Journal articles on the topic 'Town'
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1
Lyu, Dairui, and Qirui Zeng. "From Clone Town to University Town: A Case Study of Xianlin University Town." Journal of Economics, Finance and Accounting Studies 5, no. 6 (December 21, 2023): 82–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jefas.2023.5.6.8.
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This study investigates the economic development of Nanjing Xianlin University Town under the influence of the clone town effect. The objective of the study is to analyze the impact of urban management and commercial property management on the economic interchanges between university towns and city centers. Quantitative research methods and SPSS data analysis were used, and 80 valid questionnaires were collected and analyzed. The study's findings reveal that opening the Xianlin Bus Rapid Transit system to other urban areas in Nanjing and adjusting the rental policy are crucial methods to foster economic interactions between university towns and city centers. Furthermore, the satisfaction survey data highlight disparities in merchandise satisfaction levels between university towns and shopping districts, indicating untapped development potential in the university town market. The study emphasizes the importance of resource sharing, preserving cultural heritage, and creating a humanistic atmosphere in university towns. Additionally, optimizing planning and construction, mitigating the over-commercialization and the clone town effect, and enhancing transportation systems are identified as crucial factors for the economic development of Xianlin University Town. This study provides practical suggestions and guidance for the future development of university towns, serving as a valuable reference for enhancing the economic development of Xianlin University Town in Nanjing.
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Vete, Agne. "Changing character of town form during the XX−XXI c.: the case of Lithuanian small towns." Landscape architecture and art 16 (March 11, 2021): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/j.landarchart.2020.16.01.
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Although towns are constantly changing, changes may have a major impact on town character. Town character reflects the distinctiveness of town form and there is a risk that town may change unrecognisably. This issue is particularly close to small towns, which characters are especially fragile. Additionally, small towns are often neglected or undeservedly underestimated, though people already are searching for slower life and more authentic experiences. Nevertheless, small towns can offer close community, sense of place and attachment to it, local production, cheaper real estate and safe, sustainable environment. Undoubdetly, counterurbanisation processes are underway and Lithuania has a lot of resources for slow town concept development. Lithuanian urban settlement system consists of mostly small towns, so the research of changes of town form and their impact on the town character is extremely important. The article discusses what causes changes in small towns, paying the particular attention to the Lithuanian context. Initial methodological guidelines and insights give basis for further investigation and levels of changes are categorised. Preliminary findings state that due to the level of maturity, completeness of town form in relation to the ideology of the period and on the consequences of World War II, transformations had a different impact on town form during the second half of the XX c. and the extent of changes differ. The concept of the research is illustrated with a case study of Anykščiai town which analysis of changes of town form allows to define main transformations and actions for nurturing the character of the town. The article presents the assumption that the complex research of changes of town form may enable a possibility to identify the model of the town form character and define the townscape capacity.
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Hunter, Elizabeth, Brian Mac Namee, and John D. Kelleher. "A Model for the Spread of Infectious Diseases in a Region." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9 (April 30, 2020): 3119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093119.
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In understanding the dynamics of the spread of an infectious disease, it is important to understand how a town’s place in a network of towns within a region will impact how the disease spreads to that town and from that town. In this article, we take a model for the spread of an infectious disease in a single town and scale it up to simulate a region containing multiple towns. The model is validated by looking at how adding additional towns and commuters influences the outbreak in a single town. We then look at how the centrality of a town within a network influences the outbreak. Our main finding is that the commuters coming into a town have a greater effect on whether an outbreak will spread to a town than the commuters going out. The findings on centrality of a town and how it influences an outbreak could potentially be used to help influence future policy and intervention strategies such as school closure policies.
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Hakim, Besim S. "Towns and town-making principles." Cities 11, no. 1 (February 1994): 73–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-2751(94)90051-5.
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Slocum, Karla. "Political Engagement for Racial Uplift in Place: The Purposive Work of Black Women Leaders of Black Towns." Great Plains Quarterly 43, no. 3 (June 2023): 333–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/gpq.2023.a918410.
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Abstract: In public portrayals of the history of Oklahoma’s rural Black towns, the iconic image of the towns’ political leadership is an upper middle-class Black man. Such an image has been especially reinforced by the widespread circulation of a photo, circa 1908, of Boley, Oklahoma’s town councilmen suited up in formal attire as prominent businessmen leading the town governance and deemed emblematic of Black town success. While Black women have always had critical roles in the community, it is not until the late twentieth century when they started taking on formal roles in town government as mayors. Redirecting this predominant gaze from the Black man as a Black town leader, this article examines Black women’s political participation in Black towns’ formal roles starting in the 1970s. Providing broader context, the article reveals how, by the late twentieth century, the boundaries of who counts as a formal Black town leader expanded along gender lines and also—in some cases—in terms of class. I discuss Black town women leaders of the 1970s–2000s, demonstrating how their leadership reflects a particular theme across Black women’s political engagement in Black towns: racial uplift through honoring place and community.
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Liu, Da Peng, and Hong Wei Wang. "Cultural Town: Small Town Planning and Construction Based on Mongolian and Yuan Culture." Applied Mechanics and Materials 99-100 (September 2011): 556–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.99-100.556.
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Mongolian and Yuan culture is the culture system which is interactive with original nomadic culture and ZhongYuan farming culture forming, whose elements, symbols and connotation is used effectively in planning and construction of small towns is reflected in the display with a town image and the key point of a town charm objectively. It is necessary to analysis the relation with the Mongolian and Yuan cultural elements and small towns as an opportunity to plan and construct the small towns of Mongolian and Yuan culture. This is the latest annotation to cultural town, and it is the language and way to express of the characteristics in small towns.
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Drozg, Vladimir. "Spatial development of Slovenian towns in the last decade." Dela, no. 21 (December 1, 2004): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dela.21.121-129.
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This contribution intends to show some characteristics of the special development of Slo-venian towns in the last decade. Trends of spatial development are more or less similar in all towns, irrespective of their size, economic orientation of the town and development of the gravitational area. The main caracteristics is that the majority of Slovenian towns gradually moves from a high density compact town into a dispersed, regional town.
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Chen, Ye, Shangyang Li, and Zewei Zheng. "Turquoise Town under the Perspective of Cultural Revitalization Brand Building Research." Highlights in Art and Design 3, no. 3 (July 20, 2023): 104–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hiaad.v3i3.11293.
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The biggest difference between characteristic towns and ordinary towns lies in the grasp of their own cultural characteristics and the cognition of the key factors of sustainable development. Therefore, for the turquoise town in Zhushan County, Hubei Province, we should take the excavation and integration of turquoise town cultural resources and the application as the top priority of planning and construction, and build the town into a multi-cultural feature with resources, localization, creativity and experience, so as to overcome the limitation of non renewable Turquoise and promote the sustainable development of the town.
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Foret, Miroslav, and V. Foretová. "International project Communicating town." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 53, no. 3 (2005): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200553030017.
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The main objectives of the project Communicating Town is to assist in an improvement of mutual relationships and communication between the council and the public. The use of opinion polls provide an opportunity for the silent majority of citizens to voice their views. The standardised interviews make it possible to get the respondents involved in communication activities. Each questionnaire had two parts; the first sought opinions on questions asked by the council in the given town and the other part was common to all the towns involved and allowed us to compare and make general conclusions. The results were presented in the press. During 1995–2000 nearly fifty towns in the Czech Republic and Slovakia participated in the project Communicating Town. The ten years of study within the framework of the project have demonstrated that this project can provide valuable contributions to many aspects of council and town policies. With each year, further towns have shown an interest in involvement in the project. The results from Brno, Loštice and Zlín, i.e., towns where opinion surveys were repeated at intervals of between one and four years, indicate that the relationships between citizens and the council have improved.
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Sun, Li Ping. "Research on Solutions to Small Town Planning and Construction in Inner Mongolia." Applied Mechanics and Materials 209-211 (October 2012): 590–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.209-211.590.
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There are many problems existing in small town planning in Inner Mongolia. After analyzing the causes of these problems, some solutions to them are put forward, such as, strengthen the control of the planning and work out the perfect town planning system, carry out the strategy of sustainable development, keep personality of the town and highlight town features, speed up the construction of key town and drive the rapid development of small towns, etc.
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Tovma, N. А., and I. S. Bianchi. "METHODOLOGY OF ASSESSMENT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF CITY-FORMING ENTERPRISES IN SINGLE-INDUSTRY TOWNS OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN." Қорқыт Ата атындағы Қызылорда университетінің Хабаршысы. Экономика ғылымдары сериясы 4 (2023): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.52081/ecj.2023.v04.i4.019.
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The urgency of the problem of development of town-forming enterprises has been facing the world for several years. The aim of the research is to develop theoretical and practical recommendations on sustainable development of town-forming enterprises. To achieve the goal, the method of content analysis was chosen, which allows to identify problematic issues and ways to solve them. The main results of the research: the development of town-forming enterprises abroad is considered, the current state of town-forming enterprises is studied, on the basis of which the coefficients of financial stability of 9 town-forming enterprises of monotowns of the Republic of Kazakhstan are calculated, the distribution of town-forming enterprises according to the criteria of financial stability is given, the mechanism of sustainable development of town-forming enterprises is proposed. The proposed recommendations will contribute to the sustainability of town-forming enterprises and promote the revival of single-industry towns in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The results of the study are aimed at further development of theoretical and practical recommendations for the development of single-industry towns in order to improve competitiveness, level and quality of life of the population.
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Cherry, Jonathan. "Colonial appropriation of Gaelic urban space: creating the first Ulster plantation town." Irish Geography 40, no. 2 (May 1, 2014): 112–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.55650/igj.2007.138.
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Using a diverse range of source material this paper highlights the colonial appropriation of the existing Gaelic market town of Cavan, founded by the O'Reillys, in the establishment of the first Ulster plantation town. In contrast to what may be expected, a reading of the socio-economic, political and cultural landscape of the newly incorporated town of Cavan in the early years of the 17th century, highlights the dominant position and important civic role played by families of Gaelic origins in the governance of the town. Unlike other plantation towns Cavan town remained 'unplanned' in its morphological layout with the colonisers utilising and modifying the existing Gaelic urban fabric. The decision by English colonial powers to use the pre-existing urban settlement of Cavan town led to success for the colonial project on paper. Unlike other Ulster plantation towns, it also uniquely permitted the retention of a strong and distinct Gaelic presence and character which manifested itself in both the population and space of the town during the early decades of the 17th century.
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Sun, Ming. "Study on Eco-Planning of Coal Town Special Land Based on Extenics." Advanced Materials Research 450-451 (January 2012): 1108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.450-451.1108.
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At present, the coal town special land mainly includes subsided, goaf and gangue etc, these lands for ecological restoration and reconstruction is coal town planning research hot spot. The article based on the Extenics method, with the resource exhaustion town theory as a foundation, to coal town special land as empirical research object, through the depth of coal town of space development trends and development orientation, puts forward the gangue land ecological adjustment mode, coal goaf and subsided development countermeasures. Through to the coal town special land ecological adjustment of spatial structure of towns thinking clarify coal optimization idea the feasibility, for cold to coal town of land development to provide certain reference.
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Bozovic, Ruzica. "Medieval town - fortress of Zvecan." Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering 13, no. 2 (2015): 137–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuace1502137b.
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This paper is concerned with phenomenon of medieval town- fortress of Zvecan through examining (1) the town planning and spatial organization within the town, (2) its physical structure, (3) conception of medieval design and construction of Zvecan, (4) medieval instinct for correlation of shapes within the town and correlation of Zvecan and its surrounding, (5) comparison of Zvecan with medieval towns in the region and beyond. This medieval town as a whole was the expression of medieval characteristics with its spatial organization and with its own individuality. Zvecan emerged from the then contemporary circumstances and necessities. This research is focused toward finding construction principles of medieval town Zvecan which are timeless and unique to all town constructions.
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Ghaempanah, Narjes, and Mohammad-Taghi Rahnamaei. "Analysis success factors of the new cities establishment (case study: Pardisan town)." Nexo Revista Científica 34, no. 04 (October 21, 2021): 1231–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/nexo.v34i04.12651.
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New towns and cities are proposed as the places for absorbing the population overflow and limiting the population growth in metropolises. In Iran, these towns and cities are built very close to the metropolises, and gradually, they are being used only as dormitories. The new town of Pardisan is built 13 kilometers southwest of Qom as the largest new town of the urban district of Qom in order to organize the residence system and absorb the population overflow of the metropolis of Qom and reduce its problems. This paper studies the function of the Pardisan new town as the absorber of the population overflow of Qom and also the residents’ satisfaction with this town. The research method adopted by this study is based on the library, documentary, and field data, and also interviews and collection of data by questionnaires and TOPSIS model. The results of this research indicate that many of the families living in the Pardisan town constitute the population overflow of the metropolis of Qom; Among the most important reasons for the migration of families to the Pardisan town is the low cost of land and residence, and 4.67 percent of the residents do not like to live in this town. This unsuccess is mostly due to lack of job and activity in this town, and therefore, the residents are less satisfied with the town.
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Steinfeld, Robert J. "Subjectship, Citizenship, and the Long History of Immigration Regulation." Law and History Review 19, no. 3 (2001): 645–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/744275.
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Kunal Parker's “State, Citizenship, and Territory” can be read in at least two ways. Read one way, it tells an important story about how regulation of the poor was driven upward in Massachusetts during the nineteenth century, from the localities to the state. In the seventeenth century, Massachusetts had imposed primary responsibility for care of the poor on its towns. But during the eighteenth century, with the growth of a landless, wandering population, town poor relief budgets came under increasing pressure. The towns responded by lobbying the Massachusetts legislature to pass a series of statutes that made it more and more difficult to acquire a town settlement. People who fell into need in Massachusetts but who had not acquired a town settlement became state paupers for whom the state, rather than any town, was fiscally responsible. As it became more and more difficult to acquire a town settlement, the number of state paupers increased, shifting a portion of the fiscal burden of poor relief from the towns onto the state.
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Yao, Ping. "The Utilization of the Contrary Space Sequence Analytic Method in Modern Villages and Towns Planning Design." Applied Mechanics and Materials 99-100 (September 2011): 475–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.99-100.475.
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The combination of the Contrary Space Sequence is the rule of the composition of landscape space which the majority historical towns followed. the charm of several hundred years’ ancient town space is just as before, all these are related to the ingenious composition of landscape space and long-term harmonious sustainable. The ancients have utilized the philosophy which integrated by Chinese traditional garden and the ideal condition, situation and the conditions of the object form calligraphy and painting in the construction of towns, Therefore in the modern town space is still deducting the scenery drawing of harmony between humans and landscape as before. The research of the contrary space sequence inherits this town landscape space building method, Carries forward the sustainable development idea of the traditional town construction, and applied to some present small towns and new rural planning, design and construction properly, to provide valuable reference for build a town or a new village with the true harmony between humans and natural world and a beautiful natural environment.
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Wei, Xiameng. "Deep Learning-Based Artificial Neural Network-Cellular Automata Model in Constructing Landscape Gene in Shaanxi Ancient Towns under Rural Revitalization." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (July 16, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1340038.
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With the development of modern industrialization, the rational planning of land resources, especially rural settlements (RSs), has become an important part of rural revitalization. Optimizing the RS spatial layout and enhancing its evolution simulation can encourage effective land resource allocation. It helps improve rural residents’ production and living standards, alleviates the pressure of urban and rural land conflicts, and promotes the common development of urban and rural economies. This work mainly uses the ANN-CN (artificial neural network-cellular automata) model to study the cultural landscape gene construction of ancient towns in Shaanxi. First, RSs’ spatial layout and landscape pattern index (LPI) in Shaanxi are analyzed. Second, the ANN-CA model is designed using the artificial neural network (ANN). Finally, Hua Yang Ancient Town in southern Shaanxi, Feng Huo Town in Guan Zhong, and Zhong Jiao Town in Northern Shaanxi are selected as the research objects. The influencing factors of spatial layout are extracted, and the evolution extracted of spatial layout is simulated based on the ANN-CA model. The simulation experiment finds that the area change of Hua Yang Ancient Town is more obvious than that of the other two ancient towns, with a change rate of 6.98%. Although the area change rate of Feng Huo Town is 19.79%, the actual change area is less than that of Hua Yang Ancient Town. Second, comparing the simulation accuracy of the model under different parameters, we can obtain the most suitable parameter for predicting the ancient towns’ land-use type and construing landscape gene land. Specifically, for Hua Yang Ancient Town, T = 0.9 and the random disturbance parameter α = 1.0. For Zhong Jiao Town, T = 0.8 and α = 1.0. For Feng Huo Town, T = 0.9 and α = 1.0. It is hoped that this work can further carry forward Shaanxi’s traditional culture and carry out the protective development of traditional rural buildings.
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Kuśnierz-Krupa, Dominika. "Original historical spatial development research methodology." Landscape architecture and art 14 (July 16, 2019): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/j.landarchart.2019.14.02.
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The aim of this article is to present an original methodology that was prepared for the research concerning the history of spatial development of historic towns and their conservation protection. The methodology, already repeatedly verified by the Author in the course of research on the origins, urban model and restoration of selected medieval towns in Poland, is universal and so applicable also during the research carried out in towns outside Poland. In this article it will be exemplified by the studies on the spatial development of the medieval town of Skawina located in Lesser Poland. The methodology consists of five stages. The first stage of research involves the so called “desk study”, which is conducted in selected archives, both in the country where the selected town is located, and abroad. The second stage involves field research in the analysed town. The research is accompanied by an inventory of the area of the chartered town, including its preserved elements such as e.g. the market square, the settlement block or the settlement plot. Photographic documentation is also collected during field research. The third stage of research uses aerial archaeology to analyse the urban layout of a given town. The fourth stage involves confronting the research results obtained at previous stages, primarily comparing archive plans and aerial photographs, as well as analysing them in order to identify changes occurring in the urban layout of the studied town. The final, fifth stage involves assessing the cultural values and the necessary methods for protecting the analysed historic town. The discussed methodology allows for drawing conclusions combined with hypotheses concerning the shape and functional-spatial structure of the examined town in the past, as well as its current values in the context of protecting the cultural landscape. The need to prepare it sprang from the current situation in historic towns which are not always properly protected, and scientific studies of their history are often insufficient. The situation and the need for better protection of historic towns has also been indicated in international documents prepared by the ICOMOS and UNESCO, such as the International Charter on the Conservation of Historic Towns of the ICOMOS from 1987, and the UNESCO Recommendation concerning the historic urban landscape from 2011.
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Frąś, Marcin. "Pisarze wielkopolskich miast szlacheckich w okresie staropolskim." Przegląd Archiwalno-Historyczny 7 (2020): 241–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/2391-890xpah.20.011.14645.
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Niniejsze opracowanie zostało poświęcone pisarzowi miejskiemu w miastach szlacheckich Wielkopolski. Punktem wyjścia jest uwikłanie pracy kancelarii, a przede wszystkim jego zwierzchnika w życie publiczne miast, związanych z działalnością samorządu miejskiego. Kluczowe jest zagadnienie wyłonienia się funkcji pisarza i jego zaprzysiężenie oraz zatrudnienie, które wynikało z aktualnych potrzeb miejskich. W dalszej części tekstu zainteresowanie autora skoncentrowało się wokół wykształcenia pisarza. Poziom zdobytej przez niego wiedzy i umiejętności jest analizowany w oparciu o czynności realizowane w ramach pracy zawodowej. Wiele o nim mówi kancelaryjna postać wytworzonej i zachowanej do dziś dokumentacji w postaci ksiąg miejskich. Do poruszanych treści należy również pochodzenie pisarzy, rozpatrywane w kontekście geograficznym i społecznym. Town writers in private towns in Greater Poland in the Old Polish period This study is devoted to the problem of town writers in private towns in Greater Poland. The starting point is the involvement of the town writer’s office, and primarily the head of the office, in the public life of towns and their governments. The key issue here is the emergence of this po264 Marcin Frąś sition and appointment of town writers, which resulted from ongoing needs of the town. The next part of the article focuses on town writers’ education. The required expertise and skills are analyzed based on responsibilities involved in the job, as well as the documents preserved to this day in the form of municipal books. The article also discusses issues such as the origin and social background of town writers.
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Reid, Richard. "The End of Imperial Town Planning in Upper Canada." Articles 19, no. 1 (August 5, 2013): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1017576ar.
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In the years following the War of 1812 imperial officials, for reasons of strategic and domestic concern, founded a series of towns along the route from Kingston to the Ottawa River. Three of the "military settlements", Perth, Richmond and Lanark, reflected aspects of an earlier town planning tradition in Upper Canada and enjoyed a limited success as the nuclei for a certain type of society A fourth town, By town, was founded with less planning but quickly became the major urban centre in the Ottawa Valley Conflicting aims of the military planners and the towns civilians made By town's experience very different from the other three towns.
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Zhou, Fang, Fei Zhao, Qingwei Xu, Yongbo Yuan, and Mingyuan Zhang. "Evaluation and Selection Methods of Tourism Characteristic Town: The Case of Liaoning Province, China." Sustainability 12, no. 13 (July 2, 2020): 5372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12135372.
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The construction of a characteristic town is an important measure to promote the economic transformation and upgrading of China. It also promotes the coordinated and balanced development between urban and rural areas, and the construction of new urbanization and new rural areas. At present, China’s township governments are actively declaring construction projects of characteristic town. Considering the limitation of resources and funds, the government needs to choose projects with better foundation and better development prospects to invest and build, to avoid the waste of resources brought about by blind construction. Starting from the pre-selection of the construction projects of the characteristic town, taking Liaoning Province as an example, this research divided the characteristic town into four categories. Initially established the characteristic town evaluation index system blending comprehensive and multivariate index; then optimizes the index system through the statistical analysis, reliability analysis; and validity analysis of the questionnaire survey to finally obtain the selection index system of the construction projects of the characteristic town of Liaoning Province. Secondly, using the combination of Analytic Network Process (ANP) and Improved Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (Improved-TOPSIS) method, the selection evaluation model of tourism-type characteristic town construction projects are obtained. Finally, taking the three tourism-type characteristic town projects declared by Liaoning Province as an example, using the ANP and Improved-TOPSIS evaluation model to evaluate and compare the three towns. The priority of “Xietun Town, Tanghe Town, Zhaoquanhe Town” is obtained. The result is consistent with the recommended order and verifies the applicability of the selection model. At the same time, through the feedback of the evaluation process, the current development constraints of the three towns are clarified, and the future development direction of the town is pointed out.
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Atnafu, Aldo Morka. "Decentralization and Town Development." International Journal of Social Sciences and Management 3, no. 1 (January 21, 2016): 78–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v3i1.12451.
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Decentralized governance offers opportunities for achieving development through good governance and community participation at grass root (Ayenew, 2007).Thus, this study examines the contribution of decentralization for town development and; the opportunities and challenges of wereda decentralization for town development. The study was conducted in two selected Wereda capital towns in Metekel zone, Bulen and GilgelBeles. Data were collected from primary sources with the help of questionnaires, interviews and observation. The primary data were also supported by secondary documents such as federal and regional constitutions, proclamations, regulations, local development plans, official performance reports, and magazines. The data was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The study revealed that wereda level decentralization actually has influenced development at grass root level in Metekel zone in general, and towns in particular. Better infrastructural provisions (education and health) were witnessed in the towns. This is due to better community participation in decision making process and availability of opportunity to express their interest. Though, more is expected, the financial capacity of towns has also registered progress. However, the situation in urban land delivery does not show an improvement. Partiality, bias, and unaccountability are major hindrances in urban land delivery. The top down hierarchy between town administrations and wereda administrators has become a major challenge for a full exploitation of town resource and administration. Besides, shortage of qualified manpower and weak community participation in development activities were also other factors that have impacted the further performance of towns.Int. J. Soc. Sci. Manage. Vol-3, issue-1: 78-80
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Sparks, Leigh. "Towns, High Streets and Resilience in Scotland: A Question for Policy?" Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 18, 2021): 5631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105631.
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The “death of the high street” has become a common refrain, particularly in the United Kingdom, often accompanied by calls for action and demands for improved resilience in town centres and high streets. This paper considers the policy context for towns and town centres in Scotland and the recent review of the country’s approach to towns, town centres and places. With the adoption of National Outcomes linked to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and the declaration of a Climate Emergency, the conclusion is drawn that a more fundamental and radical shift in policy is needed, if the resilience of town centres is to have any meaning, and that a clearer and more widely understood conceptualisation of resilience needs to be developed.
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Varmus, Michal, and Milan Kubina. "Management of sports clubs in the town based on the principles of cooperation." Global Journal of Business, Economics and Management: Current Issues 8, no. 2 (July 30, 2018): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjbem.v8i2.1135.
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In the Slovakia are very many sports clubs that are civic associations. Within towns they are often as separate entity. Management of these sports clubs in the town is very specific. A town wants to have influence on these clubs, especially when the clubs are supported from municipal finance. In these paper we deal with possible management of clubs in the town within cooperation principle. We identified the main advantages, disadvantages, and points that are important for good established cluster of sports clubs in the town.
Keywords: sport; club; cooperation; town; management
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Mohmad Shukri, Sharyzee, Mohammad Hussaini Wahab, and Nurul Jamala. "The Architectural Concept of Malay Royal Town." Journal of Design and Built Environment 21, no. 3 (December 31, 2021): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/jdbe.vol21no3.4.
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For the king or sultan-ruled states category, the Malay Royal towns are portrayed to be the most prominent town in the sultanate of Malay's administration structures. Apart from that, the Malay Royal Town has also been categorised as a historic town, representing the position and significance of the Malay sultanate hierarchy, dating back to the 16th century. This study's objective focuses on describing the idea of Malaysia’s Malay Royal Town, which has founded the identity and image along with the elements in the tangible and intangible category that substantiates sustainability following the rapid urban development in operation where nearly all the Royal Towns of Malaysia are involved. Multiple case studies have been conducted in Malay Royal towns throughout Malaysia are Arau, Alor Setar, Kuala Kangsar, Klang, Seri Menanti, Muar, Pekan, Kuala Terengganu and Kota Bharu. In order to understand and define the concept and structure of Malay Royal towns in Malaysia, the research method adopted includes site observation, historical map overlay and semi-structured interviews. Results obtained from the research indicated that the Royal Towns of Malay had taken a major role in influencing the history and growth of the towns as they are replete with identity and cultural values. Therefore, there is a need for the Malay Royal towns’ concept to be explored and appreciated by the nation so that all the distinctive elements and culture present within the Malay Royal towns can be retained for the knowledge of generations to come.
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Yang, Yu Nan, and Fei Fei Yu. "Exploration about the Stratagem of Sustainable Development of Small Town Planning in China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 253-255 (December 2012): 126–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.253-255.126.
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Small town is a basic and important part in Chinese town system. Sustainable development of small town is significant content of the work to modernize economy. Yet due to improper micromanagement, the current construction of small towns in China is in serious disorder. And this is imposing restraints on sustainable social and economic development. This paper arguments the strategic problems about the sustainable development of small town from several aspects such as historical meaning, actuality, arrangement and structure and so on.
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Mohmad Shukri, Sharyzee, Mohammad Hussaini Wahab, Rohayah Che Amat, Idris Taib, and Mohamad Zafarullah Mohamad Rozaly. "Definition and Physical Attributes that Characterise Settings of Malay Royal Towns in Malaysia." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.9 (July 9, 2018): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.9.15274.
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Malay Royal towns in Malaysia are the finest examples evolution of early Malay towns dating from the 16th century. However the identity and characteristic of Malay Royal towns is still unclear and continuously been threatened from tremendous changes due to rapid industrialisation, economic development and urbanisation. The extensive urbanisation and rapid development occurring in most of historical towns have significantly eroded the identity, sense of place and physical attributes of the Malay Royal Town. Besides monuments and sites, the scope of this research also covers all properties which are of historic and cultural significance. This research employs qualitative approach that encompasses of literature review of scholarly articles and reports, in-depth interview and structured observation. Based on the historical and physical evidences that are still exist, 9 historical town that gazated as Malay Royal town will be selected as a preliminary study and 5 historical towns will be selected as study area namely; Anak Bukit, Kota Bharu, Seri Menanti, Klang and Kuala Terengganu. The findings gathered from this research too is deemed a comprehensive understanding of attributes of the royal Malay town and further may help in strengthening the Malaysia history.
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Laitinen, Riitta, and Dag Lindström. "Urban Order and Street Regulation in Seventeenth-Century Sweden." Journal of Early Modern History 12, no. 3-4 (2008): 257–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006508x369884.
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AbstractThis article examines how, in the early modern towns of Stockholm and Åbo, royal interests, town planning, street building and maintenance, and street behavior related to ideas and ideals of urban order. Town laws and ordinances, royal letters and some town court records are employed to tell a story of royal interest in well-ordered, impressive, successful towns; various street plans for the capital and the smaller provincial towns; and the varying execution of renewal plans. It is evident that the capital was to reflect the royal person and the state and that streets and street behaviour were important in this regard. But in towns outside the capital, especially in concrete street maintenance, the centrality of streets does not clearly emerge. The burghers in towns operated as individuals—there was no bottom-up or top-down plan or supervision.
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Prudnikov, Yaroslav. "Donskoy/Donetsk Cossack Town: One or Two Settlements?" Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 2 (May 2024): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2024.2.4.
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Introduction. In the presented article, based on a comprehensive analysis of historical sources and historiographical material, an attempt was made to understand the problem regarding the existence of a specific Cossack town. In the historical literature, there is an opinion about the existence of two Cossack towns in the Middle Don region, within the modern Voronezh region, with the names “Donskoy” and “Donetsk.” However, not all researchers agree with this. They are talking about a town known by two names. Methods and materials. The study used historical-comparative, historical-genetic, and synchronous and diachronic methods of analysis. The source base of the research was the “skaski” of the Don Cossacks and atamans, the letters of the tsarist government to the Don, the diaries of P. Gordon and Ya. Markovich, cartographic material, lists of Don Cossack towns, replies of voivodes, as well as embassy books. Analysis. In 1676, on the left bank of the Don, between its left tributaries Tolucheyevka and Kazanka, near the mouth of the latter, a Donetsk town was founded, so named after the Sukhoi Donets River. After its destruction in 1708, the Donskoy Monastery was founded on the right bank of the Don, which, with the light hand of V.N. Tatishchev, began to be identified with the Don Cossack town that allegedly existed at this place. Yet, there is no mention of any Donskoy town in the first of the surviving paintings of Cossack towns for 1593. However, Donetsk town is well known not only from written sources but also from historical maps from the end of the 17th century. Results. It is safe to say that the mounted Don Cossacks had one town called “Donetsk.” The historical sources at our disposal do not report anything about the existence of the “Donskoy” town.
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Wang, Zihan, and Jialong Zhang. "Based on the Success of Hogeweyk, Dutch "Amnesia town", Which Can Be Used for Reference in China's Retirement Town Industry -- A Case Study of Wuzhen Yayuan." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 88, no. 1 (June 10, 2024): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/88/20240844.
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Under the background of rural revitalization strategy, small towns featuring "old-age care" have emerged. However, the development of retirement towns in our country,China,started late, and the current situation of assimilation is more serious. It is a very important issue to solve.Through comparative analysis of the characteristics of Wuzhen Yayuan and Hogeweyk Town in the Netherlands, the paper explains the feasibility of the pilot of the Dutch Hogeweyk model in Wuzhen Yayuan, discusses the reference significance brought by the successful experience of Hogeweyk town to Wuzhen Yayuan, and provides the world view and methodology for the development of domestic elderly care town industry. With the high-quality development of China's economy, the circular development model of Hogeweyk should be the development trend of the domestic elderly care town industry.
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Thakur, Mr Harshal Rajendra. "Sustainable Green Town." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 30, 2021): 4027–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35974.
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Aim of this research paper is to design and implement the sustainable term for the town planning with low resources and high output, as well there benefit to environment. Town planning in ancient India of Indus towns have demonstrated the most ancient town planning in the world among the most common and universal types of town planning (Mohenjo-Daro). Increase in population, Development or innovation leads to great use of natural resources, which may disturb the environmental cycle. Though green resources are not sufficient but they are long lasting and environmental friendly. Energy sources from Sun, wind and water are clean sources which are future, with proper use. To find various sources (types such as minor and major sources) of energy and implement with exigency, for sustainable strategic planning.
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Xing, Weiwei. "Study on the Spatial Characteristics and Protection of Streets and Alleys in Ancient Towns in Southern Anhui." Frontiers in Humanities and Social Sciences 2, no. 10 (October 23, 2022): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/fhss.v2i10.2378.
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This study takes the typical ancient towns in southern Anhui Province as an example, and applies the quantitative research method of space syntax to analyze the spatial patterns of streets and alleys in Hongcun Town, Xidi Town and Sanhe Ancient Town. First, it analyzes the symbiotic relationship between a series of ecological laws, social culture and material space formed in the formation and development of ancient towns. This paper analyzes the general characteristics of street space in ancient towns from the aspects of street structure, communication mode with people and space scale, and discusses the optimization path and strategy of street space in historical towns. It provides new ideas for the renewal and protection of street space in ancient towns in southern Anhui, and reflects the concept of cultural self-confidence in the new era and the concept of comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development.
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Volgemut, Mateja, Alenka Fikfak, and Alma Zavodnik Lamovšek. "The Impact of Public Open Space on the Image of Small Towns Centres in Slovenia." Prostor 31, no. 2(66) (December 27, 2023): 140–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31522/p.31.2(66).1.
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Despite all the principles of sustainable urban design, more and more spaces in small town centres are getting dedicated to traffic. Public open spaces (POS) in these towns are mainly reserved for car traffic, and social activities have been in decline. All at the expense of transportation space and built-up areas. As a result, there are fewer and fewer POS, which provide well-being and comfort to people, are accessible to all and are also attractively designed, allowing the development of a wide range of activities, and contributing to a town’s good image. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to determine the state of provision of POS in the centres of selected small towns in Slovenia and to assess the image of these town centres. Using various methods and instruments, we tested the hypothesis of whether there is a relationship between POS and the image of town centres. We used a cartographic method and a questionnaire survey, as well as statistical methods, in order to confirm the hypothesis. The study has revealed that groups of morphologically similar small towns are statistically different from each other in terms of observed relationships between POS and the image of the town centre. Therefore, a morphological analysis approach is very important in terms of evaluating the relationship between POS and the image of town centres. In conclusion, recommendations are given for the design of POS in small town centres.
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Wan Ismail, Wan Norisma, Nor Haslina Ja’afar, and Nor Zalina Harun. "Streets of Royal Town: Exploring the Physical Character of Traditional Street in the Malay Royal Town." Journal of Social Sciences Research, SPI6 (December 25, 2018): 991–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jssr.spi6.991.996.
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Fabric of a town is an accumulation of historical scenes. Historic towns are regarded as a treasured inheritance. Royal towns in Malaysia is significant to unique heritage identity. Streets in royal town are significant urban elements that indicates the characteristics and attributes of a setting that define their physical and functional aspects. The aim of this study is to analyze the physical components and qualities that influenced the street aspect of the royal town in Kuala Kangsar. It discusses the background of the town, literature review on traditional street characteristics and analyzing physical elements as attributes in revealing physical qualities that ultimately form a unique and distinctive street character in the royal town. The research employed mixed methods, of combining qualitative and quantitative analysis to strengthen the conclusions and heightened its knowledge and validity. This paper will share its findings based on research’s pilot study through questionnaire, observation, interviews and historical document analysis. The royal heritage town was analyzed to illustrate the objectives and all attributes were cross-investigated to determine what are the essential physical elements that have contributed to these qualities. The study concludes that attractiveness, visibility, human scale, enclosure, permeability, legibility and special activities are the significant physical qualities that shaped the character of streets in the royal town. Each physical quality is manifested by the physical elements that becomes the catalyst in creating a successful path.
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Vaishar, Antonín, and Eva Kallabová. "The Development of services in small Moravian towns after the year 1990." Geografie 106, no. 4 (2001): 251–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie2001106040251.
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A complex geographical analysis of twelve Moravian towns with less than 15 thousand inhabitants has been made. Within this analysis, the services fulfilling the following main functions have been evaluated: meeting the needs of inhabitants, solving the problems of workers dismissed from production, realization of town creating function and promoting cultural activities. An evaluation of towns has been made and the main barriers in service activities were identified. The level of services in each town depends, apart from the human factor, on the size of the local market, the status of the town in the settlement system and on each town's specific conditions. Nowadays, small towns are re-evaluating their visions of the future, where the role of services is important.
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Wojnarowska, Anna. "Model for Assessment of Public Space Quality in Town Centers." European Spatial Research and Policy 23, no. 1 (July 7, 2016): 81–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/esrp-2016-0005.
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Public space is an important element of urban structure, playing various spatial, social and economic roles in towns/cities. Its quality influences the quality of life of the inhabitants and the attractiveness of the town as a whole. Public space located in town center is the most representative of its identity and image, and also serves multiple functions and activities. The quality of urban space depends on different factors, which have been discussed in professional literature for the last few decades. The author of this paper developed a model for assessment of the quality of public space in town centers based on studies of methods already used in Poland and abroad, and the analysis of trends and ideas which should be taken into consideration while constructing a set of criteria for assessment methods. The main goal of this paper is to present the methodology of research on the quality of public space in town centers using this model. An important element of the model is the proposed method of delimiting the research area – the town center – based on identification of key public space of a town. The model comprises three methods, which can provide valuable information on the quality of public space, and also serve as a basis for constructing ratings of towns in each of these methods and the model as a whole. The research conducted using this model in chosen medium-sized towns of the Łódź region showed that the results of ratings obtained using particular methods and the whole model coincide with subjective opinions on public space in town centers given by its users and professionals evaluating it.
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Sukrow, Oliver. "“Planning Hygiea”. Eugen Fassbenders Regulierungsplan für Lázně Jeseník/Gräfenberg und die moderne Kurstadt in Ostmitteleuropa um 1900." Zeszyty Kaliskiego Towarzystwa Przyjaciół Nauk 21 (December 31, 2021): 13–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/26578646zknt.21.001.17585.
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“Planning Hygiea”. Eugen Fassbender’s Regulatory Plan for the Spa Town Lázně Jeseník/Gräfenberg and the Hygienic Town Planning in the Late Austrian-Hungarian Empire When the Silesian spa town Lázně Jeseník commissioned the renowned Viennese town planer Eugen Fassbender in 1909 with a regulatory plan for the city’s future development, the town was about to transform itself from the birthplace of modern hydrotherapy – Vincenz Prießnitz founded his establishment here in 1826 – to a modern, allyear- running health resort. This article presents Fassbender’s urbanistic ideas for Lázně Jeseník’s future and his planning principles applied to a spa town. Although his plan was not realized, as a historic source, it offers valuable insights into the developments of Central European spa towns and their touristic, urbanistic, and architectonical challenges around 1900.
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Kalbarczyk, Eliza, and Mariusz Roszyk. "Planning climate change adaptation in small and medium-sized towns – Results of preliminary research in southern Wielkopolska region." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Administratio Locorum 22, no. 3 (September 17, 2023): 347–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/aspal.8851.
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Urban adaptation to climate change is necessary. However, this process occurs mainly in big cities. In less populated areas, climate change adaptation actions are conducted and investigated less frequently.The goal of the study was to examine whether and what type of climate adaptation actions are planned in small and medium-size towns and whether town size is related to the advancement of adaptation planning. The research was carried out in 5 differently sized towns in southern Wielkopolska Region: Żerków, Koźmin Wielkopolski, Pleszew, Jarocin, and Ostrów Wielkopolski. The analysed materials were the minutes of town council sessions in 2017–2021 and the resolutions adopted by town councils. The resolutions were analysed in terms of reference to pro-climate actions. It was found that climate-related topics were addressed by 4-6% of the resolutions adopted by town councils. In most cases, the planned actions were related to the following sectors: transport, power engineering, and water management. The study found a link between town size and the number of documents addressing pro-climate actions.
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ASTILL, G. G. "TOWNS AND TOWN HIERARCHIES IN SAXON ENGLAND." Oxford Journal of Archaeology 10, no. 1 (March 1991): 95–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0092.1991.tb00008.x.
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Maksimov, Oleg G., and Olga Yu Zaripova. "Light Design of Small Towns’ Coastal Areas." Light & Engineering, no. 04-2021 (August 2021): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33383/2021-036.
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This paper touches upon the problems of development and illumination of small Russian towns located on the banks of rivers and water storage basins (as exemplified by master’s theses). These problems lie on the plane of preservation and effective use of architectural, historical, and cultural heritage of towns, their unusual aura and colour. In the experimental project of town development based on the town of Yurievets situated on the bank of Volga water storage basin, the authors propose an architectural-spatial functional concept of filling up the town territory with the ideas on original colour and light design in the evening and at night.
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Tsegay, Kiros, Hongzhong Fan, Hailay Shifare, and PriyanganiAdikari AM. "The role of small town in household livelihood diversification in Ethiopia rural areas." International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 10, no. 7 (November 7, 2021): 230–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v10i7.1407.
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There is a high expectation that urban-rural linkage in general and the function of small towns, in particular, has a great role in livelihood diversification and poverty reduction in rural areas than sectoral development. However, the previous empirical studies give little attention to the function of small towns and the livelihood diversification of rural communities. We analyze the function of a small town and participating in non-farm economic activities from a rural farm household survey of 371 farmer household heads in Ethiopia. The data was analyzed using a logistic regression model and statistical description. The study found that rural households who have road access have likely participated in none-farm activities and it has positive and significant effects. Education and FHH has also a significant relationship with the function of a small town. Distance from the small town has a significant and positive impact on the non-farm economic activities of rural communities. Overall, benefits from the function of small towns such as the provision of road access, agricultural extension, financial credit services, administrative services, educational and health services are some of the provisions of a small town. Therefore, a comprehensive integrated urban-rural linkage strategy could empower rural farm smallholders to diversify their livelihoods through strengthening small town functions is mandatory. The role of small towns needs to be integrated into rural communities. Participate in livelihood diversification strategies and achieve sustainable development goals by 2030 at large.
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Nagy, Benedek. "Internet as a means of communication in the Szeklerland, in the marketing of localities." Erdélyi Társadalom 3, no. 2 (2005): 147–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17177/77171.59.
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The study examines the role played by the Internet in the marketing of localities, based on the experience of an empirical research about web-pages of towns in the Szekler region. Following a theoretical grounding – which presents the 20th century history of the formation and headway of town marketing – the analysis discusses the communication of Szekler towns following 1989, and the effects of Szekler urban configuration on marketing approach. It examines the perspectives prevailing during the towns' processes of 'electronic adaptation', whether the examined web-pages reflect harmony between the image of the town as a product and communication, whether authentic or newly designed systems of symbols appear, to strengthen the identity of the town, whether essential economic, demographic and other important pieces of information oriented to fundamental target segments are present or not.
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Ispán, Ágota Lídia. "Venues of Recreation in a Former Socialist Town." Ethnographica et Folkloristica Carpathica, no. 24 (September 5, 2022): 49–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.47516/ethnographica/24/2022/11389.
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In Hungary 10–14 towns were classified as socialist towns. In 1953 the construction of the would-be Leninváros (present day Tiszaújváros) was started. The town planners laid stress on building facilities for the relaxation and recreation of people and parks, playgrounds, beaches and holiday homes were available for everyone. However, the public places designated as recreational facilities for the inhabitants of the town, which was intended to be an idealistic one, did not satisfy their needs. They preferred to spend their free time in their ‘household plots’ in town. Small gardens and garages complemented a lot of apartments in panel blocks, thus increasing the available living space in a special manner. These “private properties” mostly had the function whose mass demand was unexpected for the planners of the city. The author describes how they helped residents, who often had a village background, making the socialist type of town more liveable.
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Andrle, Alois, and Vladimír Srb. "A new Conception ot "Towns" and "Country Villages" and Its Importance to Geography - 2nd part." Geografie 93, no. 4 (1988): 252–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie1988093040252.
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In the first part of our paper published in the Journal of the Czechoslovak Geographical Society, 93, 2, p. 103-115, we presented the definition of town and non-town communities in the Czechoslovak statistics. The present paper treats of basic characteristic features of towns and urban population, and the non-town or rural population according to the definition from 1983. From 180 studied coefficients the most important characteristics of this dichotomy have been chosen.
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Bína, Jan. "Urbanized Settlement Systems "Town-hinterland" in Czechoslovakia." Geografie 91, no. 3 (1986): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie1986091030177.
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Urbanized settlement systems "town-hinterland" have their source in nodal zones (centre settlement systems) of bigger towns. They are characterized by: (1) the deepening of nodal processes, (2) the transmission of qualitative traits of towns towards their hinterlands, (3) the growth dynamics of hinterlands. The article examines to what extent the Czechoslovak regions of Centres of District Meaning (246) can be considered as units of urbanized settlement system "town-hinterland" of elected hierarchical degree.
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Smith, Alison K. "New Town, New Townspeople: Transforming Gatchina in the 1790s." ВИВЛIОθИКА: E-Journal of Eighteenth-Century Russian Studies 7 (November 19, 2020): 86–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.21900/j.vivliofika.v7.537.
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On 11 November 1796, only five days after the death of Catherine II, her son and successor Paul released a decree naming two of his villages, Pavlovsk and Gatchina, towns. In an odd way, given their fraught relationship, this act echoed his mother’s past practice. She founded several hundred new towns to serve as new administrative centers for her newly formed provinces. Paul’s actions are more obscure, tied not to administrative needs but perhaps instead to a desire to glorify his own landholdings—or if not to glorify at least to increase the economic prosperity of his lands. The end results, however, followed a similar path: new towns needed new courts and new schools, new town seals and new town plans, and above all new townspeople. This article examine the process by which Gatchina, the village, was transformed into Gatchina, the town. In particular, it will focus on the establishment there of new merchant and meshchanin corporations, and of a town ratusha to oversee their management. Many of the new town’s new townspeople came from elsewhere to register there; as a result, they not only built up the town in numbers but also created a Russian space within what was an imperial periphery. This transformation shows both an effort at social organization and engineering and also the limits of those efforts when faced with individual desires.
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Zhang, Yuqing, Kun Shang, Zhipeng Shi, Hui Wang, and Xueming Li. "Spatial Pattern of the Vitality of Chinese Characteristic Towns: A Perspective from Nighttime Lights." Land 11, no. 1 (January 6, 2022): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11010085.
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Nighttime light images are valuable indicators of regional economic development, and nighttime light data are now widely used in town monitoring and evaluation studies. Using the nighttime light data acquired through Luojia1-01 and the geographic information system spatial analysis method, this study analyzed the spatial vitality pattern of 402 characteristic towns in six geographic divisions of China. The average DN (Digital Number) value of Guzhen, having the highest vitality level, was 0.05665221, whereas that of Xin’an, having the lowest vitality level, was 0.00000186. A total of 89.5% of towns have a low level of vitality. The regional differences were significant; high vitality towns are concentrated in economically developed coastal areas, mainly in two large regions of east China and south central. The average lighting densities of the towns in east China and south central were 0.004838 and 0.003190, respectively. The lighting density of the towns in west central was low, and the vitality intensity was generally low. A spatially significant positive correlation of small-town vitality was observed, and “high–high” agglomeration was primarily distributed in the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, and Fujian coastal areas in east and south China. The towns with high vitality intensity had similarities in their geographical location, convenient transportation conditions, and profound historical heritage or cultural accumulation along with many industrial enterprises. This research empirically demonstrates the feasibility of using the 130-m-high resolution of the nighttime lighting data of Luojia1-01 to evaluate the vitality at the town scale, and the vitality evaluation focuses on the spatial attributes of the town, which is meaningful to guide the development of the town in each region given the vast area of China and the large differences in the development of different regions.
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Priebs, Axel. "Small towns and their surroundings in the context of local government reorganisation. Results from Schleswig-Holstein (Germany)." Rozwój Regionalny i Polityka Regionalna 15, no. 60 Specjalny (December 8, 2022): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/rrpr.2022.60s.03.
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The importance of small towns for stabilising and supporting the development of rural regions is being gradually recognised in spatial research and planning. This paper discusses the status of small towns in local administrative reform processes. It is based on the example of reform processes that were carried out in the German state of Schle- swig-Holstein. At the end of this process, the small towns found themselves in very dif- ferent political and administrative constellations with respect to neighbouring districts. Strengthening towns as central service locations was not part of the state’s plans for reform. In several cases, even if a town had an efficient administration, the surrounding municipalities were not prepared to entrust their administration to the town, but rather perpetuated duplicate structures in a local “collar” district administration around the town. Steps for better efficiency and specialisation of employees were not implemented. It became clear that many small municipalities did not want to be administered by towns. As a final result, the concerns of the small towns were not taken into account sufficiently in the reform processes in question.
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Lv, Weilu, Ning Wang, and Yun Huang. "Study on the sustainability of ancient canal towns on the basis of the topological structure analysis of streets and lanes: A case study of the Xixing ancient town." PLOS ONE 18, no. 1 (January 6, 2023): e0279979. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279979.
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In China, rapid urbanization and the decline of the canal’s shipping function have directly led to the decline of the space and style of ancient towns with canals. The ancient town of Xixing, known to be the first canal town, is located west of the Zhedong canal section of the Grand Canal. It used to be the most active transportation hub and trade transit point in the east Zhejiang Province. However, the canal is now facing problems in protection and renewal, which require urgent attention. For example, the streets of the ancient town are separated from the water system space, the self-organizing and development ability of the ancient town has weakened, and the spatial vitality is scarce. Firstly, by comparing and analyzing whether the canal is used as a road network under two different spatial scales, the area with the highest degree of spatial integration is obtained before judging whether the canal has an important influence and control on the street spaces of the ancient town. Secondly, as the canal is no longer used as a transportation network nowadays, the internal spatial structure characteristics of streets and alleys are analyzed. Finally, the topological structure analysis is carried out in the 3 km area from the border of the planning control area, and the integrated development of the ancient town space and urban transportation network is then discussed. Further, the vitality renewal strategies of the ancient town under different spatial scales are put forward to provide the empirical basis and decision-making reference for the better sustainable development of ancient towns with canals. According to research, once the ancient town is considered on a larger urban scale, the areas with the best integration and accessibility, like the water-adjoined spaces change to intersection spaces and urban road network areas. Consequently, in order to realize the sustainable development of Xixing ancient town, the city system must overcome its shortfalls in operation. The methods and conclusions in the paper can effectively contribute to the development of the ancient town. The research significantly helps to improve the average land sharing, commercial distribution, and public facilities layout in the practice of protection and development in ancient towns and provides an empirical basis and decision-making references for relevant management departments.