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Journal articles on the topic 'Toxaemia of pregnancy'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Otsuki, Y., E. Okamoto, I. Iwata, E. Nishino, N. Mitsuda, M. Mori, T. Takagi, N. Sugita, and O. Tanizawa. "Changes in concentration of human atrial natriuretic peptide in normal pregnancy and toxaemia." Journal of Endocrinology 114, no. 2 (August 1987): 325–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1140325.

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ABSTRACT Changes in concentration of human atrial natriuretic peptide (hANP) in normal and toxaemic pregnancy were examined. The maternal plasma concentration of hANP increased gradually during normal pregnancy to a maximum of 20·0±2·4 pmol/l (mean ± s.e.m.) after week 36 of pregnancy. From week 20, the plasma concentrations of hANP were significantly higher than those in non-pregnant women (9·3±2·0 pmol/l). In toxaemia with hypertension, maternal plasma hANP levels were increased after week 26 of pregnancy (37·7±6·0 pmol/l) compared with those in normal gravida at the same time (17·1±1·6 pmol/l). Maternal plasma hANP levels in toxaemia only with oedema were not different from those in normal gravida. J. Endocr. (1987) 114, 325–328

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2

Honey, Laura. "Dealing with ovine pregnancy toxaemia." In Practice 43, no. 2 (March 2021): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/inpr.14.

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3

Gujrati, V. R., K. Shanker, S. S. Parmar, S. Vrat Chandrawati, and K. P. Bhargava. "SEROTONIN IN TOXAEMIA OF PREGNANCY." Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 12, no. 1 (February 1985): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1681.1985.tb00297.x.

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4

Andrews, Anthony. "Pregnancy toxaemia in the ewe." In Practice 19, no. 6 (June 1997): 306–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/inpract.19.6.306.

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5

Ford, E. J. H., J. Evans, and I. Robinson. "Cortisol in pregnancy toxaemia of sheep." British Veterinary Journal 146, no. 6 (November 1990): 539–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0007-1935(90)90057-a.

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6

Hannaford, P., S. Ferry, and S. Hirsch. "Cardiovascular sequelae of toxaemia of pregnancy." Heart 77, no. 2 (February 1, 1997): 154–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/hrt.77.2.154.

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7

HOLMBERG, G. "EXTENSIVE ENCEPHALOMALACIA AFTER TOXAEMIA OF PREGNANCY." Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 24, no. 2 (August 23, 2007): 175–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1949.tb03492.x.

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8

Albay, MK, MC Karakurum, S. Sahinduran, K. Sezer, R. Yildiz, and T. Buyukoglu. "Selected serum biochemical parameters and acute phase protein levels in a herd of Saanen goats showing signs of pregnancy toxaemia." Veterinární Medicína 59, No. 7 (September 16, 2014): 336–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7620-vetmed.

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The purpose of this study was to examine selected serum biochemical parameters and acute phase protein levels in a herd of Saanen goats showing signs of pregnancy toxaemia. Seventy five female goats were used and divided into three groups. Group 1 (n = 57) (blood serum glucose levels were within the physiological range), Group 2 (n = 11) (serum glucose values were low) and Group 3 (n = 7) (serum glucose values were high). Goats in Groups 2 and 3 were diagnosed with pregnancy toxaemia. Apart from serum glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), triglycerides, blood pH, calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), potassium (K), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), haptoglobin (Hp), serum amyloid A (SAA) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured in all animals. In Group 3 average Hp and SAA values were found to be significantly (P < 0.001) higher than in Groups 1 and 2, and also higher in Group 2 than in Group 1. Acute phase proteins in goats with pregnancy toxaemia may be used in the course and the prognosis of the disease. The evaluation of acute phase proteins is useful and also quicker in cases of suspected pregnancy intoxication.

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9

PANOUSIS (Ν. ΠΑΝΟΥΣΗΣ), N., C. BROZOS (Χ. ΜΠΡΟΖΟΣ), G. C. FTHENAKIS (Γ. Χ. ΦΘΕΝΑΚΗΣ), and C. KARATZIAS (Χ. ΚΑΡΑΤΖΙΑΣ). "Pregnancy toxaemia of ewes. A literature review." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 52, no. 2 (January 31, 2018): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15410.

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Pregnancy toxaemia is a metabolic disorder of ewes, occurring at the final stage of pregnancy. In this review article, the literature on the aetiology and the pathogenesis of the disease is reviewed, the clinical, laboratory and postmortem findings are described, the diagnosis is presented and the control of the disease is discussed.

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10

Crilly, JP, Clare Phythian, and Mike Evans. "Advances in managing pregnancy toxaemia in sheep." In Practice 43, no. 2 (March 2021): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/inpr.17.

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11

Sharma, Nitika, N. Shivasharanappa, R. V. S. Pawaiya, K. Gururaj, D. D. Singh, and A. K. Mishra. "Clinico-pathomorphological changes of pregnancy toxaemia in goats." Indian Journal of Veterinary Pathology 45, no. 3 (2021): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0973-970x.2021.00033.x.

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12

Mishra, Debi Prasad, Sumita Tripathy, and Minati Dehuri. "HISTOMORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF PLACENTA IN TOXAEMIA OF PREGNANCY." Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare 5, no. 2 (January 5, 2018): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18410/jebmh/2018/27.

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13

Fields, S. J., M. Vainder, G. Livshits, P. Merlob, and L. Sirotta. "Obesity and the risk of toxaemia of pregnancy." Annals of Human Biology 23, no. 5 (January 1996): 353–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014469600004602.

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14

Schlumbohm, Christina, and J. Harmeyer. "Twin-pregnancy increases susceptibility of ewes to hypoglycaemic stress and pregnancy toxaemia." Research in Veterinary Science 84, no. 2 (April 2008): 286–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.05.001.

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15

Lubbe, W. F. "Low-Dose Aspirin in Prevention of Toxaemia of Pregnancy." Drugs 34, no. 5 (November 1987): 515–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00003495-198734050-00001.

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16

MITCHELL, G. M., and B. F. STRATFORD. "The morphology of the ovine placenta in pregnancy toxaemia." Australian Veterinary Journal 64, no. 7 (July 1987): 221–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1987.tb15189.x.

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17

Zamir, S., A. Rozov, and E. Gootwine. "Treatment of pregnancy toxaemia in sheep with flunixin meglumine." Veterinary Record 165, no. 9 (August 29, 2009): 265–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.165.9.265.

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18

LOUDON, IRVINE. "Some historical aspects of toxaemia of pregnancy. A review." BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 98, no. 9 (September 1991): 853–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1991.tb13505.x.

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19

Paxson, JA, and Daniela Bedenice. "Severe acid-base and neurological derangements in pregnancy toxaemia." Livestock 20, no. 2 (March 2, 2015): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/live.2015.20.2.102.

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20

Mihalceanu, Elena, Ioana Sadyre Scripcariu, Ioan Tudor Lazar, Alexandra Pangal, Ana Maria Adam, Virgil Bulimar, Cristina Daniela Dimitriu, and Irina Negru. "Expression of PIGF and sFLT-1 Biomarkers in Pregnancy Toxaemia." Revista de Chimie 71, no. 1 (February 7, 2020): 450–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.20.1.7874.

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Toxaemia is a pathological condition specific to the period of pregnancy which begins and is indissolubly related to the presence of placenta. Antiangiogenic factors, such as sFLT-1 (soluble tyrosine kinase receptor fms-like) and sEng (soluble endoglin) play an important role in the first part of pregnancy. They are linked to physiological vascular neoformation, and, in the second part of the pregnancy, grant the endothelial functionality and physiological vascular remodeling. The aim of the study is to try to establish the levels of the sFLT� 1/PIGF ratio, as a prognostic tool in the patient with pre-eclampsia, depending on the influence of the cumulative risk factors. The sFLT-1 / PIGF report is a potential prognostic parameter in monitoring preeclampsia. The results of our study confirm the importance of deterring these markers for the diagnosis and monitoring of hypertensive pregnancies and at the same time to emphasize that the sFLT-1/PIGF ratio is a good predictor of preeclampsia.

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21

Cantley, C., C. Ford, and M. Heath. "Serum fructosamine in ovine pregnancy toxaemia: a possible prognostic index." Veterinary Record 128, no. 22 (June 1, 1991): 525–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.128.22.525.

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22

Lean, T. H., S. S. Ratnam, R. Sivasamboo, and K. D. Chong. "Benzodiazepines in a Method of Management of Severe Pregnancy Toxaemia." Journal of The Asian federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1, no. 1 (May 24, 2010): 40–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0756.1970.tb00130.x.

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23

Kolawole, Taiyewo M., Pravinchandra J. Patel, Basim Yaqub, Abdul Rhaman Al-Tahan, Tajuddin Malabarey, and Abdul Aziz Al-Meshari. "Computed tomographic changes of the brain in toxaemia of pregnancy." European Journal of Radiology 11, no. 1 (July 1990): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0720-048x(90)90102-h.

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24

Ramaesh, K., S. Nagendran, and D. C. Saunders. "Choroidal ischaemia and serous retinal detachment in toxaemia of pregnancy." Eye 13, no. 6 (November 1999): 795–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/eye.1999.234.

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25

Lau, Shirley P. C., F. L. Chan, Y. L. Yu, Edmund Woo, and C. Y. Huang. "Cortical blindness in toxaemia of pregnancy: findings on computed tomography." British Journal of Radiology 60, no. 712 (April 1987): 347–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/0007-1285-60-712-347.

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26

DHARA, S., M. SHARMA, A. K. SINGH, V. SHARMA, and S. THAKUR. "Clinical management of pregnancy toxaemia in a goat- A case report." Indian Journal of Animal Health 59, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.36062/ijah.59.1.2020.105-107.

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27

Vijayanand, V., and M. Balagangatharathilagar. "On field diagnostic and prognostic indicators of pregnancy toxaemia in goats." Pharma Innovation 10, no. 4S (April 1, 2021): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/tpi.2021.v10.i4sb.5972.

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28

Svensen, T. C., F. M. Parsons, B. H. McCracken, and M. J. D. Noble. "A CASE OF SEVERE TOXAEMIA OF PREGNANCY ASSOCIATED WITH URINARY SUPPRESSION." BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 67, no. 1 (August 23, 2005): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1960.tb06953.x.

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29

Henze, P., K. Bickhardt, H. Fuhrmann, and H. P. Sallmann. "Spontaneous Pregnancy Toxaemia (Ketosis) in Sheep and the Role of Insulin." Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A 45, no. 1-10 (February 12, 1998): 255–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0442.1998.tb00825.x.

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30

Barbagianni, M. S., S. A. Spanos, K. S. Ioannidi, N. G. C. Vasileiou, A. I. Katsafadou, I. Valasi, P. G. Gouletsou, and G. C. Fthenakis. "Increased incidence of peri-parturient problems in ewes with pregnancy toxaemia." Small Ruminant Research 132 (November 2015): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2015.10.017.

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31

Marya, R. K., S. Rathee, and M. Manrow. "Effect of Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation on Toxaemia of Pregnancy." Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 24, no. 1 (1987): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000298772.

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32

Barbagianni, Mariana S., Pagona G. Gouletsou, Irene Valasi, Ioannis G. Petridis, Ilias Giannenas, and George C. Fthenakis. "Ultrasonographic findings in the ovine udder during lactogenesis in healthy ewes or ewes with pregnancy toxaemia." Journal of Dairy Research 82, no. 3 (July 1, 2015): 293–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029915000382.

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Objective of the study was to record, by means of ultrasonographic examination, changes occurring during lactogenesis in the udder of healthy ewes and of ewes with pregnancy toxaemia. The work was carried out in 28 ewes, 16 with pregnancy toxaemia (group A) and 12 healthy controls (group B). B-mode and Doppler ultrasonographic examination of the udder of ewes was performed. During the last month of pregnancy, grey-scale intensity values of mammary parenchyma in group A were significantly greater than in group B (P= 0·007), as was also the progressive increase in grey-scale intensity values in both groups (P< 0·001). Blood mammary input was significantly greater in ewes of group B than in ewes of group A (P< 0·05), as was also the progressive increase in blood input in both groups (P< 0·001). Further, differences between the two groups were identified in pulsatility index (P= 0·007) and in mean blood velocity (P= 0·036), but only during the last fortnight of pregnancy. After lambing, grey-scale values decreased sharply compared to those in pregnancy (P< 0·01), whilst blood input, pulsatility index and mean blood velocity continued the same trend as at the last stage of pregnancy, with differences between the two groups still prevalent (P< 0·05). There was a reverse correlation between grey-scale intensity values and milk quantities (P< 0·035) and a correlation between blood input and milk quantities (P< 0·07). The progressive increase in the diameter of the external pudendal artery was significant (P< 0·001), but no significant differences were evident between the two groups (P> 0·35). Differences between group A and group B in all other haemodynamic parameters studied were not significant, neither throughout the last month of pregnancy (P> 0·25), nor during the first week of lactation (P> 0·06). However, their progressive changes during the last month of pregnancy were significant (P< 0·02).

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33

Harmeyer, J., and Christina Schlumbohm. "Pregnancy impairs ketone body disposal in late gestating ewes: Implications for onset of pregnancy toxaemia." Research in Veterinary Science 81, no. 2 (October 2006): 254–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2005.10.010.

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34

Masters, David G., and Andrew N. Thompson. "Grazing crops: implications for reproducing sheep." Animal Production Science 56, no. 4 (2016): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14517.

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Integration of crops and livestock has been revitalised in Australia, initially as an opportunity to increase cropping within the high-rainfall grazing zones, and more recently, to improve enterprise diversification and profitability across the low-, medium- and high-rainfall, and mixed-farming zones. Young crops are highly digestible (>80% dry matter digestibility, DMD) with a high energy density (>12 MJ/kg DM) and, in much of southern Australia, fill a winter feed gap. The quality and time of feed availability also coincide with the high nutrient requirements of ewes in late pregnancy and lactation. In Western Australia and South Australia, young crops are available for lactating ewes and young growing lambs (autumn lambing). For the smaller proportion of growers who lamb later in winter, young crops are available for the last 1–2 months of pregnancy. In the later-lambing states of New South Wales and Victoria, crops may be grazed by ewes at any stage of pregnancy and lactation and/or by young lambs. In Tasmania, crops are more likely to be available during early–mid-gestation. Limited studies on feed budgeting with grazing crops have indicated that ewes can maintain or even increase liveweight, with a much lower level of feed on offer than would be required with traditional pastures (<500 kg DM/ha). This has the potential to increase whole-farm stocking rates and/or reduce fetal mortality, increase lamb birthweight and survival and improve lifetime production. Maintaining or increasing ewe liveweight during pregnancy and lactation may also result in heavier ewes the following year and higher ovulation rates. Pregnancy and lactation are also periods of increased susceptibility to metabolic disturbances. The composition of young crops increases this susceptibility. Pregnancy toxaemia, hypocalcaemia and hypomagnesaemia can influence ewe health and fetal survival. Chronic acidosis and excessive ammonia absorption from rapid introduction of pregnant ewes onto young crops may risk appetite loss and increase susceptibility to pregnancy toxaemia. Low magnesium and sodium combined with high potassium increases the risk of grass tetany. Most young crops (except canola) also have a tetany index >2.2, indicating a high risk of grass tetany. The elevated potassium also contributes to a high dietary cation–anion difference of approximately +49 mEq/100 g DM and this may cause metabolic alkalosis and hypocalcaemia. Pregnancy toxaemia, hypocalcaemia and grass tetany are all potential causes of increased ewe mortality. Pregnancy and/or lactation outcomes will also be influenced by a deficiency of trace elements. Grazing young crops in areas with a history of selenium, copper, iodine and cobalt deficiency will increase susceptibility to deficiency by increasing growth and feed intake. In conclusion, the grazing of young growing crops presents new opportunities for increased production and stocking rates in the mixed-farming zones. The value of this feed source is well recognised by some producers. While growing crops have a highly productive potential, they also come with an increased risk of a range metabolic disturbances and nutritional imbalances. These risks can be minimised by regular monitoring of livestock and crop biomass and the provision of mineral supplements.

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35

Papadopoulos, E., V. Mavrogianni, A. Mitsoura, S. Ptochos, S. Spanos, and G. Fthenakis. "Potential association between trematode infections and development of pregnancy toxaemia in sheep." Helminthologia 50, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11687-013-0126-2.

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Abstract Objective of the work was to study a potential association between trematode infections in pregnant ewes and concentrations β-hydroxybutyrate, which is a ketone body found in animals with pregnancy toxaemia. After administration of a long-acting nematocide, 80 pregnant sheep, infected with trematodes, were allocated as follows; primigravidae ewes in group P-A remained untreated and in group P-B were given netobimin; multigravidae ewes in group M-A remained untreated, in group M-B were given netobimin and in group M-C were given rafoxanide. We collected faecal samples for trematode epg counting and blood samples for measurement of β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations. Mean faecal epg counts of D. dendriticum and F. hepatica decreased significantly after netobimin administration; mean faecal epg counts of F. hepatica, but not of D. dendriticum, decreased significantly after rafoxanide administration. Between P-A and P-B, the difference in mean blood β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations was significant (P = 0.036) immediately after lambing. Between M-A or M-C and M-B, it was significant (P ≤ 0.002) 28 days after trematocide administration and immediately after lambing; between M-A and M-C, no significant difference was evident. Immediately after lambing, mean blood β-hydroxybutyrate concentration in primiparous/multiparous ewes with Dicrocoelium faecal output ≤150 epg was 0.21/0.64 mmol L−1, respectively, and in primiparous/multiparous ewes with Dicrocoelium faecal output >150 epg was 0.40/0.93 mmol L−1, respectively (P = 0.704/<0.001, respectively). Mean blood β-hydroxybutyrate concentration in group P-C/M-C ewes with Fasciola faecal output of <16/<30 epg was 0.47/0.68 mmol L−1, respectively; that in group P-C/M-C ewes with Fasciola faecal output of ≥16/≥30 epg was 0.56/0.85 mmol L−1, respectively (P = 0.620/0.278, respectively). The results indicate that more trematode-infected adult ewes were found to have increased β-hydroxybutyrate blood concentrations and point out to a potential role of liver trematode infections in predisposing adult ewes to pregnancy toxaemia.

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36

AHMED, N., M. P. BAISHYA, S. N. YADAV, P. K. BORO, J. M. DAS, and A. DAS. "Pregnancy toxaemia in an Assam Hill goat: Its diagnosis and successful management." Indian Journal of Animal Health 58, no. 02 (December 1, 2019): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.36062/ijah.58.2.2019.236-238.

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37

Ogorodnyk, A. O., А. Yu Limanskaya, A. O. Tarnavska, and Iu V. Davydova. "Enterosorption in treatment of high risk pregnant women with early pregnancy toxaemia." PERINATOLOGIYA I PEDIATRIYA, no. 3(75) (September 28, 2018): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15574/pp.2018.75.40.

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38

Adeyemi, E. O. "Plasma Lactoferrin and Elastase in Healthy Pregnant Women and Pregnancy Associated Toxaemia." Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 11, no. 5 (January 1991): 328–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/01443619109007770.

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39

Wierda, A., J. Verhoeff, S. van Dijk, J. Dorresteijn, and T. Wensing. "Effects of trenbolone acetate and propylene glycol on pregnancy toxaemia in ewes." Veterinary Record 116, no. 11 (March 16, 1985): 284–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.116.11.284.

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40

Buswell, J., J. Haddy, and R. Bywater. "Treatment of pregnancy toxaemia in sheep using a concentrated oral rehydration solution." Veterinary Record 118, no. 8 (February 22, 1986): 208–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.118.8.208.

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41

González, Félix H. Díaz, Fuensanta Hernández, Josefa Madrid, Silvia Martínez-Subiela, José Joaquín Cerón, and Fernando Tecles. "Acid–base and electrolyte status during early induced pregnancy toxaemia in goats." Veterinary Journal 193, no. 2 (August 2012): 598–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.11.022.

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42

Scott, P. R., N. D. Sargison, and C. D. Penny. "Evaluation of recombinant bovine somatotropin in the treatment of ovine pregnancy toxaemia." Veterinary Journal 155, no. 2 (March 1998): 197–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1090-0233(98)80019-1.

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43

Stevenson, R. B. C. "The Effect of a Reduction in Severe Toxaemia of Pregnancy on Foetal Salvage." Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 7, no. 1 (November 12, 2008): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.1965.tb10883.x.

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44

Bharucha, S. Kulkarni, S. Nair, K., K. "Functional and fibrinogen receptor studies in platelets in pre-eclamptic toxaemia of pregnancy." Platelets 10, no. 4 (January 1999): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09537109976022.

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45

Las Heras, J., J. C. Baskerville, P. G. R. Harding, and M. Daria Haust. "Morphometric studies of fetal placental stem arteries in hypertensive disorders (‘Toxaemia’) of pregnancy." Placenta 6, no. 3 (May 1985): 217–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0143-4004(85)80051-5.

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46

Andrews, A. H., V. E. Holland-Howes, and J. I. D. Wilkinson. "Naturally occurring pregnancy toxaemia in the ewe and treatment with recombinant bovine somatotropin." Small Ruminant Research 23, no. 2-3 (January 1997): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4488(96)00912-1.

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47

Mesbahi, T., Y. Tahrir, K. Guettabi, K. Baayoud, K. Ibahiouin, and A. Lakhdar. "Management of A Cerebral Cavernoma During Pregnancy: Case Report." European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 3, no. 5 (October 30, 2021): 54–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejmed.2021.3.5.1080.

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Intracranial cavernoma is a vascular malformation composed of thin-walled vascular vessels. Blood flow in these lesions is much lower than in AVMs and their hemorrhages are usually small. The presentation is often subacute with seizures or focal neurological deficit, which can be confused in pregnant women with pregnancy toxaemia especially if the malformation is bleeding. We report the case of a 35-year-old patient , 30 weeks pregnant , admitted for delivery who presented with acute intracranial hypertension syndrome with obnubilation of consciousness. Emergency brain CT showed a right fronto-parietal intracranial hematoma. MRI with angiographic sequences show a left parietal hematoma without visible arteriovenous malformation. The patient underwent emergency surgery to evacuate her intracranial hematoma, then the patient was transferred to a gynecological unit for emergency fetal extraction. Histo-pathological analysis of the removed fragments showed an intracranial cavernoma appearance. Urgent surgical evacuation is only necessary if the prognosis is vital.

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Duehlmeier, R., I. Fluegge, B. Schwert, N. Parvizi, and M. Ganter. "Metabolic adaptations to pregnancy and lactation in German Blackheaded Mutton and Finn sheep ewes with different susceptibilities to pregnancy toxaemia." Small Ruminant Research 96, no. 2-3 (April 2011): 178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2010.12.002.

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49

Ahmed, Shaheda, Mahmudul Haque, ASM Towhidul Alam, Kamal Hossain, Farhena Ahmed, and Nayeema Tasnim. "Plasma Fibrin Degradation Products (Fdp ) In Patients With Pre Eclamptic Toxaemia (Pre-eclampsia)." Journal of Chittagong Medical College Teachers' Association 24, no. 1 (September 14, 2013): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jcmcta.v24i1.57742.

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Plasma fibrin degradation products (F.D.P.) assay measures the amount of fibrin split products in the blood. The high levels of F.D.P. in pre-eclampsia suggests that abnormal amount of degradation products are most likely due to localized lysis of fibrin in the uterine vascular compartment. The present case control study was designed to determine the relationship between plasma fibrin degradation products and pre-eclampsia. The study was carried out in the department of Biochemistry, Chittagong Medical College during the period of September 2011 to August 2012. The samples were collected from the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chittagong Medical College Hospital, age from 18- 40 years. The data were collected by a structured questionnaire including age, socioeconomic condition, gravida, para, edema, blood pressure, proteinuria, history of hypertension, family history of pre-eclampsia and diabetes mellitus. Considering the cost of experiment and length of time, total 60 patients were included in this study. Among them 40 were considered as case (Blood Pressure > or = 140/90 mm of Hg and proteinuria > 0.3 gram/day) and 20 were considered as control (Blood Pressure < 140/90 mm of Hg and no proteinuria). Plasma fibrin degradation products were measured in all samples. Study showed that plasma FDP were more increased in pre-eclamptic patients than that of normal pregnancy (21.52 + 16.47 ugm/ml Vs 10.63 + 7.12 ugm/ml), P = <0.01. Result showed that percentage of raised plasma FDP is more in preeclamptic patients (100%) than that of normal pregnancy (75%), P= <0.01. Pearson's Correlation Coefficient (r) showed that there were positive correlation between blood pressure and plasma FDP (systolic blood plessure and plasma FDP, r=0.221,P=>.0.05 and diastolic blood pressure and plasma FDP, r=0.285,P=<0.05). Significantly raised level of plasma F.D.P. in pre-eclampsia help to formulate a management plan and thereby reduce the complications of this disease. JCMCTA 2013; 24 (1):9-13

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Zainal Ulum, Muhamad Taqiyudin, Muhamad Affan Ab Azid, Tong Wei Shen, Hasliza Abu Hassim, Mohd Zamri-Saad, and Annas Salleh. "Histopathological changes in the reproductive organs of does with pregnancy toxaemia and their aborted foetuses." Small Ruminant Research 199 (June 2021): 106363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2021.106363.

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