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Academic literature on the topic 'Toxic Heavy Metals - Waste Water'

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Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Toxic Heavy Metals - Waste Water"

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Mathew, Blessy Baby, Monisha Jaishankar, Vinai George Biju, and Krishnamurthy Nideghatta Beeregowda. "Role of Bioadsorbents in Reducing Toxic Metals." Journal of Toxicology 2016 (2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4369604.

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Industrialization and urbanization have led to the release of increasing amounts of heavy metals into the environment. Metal ion contamination of drinking water and waste water is a serious ongoing problem especially with high toxic metals such as lead and cadmium and less toxic metals such as copper and zinc. Several biological materials have attracted many researchers and scientists as they offer both cheap and effective removal of heavy metals from waste water. Therefore it is urgent to study and explore all possible sources of agrobased inexpensive adsorbents for their feasibility in the removal of heavy metals. The objective was to study inexpensive adsorbents like various agricultural wastes such as sugarcane bagasse, rice husk, oil palm shell, coconut shell, and coconut husk in eliminating heavy metals from waste water and their utilization possibilities based on our research and literature survey. It also shows the significance of developing and evaluating new potential biosorbents in the near future with higher adsorption capacity and greater reusable options.
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SHEVCHUK, T. V., and N. F. DOROSHKEVICH. "MIGRATION OF TOXIC METALS FROM VEGETABLE WASTE IN COMPOST." Tehnologìâ virobnictva ì pererobki produktìv tvarinnictva, no. 2(150) (December 17, 2019): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9289-2019-150-2-145-151.

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The article presents the results of studies of the heavy metals transformation from the raw plant materials (dry leaf, lawn grass, vegetable wastes) in the process of composting using the Californian worm. It is known that in cities during the growing season, a large number of fallen leaves is accumulated. It is a valuable raw material for fuel production; it is an excellent thermal insulator, it is considered to be a good mulch and can be recycled. We have developed a humus technology based on vegetable waste (fallen leaves) with the help of a Californian worm. Before composting, the concentration of heavy metals (lead, cadmium, copper and zinc) was determined in foliage collected from the streets of Vinnitsa. Analyzes showed that the background of these metals in plant waste did not exceed the maximum permissible norms. It has been experimentally proved that composting involves the conversion of heavy metals from fallen leaves to the body of the Californian worm and removing them as insoluble components in the lower compass. In addition, it has been experimentally established that during the composting period various heavy metals showed uneven migration and transformation in a soluble form. The most active was adsorption and removal of zinc compost. It was found that humic water-soluble compounds convert more than 78% of the total zinc that was contained in the composted substrate. The least mobile compound was lead. However, even such a metal, as lead, during 150 days of composting by the California worm, turned into 40% soluble form and migrated to the lower layers of humic liquids. Thus, the processing of vegetable waste from cities (fallen leaves, lawn grass, garbage disposal, etc.) by composting using growing worms will not only solve the social problem of utilization, but will also contribute to increasing environmental safety and economic efficiency. Key words: heavy metals, transformation, California worms, compost, vegetable waste, utilization.
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Lakshmi, M., and J. Ranjitha. "Removal of Heavy Metals from Industrial Wastewater using Low-Cost Waste Materials." Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment 27, no. 1 (December 15, 2022): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/2701rjce1290140.

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The most serious environmental problem in the world is heavy metal pollution due to industrialization and urbanization. A special concern is to be taken for the removal of heavy metals in the environment. In developing countries, the price effectiveness might be a major factor in the removal of heavy metal toxicity which is a major threat to the environment for several decades. In this study, heavy metal contamination of water bodies has been reviewed here. The toxic effluents from the textile industry, shredding facilities, glass industry, metal industry, refinery, automobile industry, pharmaceutical industry, semiconductor industry, printing industry, catering industry landfill leakage contain a huge amount of heavy metals in their waste. The conventional methods are very expensive, energy-intensive and sometimes generate a toxic byproduct. The current review focuses on the adsorption technique of heavy metals removal using different adsorbent materials from waste naturally. Numerous low-cost adsorbents are widely used such as garlic peel, jack fruit peel, oil palm trunk fiber, rice bran and wheat bran, broad bean peel, groundnut shell, raw agricultural solid waste, papaya seeds, leaf biomass etc. explored for the removal of toxic heavy metal from wastewater. These absorbents materials naturally have their origin by themselves such as zeolites, clay, sphagnum moss and polysaccharide which are found to be efficient agents for the removal of toxic metals like lead Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni, Hg, Cr, etc. Numerous agricultural wastes like rice husk, neem bark, black gram, waste tea-coffee, walnut-shell, coconut coir, coconut husk, bagasse etc., are widely used for the heavy metal removal in a sustainable nature.
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Mitra, Anindita, and Soumya Chatterjee. "Environmental Amelioration Using Aquatic Macrophytes: Emphasizing Removal of Heavy Metals from Waste Water." South Asian Journal of Experimental Biology 5, no. 6 (March 11, 2016): 244–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.38150/sajeb.5(6).p244-250.

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Pollution of the aquatic environment with toxic metals has been attracting considerable attention over the past decades and increasing urbanization, industrialization and overpopulation are the main cause. Due to this toxic pollutant the global water crisis is one of the most serious problems facing by the humanity today as also plants and animals are very sensitive to the presence of these toxic metals. Phytoextraction is the most cost effective and environment friendly way to solve the problem of heavy metal pollution by using plants. Macrophytes are important component of aquatic communities due to their roles in oxygen production, nutrient cycling, water quality control, sediment stabilization to provide habitat and shelter for aquatic life and also for being considered efficient heavy metal accumulators. The main route of heavy metal uptake is through their roots in emergent and surface floating plants whereas, leafy submerged plants uptake heavy metals both through roots and leaves. Roots of wetland plants play the primary role in wastewater purification followed by stems and leaves. Aquatic macrophytes therefore are very useful for the treatment of wastewater to mitigate variety of pollution level and now are the important research issues all over the world. In this review an effort has been made to summarize the role of aquatic macrophytes in the removal of heavy metals from the polluted water to improve the water quality.
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Al-Musharafi, Salma K. "Heavy Metals in Sewage Treated Effluents: Pollution and Microbial Bioremediation from Arid Regions." Open Biotechnology Journal 10, no. 1 (November 11, 2016): 352–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874070701610010352.

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Not all heavy metals are toxic. Some at lower concentrations are essential to the physiological status of the organism. Under certain conditions, induced toxicity occurs when the heavy metals are in the form of cations which tends to bind to certain biomolecules, thus becoming toxic to organisms. In many industries, toxic heavy metals such as As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn, are released mainly in sewage effluents causing major environmental pollution. Several of the heavy metal contaminations resulted from industrial wastes, along with the mining and burning of fossil fuels, leading to water and soil contamination which causes serious health problems. Rapid population growth plus a steady increase in agriculture and industry are the main cause of environmental pollution. The most common sources of heavy metals are fuel combustion, mining, metallurgical industries, corrosion and waste disposal which infiltrates the soil and underground water. When present at certain levels in the human, metals can cause certain diseases. Most of conventional technologies are inefficient to remove heavy metal contaminants. Microbial bioremediation is a potential method for the removal of heavy metal pollution in sewage effluents before being discharged into the environment. However, further research is needed for isolation and identification of microbes resistant to heavy metals. Industrial regulatory standards must be established to regulate the spread of non-essential metals in the environment. The regulations must be rigidly enforced. The rest of the essential metals must also be regulated since an increase over the physiological limit can also be harmful.
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Jamshed, Aleesha, Asif Iqbal, Sohail Ali, Salman Ali, and Mamoon . "A quick review on the applications of nanomaterials as adsorbents." MOJ Ecology & Environmental Sciences 8, no. 3 (June 13, 2023): 86–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojes.2023.08.00278.

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Urbanization and Industrialization have led to release of higher heavy metals amounts into the atmosphere especially aqueous regions. Heavy metals contaminations of potable water have become a serious challenge especially with toxic elements like mercury, lead, zinc, boron and cadmium. Lot of biological constituents has attracted many scientists and researchers due to qualities of cheap and effectiveness for removing heavy metals from waste water. The nanostructured adsorbents exhibit much higher effectiveness and faster rates of adsorption in treatment of water as compared to conservative materials principally because of the remarkably higher surface areas. In the current review, it has been described that the nanomaterials can be used successfully as cost-effective, ecologically friendly, and efficient adsorbents for the elimination of different toxic substances from wastewater.
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Noreen, Ayesha, Sajid Hussain, Umer Farooq, Tasaddaq Younas, Rahid Khan, and Mohamed Gamal Elsehrawy. "Determination of Heavy Metals Concentration in Water and Soil at Various Locations in Lahore and their Harmful Impacts on Human and Plants life." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 5 (May 30, 2022): 1578–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs221651578.

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Heavy metals poisoning of soil and water has resulted from industrial expansion in Lahore, Pakistan, creating a significant environmental hazard. As a result, monitoring the contamination of soil and water around industrial sites is critical. The fact that higher concentrations of heavy metals have a negative influence on both plants and human life and this cannot be ignored. Higher heavy metal concentrations have a direct impact on human health due to their presence in drinking water. Consumable plants and vegetables cultivated in these polluted areas may collect higher concentrations of heavy metals from soil and water via the phytoremediation process. Its worth mentioning that the accumulation of toxic metals in edible plants and vegetables also has a direct negative impact on human and animal health. The purpose of this study is to find the heavy metals concentration in the soil and ground water in the Lahore area. Five industrial zones were evaluated for water and soil throughout the research period of December 2021 to January 2022 (pre-monsoon). pH and heavy metals content measurements were performed on the collected soil and water samples. We discovered that the water had a higher pH and that the soil was heavily contaminated with significantly higher concentrations of toxic heavy metals. According to the research, there is a gangrenous influence of pollution caused by industrial waste and the surrounding environment on soil and water resources, which affects living creatures. Keywords: Environmental Pollution, Heavy Metal, Pollution, Water pollution, Soil pollution
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A.P., Tripathy, Uma Mahesh A., Padhi N., and Panigrahi A.K. "Comparative Study and Possible Phycoremediation of Effluent of JK Pulp and Paper Mill and Select Heavy Metals on Cyanobacteria." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS 02, no. 01 (2022): 22–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33745/ijbei.2022.v02i01.003.

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Pulp and Paper Mill effluent contains toxic heavy metals like Hg, Cd and Pb. These effluent are deadly toxic to the aquatic organisms as these effluents are discharged into River Nagavalli without biological treatment. The main objective of the present study was to assess the Paper mill effluent: its impact on blue green algae (BGA) and whether BGA can be used for detoxification of the effluent waste water. The contaminated river water contained significant amount of heavy metals. An attempt was made to study the impact of heavy metals like Hg, Cd and Pb present in effluent on BGA/cyanobacterium under laboratory controlled conditions and a strategy was planned to study these heavy metals in combination as mixture. All the heavy metals tested showed stimulation and better growth at sub-lethal concentrations (MAC value) but at higher concentrations heavy metals were deadly toxic. The heavy metals when combined produced higher toxicity. No stimulation in the exposed alga was observed in heavy metal combinations. The algae could remove heavy metals from the effluent of the paper mill. The paper mill effluent though highly toxic but showed better behavior at sub-lethal concentrations towards the cyanobacterium. From the observed data it is evident that Westiellopsis was more tolerant than other BGA tested. This alga has potency to grow under stressful conditions and can be safely used for phycoremediation of paper mill effluent after dilution of the effluent. Along with the tested BGA other aquatic macrophytes in combination can be tried for total biological treatment of paper mill effluent before being discharged into the environment.
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Naseer, Ayesha, Anum Jamshaid, Almas Hamid, Nawshad Muhammad, Moinuddin Ghauri, Jibran Iqbal, Sikander Rafiq, Shahzad khuram, and Noor Samad Shah. "Lignin and Lignin Based Materials for the Removal of Heavy Metals from Waste Water-An Overview." Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie 233, no. 3 (March 26, 2019): 315–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zpch-2018-1209.

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Abstract Water Pollution through heavy metals is the concerned issue as many industries like tanning, steel production and electroplating are the major contributors. Various toxic Heavy metals are a matter of concern as they have severe environmental and health effects. Most commonly, conventional methods are using to remove these heavy metals like precipitation, ion exchange, which are not economical and have disposal issues. Adsorption of heavy metals by different low-cost adsorbents seems to be the best option in wastewater treatment. Many agricultural by-products proved to be suitable as low-cost adsorbents for removing heavy metals efficiently in a minimum time. Lignin residues that involves both agricultural and wood residues and sometimes separated out from black liquor through precipitation have adsorption capacity and affinity comparable to other natural adsorbents. However, lignin as bio adsorbents have the advantage of less cost and gives efficient adsorption results. This study is a review of the recent literature on the use of natural lignin residues for heavy metals adsorption under different experimental scenarios.
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Das, Tushar Kanti, and Albert Poater. "Review on the Use of Heavy Metal Deposits from Water Treatment Waste towards Catalytic Chemical Syntheses." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 24 (December 13, 2021): 13383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222413383.

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The toxicity and persistence of heavy metals has become a serious problem for humans. These heavy metals accumulate mainly in wastewater from various industries’ discharged effluents. The recent trends in research are now focused not only on the removal efficiency of toxic metal particles, but also on their effective reuse as catalysts. This review discusses the types of heavy metals obtained from wastewater and their recovery through commonly practiced physico-chemical pathways. In addition, it covers the advantages of the new system for capturing heavy metals from wastewater, as compared to older conventional technologies. The discussion also includes the various structural aspects of trapping systems and their hypothesized mechanistic approaches to immobilization and further rejuvenation of catalysts. Finally, it concludes with the challenges and future prospects of this research to help protect the ecosystem.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Toxic Heavy Metals - Waste Water"

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Tuzcu, Emrah Tugcan. "Removal Of Heavy Metals In Waste Water By Using Coal Fly Ash." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12606366/index.pdf.

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In this research, it is aimed to remove toxic heavy metals in waste water with the help of fly ash from Ç
ayirhan thermal power plant. The chemical and physical properties (size distribution, specific surface area, porosity, chemical composition, etc.) of fly ash were determined. The experiments were carried out in synthetic waste water containing lead, zinc and copper metals at different concentrations with the addition of fly ash. The effects of metal concentration, agitation time, particle size, ash amount, and pH in the metal removal were examined. With the addition of even very small amount of fly ash, heavy metal removal from waste water was attained at up to 99%. Fly ash particle size has no significant effect on removal of heavy metal ions from solutions. Higher solution pH and longer treatment time were resulted better metal removal. The results also indicated that the main mechanism for metal removal was precipitation due to alkaline characteristics of fly ash and more than 90 % of metals in solutions were removed by precipitation. The pH ranges for maximum metal precipitation were 10-11, 8-10, and 10-11 for copper, zinc, and lead respectively. Very small percentages of adsorbed metal was released during the desorption test.
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Ondigo, Dezzline Adhiambo. "Polymer based electrospun nanofibers as diagnostic probes for the detection of toxic metal ions in water." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018261.

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The thesis presents the development of polymer based electrospun nanofibers as diagnostic probes for the selective detection of toxic metal ions in water. Through modification of the chemical characteristics of nanofibers by pre- and post-electrospinning treatments, three different diagnostic probes were successfully developed. These were the fluorescent pyridylazo-2-naphthol-poly(acrylic acid) nanofiber probe, the colorimetric probe based on glutathione-stabilized silver/copper alloy nanoparticles and the colorimetric probe based on 2-(2’-Pyridyl)-imidazole functionalized nanofibers. The probes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The fluorescent nanofiber probe was developed towards the determination of Ni²⁺. Covalently functionalized pyridylazo-2-naphthol-poly(acrylic acid) polymeric nanofibers were employed. The solid state Ni²⁺ probe exhibited a good correlation between the fluorescence intensity and nickel concentration up to 1.0 mg/mL based on the Stern-Volmer mechanism. The detection limit of the nanofiber probe was found to be 0.07 ng/mL. The versatility of the fluorescent probe was demonstrated by affording a simple, rapid and selective detection of Ni²⁺ in the presence of other competing metal ions by direct analysis without employing any sample handling steps. For the second part of the study, a simple strategy based on the in-situ synthesis of the glutathione stabilized silver/copper alloy nanoparticles (Ag/Cu alloy NPs) in nylon 6 provided a fast procedure for fabricating a colorimetric probe for the detection of Ni²⁺ in water samples. The electrospun nanofiber composites responded to Ni²⁺ ions but did not suffer any interference from the other metal ions. The effect of Ni²⁺ concentration on the nanocomposite fibers was considered and the “eye-ball” limit of detection was found to be 5.8 μg/mL. Lastly, the third probe was developed by covalently linking an imidazole derivative; 2-(2′-Pyridyl)-imidazole (PIMH) to Poly(vinylbenzyl chloride) (PVBC) and nylon 6 nanofibers by post-electrospinning treatments using a wet chemical method and graft copolymerization technique, respectively. The post-electrospinning modifications of the nanofibers were achieved without altering their fibrous morphology. The color change to red-orange in the presence of Fe²⁺ for both the grafted nylon 6 (white) and the chemically modified PVBC (yellow) nanofibers was instantaneous. The developed diagnostic probes exhibited the desired selectivity towards the targeted metal ions.
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Wong, Sze-chung Coby. "Trace metal contamination of the riverine environment in Guiyu, China : the impacts of primitive e-waste disposal /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B4308526X.

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Stoll, Anita. "Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by the yeast S. cerevisiae and the bioremediation of industrial waste water." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004075.

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Water is an essential element in all aspects of life and is vital for both domestic and industrial purposes regarding both the quality and quantity thereof. Similar to many other drought stricken countries, South Africa requires water for the socio-economic growth of the country, yet is faced with the problem of maintaining the quality of its drinking water as well as protecting the dwindling supplies. In an attempt to prevent the deterioration of South African water supplies the treatment, purification and recycling of industrial and mining waste water has recently become of prime importance. Many industrial and mining waste waters contain heavy metals in toxic quantities. The conventional processes that have been used till recently to address this problem, are often expensive or contain chemical agents which compound the environmental problem. As an alternative biological methods of metal accumulation appear to offer an economic and efficient alternative to these methods. An advantage to the South African scenario is the commercial production of the yeast, S. cerevisiae as a readily inexpensive by-product from some fermentation industries, Yeast cells, and in particular S. cerevisiae have proven to be capable of accumulating heavy metals, and therefore exhibit potential application in the bioremediation of waste water. The aim of this project was twofold. The initial part of this work attempted to define the mechanisms of metal accumulation by the yeast cells and cellular components. The information obtained from these initial studies provided a data base required for the development of a bioremediation system. Initial contact with the metal ions occurs at the wall interface of the yeast cell. Metal accumulation appears to be a function of all the cell wall components. The isolated cell wall components are better metal chelators then the intact cell walls. An apparent affinity series of mannan > chitin> glucan > intact cell walls exists. However, these components differ in their affinities for metal ions. Storage of metal ions within the cell occurs predominantly in the vacuole. The present study concluded that metal accumulation by the vacuole could be related to size. Metal accumulation occurred in the order of Cu2+ > Co2+ > Cd2+ with a corresponding decrease in atomic radii of Cd2+ > C02+ > Cu2+. Vacuolar ion deposition occurs at an early stage during the internalization of metal ions within the yeast cells. At the onset of vacuolar saturation, depositions of metal ions as granules within the cytosol occurs. In the presence of heavy metal cations viable yeast cells can be shown to exhibit two types of cellular responses. Uptake of Cu2+ and Cd2+ causes the loss of intracellular physiological cations from within the yeast cell. In comparison, uptake of Co2+ into the cell does not have this effect. All three heavy metal cations initiate plasma cell membrane permeability, thus the Cu2+ and Cd2+ induced loss of the intracellular cations, occurs. ~ a result of ion-exchange mechanisms and not due to cation leakage brought about by membrane permeabilization. Uptake of heavy metals by viable yeasts appears to be generally non-selective though the amount of metals accumulated are largely affected by the ratio of ambient metal concentration to biomass quantity. In addition, the energy dependent nature of internalization necessitates the availability of an external energy source for metal uptake by viable yeast cells. For these reasons metal removal from industrial waste water was investigated using non-viable biomass. By immobilizing the yeast cells additional mechanical integrity and stability was conferred apon the biomass. The three types of biomass preparations developed in this study, viz. polyvinyl alcohol (PV A) Na-alginate, PV A Na-orthophosphate and alkali treated polyethylenimine (PEI):glutaraldehyde (GA) biomass pellets, all fulfilled the necessary physical requirements. However, the superior metal accumulating properties of the PEI:GA biomass determined its selection as a biosorbent for bioremediation purposes. Biosorption of heavy metals by PEI:GA biomass is of a competitive nature, with the amount of metal accumulated influenced by the availability of the metal ions. This availability is largely determined by the solution pH. At low pH values the affinity of the biomass for metals decreases, whilst enhanced metal biosorption occurs at higher pHs, ego pH 4.5 - 6.0. PEI:GA biomass pellets can be implemented -as a biosorbent for the bi9remediaiton of high concentration, low-volume metal containing industrial waste. Several options regarding the bioremediation system are available. Depending on the concentration of the metals in the effluent, the bioremediation process can either be used independently or as part of a biphasic remediation system for the treatment of waste water. Initial phase chemical modification may be required, whilst two types of biological systems can be implemented as 'part of the second phase. The PEI:GA biomass can either be contained within continuous-flow fixed bed tanks or continuous-flow stirred bioreactor tanks. Due to the simplicity of the process and the ease with which scale-up is facilitated, the second type of system shows greater application potential for the treatment of this type of industrial waste water than the fixed-bed systems.
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Abbas, Khalid Khudhair. "Development of a Hybrid Multi-Functional Adsorbent-Solar-Photocatalyst for Detecting and Removing Toxic Heavy Metals and Refractory Pollutants from Water/Wastewater." Thesis, Curtin University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/73520.

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In this thesis, treating portable water from hazardous pollutants such as dyes were studied by preparing TiO2/ZSM-5 mesoporous and modified RGO/TiO2/ZSM-5 mesoporous. Additionally, novel optical conjugated mesoporous adsorbents were prepared to treat portable water from heavy metal ions such as Hg2+ and Pb2+. Results show significant improvement over previous efforts by researchers. The work presented here has profound implications for future studies of wastewater treatment, and may one day help solve the problem of water scarcity.
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Patel, Dev. "Techno-Economic Feasibility Study of a Novel Process for Simultaneous Removal of Heavy Metals and Recovery of FGD Process Water." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1535379914445172.

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Montesino, Malmberg Martina, and Rebecka Olofsson. "An Inventory of the Waste Disposal Site Jhumjhumpur in Jessore, Bangladesh, via Soil and Water Sampling." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemivetenskap (CHE), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-207104.

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The aim of this study was to make an inventory of the open dumping site Jhumjhumpur in Jessore, Bangladesh, in order to investigate whether spreading of heavy metals had occurred to surrounding soil and groundwater. The study is based on a thorough literature study as well as a field study, including soil and groundwater sampling, at the dumping site Jhumjhumpur. The literature study covers the current waste management system in three cities of Bangladesh: Dhaka, Jessore and Khulna. The results from the field study indicate that metals from the dumping site have been transported and spread to the groundwater in connection to the site and the agricultural land south of the site. A more complete investigation is needed to be able to determine how big a risk the open dumping site is for the surrounding environment. Measurements for avoiding further contamination of the groundwater and the agricultural land should be implemented.
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Müller, Nils. "Characterization of dangerous pollutants in bio and waste ashes : Analysing content and leaching behaviour of several ashes for persistent organic pollutants and toxic heavy metals." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-138124.

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Yang, Die Daisy, and 楊蝶. "Development of polymers for electroplating waste water purification, polymer-supported reagents for organic synthesis and heterogeneouscatalysts for aerobic alcohol oxidation reactions." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39848887.

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Salih, Ali Mohammed. "The purification of industrial wastewater to remove heavy metals and investigation into the use of zeolite as a remediation tool." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/621859.

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Zeolites are well-known aluminosilicate minerals that have been widely used as adsorbents in separation, purification processes and environmental pollution control. Zeolites are used in various industrial applications due to their high cation-exchange ability, molecular sieve and cataltic properties. In order to reduce the costs of acquisition and minimise the disposal of adsorbents, both modified natural zeolite and synthetic zeolite (derived from kaolinite) were used for the purification of wastewater. The characteristic properties and applications of adsorbents are also discussed including the advantages and disadvantages of each technique. The present work involves the study of the removal of Cu2+, Fe3+, Pb2+ and Zn2+ from synthetic metal solutions using natural zeolite. Laboratory experiments were used to investigate the efficiency of adsorbents in the uptake of heavy metals from industrial wastewater. These include equilibrium tests, kinetic studies and regeneration studies. The physical and chemical characterization of the zeolites was carried out using different analytical techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), X - Ray Diffraction (XRD), X - Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES). The kinetic study indicated the suitability of the natural zeolite for the removal of Cu2+, Fe3+, Pb2+ and Zn2+ ions from synthetic wastewater. Batch experiments were used to identify the effect of parameters that affect the rate of adsorption such as the effect of adsorbent mass, effect of adsorbent particle size, effect of initial solution pH, effect of initial solution concentration, effect of agitation speed and effect of pre-treatment of adsorbent and evaluated their impact on the efficiency of the zeolite in the removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater. The kinetic studies showed that the capacity of the adsorbents for the removal of heavy metals increased with a greater mass of absorbent, increased initial solution pH, increased agitation speed, higher solution concentration as well as the application of a pre-treatment. The results from the equilibrium studies positively demonstrated that natural zeolite can be used as an excellent adsorbent for removing heavy metals from multi-component solutions. The equilibrium experiments indicated that the capacities of natural zeolite for the uptake of heavy metals increased when the initial solution pH increased. The results indicated that the maximum removal capacities Q were 22.83, 14.92, 14.49 and 17.54 mg/g natural zeolite for copper, iron, zinc, and lead respectively. Both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were used to characterize the experimental data and to assess the adsorption behaviour of natural zeolite for copper, iron, lead and zinc. The experimental data were slightly better suited to the Langmuir isotherm than the Freundlinch isotherm. The value of the correlation coefficients r2 ranged from 0.93 to 0.99 for the Langmuir isotherm and from 0.90 to 0.99 for the Freundlich isotherm. The present work also involved the study of synthetic zeolite A, which was derived from natural kaolinite. The conversion of the raw materials into zeolitic materials was carried out in two ways: first, conventional hydrothermal synthesis and second, alkaline fusion prior to hydrothermal synthesis. The results from both routes show that zeolite A was synthesised successfully. Finally, the experiments show that both natural and synthetic zeolites can be available in commercial quantities. Synthetic zeolites are more attractive for some specific applications, while the cheapness of natural zeolite may favour its use.
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Books on the topic "Toxic Heavy Metals - Waste Water"

1

Chang, Ling-Yun. Removal of toxic heavy metal ions in effluent waste water by gypsum precipitation. Manchester: UMIST, 1995.

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McLaughlin, Carol. Proposed airborne toxic control measure for emissions of toxic metals from non-ferrous metal melting. Sacramento, CA (PO Box 2815, Sacramento 95812): State of California, California Environmental Protection Agency, Air Resources Board, Stationary Source Division, 1992.

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Washington (State). Dept. of Ecology., ed. Testing procedures for waste streams containing copper, nickel and zinc. [Olympia, Wash: Washington Dept. of Ecology, 1995.

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Antonio Carlos A. da Costa. An emerging biotechnology for metal containing waste water treatment. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil: MCT, CNPq, CETEM, 1997.

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Antonio Carlos A. da Costa. An emerging biotechnology for metal containing waste water treatment. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil: MCT, CNPq, CETEM, 1997.

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Pelletier, G. J. Cadmium, lead, and zinc in the Spokane River: Recommendations for total maximum daily loads and waste load allocations. Olympia: Watershed Assessments Section, Environmental Investigations and Laboratory Services Program, Washington State Dept. of Ecology, 1998.

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Pelletier, G. J. Cadmium, lead, and zinc in the Spokane River: Recommendations for total maximum daily loads and waste load allocations. Olympia: Watershed Assessments Section, Environmental Investigations and Laboratory Services Program, Washington State Dept. of Ecology, 1998.

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Butkus, Steven R. Spokane River dissolved metals total maximum daily load: Submittal report. Olympia, Wash: Washington State Dept. of Ecology, Water Quality Program, 1999.

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Butkus, Steven R. Spokane River dissolved metals total maximum daily load: Submittal report. Olympia, Wash: Washington State Dept. of Ecology, Water Quality Program, 1999.

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Washington (State). Hazardous Waste and Toxics Reduction Program., ed. Treatment by generator. [Olympia]: The Program, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Toxic Heavy Metals - Waste Water"

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Silvestre, Wendel Paulo, and Camila Baldasso. "Treatment of Water Contaminated by Heavy Metal using Membrane Separation Processes." In Toxic Metals Contamination, 117–45. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003138907-7.

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Szalóki, Gábor, Ildikó Czégény, Gábor Nagy, and Gáspár Bánfalvi. "Removal of Heavy Metal Sulfides and Toxic Contaminants from Water." In Cellular Effects of Heavy Metals, 333–46. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0428-2_16.

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Srivastava, Nimmy, Jayeeta Chattopadhyay, Arushi Yashi, and Trisha Rathore. "Heavy Metals Removal Techniques from Industrial Waste Water." In Advanced Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation of Water, 87–101. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83811-9_5.

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Grigoras, Anca Giorgiana. "Pseudomonas Species for Environmental Cleaning of Toxic Heavy Metals." In Methods for Bioremediation of Water and Wastewater Pollution, 1–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48985-4_1.

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Datta, Sriparna, Dipanjan Sengupta, and Ishika Saha. "Bacterial Metabolites for Removal of Toxic Dyes and Heavy Metals." In Methods for Bioremediation of Water and Wastewater Pollution, 85–116. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48985-4_4.

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Kardam, A., K. R. Raj, and S. Srivastava. "Green Nanotechnology for Bioremediation of Toxic Metals from Waste Water." In Chemistry of Phytopotentials: Health, Energy and Environmental Perspectives, 373–77. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23394-4_79.

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Oladipo, Babatunde, Aramide M. Akintunde, Sheriff O. Ajala, Samuel O. Olatunji, Olayomi A. Falowo, and Eriola Betiku. "Phytoextraction of Heavy Metals from Complex Industrial Waste Disposal Sites." In Methods for Bioremediation of Water and Wastewater Pollution, 341–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48985-4_16.

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Schaefer, M., H. H. Hahn, and E. Hoffmann. "Acid Extraction of Heavy Metals from Bio-Waste and Bio-Solids." In Chemical Water and Wastewater Treatment VI, 327–35. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59791-6_30.

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Koley, Apurba, Douglas Bray, Sandipan Banerjee, Sudeshna Sarhar, Richih Ghosh Thahur, Amit Kumar Hazra, Narayan Chandra Mandal, et al. "Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) A Sustainable Strategy for Heavy Metals Removal from Contaminated Waterbodies." In Bioremediation of Toxic Metal(loid)s, 95–114. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003229940-6.

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Nkhalambayausi-Chirwa, Evans M., Pulane Elsie Molokwane, Tshilidzi Bridget Lutsinge, Tony Ebuka Igboamalu, and Zainab S. Birungi. "Advances in Bioremediation of Toxic Heavy Metals and Radionuclides in Contaminated Soil and Aquatic Systems." In Bioremediation of Industrial Waste for Environmental Safety, 21–52. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3426-9_2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Toxic Heavy Metals - Waste Water"

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Mallants, Dirk, Ann Dierckx, Lian Wang, and Geert Volckaert. "Impact Assessment Analysis for Surface Storage of Radioactive Waste Addressing Radiotoxicity and Chemotoxicity: Application to an Existing Radium-Waste Surface Storage Facility." In ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1235.

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Abstract Radioactive wastes often contain considerable amounts of non-radiological and potentially toxic components such as heavy metals, organics, etc. The present study discusses an impact assessment methodology applied to the surface repository located at Olen (Belgium) containing various wastes from radium and uranium production. The impact assessment considered leaching to groundwater and use of groundwater for production of drinking water and irrigation. Leaching of radionuclides and non-radiological components from the storage facility was calculated using numerical models of water flow and contaminant transport. Results showed that leaching from the waste forms containing the highest concentration in radium, uranium, lead, and arsenic (i.e., various uranium mill tailings and radium sources and needles) did not lead to unacceptable concentrations in the groundwater when a reasonable leaching period was considered.
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Nanayakkara, CJ, N. Partheepan, MY Kumarapperuma, and NP Ratnayake. "Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals in Sediments of the Negombo Lagoon, Sri Lanka." In International Symposium on Earth Resources Management & Environment. Department of Earth Resources Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/iserme.2022.10.

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Heavy metals accumulate in the sediments of aquatic environments due to poor water solubility. Their toxic effect poses a significant threat to living organisms. Negombo Lagoon, a vital aquatic ecosystem in Sri Lanka, has become vulnerable to heavy metals mainly from urbanization-related anthropogenic activities. Previous research in this respect has sampling points restricted to the boundary area. Since the heavy metal concentration is a static parameter, continuous research needs to keep the data updated. This study aims to investigate the spatial distribution of several heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Co, Cu, As, Cd, and Pb) in the surficial sediment of the Negombo Lagoon. Fifteen grab sediment samples were collected from the lagoon and analyzed for heavy metal concentration and grain size. The range of concentrations of each metal in test samples were between (78.07 - 222.68 mg/kg) Cr, (376.7-1298.05 mg/kg) Ni, (15.875-43.74 mg/kg) Co, (32.45-112.79 mg/kg) Cu, (20.17-55.81 mg/kg) As, (0.30-1.4 mg/kg) Cd, and (16.57-70.97 mg/kg) Pb. Heavy metal concentrations and sediment grain sizes show significant spatial variation over the Negombo lagoon area. Heavy metals were highly concentrated in locations, where finer sediments are accumulated (i.e., towards the eastern and southern part of the lagoon). Heavy metal concentrations were found to be increased with the decreasing grain size. High heavy metal concentrations are also found at places where there is a river discharge. Among the sources which feed heavy metals into Negombo Lagoon anthropogenic activities such as municipal and industrial waste disposal, rapid urbanization, shipping, and naval activities etc. have a significant impact.
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Lopes, C. B., M. Otero, Z. Lin, E. Pereira, C. M. Silva, J. Rocha, and A. C. Duarte. "Removal of Mercury From Aqueous Solutions by ETS-4 Microporous Titanosilicate: Effect of Contact Time, Titanosilicate Mass and Initial Metal Concentration." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7201.

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Mercury is one of the most toxic heavy metals present in the environment and therefore is extremely important develop new, simple and reliable techniques for its removal from aqueous solutions. A recent line of research within this context is the application of microporous materials. The use of these materials for removing heavy metals from solutions may become a potential clean-up technology in the field of wastewater treatment. In this work it is reported the application of microporous titanosilicate ETS-4 as ion exchanger to remove Hg2+ from aqueous solution. Under batch conditions, we studied the effect of contact time, titanosilicate mass and initial Hg2+ concentration. Only 5 mg of ETS-4 are required to purify 2 litres of water with 50 μg L−1 of metal. Under the experimental conditions, the initial Hg2+ concentration and ETS-4 mass have strong influence on the sorption process, and it is proved that 24 h are almost always sufficient to attain ion exchange equilibrium. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to fit equilibrium experimental results. The kinetics of mercury removal was reliably described by a pseudo second-order model. On the whole, ETS-4 shows considerable potential to remove Hg2+ from wastewaters.
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Cerqua-Richardson, K. A., and J. Vakiner. "Fabrication of "Green" IR Optics." In Optical Fabrication and Testing. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oft.1994.owc5.

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Material manufacturers and fabricators are becoming increasingly aware of environmentally-friendly growth, melting and finishing procedures being implemented throughout the domestic and international optics market. The "green" policy which is emerging requires material handlers to stringently adhere to numerous procedures and regulations in the hope of reducing the use of ozone-depleting coolants and solvents, the amount of heavy metals entering waste water systems, and controlling the disposal of residue and waste slurry from toxic materials.
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Dossary, Hind S., Fahd I. Alghunaimi, and Young C. Choi. "Produced Water Reuse for Drilling and Completion Fluids Using Ion Exchange Resins." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207543-ms.

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Abstract Produced water is considered one of the largest by volume waste streams and one of the most challenging effluents in the oil and gas industry. This is due to the variety of contaminants that make up produce water. A variety of treatment methods have been studied and implemented. These methods aim to reduce the hydrocarbon content and the number of contaminants in produced water to meet the disposal, reuse, and environmental regulations. These contaminants can include dispersed oil droplets, suspended solids, dissolved solids, heavy metals, and other production chemicals. Some of those contaminates have value and can be a commodity in different applications such as bromine (Br). Bromine ions can be used to form calcium bromide, which is considered one of the most effective drilling agents and is used extensively in drilling and completion operations. This paper aims to highlight the utilization and the new extraction method of bromide ions from produced water to form calcium bromide (CaBr2). The conventional preparation of calcium-bromide drilling and completion fluids involves adding solid calcium-bromide salts to the water, which can be relatively expensive. Another method can involve the handling of strong oxidants and toxic gas to form solid calcium bromide. The novel method outlined in this paper is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly way of generating calcium bromide from produced water. The method includes processing the produced water to recover bromide ions. This is done by first passing the produced water through a resin bed, including bromine-specific ion exchange resin, where the bromide ions will adsorb/absorb onto the resin, as shown in Figure-1. The second step involves regenerating the resin with regenerant having calcium cations and water to form calcium bromide. The final stage is generating the calcium bromide in the water from the bed of resin by introducing concentrated CaCl2, forming a concentrated solution of water and calcium bromide. The developed solution will be further processed to give drilling and completion fluids. This novel method constitutes a good example of produced water utilization in different applications to minimize waste and reduce the costs of forming highly consumable materials.
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Ben Giuma, Laila Houd, and Muna Hassan Bek. "MICROSTRUCTURE, MINERALOGY AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF KAOLIN & METAKAOLIN GEOPOLYMERS USED FOR SOLIDIFICATION AND STABILIZATION OF OIL AND GAS DRILLING WASTE OPERATIONS." In 22nd International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022v/3.2/s06.32.

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The production of oil and gas includes drilling a number of wells for exploration or production activities. During drilling operations, large volumes of drilling fluids are used to facilitate the process. In Libya, after completion of drilling operations drill cuttings and waste drilling fluids are typically discharged close to the oil fields without treatment. This can result in negative ecological impacts on the surrounding environment e.g. through infiltration of toxic constituents into soils and underground waters. In this work, the sustainable approaches were examined to test their suitability for use in Libyan Desert. The solidification/ stabilisation of drilling waste via geopolymerisation approach was tested using natural kaolin clay. The ability of the geopolymers to stabilise drilling waste by immobilising heavy metals and encapsulating hydrocarbons was evaluated through systematic experiments employing both macro properties and microstructure studies to assess: (i) the transformation of raw materials into cementitious materials; (ii) changes in physical and mechanical properties, (iii) the role of additives in enhancing the degree of geopolymerisation (iv) the leachability of solidified wastegeopolymers produced. The research has resulted in a number of key conclusions related to the feasibility of using Kaolin based geopolymers to stabilise the drilling waste generated from oil and gas industry in Libya. It is found that (S/S) systems composed from kaolin-waste geopolymer able to reduce the contaminants leachability by both physical (adsorption or encapsulation) and chemical (fixation) means, and it is possible to use Kaolin as a sustainable alternative for Portland cement in S/S system to convert the hazardous waste into inert or nonreactive hazardous waste acceptable for selected in-situ environmental engineering applications. The solidified geopolymer matrix found adequate to the requirements of sustainable waste management options such as safe landfill, reuse and recycle in the place of the generation which offering a sustainable, cost-effective approach that brings environmental and economic benefits.
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Camargo, Lilian Tatiane F. de M., and Ademir J. Camargo. "Estudo Teórico do Mecanismo de Complexação do Íon Cobalto II com a Glucosamina Usando Dinâmica Molecular de Car-Parrinello." In VIII Simpósio de Estrutura Eletrônica e Dinâmica Molecular. Universidade de Brasília, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21826/viiiseedmol202091.

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Cobalt II is essential for the body and is one of the components of vitamin B12. However, in excess, it is toxic. It is present in various industrial and nuclear reactor waste; removing it is necessary. Among the various processes for removing heavy metals from wastewater, adsorption stands out, economical, easy to apply, and efficient. Modified chitosan has shown promise in the adsorption of cobalt II from contaminated waters. Although experimental studies show cobalt II adsorption by chitosan, the adsorption mechanism by chitosan is still unclear. This work aimed to study cobalt coordination with glucosamine (chitosan monomer) in the gas phase and aqueous solvation using the Car-Parrinello Molecular Dynamics. The results show that cobalt can coordinate strongly with the amino group of glucosamine in both the gaseous and aqueous environments. The QTAIM analysis was performed to characterize the interactions. In the gas phase, a partially covalent interaction was observed, while in the aqueous medium, the interaction of Co with glucosamine can be classified as covalent. Understanding the coordination mechanism of cobalt II with glucosamine can help remove cobalt from wastewater.
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Ratanpara, Abhishek P., Alexander Shaw, Sanat Deshpande, and Myeongsub Kim. "Utilization of Ocean Water for CO2 Capture via Amine Scrubbing." In ASME 2020 39th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2020-19215.

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Abstract As the consumption of fossil fuel resources has continuously increased to meet global fuel demands for power generation, atmospheric emissions of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide (CO2), have rapidly increased over the last century. Increased CO2 emissions have caused serious international concerns about global warming, sea-level rise, and ocean acidification. Although post-combustion carbon capture technology that separates CO2 from flue gas in fossil fuel-fired power plants has contributed to significant migration of atmospheric CO2 emissions, this approach generates considerable amounts of toxic wastewater containing a heavy chemical which is difficult to treat, raises concerns about acute corrosion of metal structures in the facility, and waste of significant amounts of freshwater. In this research, we are particularly interested in reducing the use of freshwater for CO2 capture and generating carbonate minerals, byproducts of CO2 with calcium (Ca2+) or magnesium ions (Mg2+) in ocean water which are useful building blocks for marine animals, such as seashells and coral reefs. In our experimental approach, we attempted to use ocean water with different monoethanolamine (MEA) concentrations and compared the CO2 capturing efficiency with that in DI water. We found that there are considerable benefits of the use of ocean water in CO2 dissolution, showing that a replacement of freshwater with ocean water would be a possible option. In the future, we will further enhance the dissolution of CO2 in ocean water by using nanoparticle catalysts without using MEA, which will be an environmentally friendly method for CO2 capture.
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Zhou, Y. F., and R. J. Haynes. "Water treatment sludge can be used as an adsorbent for heavy metals in wastewater streams." In WASTE MANAGEMENT 2010. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/wm100341.

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Kang, Juan, Yarui Wang, Yuqi Chen, and Runhua Li. "Fast and ultrasensitive detection of toxic heavy metals in water by LIBS-LIF technique." In Asia Communications and Photonics Conference. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/acpc.2017.su2a.3.

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Reports on the topic "Toxic Heavy Metals - Waste Water"

1

Mitroshkov, Alexandre V., Lirong Zhong, and Linda M. P. Thomas. Analysis of Perfluorinated, Pharmaceutical, Personal Care Compounds and Heavy Metals in Waste Water Sludge using GC-MS/MS and Multicollector ICP-MS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1494304.

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Yermiyahu, Uri, Thomas Kinraide, and Uri Mingelgrin. Role of Binding to the Root Surface and Electrostatic Attraction in the Uptake of Heavy Metal by Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7586482.bard.

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The principal accomplishment of the research supported by BARD was progress toward a comprehensive view of cell-surface electrical effects (both in cell walls [CWs] and at plasma membrane [PM] surfaces) upon ion uptake, intoxication, and amelioration. The research confirmed that electrostatic models (e.g., Gouy-Chapman-Stern [G-C-S]), with parameter values contributed by us, successfully predict ion behavior at cell surfaces. Specific research objectives 1. To characterize the sorption of selected heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd) to the root PM in the presence of other cations and organic ligands (citric and humic acids). 2. To compute the parameters of a G-C-S model for heavy-metal sorption to the root PM. 3. To characterize the accumulation of selected heavy metals in various plant parts. 4. To determine whether model-computed ion binding or ion activities at root PM surfaces predict heavy-metal accumulation in whole roots, root tips, or plant shoots. 5. To determine whether measured ion binding by protoplast-free roots (i.e., root CWs) predicts heavy-metal accumulation in whole roots, root tips, or plant shoots. 6. To correlate growth inhibition, and other toxic responses, with the measured and computed factors mentioned above. 7. To determine whether genotypic differences in heavy-metal accumulation and toxic responses correlate with genotypic differences in parameters of the G-C-S model. Of the original objectives, all except for objective 7 were met. Work performed to meet the other objectives, and necessitated on the basis of experimental findings, took the time that would have been required to meet objective 7. In addition, work with Pb was unsuccessful due to experimental complications and work on Cd is still in progress. On the other hand, the uptake and toxicity of the anion, selenate was characterized with respect to electrostatic effects and the influences of metal cations. In addition, the project included more theoretical work, supported by experimentation, than was originally planned. This included transmembrane ion fluxes considered in terms of PM-surface electrical potentials and the influence of CWs upon ion concentrations at PM surfaces. A important feature of the biogeochemistry of trace elements in the rhizosphere is the interaction between plant-root surfaces and the ions present in the soil solution. The ions, especially the cations, of the soil solution may be accumulated in the aqueous phases of cell surfaces external to the PMs, sometimes referred to as the "water free space" and the "Donnan free space". In addition, ions may bind to the CW components or to the PM surface with variable binding strength. Accumulation at the cell surface often leads to accumulation in other plant parts with implications for the safety and quality of foods. A G-C-S model for PMs and a Donnan-plus-binding model for CWs were used successfully to compute electrical potentials, ion binding, and ion concentration at root-cell surfaces. With these electrical potentials, corresponding values for ion activities may be computed that are at least proportional to actual values also. The computed cell-surface ion activities predict and explain ion uptake, intoxication, and amelioration of intoxication much more accurately than ion activities in the bulk-phase rooting medium.
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