of the 22 species newly recorded for Australia show a definite western Pacific distribution, a region with which the overall Coffs Harbour flora has strong affinities.

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Wang, Di, Liling Xie, Xingbiao Zhu, Xiao Bi, Yuzhong Zheng, and Yankun Zhu. "Study on the metabolites of DH-e, a Halomonas marine bacterium, against three toxic dinoflagellate species." Water Science and Technology 78, no. 7 (October 5, 2018): 1535–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.426.

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Abstract Algicidal bacteria play an important role in mitigating harmful algal blooms (HABs). In the study, five bacterial strains were isolated from the East China Sea. One strain of algicidal bacterium, named DH-e, was found to selectively inhibit the motor ability of Prorocentrum donghaiense, Alexandrium tamarense (ATDH-47) and Karenia mikimotoi Hansen. Both 16S rDNA sequence analysis and morphological characteristics revealed that the algicidal DH-e bacterium belonged to Halomonas. Furthermore, results showed that the metabolites in the DH-e cell-free filtrate could kill algae directly, and the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the bacterial metabolites on the cells of the three dinoflagellate species ranged from 35.0–70.0 μg/mL. Following short-term inhibitory tests, the dinoflagellates in mixed crude extract solution (0.7 mg/mL) ceased movement after 5 min. The algicidal mechanism of the metabolites was investigated through enzyme activities, including that of catalase (CAT), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), acetone peroxide (T-ATP) synthetase and nitrite reductase (NR). Results indicated that metabolites did not disrupt the energy or nutrient routes of the algae (P > 0.05), but did initiate an increase in free radicals in the algal cells, which might explain the subsequent death of sensitive algae. Thus, the metabolites of the DH-e bacterium showed promising potential for controlling HABs.

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Phillips, J. A., and I. R. Price. "A catalogue of Phaeophyta (brown algae) from Queensland, Australia." Australian Systematic Botany 10, no. 5 (1997): 683. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb96027.

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A catalogue of 126 species of benthic marine brown macroalgae (Phaeophyta) hasbeen compiled for the coastline of tropical–subtropical Queensland,Australia. This number represents a significant decrease compared to the 139brown macroalgal species previously recorded for the State (Lewis 1985).Cutleria mollis Allender & Kraft,Padina gymnospora (KÜtzing) Sonder, andTaonia australasica J.Agardh are newly recorded forQueensland. With the exception of the genus Sargassum, ataxonomically difficult genus in urgent need of revision, misidentificationshave been corrected and erroneous records excluded from the flora. Species ofthe Fucales (59 species), particularly the genusSargassum (51 species), and the Dictyotales (31 species)comprise approximately three quarters of the total number of species recordedand often are ecologically important as dominant species in lower intertidaland subtidal communities. The flora is composed of predominantly tropicalspecies, but also includes temperate species which range into subtropicalsouthern Queensland. However, the geographical ranges of most species remainpoorly documented and little is known of their patterns of abundance orhabitat specificity. Consequently, it is not currently possible to determinethe conservation status of many Queensland brown algal species.

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Lever, James, Robert Brkljača, Gerald Kraft, and Sylvia Urban. "Natural Products of Marine Macroalgae from South Eastern Australia, with Emphasis on the Port Phillip Bay and Heads Regions of Victoria." Marine Drugs 18, no. 3 (February 28, 2020): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md18030142.

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Marine macroalgae occurring in the south eastern region of Victoria, Australia, consisting of Port Phillip Bay and the heads entering the bay, is the focus of this review. This area is home to approximately 200 different species of macroalgae, representing the three major phyla of the green algae (Chlorophyta), brown algae (Ochrophyta) and the red algae (Rhodophyta), respectively. Over almost 50 years, the species of macroalgae associated and occurring within this area have resulted in the identification of a number of different types of secondary metabolites including terpenoids, sterols/steroids, phenolic acids, phenols, lipids/polyenes, pheromones, xanthophylls and phloroglucinols. Many of these compounds have subsequently displayed a variety of bioactivities. A systematic description of the compound classes and their associated bioactivities from marine macroalgae found within this region is presented.

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Underwood, A. J., and S. J. Kennelly. "Ecology of marine algae on rocky shores and subtidal reefs in temperate Australia." Hydrobiologia 192, no. 1 (March 1990): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00006224.

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Natarajan, Lokeshwari, M. Annie Jenifer, N. Chandrasekaran, G. K. Suraishkumar, and Amitava Mukherjee. "Polystyrene nanoplastics diminish the toxic effects of Nano-TiO2 in marine algae Chlorella sp." Environmental Research 204 (March 2022): 112400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.112400.

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Zhang, Cai, Xiaohua Chen, Jiangtao Wang, and Liju Tan. "Toxic effects of microplastic on marine microalgae Skeletonema costatum: Interactions between microplastic and algae." Environmental Pollution 220 (January 2017): 1282–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.11.005.

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Erker, E. F., L. J. Slaughter, E. L. Bass, J. Pinion, and J. Wutoh. "Acute toxic effects in mice of an extract from the marine algae Gonyaulax monilata." Toxicon 23, no. 5 (January 1985): 761–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(85)90006-6.

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Whitfield, F. B., K. J. Shaw, and D. I. Walker. "The Source of 2,6-Dibromophenol: Cause of an Iodoform Taint in Australian Prawns." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 2 (January 1, 1992): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0044.

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The presence of 2,6-dibromophenol in prawn meat in concentrations above 60 ng/kg produces a detectable iodoform-like flavour. This compound is usually accompanied by other bromophenols including .2- and 4-bromophenol, 2,4-dibromophenol and 2,4,6-tribromophenol. Previous studies have suggested that some marine algae and bryozoa from the Gutters region of Exmouth Gulf, Western Australia, were the possible sources of these compounds in the local endeavour prawn Metapenaeusendeavouri. Recently, a selection of eight marine algae, two bryozoa, a hydroid and eight sponges were collected from this region and were extracted by simultaneous distillation-solvent extraction. The extracts were analysed for bromophenols by high resolution gas chromatography-multiple ion detection-mass spectrometry. Quantitative data were obtained on individual compounds by the use of 3,5-dimethyl-2,4,6-trichloroanisole as an internal standard. 2-Bromophenol, 2,4- and 2,6-dibromophenol and 2,4,6-tribromophenol were shown to be present in all species and 4-bromophenol in all but two species of marine algae. The concentrations of these compounds varied from 0.1 µg/kg for 4-bromophenol in a marine algae to 240 µg/kg for 2,4,6-tribromophenol in a sponge. The highest concentration of 2,6-dibromophenol was found in a bryozoan (96 µg/kg) and the lowest in a marine algae (0.29 µg/kg). In general, there was about 30 times more of the latter compound in the bryozoa than in the algae. Sponges contained about one twelfth of that found in bryozoa. This paper discusses the significance of these results for the possible origin of 2,6-dibromophenol in endeavour prawns, taking into account the latest data available on the feeding habits of penaeid prawns.

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Maroske, Sara. "Hugh Bryan Spencer Womersley 1922–2011." Historical Records of Australian Science 30, no. 2 (2019): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr19003.

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Hugh Bryan Spencer Womersley disliked the word ‘seaweed’, and objected every time it was spoken in his presence. To him algae were not ‘weeds’ but beautiful organisms, well worthy of making the subject of a lifetime of scientific study. As was common in the middle of the twentieth century, Womersley did not begin his career as a phycologist, but rather found himself specialising in this life form after discovering how richly represented and little known it was along the coast of southern Australia. In his seventy-year association with the University of Adelaide, Bryan transformed the study of phycology in Australia, attracting a pool of talented students to contribute to his grand project of a marine benthic flora of southern Australia, and to carry the study of algae forward into the next generation. Being a pioneer in the field gave him opportunities for ground-breaking research and an overview of the discipline as it developed, positioning him as the leading expert on Australian algae in the international phycological community.

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Salta, Maria, Julian A. Wharton, Paul Stoodley, Simon P. Dennington, Liam R. Goodes, Stéphane Werwinski, Ugar Mart, Robert J. K. Wood, and Keith R. Stokes. "Designing biomimetic antifouling surfaces." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 368, no. 1929 (October 28, 2010): 4729–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0195.

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Marine biofouling is the accumulation of biological material on underwater surfaces, which has plagued both commercial and naval fleets. Biomimetic approaches may well provide new insights into designing and developing alternative, non-toxic, surface-active antifouling (AF) technologies. In the marine environment, all submerged surfaces are affected by the attachment of fouling organisms, such as bacteria, diatoms, algae and invertebrates, causing increased hydrodynamic drag, resulting in increased fuel consumption, and decreased speed and operational range. There are also additional expenses of dry-docking, together with increased fuel costs and corrosion, which are all important economic factors that demand the prevention of biofouling. Past solutions to AF have generally used toxic paints or coatings that have had a detrimental effect on marine life worldwide. The prohibited use of these antifoulants has led to the search for biologically inspired AF strategies. This review will explore the natural and biomimetic AF surface strategies for marine systems.

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Skinner, Stephen, and Timothy Entwisle. "Non-marine algae of Australia:1. Survey of colonial gelatinous blue-green macroalgae (Cyanobacteria)." Telopea 9, no. 3 (January 5, 2002): 573–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.7751/telopea20024003.

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Entwisle, Timothy, and Stephen Skinner. "Non-marine algae of Australia : 4. Floristic survey of some colonial green macroalgae (Chlorophyta)." Telopea 9, no. 3 (January 5, 2002): 725–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7751/telopea20024010.

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Amran, Ramzi, Mamdoh T. Jamal, Arulazhagan Pugazhendi, Mamdouh Al-Harbi, Mohammed Ghandourah, Ahmed Al-Otaibi, and Md Fazlul Haque. "Biodegradation and Bioremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems by Microorganisms: A Review." Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 21, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 1149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.46488/nept.2022.v21i03.019.

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Concern about increasing incidents of petroleum hydrocarbon spills and spillage into different marine environments is rising day by day due to enhanced human activities in marine water. The toxic compounds of spilled petroleum hydrocarbon in marine water lead to the immediate death of numerous marine organisms as well as initiate various vicious biogeochemical cycles in the marine environment resulting in prolonged toxic impacts on the marine environment. Recently, many sophisticated techniques, including physical methods, chemical methods, and biological methods, have been developed and adopted for the treatment of marine environments polluted with petroleum compounds. However, biological treatment is one of the most promising methods in this field by which microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and algae are used for biodegradation of pollutants such as the spilled petroleum hydrocarbon into neutralized or eco-friendly compounds. This review has been focused on different aspects of the pollution of the marine ecosystem by oil, mainly Petroleum hydrocarbons, the fate of spilled oil in marine environments and the role of microbial communities in it, as well as various techniques, especially the bioremediation and biodegradation of spilled oil including the factors affecting the capacity of techniques. Moreover, some future aspects of research in the field of biodegradation and bioremediation of spilled oil have been proposed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Toxic marine algae Australia'

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